Casein
15 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from research
124 study groups in 77 studies say how much Casein participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 25 g to 50 g, 36% of 124 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 mg or less | 5 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 2 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 2 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 3 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 2 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 1 |
| 5 g to 10 g | 5 |
| 10 g to 25 g | 41 |
| 25 g to 50 g | 45 |
| 50 g to 100 g | 18 |
Commonly used together
38 of 127 study groups took Casein with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Whey Protein | 11 |
| Leucine | 5 |
| Calcium | 3 |
| Creatine | 3 |
| Fish Oil | 3 |
| Vitamin D | 3 |
Benefit Evidence
Protein status: +albumin
Metabolic/BP: glucose, BP
Infant tolerance: allergyâ
Synthesis + recovery
+25â30% overnight MPS
Performance + soreness
Sleep onset/quality: improved
Cortisol/stress: reduced
Sleep latency: -7.7 min
Protein status: +albumin
Metabolic/BP: glucose, BP
Infant tolerance: allergyâ
Sleep onset/quality: improved
Cortisol/stress: reduced
Sleep latency: -7.7 min
Research sources
Nutrition source (63)
- Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis
PubMed ID: 8455312
Caseinâbased supplement improved serum albumin, functional recovery and reduced hospitalizations â strong clinical support for nutritional benefits.
- Effect of soy protein supplementation in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 22611313
Protein supplementation (casein arm) reduced hepatic steatosis in hepatitis C patients â indicates nutritional benefit of added dietary protein.
- Hypocholesterolaemic effects of lupin protein and pea protein/fibre combinations in moderately hypercholesterolaemic individuals
PubMed ID: 22032303
Casein included in dietary trial bars â shows casein can be part of broader dietary strategies to meet nutrition goals.
- Effects of a Novel Infant Formula on Weight Gain, Body Composition, Safety and Tolerability to Infants: The INNOVA 2020 Study
PubMed ID: 36615804
Large RCT shows a casein-modified formula was safe, supported growth, and reduced some morbiditiesâstrong support for nutritional adequacy and benefit.
- Tryptophan fortification of adapted formula increases plasma tryptophan concentrations to levels not different from those found in breast-fed infants
PubMed ID: 1517950
Tryptophan-fortified formula normalized infant plasma Trp to breastfed levelsâuseful for nutritional formula design.
- ACE inhibitory casein peptide lowers blood pressure and reshapes gut microbiota in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40263513
Large RCT of a casein-derived hydrolyzed peptide product produced meaningful BP and vascular improvementsâstrong clinical nutrition-related outcome (casein-derived peptide).
- Home-use agents in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: clinical effectiveness evaluation with different measurement methods
PubMed ID: 39810073
CPP-ACP (casein-derived) showed large improvements in tooth sensitivity and oral quality-of-life in a large human RCTâclear consumer-health nutrition/product benefit.
- A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of prophylaxis against jaundice among breastfed newborns
PubMed ID: 16061593
Enzymatically hydrolyzed casein reduced neonatal jaundice in newbornsâdemonstrates a clinical nutritional intervention benefit in infants.
- Protein metabolism and growth of term infants in response to a reduced-protein, 40:60 whey: casein formula with added tryptophan
PubMed ID: 1442650
Modified formula with higher casein and added Trp achieved plasma markers and growth similar to breastfed infantsâsupports nutritional adequacy.
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
Supplement containing casein contributed to larger lean mass gains during training â evidence of practical nutritional benefit.
- Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men
PubMed ID: 21367943
Provides human evidence on protein kinetics and MPS in older adults, informing nutritional planning though whey was superior for peak MPS.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
Casein stimulated myofibrillar MPS better than an equal dose of wheat protein in older men, supporting proteinâquality goals for older adults.
- Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass in Healthy Korean Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32570811
Leucine-enriched dairy protein (half casein) increased lean mass and raised serum 25(OH)D in older adultsâbroad nutritional benefit.
- Effect of polymeric diets in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
PubMed ID: 14604194
Caseinate supplementation improved serum albumin/total protein in malnourished dialysis patientsâsupports overall nutritional rehabilitation goals.
- Differential effects of casein versus whey on fasting plasma levels of insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3: results from a randomized 7-day supplementation study in prepubertal boys
PubMed ID: 19471293
Use of casein drinks raised IGFâ1 and demonstrates a practical dietary interventionâsupports nutritional modulation by casein-containing foods.
- Milk-derived proteins and minerals alter serum osteocalcin in prepubertal boys after 7 days
PubMed ID: 20851310
Casein-containing drinks modified bone turnover biomarker (sOC), reflecting nutritional impact on a physiological marker.
- Enteral nutrition supplemented with L-glutamine in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to pulmonary infection
PubMed ID: 22055478
Caseinate functioned as a clinical dietary protein (ICU setting), indicating usefulness within comprehensive nutrition therapy.
- [Effects of milk with inulin and vitamin D_3 on bone health and gastrointestine symptoms in lactose intolerance population]
PubMed ID: 29903135
Fortified milk with CPP and other additives increased BMD over 6 weeks in lactoseâintolerant adults; most nutritionârelevant trial in the dataset though multiâingredient.
- [Whey protein and caseinate supplementation in oncological patients undergoing elective surgery for the modification of functional capacity]
PubMed ID: 36880717
Perioperative supplementation (whey or calcium caseinate) maintained functional strength and influenced body composition measures â relevant to clinical nutrition goals.
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
Supplement containing whey/casein improved lean mass, strength and body composition in older adults â supports nutritional strategies to maintain muscle and function.
- Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition
PubMed ID: 1727754
Randomized clinical trial where casein-based enteral feeding clearly improved recovery and nutritional/metabolic markersâstrong support for meeting nutrition goals.
- Long-term prevention of allergic diseases by using protein hydrolysate formula in at-risk infants
PubMed ID: 1447641
Large infant study comparing whole vs hydrolyzed cowâmilk proteins (including casein) affected antibody responsesârelevant to designing nutritional strategies in infancy.
- Nutrition support after total laryngectomy
PubMed ID: 8289411
Enteral casein/soy formula maintained nutritional status and reduced hospital stay versus TPNâstrong practical nutrition evidence.
- Preventive effect of feeding high-risk infants a casein hydrolysate formula or an ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate formula. A prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study
PubMed ID: 8298708
Casein hydrolysate formula effectively used in high-risk infants and reduced cow-milk allergy incidenceâsupports nutritional program use.
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Robust randomized data: casein hydrolysate with exercise produced large favorable bodyâcomposition changes, supporting broader nutrition and health goals.
- Comparison of a partially hydrolyzed infant formula with two extensively hydrolyzed formulas for allergy prevention: a prospective, randomized study
PubMed ID: 10981524
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula yielded low confirmed cow'sâmilk allergy and supported infant nutritionâuseful for overall nutrition objectives in sensitive populations.
- The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 18541546
Long-term meal replacement program using skim-milk (casein-containing) showed major sustained weight loss and improved cardiometabolic markers.
- Preventive effect of hydrolyzed infant formulas persists until age 6 years: long-term results from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study (GINI)
PubMed ID: 18539195
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula reduced allergic manifestations in high-risk infants, supporting targeted nutritional interventions.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
High-protein (casein) maintenance diets provided clinically meaningful benefits for weight and fat maintenance after weight loss.
- Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture
PubMed ID: 19660844
Casein supplementation raised IGFâI after hip fractureânutritional support of recovery and anabolic status in elderly.
- Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity
PubMed ID: 21067382
Feeding hydrolysed casein formula modified autoimmunity risk in atârisk infants (nutritional intervention with health impact) â supports nutritional strategy potential.
- The effect of a partially hydrolysed formula based on rice protein in the treatment of infants with cow's milk protein allergy
PubMed ID: 20337976
Extensively hydrolysed casein formula supported clinical tolerance and normal growth in cow's-milk-allergic infants â direct evidence casein-based products can meet nutrition goals.
- Impact of early feeding on childhood eczema: development after nutritional intervention compared with the natural course - the GINIplus study up to the age of 6 years
PubMed ID: 20082618
Large RCT: early feeding with extensively hydrolysed casein formula reduced childhood eczema risk in highârisk infantsâimportant population nutrition/health outcome.
- Casein hydrolysate containing Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro improves central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21723554
Caseinâderived peptides (VPP/IPP) lowered central and brachial BP and improved arterial stiffness in mild hypertensionâbenefit to cardiometabolic health from casein hydrolysate.
- Feasibility and compliance in a nutritional primary prevention trial in infants at increased risk for type 1 diabetes
PubMed ID: 21114527
Pilot TRIGR trial showed good compliance and lower cowâmilk antibody responses with extensively hydrolysed casein formulaâuseful for infant nutrition strategies.
- Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter
PubMed ID: 22196620
Preload study demonstrated appetite suppression and reduced intakeârelevant to dietary interventions for energy balance.
- Lactotripeptides effect on office and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, blood pressure stress response, pulse wave velocity and cardiac output in patients with high-normal blood pressure or first-degree hypertension: a randomized double-blind clinical trial
PubMed ID: 21753776
Caseinâderived lactotripeptides modestly reduced office SBP and improved PWV over 6 weeksâsupports a cardiometabolic role for casein peptides.
- Oral desensitization as a useful treatment in 2-year-old children with cow's milk allergy
PubMed ID: 21481024
Oral desensitization using cow's milk proteins (including casein) produced high tolerance rates in toddlersâimportant clinical nutrition/therapy application (with treatment risks).
- Safety of a thickened extensive casein hydrolysate formula
PubMed ID: 26704966
Extensively hydrolysed casein formulas were safe and supported growth and tolerance in infants, supporting overall nutrition objectives.
- An extensively hydrolysed casein-based formula for infants with cows' milk protein allergy: tolerance/hypo-allergenicity and growth catch-up
PubMed ID: 25781481
Extensively hydrolysed casein formula supported growth and reduced eczema in infants with cow's milk allergy (strong nutrition/clinical benefit).
- Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces the occurrence of other allergic manifestations in children with cow's milk allergy: 3-year randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28043872
Hydrolysed casein formula + LGG reduced allergic manifestations and sped tolerance acquisition while supporting nutrition over 3 years (clinically meaningful).
- Long-term safety assessment in children who received hydrolyzed protein formulas with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a 5-year follow-up
PubMed ID: 27975116
Longâterm followâup showed normal growth/development after hydrolyzed casein formula feeding in infancy (broad nutritional safety/support).
- Quantity and source of dietary protein influence metabolite production by gut microbiota and rectal mucosa gene expression: a randomized, parallel, double-blind trial in overweight humans
PubMed ID: 28903954
Randomized trial of casein supplementation in overweight adults produced measurable shifts in gut bacterial metabolism and gene expressionârelevant to nutritional strategy.
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Presleep casein improved overnight muscle protein synthesis in older menâmeaningful nutritional benefit for preserving muscle.
- The Basophil Activation Test reduces the need for a food challenge test in children suspected of IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy
PubMed ID: 30408255
Caseinâbased basophil activation testing helps identify IgEâmediated milk allergy and guide safe nutritional choices (diagnostic utility).
- The effect of baked milk on accelerating unheated cow's milk tolerance: A control randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30027590
Incorporation of bakedâmilk (caseinâcontaining) accelerated tolerance development to regular milk in allergic children, enabling broader dietary options.
- Effects of Conventional Milk Versus Milk Containing Only A2 β-Casein on Digestion in Chinese Children: A Randomized Study
PubMed ID: 31305326
A2âonly milk (different βâcasein variant) produced fewer GI symptoms and lower inflammatory markers than conventional milk in preschoolersâimpacts dietary tolerance and nutrition.
- Comparison of the impact of bovine milk β-casein variants on digestive comfort in females self-reporting dairy intolerance: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31773165
A2âonly milk produced less breath hydrogen and fewer GI symptoms in selfâreported dairyâintolerant women, supporting dietary tolerance and inclusion of milk products.
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Supplement with micellar casein increased lean mass and strength in older men when combined with resistance exerciseârelevant to nutrition for healthy aging.
- Casein Hydrolysate Containing Milk-Derived Peptides Reduces Facial Pigmentation Partly by Decreasing Advanced Glycation End Products in the Skin: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32829654
Oral casein hydrolysate reduced skin AGEs and improved arterial stiffness markers over 48 weeksâindicates potential broader health benefits of specific casein hydrolysates.
- Milk Containing A2 β-Casein ONLY, as a Single Meal, Causes Fewer Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance than Milk Containing A1 and A2 β-Caseins in Subjects with Lactose Maldigestion and Intolerance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial
PubMed ID: 33348621
A2âonly milk caused fewer GI symptoms and lower breath hydrogen in lactose maldigestersârelevant for dietary tolerance and nutrition choices.
- Is soy protein effective in reducing cholesterol and improving bone health?
PubMed ID: 31848551
Supplementation with casein changed anabolic markers and reduced body fat percent over 3 months, aligning with common nutrition objectives.
- Growth and tolerance of healthy, term infants fed lower protein extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34289820
Large RCT: extensively hydrolyzed casein formula with lower protein supported normal infant growth and tolerance â strong evidence of nutritional adequacy.
- SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF WHEY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WAITING FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: A DOUBLE BLINDED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
PubMed ID: 34669886
Short twiceâdaily supplementation increased protein intake and improved qualityâofâlife scores in transplant candidates, supporting practical nutritional aims.
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein dairy around exercise and sleep improved lean mass/strength vs carb control, supporting targeted nutritional goals for active individuals.
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Clear anabolic and amino-acid-supply benefits make casein a useful tool to support nutrition and recovery goals.
- Low-Protein Formulas with Alpha-Lactalbumin-Enriched or Glycomacropeptide-Reduced Whey: Effects on Growth, Nutrient Intake and Protein Metabolism during Early Infancy: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36839368
Infant-formula work demonstrates casein-derived ingredients can be tailored to meet growth/nutrition goals safely.
- An active new formulation of iron carried by aspartyl casein for iron-deficiency anemia: results of the ACCESS trial
PubMed ID: 37022473
Aspartyl-casein carrier for iron restored hemoglobin effectively â casein-related formulation supporting nutrient delivery.
- Effects of Casein-Derived Peptide Met-Lys-Pro on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study
PubMed ID: 39275290
A casein-derived peptide (MKP) lowered blood pressure in adults with high-normal BP â potential cardiovascular/nutrition benefit.
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
Functional performance and recovery benefits in athletes indicate casein's practical role in sport-nutrition programs.
- Effect of A1 protein-free formula versus conventional formula on acute respiratory infections and diarrhea in toddlers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39895612
A1 β-casein-free formula improved ARI duration and GI tolerance in toddlers, supporting better nutritional/health outcomes.
- Presleep vs. Daytime Consumption of Casein-Enriched Milk: Effects on Muscle Function and Metabolic Health After Sleeve Gastrectomy
PubMed ID: 40944141
Casein supplementation improved shortâterm protein status (prealbumin) and functional trends in a nutritional recovery context.
- Effect of Early Feeding on Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation Markers in Infants with Genetic Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes: AÂ Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34293372
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula improved intestinal permeability in infants at risk for T1D â meaningful nutrition/formula impact.
Protein source (46)
- Glycomacropeptide for nutritional management of phenylketonuria: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial
PubMed ID: 27413125
Glycomacropeptide (caseinâderived) foods were acceptable alternatives for PKU patients to help meet protein needs.
- Effect of soy protein supplementation in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 22611313
Casein used as protein supplement in hepatitis C patients reduced steatosis (protein supplementation effect) â indicates use to meet protein needs.
- Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis
PubMed ID: 8455312
Daily caseinâbased oral nutrition supplement improved serum albumin and reduced hospitalizations in malnourished cirrhosis outpatients â strong clinical support for meeting protein needs.
- Effect of Early Feeding on Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation Markers in Infants with Genetic Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes: AÂ Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34293372
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula used for infant feeding reduced gut permeability â shows casein derivatives used to provide primary dietary protein.
- Hypocholesterolaemic effects of lupin protein and pea protein/fibre combinations in moderately hypercholesterolaemic individuals
PubMed ID: 22032303
Casein was used in readyâtoâeat protein/fiber bars in a large dietary trial, demonstrating practical delivery format.
- Effects of a Novel Infant Formula on Weight Gain, Body Composition, Safety and Tolerability to Infants: The INNOVA 2020 Study
PubMed ID: 36615804
Modified infant formula with altered casein/whey supported normal growth and safety, demonstrating practical use in a prepared formula.
- Protein metabolism and growth of term infants in response to a reduced-protein, 40:60 whey: casein formula with added tryptophan
PubMed ID: 1442650
Lower-protein formula with higher casein (plus Trp) achieved plasma markers and growth comparable to breastfed infants.
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
Supplementation including casein supported lean mass accrual during a training program, indicating it can contribute meaningfully to daily protein targets.
- Fast-digestive protein supplement for ten days overcomes muscle anabolic resistance in healthy elderly men
PubMed ID: 26008820
Casein increased some muscle protein synthesis parameters in elderly men when protein intake was high.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
Singleâmeal casein stimulated MPS more than an equal wheat dose in older men â useful for meeting anabolic protein needs.
- Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass in Healthy Korean Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32570811
Twice-daily leucine-enriched dairy supplement (half casein) used over 12 weeks to increase lean massâdemonstrates use to achieve protein targets.
- Nutritional value of an "anti-regurgitation" formula
PubMed ID: 9795454
Casein-predominant infant formula led to higher intake and higher protein intake in infantsâshows casein-containing products increase protein delivery.
- Effect of polymeric diets in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
PubMed ID: 14604194
Calcium caseinate supplementation produced small but significant rises in albumin and total protein in malnourished dialysis patientsâpractical evidence for meeting protein needs.
- Differential effects of casein versus whey on fasting plasma levels of insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3: results from a randomized 7-day supplementation study in prepubertal boys
PubMed ID: 19471293
Study administered casein-containing drinks (practical dietary source), demonstrating a real-world way to supply protein in children.
- Enteral nutrition supplemented with L-glutamine in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to pulmonary infection
PubMed ID: 22055478
Calcium caseinate was used as a primary protein source in ICU nutrition and thus directly supports the role of casein in meeting protein requirements.
- The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31152658
Demonstrated altered (often prolonged) plasma EAA/leucine profiles with casein preparations, consistent with steady supply.
- [Whey protein and caseinate supplementation in oncological patients undergoing elective surgery for the modification of functional capacity]
PubMed ID: 36880717
Perioperative whey or calcium caseinate supplementation maintained grip strength â practical use to meet increased protein needs during recovery.
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
Highâquality MIS including whey/casein improved lean mass and strength when combined with exercise â demonstrates utility in meeting restorative protein needs.
- Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition
PubMed ID: 1727754
Randomized clinical trial showed a casein-based enteral supplement sped recoveryâstrong support that casein can be an effective clinical protein source.
- Nutrition support after total laryngectomy
PubMed ID: 8289411
Casein/soy enteral formula maintained nutrition and reduced hospital stay vs TPNâpractical convenience and efficacy evidence.
- Preventive effect of feeding high-risk infants a casein hydrolysate formula or an ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate formula. A prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study
PubMed ID: 8298708
Casein hydrolysate formula was well tolerated in high-risk infants and effectively prevented cow-milk allergy, showing practical use in formulas.
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Supplementing with casein hydrolysate in adults within a training/diet program supported significant favorable changes in body compositionâsupports practical protein intake to meet needs.
- Comparison of a partially hydrolyzed infant formula with two extensively hydrolyzed formulas for allergy prevention: a prospective, randomized study
PubMed ID: 10981524
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula provided adequate nutrition with low allergy incidenceâshows practical, readyâtoâuse protein source for infants.
- Soy compared to casein meal replacement shakes with energy-restricted diets for obese women: randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17224344
Casein-based meal-replacement shakes were used successfully in a real-world weight-loss program, demonstrating convenience and effectiveness as a protein source.
- Growth of infants with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy fed different formulas in the complementary feeding period
PubMed ID: 17561927
Infants with cow's-milk allergy had better weight gain on casein hydrolysate than soy, supporting casein hydrolysate's ability to meet protein/energy needs in that population.
- The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 18541546
Meal replacements containing skim milk (casein) supported sustained weight loss and macronutrient targets for 12 months â demonstrates casein helps meet protein needs.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
Casein used in high-protein maintenance diets effectively contributed to protein targets and metabolic benefits.
- Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals
PubMed ID: 20377924
Used casein supplements in overweight adults for 12 weeksâpractical evidence that casein can be used to meet protein needs though metabolic benefits were limited.
- The effect of a partially hydrolysed formula based on rice protein in the treatment of infants with cow's milk protein allergy
PubMed ID: 20337976
Extensively hydrolysed casein formula supported normal infant growth, demonstrating adequacy to meet nutritional/protein needs.
- Impact of early feeding on childhood eczema: development after nutritional intervention compared with the natural course - the GINIplus study up to the age of 6 years
PubMed ID: 20082618
Large birthâcohort used eHFâC as an early feeding interventionâillustrates casein as an available formula option in practice.
- Feasibility and compliance in a nutritional primary prevention trial in infants at increased risk for type 1 diabetes
PubMed ID: 21114527
TRIGR pilot: extensively hydrolysed casein formula was feasible with high compliance (~85%), showing practical use of casein in formula form.
- Effect of increased intake of skimmed milk, casein, whey or water on body composition and leptin in overweight adolescents: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25612082
Daily caseinâcontaining milk drinks provided substantial dietary protein and were associated with gains in lean mass in adolescents.
- Safety of a thickened extensive casein hydrolysate formula
PubMed ID: 26704966
Caseinâbased infant formulas were safe and supported satisfactory weight/length gain over 6 months (evidence of meeting protein needs).
- An extensively hydrolysed casein-based formula for infants with cows' milk protein allergy: tolerance/hypo-allergenicity and growth catch-up
PubMed ID: 25781481
Extensively hydrolysed casein formula supported growth catchâup in infants with cow's milk allergy (effective protein source).
- Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces the occurrence of other allergic manifestations in children with cow's milk allergy: 3-year randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28043872
Extensively hydrolysed casein formula + LGG reduced allergic manifestations and sped tolerance acquisition while supporting nutrition over time.
- Long-term safety assessment in children who received hydrolyzed protein formulas with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a 5-year follow-up
PubMed ID: 27975116
Hydrolyzed casein formulas (with/without LGG) in infants supported normal growth and development through 5 years (practical protein provision).
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Pre-sleep casein increased exogenous amino acid appearance and incorporation into myofibrils overnight.
- Presleep dietary protein-derived amino acids are incorporated in myofibrillar protein during postexercise overnight recovery
PubMed ID: 28536184
Dietary amino acids from presleep casein were incorporated into muscle and improved whole-body balance (steady supply overnight).
- Myofibrillar and Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates Do Not Differ in Young Men Following the Ingestion of Carbohydrate with Milk Protein, Whey, or Micellar Casein after Concurrent Resistance- and Endurance-Type Exercise
PubMed ID: 30698725
Casein as a postâexercise protein source contributed to anabolic responses vs carbohydrate, supporting its role in meeting protein requirements.
- Growth and tolerance of healthy, term infants fed lower protein extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34289820
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula safely supported normal infant growth â demonstrates casein's practicality as a complete, readyâtoâuse nutritional product.
- SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF WHEY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WAITING FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: A DOUBLE BLINDED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
PubMed ID: 34669886
Short twiceâdaily supplementation raised protein intake (whey/casein) in liver transplant candidates, helping meet intake targets.
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein milk strategy increased daily protein intake around training and sleep and produced anabolic gains â practical for meeting higher protein targets.
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Casein produced greater amino-acid availability at wake compared with whey â sustained nocturnal supply demonstrated.
- The step-down approach in children with cow's milk allergy: Results of a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 37087638
Stepping to extensively hydrolyzed casein formula allowed nutrition via casein-derived formula and improved clinical tolerance (facilitates meeting needs).
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
20 g pre-sleep casein used in athletes and produced performance benefits â demonstrates practical, convenient use.
- Presleep vs. Daytime Consumption of Casein-Enriched Milk: Effects on Muscle Function and Metabolic Health After Sleeve Gastrectomy
PubMed ID: 40944141
Intervention used caseinâenriched milk as an easy-to-administer protein solution in patients.
Weight management (12)
- Effect of milk protein intake and casein-to-whey ratio in breakfast meals on postprandial glucose, satiety ratings, and subsequent meal intake
PubMed ID: 30139624
Higher-protein breakfasts containing casein reduced postprandial glycemia and modestly affected subsequent appetiteâhelpful for weight strategies.
- The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Food Intake and Satiety: A Double-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Proof of Concept Study
PubMed ID: 30453597
Acute reduction in meal energy intake (~44 kcal) and increased satiety suggests a modest, shortâterm effect relevant to weight control.
- Is soy protein effective in reducing cholesterol and improving bone health?
PubMed ID: 31848551
Threeâmonth supplementation with casein (or soy) reduced body fat percentage and altered anabolic markers, supporting potential weightâmanagement benefits.
- Low-Protein Formulas with Alpha-Lactalbumin-Enriched or Glycomacropeptide-Reduced Whey: Effects on Growth, Nutrient Intake and Protein Metabolism during Early Infancy: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36839368
Low-protein formulas with altered casein-derived components produced more favorable metabolic markers and prevented excess weight gain vs standard formula.
- Low-Protein Infant Formula Enriched with Alpha-Lactalbumin during Early Infancy May Reduce Insulin Resistance at 12 Months: A Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 38613059
Infants fed lowâprotein formulas (caseinâGMPâreduced formulations involved) had lower weight gain approaching breastfed profilesârelevant to early weight trajectories.
- Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter
PubMed ID: 22196620
Acute preload reduced shortâterm intake which could support weight management if sustained (but longâterm data lacking).
- The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women
PubMed ID: 25409324
Nighttime casein increased morning satiety while exercise improved body composition across groups; casein may assist weight control when combined with exercise.
- Preventive effect of hydrolyzed infant formulas persists until age 6 years: long-term results from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study (GINI)
PubMed ID: 18539195
Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula trials show casein-based formulations are effective nutrition strategies in infants and long-term trials, indirectly supporting managed nutrition.
- The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 18541546
12-month meal-replacement trial (skim-milk/casein-containing) produced ~10 kg sustained weight loss comparable to GMP formulation, supporting use of casein-containing products.
- Soy compared to casein meal replacement shakes with energy-restricted diets for obese women: randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17224344
Randomized trial: obese women using casein-based meal replacements lost substantial weight and fat (comparable to soy), demonstrating utility in weight-management programs.
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Strong randomized evidence: casein hydrolysate plus exercise during hypocaloric diet produced substantial fat loss (~7 kg) and lean mass gainâdirect support for weight/bodyâcomposition management.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
After weight loss, low-fat diets supplemented with casein (or whey) improved weight and fat maintenance vs high-carb â strong human RCT evidence.
Body composition (17)
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Participants gained ~4 kg lean mass while losing fat on a casein hydrolysate protocolâclear support for lean mass maintenance/gain.
- Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 17679046
Casein-containing supplement regimens (with creatine/colostrum) were associated with greater fat-free mass gains vs protein control, supporting lean-mass maintenance when used in training contexts.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
High-protein (casein or whey) maintenance diets led to better weight-maintenance and greater fat mass reduction after weight loss, implying lean mass preservation.
- Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture
PubMed ID: 19660844
Daily casein increased IGFâI in elderly hip-fracture patients, indicating anabolic signaling that supports lean-mass maintenance.
- Effect of increased intake of skimmed milk, casein, whey or water on body composition and leptin in overweight adolescents: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25612082
Overweight adolescents drinking caseinâcontaining milk drinks increased lean mass index, supporting maintenance/augmentation of lean tissue.
- Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocalÂŽ) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study
PubMed ID: 25923482
Older adults increased muscle strength with casein plus resistance training without LBM loss, consistent with functional leanâmass preservation.
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Presleep casein increased overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis in older menâsupports preserving/maintaining lean tissue.
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Multinutrient supplement including micellar casein increased total lean mass and appendicular lean mass in older men (casein contributed though other ingredients confound attribution).
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein milk increased lean mass versus carb control in trained men, demonstrating ability to build/maintain lean mass when used around exercise.
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Pre-sleep micellar casein increased overnight myofibrillar synthesis, supporting preservation of lean mass with nocturnal dosing.
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
Improvements in endurance and torque suggest functional preservation of muscle (supporting lean-mass maintenance).
- Presleep vs. Daytime Consumption of Casein-Enriched Milk: Effects on Muscle Function and Metabolic Health After Sleeve Gastrectomy
PubMed ID: 40944141
Casein groups showed trends to smaller losses in fatâfree/ skeletal muscle mass and improved protein status (prealbumin).
- Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis
PubMed ID: 8455312
Caseinâbased supplement in cirrhosis patients improved serum albumin and earlier functional gains, consistent with supporting lean mass maintenance.
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
Supplementation with whey+casein during resistance training produced larger increases in lean mass versus other groups.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
Casein stimulated myofibrillar MPS more than wheat protein in older men, supporting lean mass maintenance.
- Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass in Healthy Korean Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32570811
Leucine-enriched dairy protein (half casein) increased lean mass in older adults over 12 weeksâsupports lean mass maintenance/gain in older populations.
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
In older men doing resistance training, the whey/caseinâcontaining MIS produced moderate gains in lean mass and preserved muscle â supports maintenance.
Muscle growth (17)
- Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass in Healthy Korean Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32570811
12-week leucine-enriched dairy-based protein (â50% casein) increased lean mass in adults âĽ50 yâdirect evidence for promoting lean tissue gains.
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
Pre-sleep casein improved lower-body endurance and some strength metrics in soccer players (ergogenic/anabolic signal).
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Pre-sleep micellar casein increased overnight myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis vs placebo (robust RCT in young men).
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein dairy (postâexercise + presleep) increased lean mass and strength vs isocaloric carbohydrate in trained menâsupports muscle growth when used strategically.
- Myofibrillar and Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates Do Not Differ in Young Men Following the Ingestion of Carbohydrate with Milk Protein, Whey, or Micellar Casein after Concurrent Resistance- and Endurance-Type Exercise
PubMed ID: 30698725
Protein ingestion (including micellar casein) increased myofibrillar protein synthesis vs carbohydrate; casein performed similarly to whey/milk (supports proteinâs anabolic role).
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Presleep casein (40 g) increased overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis in older menâsupports anabolic environment that promotes growth over time.
- Effect of increased intake of skimmed milk, casein, whey or water on body composition and leptin in overweight adolescents: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25612082
Adolescents consuming casein-containing milk drinks gained lean mass (LMI increased), supporting anabolic potential in youth.
- Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture
PubMed ID: 19660844
Daily 20 g casein in elderly hip-fracture patients raised serum IGFâI (an anabolic marker) similar to wheyâsupports anabolic/muscle-growth potential.
- Studies on persisting effects of soy-based compared with amino acid-supplemented casein-based diet on protein metabolism and oxidative stress in juvenile pigs
PubMed ID: 17451107
Pig study: replacing casein with soy reduced whole-body protein synthesis, implying casein supports higher protein synthesis (animal evidence).
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Randomized trial: casein hydrolysate with exercise increased lean mass by ~4 kg vs controlsâdirect, clinically meaningful evidence of promoting muscle gain.
- The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31152658
Study documents altered (typically slower) aminoacidemia with casein forms consistent with the slowâdigesting profile of casein.
- Differential effects of casein versus whey on fasting plasma levels of insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3: results from a randomized 7-day supplementation study in prepubertal boys
PubMed ID: 19471293
Casein increased IGFâ1 (an anabolic hormone linked to growth/muscle), but study was short (7 days) in children and did not measure muscle mass directly.
- Ingestion of Casein in a Milk Matrix Modulates Dietary Protein Digestion and Absorption Kinetics but Does Not Modulate Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthesis in Older Men
PubMed ID: 26019248
Altering the milk matrix changed absorption timing (slowed casein when combined with serum) though net MPS was unchanged.
- Effects of Postexercise Protein Intake on Muscle Mass and Strength During Resistance Training: Is There an Optimal Ratio Between Fast and Slow Proteins?
PubMed ID: 28422532
Different fast:slow protein ratios changed immediate aminoâacid kinetics; caseinârich mixes showed slower early peaks.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
35 g micellar casein stimulated myofibrillar MPS more than an equal dose of wheat protein in older men.
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
10âweek resistanceâtraining trial where a whey+casein supplement produced larger lean mass gains than controls.
- Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men
PubMed ID: 21367943
In older men, whey stimulated MPS more than intact casein, but casein still produced measurable postprandial aminoâacid appearance/MPS.
Tissue repair (15)
- Presleep dietary protein-derived amino acids are incorporated in myofibrillar protein during postexercise overnight recovery
PubMed ID: 28536184
Presleep casein improved whole-body net protein balance and delivered dietary amino acids into muscleâsupports repair substrate availability.
- Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis
PubMed ID: 8455312
Casein supplement improved nutritional status and earlier handâgrip recovery in clinical patients (indirect support for repair/functional recovery).
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
Supplementation (whey+casein) during resistance training produced greater lean mass gains, implying enhanced recovery/repair with protein supplementation.
- Hydrolyzed casein decreases postprandial glucose concentrations in T2DM patients irrespective of leucine content
PubMed ID: 22432727
Hydrolysed casein drink increased insulin and modestly reduced postprandial glucose â hormonal responses that can facilitate nutrientâdriven recovery.
- Exercise Plus Presleep Protein Ingestion Increases Overnight Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men
PubMed ID: 33588378
Evening resistance exercise plus presleep casein markedly increased overnight connective tissue protein synthesis and dietary AA incorporationâdirect support for overnight repair.
- The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31152658
Postâexercise study shows casein forms alter blood amino acids and support increases in myofibrillar FSR from baseline (though not different vs comparators), suggesting support for muscle repair.
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Body composition improvements (lean mass gain) with casein hydrolysate + exercise imply enhanced muscle repair/adaptation.
- Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture
PubMed ID: 19660844
Rapid rise in IGFâI with daily casein suggests potential to support repair/anabolic processes in elderly post-fracture patients.
- Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocalÂŽ) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study
PubMed ID: 25923482
Casein with resistance training improved muscle strength in older adults, consistent with enhanced functional recovery/repair after training.
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Pre-sleep casein increased overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis in older menâdirectly supports overnight repair processes.
- Presleep vs. Daytime Consumption of Casein-Enriched Milk: Effects on Muscle Function and Metabolic Health After Sleeve Gastrectomy
PubMed ID: 40944141
Caseinâenriched milk raised prealbumin and showed trends toward preserved strength/function.
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
Pre-sleep casein improved lower-body endurance and some torque measures, suggesting repair/functional recovery benefits.
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Increased overnight myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis after evening exercise indicates enhanced muscle repair.
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein milk taken postâexercise and before sleep increased lean mass and strength, consistent with improved repair/recovery.
- Myofibrillar and Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates Do Not Differ in Young Men Following the Ingestion of Carbohydrate with Milk Protein, Whey, or Micellar Casein after Concurrent Resistance- and Endurance-Type Exercise
PubMed ID: 30698725
Postâexercise protein ingestion including casein increased myofibrillar protein synthesis versus carbohydrate, supporting muscle repair processes.
Healthy aging (13)
- Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men
PubMed ID: 21367943
Casein produced some postprandial MPS in older men but less than whey; still relevant to support aging muscle when used appropriately.
- Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis
PubMed ID: 8455312
Casein supplement produced earlier improvements in handâgrip strength and albumin in outpatient cirrhosis (clinical functional signal relevant to muscle health).
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Direct trial in older men: presleep casein (40 g) increased overnight myofibrillar protein synthesisârelevant to sarcopenia prevention.
- Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocalÂŽ) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study
PubMed ID: 25923482
In older adults, casein with resistance training produced large strength gains, supporting maintenance/improvement of muscle function with age.
- Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture
PubMed ID: 19660844
In elderly hip-fracture patients casein supplementation increased circulating IGFâI within a week, supporting anabolic responses relevant to aging muscle.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
Preserving lean mass after weight loss can help maintain muscle health with aging; trial included adults and has relevance to muscle aging.
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Casein hydrolysate improved lean mass in adults; while not an older cohort, results are relevant to strategies to support aging muscle but not directly studied.
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
RCT in older men showed improved lean mass and strength with a whey/caseinâcontaining MIS during home resistance training â directly relevant to healthy aging muscle preservation.
- Exercise Plus Presleep Protein Ingestion Increases Overnight Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men
PubMed ID: 33588378
In older men, presleep casein combined with evening resistance exercise increased overnight connective tissue protein synthesisâbeneficial for aging muscle recovery/maintenance when paired with exercise.
- Leucine-Enriched Protein Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass in Healthy Korean Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32570811
Leucine-enriched dairy (half casein) increased lean mass in adults âĽ50 yâdirectly relevant to preserving/boosting aging muscle mass.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
Casein (35 g) stimulated myofibrillar MPS more than wheat protein in older men, supporting anabolic approaches in aging.
- Fast-digestive protein supplement for ten days overcomes muscle anabolic resistance in healthy elderly men
PubMed ID: 26008820
Shortâterm feeding study showed casein increased MPS when protein intake was high in elderly men.
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Older men receiving a supplement including micellar casein gained lean mass, strength and Type II fiber size, supporting muscle health in aging (casein was a component).
Strength (10)
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Multinutrient intervention including micellar casein produced meaningful legâpress and grip strength gains in older men (casein part of the mix).
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein milk produced clinically meaningful increases in bench press and squat strength vs isocaloric carb control in trained men.
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
Pre-sleep casein improved wall-squat endurance and several isokinetic torque measures versus placebo â direct strength-related gains.
- Effects of Postexercise Protein Intake on Muscle Mass and Strength During Resistance Training: Is There an Optimal Ratio Between Fast and Slow Proteins?
PubMed ID: 28422532
Different fast/slow protein ratios changed acute aminoacidemia but longâterm strength gains were similar across groups; casein contributed to strength maintenance.
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
MIS containing whey/casein produced statistically significant increases in grip and legâpress strength in older men â good evidence of strength enhancement in that context.
- Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocalÂŽ) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study
PubMed ID: 25923482
Older adults receiving casein during resistance training increased 1âRM strength by ~31% (substantial functional effect).
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Trial reported gains in lean mass and strength measures with casein hydrolysate plus exerciseâsupports enhancement of strength.
- Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis
PubMed ID: 8455312
Earlier improvement in handâgrip strength observed with a caseinâbased supplement in clinical trial (direct functional outcome).
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
Over 10 weeks of heavy resistance training, groups supplemented with whey+casein had greater gains in lean mass and strength (1RM) than controls.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
Casein stimulated myofibrillar synthesis in older men which is a prerequisite for strength maintenance/improvement.
Exercise recovery (9)
- Exercise Plus Presleep Protein Ingestion Increases Overnight Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men
PubMed ID: 33588378
Combining evening resistance exercise with presleep casein amplified overnight connective tissue synthesis and dietary AA useâsupports recovery when casein is ingested after evening exercise.
- Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men
PubMed ID: 21367943
Casein produced measurable aminoâacid appearance and MPS in older men though less than whey â still relevant for recovery in older adults.
- The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 16937979
Supplementation during training (whey+casein) produced greater lean mass gains over 10 weeks, reflecting cumulative recovery benefits.
- Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players
PubMed ID: 40353739
Pre-sleep casein improved lower-body endurance and some anaerobic power measures, aiding performance recovery.
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Evening casein after evening endurance exercise increased overnight protein synthesis, promoting recovery during sleep.
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Strategic highâprotein dairy (timed postâexercise and preâsleep) produced meaningful increases in lean mass, strength and power compared with carbohydrate control â strong recovery benefit.
- Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocalÂŽ) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study
PubMed ID: 25923482
Casein supplementation in older adults undertaking resistance training produced marked strength gains, consistent with improved recovery/adaptation.
- Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture
PubMed ID: 19660844
Increase in IGFâI in elderly after daily casein suggests potential to support recovery/anabolism post-injury/exercise.
- Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
PubMed ID: 10838463
Casein hydrolysate given with exercise produced significant lean mass gainsâsupports a role in recovery/adaptation after training.
Satiety (8)
- Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans
PubMed ID: 18345020
Acute crossover study: casein increased CCK and GLP-1 (satiety hormones), supporting increased subjective fullness physiologically.
- The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Food Intake and Satiety: A Double-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Proof of Concept Study
PubMed ID: 30453597
Distalârelease casein+sucrose significantly increased satiety (VAS AUC) and reduced subsequent intake in a wellâpowered crossover study.
- Effect of milk protein intake and casein-to-whey ratio in breakfast meals on postprandial glucose, satiety ratings, and subsequent meal intake
PubMed ID: 30139624
Higher-protein milks (varying casein:whey) modestly improved appetite/satiety ratings before the next meal.
- The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women
PubMed ID: 25409324
Nighttime casein increased reported morning satiety versus whey in an exercise intervention (direct appetite effect).
- Dairy proteins, dairy lipids, and postprandial lipemia in persons with abdominal obesity (DairyHealth): a 12-wk, randomized, parallel-controlled, double-blinded, diet intervention study
PubMed ID: 25833983
Casein raised GLPâ1 vs whey in abdominally obese adults â GLPâ1 promotes satiety/fullness.
- Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter
PubMed ID: 22196620
20 g casein preload increased combined satiety score and reduced subsequent intake in healthy men (robust acute effect).
- Skim milk compared with a fruit drink acutely reduces appetite and energy intake in overweight men and women
PubMed ID: 19474132
Skim milk (contains casein) increased subjective fullness and reduced subsequent intake vs a high-sugar drink in overweight adults.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
High-protein (casein-containing) maintenance diets helped prevent weight regain, consistent with improved satiety/less intake over time.
Muscle maintenance (8)
- Exercise Plus Presleep Protein Ingestion Increases Overnight Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men
PubMed ID: 33588378
Presleep casein combined with evening resistance exercise increased overnight dietary AA incorporation into connective tissue and increased synthesisâconsistent with reduced net overnight catabolism when combined with exercise.
- The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31152658
Casein's slower aminoacidemia (documented) is mechanistically consistent with reduced overnight proteolysis, though that specific overnight outcome wasn't measured here.
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
40 g presleep casein raised overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis in older menâsupports net overnight anabolism/reduced breakdown.
- Presleep dietary protein-derived amino acids are incorporated in myofibrillar protein during postexercise overnight recovery
PubMed ID: 28536184
Presleep casein improved whole-body net protein balance overnight, which implies reduced catabolism.
- Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males
PubMed ID: 33804259
Highâprotein milk consumed postâexercise and before sleep increased lean mass over 6 weeks, consistent with net anabolic overnight effects that could reduce breakdown.
- Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36857005
Pre-sleep casein increased overnight myofibrillar protein synthesis vs placebo â implies reduced net overnight breakdown.
- Presleep vs. Daytime Consumption of Casein-Enriched Milk: Effects on Muscle Function and Metabolic Health After Sleeve Gastrectomy
PubMed ID: 40944141
Presleep casein increased prealbumin and trended to preserve strength vs control, suggesting reduced catabolism.
- Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27440260
Casein stimulated MPS in older men better than wheat protein, a finding relevant to maintaining net balance overnight in older adults.
Appetite suppression (7)
- Dairy proteins, dairy lipids, and postprandial lipemia in persons with abdominal obesity (DairyHealth): a 12-wk, randomized, parallel-controlled, double-blinded, diet intervention study
PubMed ID: 25833983
Casein raised postprandial GLP-1 vs whey in obese adults â higher GLPâ1 can reduce appetite/cravings.
- Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter
PubMed ID: 22196620
20 g casein preload reduced shortâterm ad libitum intake and increased satiety in healthy men.
- The effect of a low-fat, high-protein or high-carbohydrate ad libitum diet on weight loss maintenance and metabolic risk factors
PubMed ID: 19153580
High-protein maintenance diets (casein or whey) improved weight/fat outcomes after weight loss, consistent with reduced cravings/relapse.
- Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans
PubMed ID: 18345020
Acute study: casein increased satiety hormones (CCK, GLP-1) vs some proteins, supporting reduced appetite/cravings physiologically.
- The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Food Intake and Satiety: A Double-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Proof of Concept Study
PubMed ID: 30453597
Distalârelease casein+sucrose capsule produced greater satiety and reduced adâlibitum intake (~44 kcal) in overweight adults (acute, statistically significant).
- Effect of milk protein intake and casein-to-whey ratio in breakfast meals on postprandial glucose, satiety ratings, and subsequent meal intake
PubMed ID: 30139624
Higher-protein milks (including casein-rich formulations) reduced next-meal appetite measures modestly in healthy adults.
- The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women
PubMed ID: 25409324
Bedtime casein increased morning fullness vs whey in exercising women, implying reduced earlyâday cravings.
Bone health (5)
- Is soy protein effective in reducing cholesterol and improving bone health?
PubMed ID: 31848551
Casein supplement (40 g/day) reduced a bone turnover marker (bone alkaline phosphatase) over 3 months, suggesting a potential bone-strengthening effect.
- Short-term effect of bedtime consumption of fermented milk supplemented with calcium, inulin-type fructans and caseinphosphopeptides on bone metabolism in healthy, postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 19030908
Bedtime fermented milk (with CPP-ACP Âą enhancers) reduced nocturnal bone resorption markers and increased nocturnal urinary Ca, directly supporting a bone-preserving effect.
- Differential effects of casein versus whey on fasting plasma levels of insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3: results from a randomized 7-day supplementation study in prepubertal boys
PubMed ID: 19471293
Casein intake raised fasting IGFâ1 in children over 1 week (an anabolic factor with relevance to bone metabolism), but duration was short.
- Milk-derived proteins and minerals alter serum osteocalcin in prepubertal boys after 7 days
PubMed ID: 20851310
Short-term randomized study in children: casein-containing drinks raised serum osteocalcin (bone formation marker) after 7 days, indicating a bone-related biomarker effect.
- [Effects of milk with inulin and vitamin D_3 on bone health and gastrointestine symptoms in lactose intolerance population]
PubMed ID: 29903135
Randomized trial of milk fortified with inulin, vitamin D3 and casein phosphopeptides showed a shortâterm increase in BMD; effect likely related to added ingredients and calcium handling but CPP present.
Sleep quality (5)
- Presleep dietary protein-derived amino acids are incorporated in myofibrillar protein during postexercise overnight recovery
PubMed ID: 28536184
Young men taking 30 g presleep casein improved whole-body overnight protein balance and amino acid delivery to muscle (supports nighttime nutrition).
- Protein Ingestion before Sleep Increases Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28855419
Older men given presleep casein (40 g) showed increased overnight muscle protein synthesis â direct presleep benefit.
- Effect of Alpha-S1-Casein Tryptic Hydrolysate and L-Theanine on Poor Sleep Quality: A Double Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
PubMed ID: 35277011
Fourâweek RCT of alphaâS1 casein hydrolysate + Lâtheanine improved subjective sleep, increased EEG alpha power and lowered morning cortisol â benefit comes from a combined product, not casein alone.
- The impact of Alpha-s1 Casein hydrolysate on chronic insomnia: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39541860
Alphaâs1 casein hydrolysate (LactiumÂŽ) reduced PSG sleep-onset latency and improved insomnia scores vs placebo.
- A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Clinical Study of the Effects of Alpha-s1 Casein Hydrolysate on Sleep Disturbance
PubMed ID: 31252661
Alphaâs1 casein hydrolysate RCT showed significant improvements in objective sleep efficiency and subjective sleep measures over 4 weeks.
Energy & Fatigue (3)
- The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31152658
Casein's slower postprandial aminoacidemia documented here aligns with sustained substrate availability between meals.
- Skim milk compared with a fruit drink acutely reduces appetite and energy intake in overweight men and women
PubMed ID: 19474132
Skim milk increased satiety and lowered subsequent meal intake â supports sustaining energy/feeling between meals.
- [Glycemic and insulin indices of tube feeding formulas in healthy adults]
PubMed ID: 17914545
Tube-feeding/formula data show casein-based formulas produced lower post-meal glycemic responses than a bread meal, consistent with more sustained energy availability.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for â a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Casein
Search all34 products whose verified label declares Casein â not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet â this is what the field is asking, not what it found.