Creatine
14 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
201 products in our catalogue print how much Creatine a serving holds.
Most common: 2.5 g to 5 g, 45% of 201 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 50 mg or less | 7 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 5 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 12 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 15 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 28 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 42 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 91 |
| over 5 g | 1 |
Dose per serving from research
219 study groups in 167 studies say how much Creatine participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 10 g to 25 g, 43% of 219 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 1 g or less | 5 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 20 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 63 |
| 5 g to 10 g | 30 |
| 10 g to 25 g | 95 |
| over 25 g | 6 |
Commonly used together
80 of 262 study groups took Creatine with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave. The 10 most common of 13.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Folic Acid | 11 |
| Whey Protein | 8 |
| Beta-Alanine | 7 |
| Caffeine | 7 |
| glucose | 7 |
| Dextrose | 6 |
| Vitamin D | 6 |
| Calcium | 4 |
| HMB | 4 |
| Sodium Bicarbonate | 4 |
Benefit Evidence
Focus/attention +5-10%
Concentration under stress
Stroop/working memory ↑
Focus/attention +5-10%
Concentration under stress
Stroop/working memory ↑
Research sources
Energy & Fatigue (90)
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Older men RCT: creatine+training improved average power and functional performance—consistent with reduced fatigue during high‑intensity efforts.
- Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes
PubMed ID: 17136944
Creatine's mechanism directly supports cellular ATP resynthesis; the trial's performance/strength gains are consistent with improved cellular energy availability.
- The effects of beta alanine plus creatine administration on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary men
PubMed ID: 25289715
Creatine directly increased short‑duration peak power, consistent with improved immediate/high‑power energy provision.
- Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 29569535
Daily low‑dose creatine (1 g/day) prevented declines in plasma and muscle total creatine in vegetarians—direct evidence for maintaining cellular creatine/phosphagen pool.
- Association of skeletal muscle and serum metabolites with maximum power output gains in response to continuous endurance or high-intensity interval training programs: The TIMES study - A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30742692
Direct measurement of muscle/serum creatine-related metabolites and their association with training-induced power gains supports creatine's role in cellular energy metabolism (correlational evidence).
- The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 31438535
Creatine malate + beta‑alanine reduced peak post‑exercise ammonia and improved FFM in sprinters—physiologic signals linked to lower fatigue during repeated sprints.
- The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes
PubMed ID: 37242187
Acute pre‑workout formula including creatine improved repeated‑sprint anaerobic power (RAST) and related measures, indicating reduced fatigue during repeated high‑intensity efforts.
- Effects of Combined Versus Single Supplementation of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and L-Citrulline During Short Sprint Interval Training on Basketball Players' Performance: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40010353
Creatine groups improved Wingate anaerobic power and sprint outcomes during training vs placebo — strong direct evidence for reduced peripheral muscle fatigue in high‑intensity tasks.
- Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output
PubMed ID: 19387397
Wingate mean power increases indicate improved short‑term (anaerobic) energy provision with creatine.
- The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures and body composition
PubMed ID: 23897021
PEG‑creatine improved explosive power and endurance over short-duration tasks — consistent with improved short-term energy (ATP/PCr driven).
- Betaine and choline status modify the effects of folic acid and creatine supplementation on arsenic methylation in a randomized controlled trial of Bangladeshi adults
PubMed ID: 32918135
Randomized trial: 3 g/day oral creatine lowered plasma GAA (marker of endogenous creatine synthesis) and changed arsenic methylation—direct evidence creatine supplementation affects endogenous creatine synthesis and the creatine biosynthetic pathway (strong biochemical support).
- Effects of 12 Weeks of Essential Amino Acids (EAA)-Based Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Supplementation on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, Muscle Power and Fatigue in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study
PubMed ID: 31021358
Creatine included in multi-ingredient supplement that increased power and lean mass — consistent with improved cellular energy provision (co-ingredients present).
- The effect of L-arginine and creatine on vascular function and homocysteine metabolism
PubMed ID: 19651674
Short-term creatine markedly raised plasma creatine (~15–20×), demonstrating increased systemic creatine substrate availability.
- The effects of tesamorelin on phosphocreatine recovery in obese subjects with reduced GH
PubMed ID: 24178787
Tesamorelin trial: PCr recovery on 31P‑MRS improved and correlated with IGF‑I—directly measures cellular phosphocreatine kinetics (relevant to energy production).
- Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Augmentation on Brain Metabolic and Network Outcome Measures in Women With Major Depressive Disorder
PubMed ID: 26822799
Prefrontal NAA increases with creatine augmentation in MDD suggest improved neuronal integrity/energy state (RCT evidence).
- Biochemical and functional effects of creatine phosphate in cardioplegic solution during aortic valve surgery--a clinical study
PubMed ID: 1631861
Direct addition of creatine phosphate to cardioplegia had mechanistic effects on early cardiac function — supports energetic role of creatine phosphate.
- Dynamic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the quadriceps muscle: effects of age and sex on spectroscopic results
PubMed ID: 9951791
Large MRS study showing age/sex effects on Pi/PCr and ATP ratios—important baseline information on cellular energy metrics.
- Effect of creatine monohydrate in improving cellular energetics and muscle strength in ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled 31P MRS study
PubMed ID: 20395096
Creatine raised muscle PCr/Pi in DMD patients — direct biochemical evidence of increased phosphagen energy reserve in muscle.
- Creatine target engagement with brain bioenergetics: a dose-ranging phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of adolescent females with SSRI-resistant depression
PubMed ID: 26907087
Dose-dependent increases in frontal lobe PCr after oral creatine indicate direct brain target engagement of cellular energy stores.
- The effects of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance
PubMed ID: 34503541
Phosphocreatine‑containing product and creatine monohydrate increased strength/power measures consistent with enhanced short‑term cellular energy.
- Caffeine and Progression of Parkinson Disease: A Deleterious Interaction With Creatine
PubMed ID: 26366971
Large creatine clinical trial context demonstrates systemic creatine exposure in humans (though interactions with caffeine and clinical outcomes complicate interpretation).
- The use of exogenous creatine phosphate for myocardial protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 10064355
Perioperative phosphocreatine infusion reduced arrhythmias/inotrope need and sarcolemmal damage — direct evidence that exogenous phosphocreatine supports cellular energy in stressed myocardium.
- St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegia: enhanced protection with exogenous creatine phosphate
PubMed ID: 8561641
Adding creatine phosphate to cardioplegia improved multiple perioperative outcomes—supports myocardial cellular energy supplementation benefit.
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Increased handgrip strength and FFM in Duchenne boys consistent with reduced fatigability.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Older men given creatine+protein showed greater strength and reduced protein‑breakdown markers, compatible with less fatigue.
- Biochemical changes induced in the myocardial cell during cardioplegic arrest supplemented with creatine phosphate
PubMed ID: 1932652
Addition of creatine phosphate to cardioplegia increased enzyme activities and improved myocardial recovery—direct support for augmented cellular energy handling in tissue preservation.
- [The use of systemic phosphocreatine in heart surgery]
PubMed ID: 1620416
IV phosphocreatine perioperatively reduced enzyme release and dysrhythmias, consistent with enhanced cellular energetic protection in myocardium.
- Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints
PubMed ID: 8599745
Performance gains in short sprints are consistent with increased phosphocreatine availability and improved short-term ATP resynthesis.
- [Use of creatine phosphate in treatment of cardiocerebral syndrome associated with acute myocardial infarct in the aged]
PubMed ID: 7712526
IV creatine phosphate is a direct high‑energy phosphate donor; the AMI trial demonstrates a clinically measurable effect on cognition, supporting an effect on short‑term cellular energy in vivo, though setting differs from exercise.
- Creatine supplementation and swimming performance
PubMed ID: 10477361
In trained swimmers (men), creatine helped maintain faster pace across repeated ~30s efforts, indicating reduced fatigue in that context.
- The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work
PubMed ID: 10997950
Improved total work until fatigue and maintained peak power indicate reduced fatigability during high-intensity tasks.
- Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test
PubMed ID: 11072779
Raised ventilatory threshold and lower submaximal VO2/HR imply shifts in energy metabolism consistent with creatine's cellular energy role.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on muscle creatine concentration
PubMed ID: 12432177
Directly measured muscle total creatine increases after supplementation, indicating improved cellular creatine/PCr stores.
- Effect of recovery interval on multiple-bout sprint cycling performance after acute creatine supplementation
PubMed ID: 11834115
Acute creatine loading improved mean and peak power and attenuated fatigue index in short-recovery repeated sprints — direct evidence of reduced performance fatigue.
- Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians
PubMed ID: 14600563
Directly increased muscle total creatine and phosphocreatine with supplementation, supporting cellular ATP resynthesis capacity.
- Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans
PubMed ID: 12524381
Increased muscle GLUT‑4 and glycogen with creatine during retraining supports energetic substrate handling in muscle.
- Mg2+-creatine chelate and a low-dose creatine supplementation regimen improve exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15142029
Low-dose creatine increased total work during a bench-press fatigue test, indicating reduced performance fatigue.
- Low dose creatine supplementation enhances sprint phase of 400 meters swimming performance
PubMed ID: 16083193
Seven days of low-dose creatine improved final-sprint time, anaerobic test performance and reduced perceived exertion in swimmers, indicating reduced peripheral fatigue.
- Effect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and women
PubMed ID: 16287344
Rapid increases in anaerobic working capacity after creatine/CrP loading reflect improved short-term (phosphagen) energy availability.
- Effect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15903359
Primary finding: low-dose creatine (6 g/day ×6 days) significantly lowered fatigue rate in repeated short sprints despite no increase in peak/mean power.
- [The influence of induced severe myocardial ischemia on coronary disease course]
PubMed ID: 16353868
IV creatine phosphate provided high‑availability phosphagen and improved exercise tolerance — supports immediate cellular energy replenishment.
- Creatine in Huntington disease is safe, tolerable, bioavailable in brain and reduces serum 8OH2'dG
PubMed ID: 16434666
Direct evidence that oral creatine increases brain creatine concentrations and lowers oxidative damage — strong support for cellular energy substrate loading.
- Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot study
PubMed ID: 16917445
Six-month creatine in pediatric TBI improved cognitive/behavioral outcomes; supports reduced cognitive burden/mental fatigue post-injury though study is open-label pilot.
- Creatine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance
PubMed ID: 16686553
Measured body-mass increase indicates creatine uptake into tissues, consistent with cellular energy substrate loading despite absent performance gains.
- Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals
PubMed ID: 17828627
One-week creatine improved multiple cognitive tasks in older adults, suggesting reduced mental effort/fatigue in cognitive tasks (small sample, short duration).
- Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17471547
Increased phosphocreatine/B‑NTP ratio in muscle after creatine directly demonstrates support for cellular (muscle) energy reserves.
- Effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein combined with ten weeks of resistance training on body composition, strength, and anaerobic performance
PubMed ID: 17313263
Improved anaerobic power after supplementation/training implies better immediate (short-term) energy for high‑power efforts.
- Prevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot study
PubMed ID: 18053002
In children after traumatic brain injury, daily creatine for 6 months markedly reduced fatigue (and related symptoms), suggesting reduced mental/overall fatigue (small, nonblinded trial).
- Randomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PubMed ID: 18420964
COPD RCT directly demonstrated muscle creatine uptake, supporting creatine's role in cellular energy storage even though functional benefits were not seen.
- A pilot clinical trial of creatine and minocycline in early Parkinson disease: 18-month results
PubMed ID: 18520981
Large randomized PD trial was predicated on creatine's potential to support cellular energy/mitochondrial function; trial provides clinical testing of this mechanism (no clear benefit).
- Comparison of creatine monohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on repeated jump height performance
PubMed ID: 18545204
Creatine preserved repeated jump height vs placebo → implies reduced peripheral muscle fatigue during repeated efforts.
- Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men
PubMed ID: 19675499
Four weeks HIIT+creatine increased critical power (~6.7%), indicating improved ability to sustain high‑intensity work before fatigue.
- [Effects of phosphocreatine on plasma brain natriuretic peptide level in elderly patients with chronic congestive heart failure]
PubMed ID: 19218138
Phosphocreatine (a creatine derivative) infusion directly targets cellular energy stores and improved cardiac energetic/function markers—strong support for cellular-energy support in this clinical context.
- The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores
PubMed ID: 21118604
5‑day creatine improved memory in vegetarians and reduced reaction-time variability overall — supports reduced cognitive/mental fatigue.
- The effects of creatine loading and gender on anaerobic running capacity
PubMed ID: 20543729
Anaerobic capacity gains reflect improved immediate (short‑term) energy provision during intense exercise.
- Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise
PubMed ID: 21132438
Water immersion protocols improved short-term recovery of power and strength after intermittent exercise, implying reduced muscle fatigue post-exercise.
- Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults
PubMed ID: 21512399
Large leg-press strength gains and increased regional thickness with creatine indicate improved resistance to fatigue during high-intensity efforts.
- Creatine ingestion effects on oxidative stress in a steady-state test at 75% VO(2max)
PubMed ID: 22525652
Short creatine loading attenuated oxidative stress during a hard aerobic test—biologically plausible mechanism to reduce fatigue during/after exercise.
- Assessment of the effect of high or low protein diet on the human urine metabolome as measured by NMR
PubMed ID: 22413065
Dietary study measured urinary creatine/creatinine and NMR metabolomics showing strong correlations with protein intake—directly informative about creatine metabolism/biomarkers.
- Supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid to broiler diets: effects on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and energy metabolism
PubMed ID: 22252354
GAA supplementation in broilers increased tissue creatine content, supporting enhanced cellular creatine/energy stores in an animal model.
- The effect of exogenous creatine phosphate on myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention
PubMed ID: 24368725
IV creatine phosphate given after PCI reduced cardiac enzyme rises—consistent with acute support of cellular/mitochondrial energy during ischemic stress.
- PRECREST: a phase II prevention and biomarker trial of creatine in at-risk Huntington disease
PubMed ID: 24510496
High-dose creatine slowed brain atrophy in prodromal Huntington disease, consistent with a cellular-energy preserving/neuroprotective effect.
- Dose-response effects of oral guanidinoacetic acid on serum creatine, homocysteine and B vitamins levels
PubMed ID: 24535415
GAA supplementation significantly increased serum and urinary creatine—direct biochemical evidence that precursor supplementation raises peripheral creatine, supporting cellular energetics.
- Creatine supplementation prevents acute strength loss induced by concurrent exercise
PubMed ID: 24840857
Short‑term creatine prevented acute strength‑endurance decline after concurrent aerobic exercise, indicating reduced fatigue during subsequent resistance efforts.
- Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players
PubMed ID: 26778661
Creatine plus plyometrics improved repeated‑sprint and jump outcomes in soccer players, reflecting reduced performance decrement/fatigue during high‑intensity bouts.
- Low-Dose Creatine Supplementation Lowers Plasma Guanidinoacetate, but Not Plasma Homocysteine, in a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26311810
3 g/day creatine reduced guanidinoacetate (GAA), showing feedback suppression of endogenous synthesis and implying increased cellular creatine availability (mechanistic evidence).
- Folic Acid and Creatine as Therapeutic Approaches to Lower Blood Arsenic: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 25978852
Large RCT showed marked increases in plasma creatine and reductions in GAA with 3 g/day supplementation—direct biochemical support for enhanced creatine supply to cells.
- Single-dose oral guanidinoacetic acid exhibits dose-dependent pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 25622538
GAA substantially increased plasma creatine in a dose-dependent manner—strong mechanistic evidence that creatine stores and cellular energy substrate are increased.
- Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration Improves Muscular Performance in Healthy Volunteers
PubMed ID: 26079223
GAA is a creatine precursor; supplementation increased strength/endurance outcomes consistent with enhanced cellular energy via the creatine pathway.
- Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
PubMed ID: 27034623
CrM significantly raised intramuscular creatine (phosphocreatine substrate) over 28 days—direct mechanistic support for short-term cellular energy supply.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults
PubMed ID: 27523919
Chronic creatine supplementation with training increases intramuscular creatine/PCr over time (mechanistic support inferred from functional gains).
- The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Explosive Performance and Optimal Individual Postactivation Potentiation Time
PubMed ID: 26959056
Short-term creatine loading increased maximal squat strength and altered PAP timing, indicating reduced neuromuscular fatigue in heavy efforts.
- Creatine Loading Does Not Preserve Muscle Mass or Strength During Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28054322
Muscle total creatine content rose substantially with loading (~+19%), directly supporting creatine's role in cellular phosphagen energy storage.
- Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
PubMed ID: 29214923
Longer-term oral creatine supplementation increased lean tissue in trained men, consistent with increased muscle creatine stores and cellular energy capacity.
- Effect of creatine phosphate sodium on bispectral index and recovery quality during the general anaesthesia emergence period in elderly patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29332430
IV creatine phosphate produced faster emergence and higher early BIS/Steward scores after anesthesia, indicating reduced acute central/mental fatigue post‑anesthesia.
- Repeated Application of a Novel Creatine Cream Improves Muscular Peak and Average Power in Male Subjects
PubMed ID: 32865944
Topical creatine increased sprint power after 7 days in men — suggests local enhancement of phosphocreatine/energy availability.
- Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34107512
Long‑term creatine + RT increased muscle density — supports improved short‑term energy capacity in older adults indirectly.
- Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes
PubMed ID: 33478522
Creatine (± bicarbonate) yielded large increases in peak and mean anaerobic power — strong evidence for enhanced short‑term anaerobic energy.
- Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34836002
Multi‑ingredient supplement including creatine improved performance and reduced lactate/markers — supports an effect on cellular energy production (though multiple ingredients present).
- Protection of Exogenous Phosphocreatine for Myocardium in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Related to Inflammation
PubMed ID: 35345256
IV phosphocreatine reduced cardiac troponin and IL‑6 after PCI, demonstrating that a creatine phosphate compound supports cellular high‑energy phosphate buffering in ischemic tissue.
- The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults
PubMed ID: 37206869
Creatine added to RT in older adults produced larger strength increases and antioxidant benefits that plausibly reduce muscular fatigue during/after exertion.
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Exercise Recovery in Active Women throughout the Menstrual Cycle
PubMed ID: 37630756
Short creatine loading in active women reduced the repeated‑sprint fatigue index in the high‑hormone menstrual phase (Δ −5.8% vs placebo), directly indicating reduced sprint fatigue.
- The Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation, with and without Creatine, on Occupational Performance in Firefighters
PubMed ID: 38140393
Ergogenic improvements in short tasks are consistent with increased phosphocreatine availability and short‑term energy provision.
- Myocardial protection with phosphocreatine in high-risk cardiac surgery patients: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 38030971
Perioperative phosphocreatine administration directly targets cellular energy stores (PCr) though this trial did not show clinical endpoint benefits.
- Efficacy and safety profile of oral creatine monohydrate in add-on to cognitive-behavioural therapy in depression: An 8-week pilot, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility and exploratory trial in an under-resourced area
PubMed ID: 39488067
RCT of creatine added to CBT reduced depressive symptoms — could reflect reduced mental fatigue and improved mental energy in depressed patients.
- Supplementing With Which Form of Creatine (Hydrochloride or Monohydrate) Alongside Resistance Training Can Have More Impacts on Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones, Strength and Body Composition?
PubMed ID: 39545789
Longer training RCT showed strength/mass gains attributed to creatine’s role in cellular energy and anabolic responses.
- The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Lean Body Mass with and Without Resistance Training
PubMed ID: 40292479
Creatine wash-in increased LBM and likely PCr stores, with modest training benefits — supports cellular energetic capacity.
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences
PubMed ID: 40507040
RCT showed lower objective and subjective muscle fatigue after eccentric exercise with creatine versus placebo.
- A nitroalkene derivative of salicylate, SANA, induces creatine-dependent thermogenesis and promotes weight loss
PubMed ID: 40527924
SANA acts via creatine‑dependent adipose thermogenesis (mechanistic evidence linking creatine pathways to cellular energy/thermogenesis) — not a creatine supplement but mechanistic relevance.
- Acute creatine supplementation enhances technical performance in adolescent basketball players under cognitive-motor dual-task condition
PubMed ID: 40758095
Short-term creatine improved sport performance under cognitive load and lowered perceived exertion/HR — indicates mental-load resilience.
Workout performance (60)
- Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men
PubMed ID: 19675499
HIIT combined with creatine improved critical power (~6.7%), demonstrating meaningful enhancement in sustained high‑intensity performance capacity.
- Comparison of creatine monohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on repeated jump height performance
PubMed ID: 18545204
Direct finding: creatine improved sustainment of repeated jump height (repeated high-intensity efforts).
- Effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein combined with ten weeks of resistance training on body composition, strength, and anaerobic performance
PubMed ID: 17313263
After 10 weeks of training, the creatine/protein/AA drink increased anaerobic power, a key component of overall physical performance.
- Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17471547
Creatine plus exercise improved aggregate high‑intensity functional time and muscle phosphocreatine in patients, indicating overall performance gains in that context.
- [The influence of induced severe myocardial ischemia on coronary disease course]
PubMed ID: 16353868
IV creatine phosphate plus ischemic training led to better exercise tolerance and fewer angina attacks — indicates enhanced overall physical function in cardiac patients.
- Effect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15903359
Low-dose short loading reduced the fatigue rate during repeated short sprints, directly improving repeat-sprint tolerance.
- Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PubMed ID: 15994258
Increased lean mass and peripheral muscle strength/endurance in COPD patients indicate improved aspects of physical performance, though whole-body capacity did not change.
- Effect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and women
PubMed ID: 16287344
Strong, rapid increases in anaerobic work capacity after short-term loading translate to improved overall performance in short-duration high-intensity tasks.
- Low dose creatine supplementation enhances sprint phase of 400 meters swimming performance
PubMed ID: 16083193
Improvements in sprint and anaerobic measures in swimmers demonstrate clear overall performance enhancement in sport-specific tasks.
- Mg2+-creatine chelate and a low-dose creatine supplementation regimen improve exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15142029
Increased total work during fatigue protocol suggests practical performance benefits in resistance training contexts.
- Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians
PubMed ID: 14600563
Creatine + resistance training raised muscle PCr and power and improved strength, supporting overall performance gains.
- Effect of recovery interval on multiple-bout sprint cycling performance after acute creatine supplementation
PubMed ID: 11834115
Well-controlled trial: creatine increased mean and peak power in repeated-sprint cycling with short recovery periods — strong direct evidence.
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Strong RCT in older men: creatine + resistance training produced substantial gains in lean mass, strength and power—clear improvement in overall physical performance.
- The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength
PubMed ID: 11591884
Additive gains in lean mass and some strength with creatine+whey suggest improved overall performance vs whey/placebo.
- Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow
PubMed ID: 11735088
Creatine increased body water, muscle mass and strength (especially with RT), supporting broad performance benefits.
- Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program
PubMed ID: 11448573
Clear increases in lean mass and strength (and additive effects with HMB) indicate broad performance enhancement.
- Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test
PubMed ID: 11072779
Improvements in ventilatory threshold and reduced submaximal oxygen cost help overall exercise performance at submaximal intensities.
- Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women
PubMed ID: 10694109
Acute increases in fat-free mass/body mass can contribute to improved physical capacity, though short-term.
- The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work
PubMed ID: 10997950
Improvements in peak force/power and total work reflect meaningful performance gains in trained athletes.
- Creatine supplementation and swimming performance
PubMed ID: 10477361
Men showed maintained faster velocity across multiple ~30 s repeated swims after creatine loading—clear repeated-sprint benefit in that subgroup.
- Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints
PubMed ID: 8599745
Primary outcome: creatine loading increased total work and peak power across multiple short sprints (direct, high-quality evidence for repeated‑sprint ability).
- Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training
PubMed ID: 19403955
Creatine-containing combination increased 1‑RM strength and lean mass and reduced muscle-breakdown marker during resistance training — supports improved overall physical performance but multi-ingredient design reduces certainty.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Notable increases in lean mass and bench strength in older men translate to improved overall physical performance.
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Handgrip strength and FFM gains support improved functional performance in Duchenne boys.
- Coenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 21462215
Combined creatine + CoQ10 increased peak VO2 in stable systolic heart-failure patients versus placebo — a direct improvement in an objective physical-performance metric (confounded by combination supplement).
- A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28719669
Combined supplement (including creatine) with exercise produced clinically meaningful increases in lean mass and strength and improved metabolic markers in older men — supports improved overall physical performance though multiple ingredients and training contributed.
- Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players
PubMed ID: 10362452
Randomized trial in college football players showing increased body mass, lean mass and 1RM strength—broad improvement in physical performance metrics.
- The effects of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance
PubMed ID: 34503541
Short trial showed meaningful increases in peak torque and average power vs placebo, indicating improved physical performance.
- Effect of creatine monohydrate in improving cellular energetics and muscle strength in ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled 31P MRS study
PubMed ID: 20395096
Increased muscle PCr/Pi and preserved strength in DMD patients support improved functional performance in compromised muscle, though population-specific.
- The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures and body composition
PubMed ID: 23897021
PEG‑creatine improved power and agility metrics that map onto repeated-sprint and change-of-direction performance.
- Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output
PubMed ID: 19387397
Different creatine forms yielded overall gains in body mass and anaerobic power/strength—supporting modest overall performance enhancement.
- Effects of Combined Versus Single Supplementation of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and L-Citrulline During Short Sprint Interval Training on Basketball Players' Performance: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40010353
Randomized trial showing creatine (alone/combined) produced greater improvements in jump, sprint and anaerobic power during training vs placebo — strong evidence of enhanced overall physical performance.
- The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes
PubMed ID: 37242187
Study specifically reported better repeated‑sprint anaerobic power (RAST average power) with an acute creatine‑containing preworkout in well‑trained basketball players.
- The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 31438535
Sprint subgroup showed physiological improvements (reduced ammonia) with creatine malate + beta‑alanine suggesting better repeated‑sprint performance.
- The effects of beta alanine plus creatine administration on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary men
PubMed ID: 25289715
Clear improvements in short‑duration power outputs indicate enhanced acute physical performance in high‑power tasks.
- Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes
PubMed ID: 17136944
Demonstrated increases in strength and lean mass in athletes support an overall physical-performance benefit.
- Supplementation with Qter(®) and Creatine improves functional performance in COPD patients on long term oxygen therapy
PubMed ID: 30170808
CoQ10+creatine improved 6‑minute walk distance and body composition in COPD patients, indicating enhanced overall physical capacity (combination therapy).
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences
PubMed ID: 40507040
Improved recovery, reduced soreness and fatigue after eccentric exercise supports better overall performance capacity in the short term.
- Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, Balanced, Double-Blind Design
PubMed ID: 38474743
Sustained increases in lean mass/SMMI over 12 months imply improved physical capacity in a clinical population.
- Supplementing With Which Form of Creatine (Hydrochloride or Monohydrate) Alongside Resistance Training Can Have More Impacts on Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones, Strength and Body Composition?
PubMed ID: 39545789
8‑week resistance training RCT showed increased 1RM strength and skeletal muscle mass with creatine — translates to improved physical performance.
- The Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation, with and without Creatine, on Occupational Performance in Firefighters
PubMed ID: 38140393
Performance on multiple short, intense occupational tasks improved with creatine, suggesting better ability across repeated high‑intensity bouts.
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Exercise Recovery in Active Women throughout the Menstrual Cycle
PubMed ID: 37630756
Creatine loading decreased repeated‑sprint fatigue index in the high‑hormone menstrual phase, showing improved repeat‑sprint performance in that context.
- The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults
PubMed ID: 37206869
Creatine added to resistance training produced larger strength gains and antioxidant benefits in older adults, translating to meaningful improvements in overall physical function.
- Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34836002
Multi‑ingredient supplement including creatine improved multiple performance markers and lowered damage markers in elite cyclists — supports enhanced overall physical performance (though multi‑ingredient limits attribution solely to creatine).
- Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes
PubMed ID: 33478522
Creatine (± bicarbonate) generated large increases in anaerobic power and reduced lactate in taekwondo athletes — strong evidence for improved overall physical (anaerobic) performance.
- Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34107512
1‑year creatine + RT in older adults improved muscle density and bone area — supports improved overall physical function in aging.
- Repeated Application of a Novel Creatine Cream Improves Muscular Peak and Average Power in Male Subjects
PubMed ID: 32865944
Topical creatine improved leg peak/average power after 7 days in men — contributes to overall physical performance in this context.
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of a Food Supplement Containing Creatine and D-Ribose Combined with a Physical Exercise Program in Increasing Stress Tolerance in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 31861049
Combined creatine-containing supplement + exercise increased maximal workload and myocardial work indices in cardiac patients — performance benefit but confounded by multi-ingredient formula and supervised exercise.
- Effects of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation Combined with Complex Training on Muscle Damage and Sport Performance
PubMed ID: 30400221
Creatine + complex training increased maximal strength and improved recovery markers—evidence for improved overall physical performance in this trial.
- Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
PubMed ID: 29214923
Creatine led to substantial region-specific lean mass gains in resistance-trained men over 8 weeks, supporting improved overall physical performance potential.
- The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Explosive Performance and Optimal Individual Postactivation Potentiation Time
PubMed ID: 26959056
Increased maximal squat strength and altered PAP timing after creatine loading suggest better overall strength performance in heavy lifts.
- Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
PubMed ID: 27034623
Improvements in intramuscular creatine, power and lifting workload indicate enhanced overall short-term physical performance.
- Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration Improves Muscular Performance in Healthy Volunteers
PubMed ID: 26079223
GAA supplementation produced statistically significant gains in handgrip and bench‑press repetitions and some anaerobic measures — overall performance improvements tied to the creatine pathway.
- Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players
PubMed ID: 26778661
Plyometric training with creatine produced larger improvements in repeated‑sprint performance in female soccer players versus placebo.
- Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25993883
Older adults experienced substantial improvements in strength and lean mass with creatine plus training, reflecting enhanced overall physical performance capacity.
- Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 25386713
Long‑term creatine plus resistance training improved strength and bone geometry in postmenopausal women—meaningful improvements in functional performance and musculoskeletal health.
- Creatine supplementation prevents acute strength loss induced by concurrent exercise
PubMed ID: 24840857
Short‑term creatine prevented acute losses in strength‑endurance after aerobic exercise, preserving performance capacity in mixed‑modality contexts.
- Creatine supplementation and resistance training in vulnerable older women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24530883
Large improvements in 1‑RM and lean mass with creatine + RT in older women indicate meaningful enhancement in overall physical performance.
- Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults
PubMed ID: 21512399
Randomized trial showed substantial strength and hypertrophy improvements with creatine during RT, translating to clear overall physical-performance gains.
- The effects of creatine loading and gender on anaerobic running capacity
PubMed ID: 20543729
Substantial increase in anaerobic running capacity in men represents an overall physical performance improvement for short, intense activities.
Strength (59)
- Supplementing With Which Form of Creatine (Hydrochloride or Monohydrate) Alongside Resistance Training Can Have More Impacts on Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones, Strength and Body Composition?
PubMed ID: 39545789
8‑week resistance‑training RCT: both creatine HCl and creatine monohydrate increased 1RM strength and skeletal muscle mass vs placebo.
- The Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation, with and without Creatine, on Occupational Performance in Firefighters
PubMed ID: 38140393
Firefighter trial showed faster rescue and forcible entry task times with creatine + protein compared with protein alone — improves short powerful efforts.
- The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults
PubMed ID: 37206869
Resistance training plus creatine in older adults produced substantially larger strength gains (~57% vs ~36%) compared with training alone.
- Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34836002
Multi‑ingredient supplement including creatine increased peak power and VO2 in elite cyclists — supports improved overall power/performance.
- Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes
PubMed ID: 33478522
Short‑term creatine ± bicarbonate in taekwondo athletes produced very large increases in peak and mean anaerobic power — strong evidence for improved sprint/power.
- Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34107512
One‑year creatine + RT improved lower‑leg muscle density and some bone measures — supports maintained/improved power capacity in older adults.
- Repeated Application of a Novel Creatine Cream Improves Muscular Peak and Average Power in Male Subjects
PubMed ID: 32865944
Topical creatine applied daily for 7 days improved peak and average leg power in men — direct evidence of improved sprint/power (topical form).
- Effects of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation Combined with Complex Training on Muscle Damage and Sport Performance
PubMed ID: 30400221
Randomized double-blind creatine + training trial showed large increases in 1‑RM strength vs placebo.
- Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
PubMed ID: 29214923
Resistance‑trained men on creatine gained substantially more upper-limb lean mass over 8 weeks; strength gains are commonly linked to such hypertrophy (strength measures not the primary reported outcome).
- The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Explosive Performance and Optimal Individual Postactivation Potentiation Time
PubMed ID: 26959056
Short-term creatine loading produced a significant increase in maximal squat (1RM) strength (~3.4%).
- Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults
PubMed ID: 27523919
12‑week creatine + resistance training produced greater mass and some strength gains vs placebo (especially in males).
- Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
PubMed ID: 27034623
Increased bench-press average and peak power and lifting workload after CrN-High/CrM supplementation indicate improved short-term power capacity.
- Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration Improves Muscular Performance in Healthy Volunteers
PubMed ID: 26079223
Six weeks of oral GAA (a creatine precursor) improved handgrip strength and bench-press repetitions vs placebo — direct functional strength benefit related to creatine pathway.
- Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players
PubMed ID: 26778661
Female soccer players on creatine + plyometrics showed greater improvements in jumping and repeated‑sprint performance versus placebo—direct support for sprint/power gains.
- Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25993883
Randomized trial in adults 50–71 showed large, significant increases in muscle strength (leg press, chest press) with creatine plus training versus placebo.
- Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 25386713
Twelve months of creatine with supervised resistance training increased bench‑press relative strength substantially versus placebo in postmenopausal women.
- Creatine supplementation and resistance training in vulnerable older women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24530883
Randomized DBPC trial: creatine + resistance training produced large, significant increases in bench- and leg-press 1‑RM vs controls.
- Creatine supplementation associated or not with strength training upon emotional and cognitive measures in older women: a randomized double-blind study
PubMed ID: 24098469
In older women, creatine combined with strength training led to substantially larger leg-press 1-RM gains vs non-trained groups.
- Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults
PubMed ID: 21512399
Randomized trial showed large leg-press strength increases (men +62%) and regional strength gains with creatine during resistance training.
- The effects of creatine loading and gender on anaerobic running capacity
PubMed ID: 20543729
Short‑term creatine loading produced a large (+23%) improvement in anaerobic running capacity in men, supporting sprint/power gains.
- Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men
PubMed ID: 19675499
HIIT+creatine raised critical power (sustained high‑intensity output) though anaerobic working capacity was unchanged; supports improved high‑intensity power endurance.
- Comparison of creatine monohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on repeated jump height performance
PubMed ID: 18545204
Creatine helped sustain repeated jump power, supporting short-term power/sprint ability in repeated efforts.
- Effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein combined with ten weeks of resistance training on body composition, strength, and anaerobic performance
PubMed ID: 17313263
Multi-ingredient drink containing creatine increased peak and mean anaerobic power after 10 weeks of training.
- Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17471547
Creatine improved high‑intensity functional performance in inflammatory myopathies, consistent with power improvements in affected muscles.
- Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training
PubMed ID: 16581862
Creatine with strength training increased fiber size, satellite cells and myonuclei; these cellular adaptations are consistent with meaningful strength gains.
- Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PubMed ID: 15994258
COPD randomized trial demonstrated increases in peripheral (leg) muscle strength following creatine supplementation.
- Effect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and women
PubMed ID: 16287344
Short-term loading markedly increased anaerobic working capacity (CrP +23.8% to +49.8%; Cr modestly), consistent with enhanced power output.
- Low dose creatine supplementation enhances sprint phase of 400 meters swimming performance
PubMed ID: 16083193
Creatine improved final 50 m sprint time and Wingate/anaerobic measures in swimmers (P<0.05), directly supporting sprint/power improvements.
- Magnesium-creatine supplementation effects on body water
PubMed ID: 14506619
Mg–creatine supplementation produced modest increases in knee extension peak torque over two weeks.
- Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians
PubMed ID: 14600563
RCT showed creatine + training raised muscle creatine/PCr and improved bench‑press strength versus placebo (largest effects in vegetarians).
- Effect of recovery interval on multiple-bout sprint cycling performance after acute creatine supplementation
PubMed ID: 11834115
Acute creatine loading increased mean and peak power in repeated-sprint cycling when recovery was short — direct ergogenic effect on power.
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Robust RCT in older men: creatine + resistance training produced large, significant increases in leg 1‑RM and power vs placebo.
- The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength
PubMed ID: 11591884
Whey+creatine group had greater bench press 1RM gains than whey or placebo alone.
- Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow
PubMed ID: 11735088
Creatine (with and without RT) increased muscular strength measures (bench, leg press), especially with training.
- Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program
PubMed ID: 11448573
Randomized trial showed clear, additive increases in muscle strength with creatine (and with creatine+HMB).
- The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work
PubMed ID: 10997950
Increases in peak power and maintained mean peak power indicate improved sprint/power capacity.
- Creatine monohydrate in muscular dystrophies: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study
PubMed ID: 10802796
Direct trial in muscular dystrophies reported mild but significant improvements in measured muscle strength versus placebo.
- Creatine supplementation and swimming performance
PubMed ID: 10477361
Men maintained faster repeated ~30 s swim intervals after creatine—evidence of improved sprint/power in that context.
- Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints
PubMed ID: 8599745
Randomized creatine loading significantly increased peak power and total work during repeated short sprints (direct, strong evidence).
- Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training
PubMed ID: 19403955
Creatine-containing multi-ingredient group had substantially greater bench and leg-press 1‑RM increases versus non-creatine groups over 5 weeks — strong but confounded evidence for creatine's role in strength gains.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Low‑dose creatine+protein produced a large (+25%) bench‑press strength increase in older men.
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Four months creatine increased dominant‑hand grip strength in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Multi‑ingredient supplement including creatine increased leg‑press strength (~+16.6%) and handgrip in older men (direct strength gains in a creatine‑containing regimen).
- Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 17679046
Resistance‑trained subjects receiving creatine‑containing formulas had greater 1RM strength gains vs non‑creatine controls (supports strength increase).
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
Multi-ingredient supplement that included creatine produced clinically meaningful improvements in grip and leg-press strength vs collagen placebo in older men; effect plausibly partly due to creatine but confounded.
- A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28719669
Multi-ingredient supplement that included creatine produced meaningful increases in lean mass and summed 1RMs in older men — strong practical signal though causality to creatine alone is confounded.
- Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players
PubMed ID: 10362452
Randomized trial in college football players: creatine (±pyruvate) significantly increased 1RM strength vs placebo/pyruvate.
- The effects of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance
PubMed ID: 34503541
Phosphocreatine/creatine intervention produced ~10–16% increases in peak torque and average power vs placebo.
- Effect of creatine monohydrate in improving cellular energetics and muscle strength in ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled 31P MRS study
PubMed ID: 20395096
In boys with DMD, creatine preserved/improved manual muscle test scores alongside improved PCr/Pi — moderate evidence for strength preservation/improvement in diseased muscle.
- Effects of 12 Weeks of Essential Amino Acids (EAA)-Based Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Supplementation on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, Muscle Power and Fatigue in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study
PubMed ID: 31021358
Multi-ingredient supplement including creatine increased appendicular lean mass and maximal voluntary contraction in older adults — supports strength gains (co-ingredients present).
- The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures and body composition
PubMed ID: 23897021
PEG‑creatine produced significant improvements in vertical jump power and agility compared with placebo over 28 days — direct support for sprint/power.
- Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output
PubMed ID: 19387397
Creatine conditions showed statistically significant increases in mean power (Wingate) and some anaerobic power measures over 30 days.
- Effects of Combined Versus Single Supplementation of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and L-Citrulline During Short Sprint Interval Training on Basketball Players' Performance: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40010353
Direct randomized trial where creatine (alone/with others) plus sprint‑interval training increased vertical jump, 20‑m sprint and Wingate anaerobic power vs placebo — strong direct support.
- The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes
PubMed ID: 37242187
Acute pre‑workout (contains creatine) yielded small improvements in CMJ and moderate gains in RAST average power — supports improved sprint/power in the short term.
- The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 31438535
Sprint subgroup taking creatine malate + beta‑alanine showed FFM increase and reduced post‑exercise ammonia—supports improved sprint/power adaptations.
- Effects of ingesting a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without synephrine for 8 weeks on training adaptations in resistance-trained males
PubMed ID: 28096757
Multi-ingredient supplement including creatine nitrate yielded larger bench-press and leg-press 1RM gains vs placebo; creatine is a plausible contributor though product contained multiple actives.
- The effects of beta alanine plus creatine administration on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary men
PubMed ID: 25289715
Direct: creatine alone produced large increases in peak sprint power (~28–31%) in sedentary men.
- Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes
PubMed ID: 17136944
Direct randomized trial showed clear strength improvements with creatine (alone and with beta‑alanine).
- Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, Balanced, Double-Blind Design
PubMed ID: 38474743
Year-long creatine in hemodialysis patients increased skeletal muscle mass index and FFM — a substrate for strength gains (population-specific).
Endurance (54)
- Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program
PubMed ID: 11448573
Increased lean mass and strength improve ability to tolerate higher training loads.
- Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes
PubMed ID: 33478522
Creatine (± bicarbonate) produced substantial increases in peak/mean anaerobic power in taekwondo athletes — strong evidence for better high‑intensity performance.
- Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34836002
Multi‑ingredient supplement including creatine improved peak power and VO2 in cyclists — supports enhanced high‑intensity performance.
- The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults
PubMed ID: 37206869
Creatine plus resistance training in older adults produced larger strength improvements, implying greater capacity to train/progress compared with training alone.
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Exercise Recovery in Active Women throughout the Menstrual Cycle
PubMed ID: 37630756
Creatine loading reduced fatigue index in repeated sprints (phase‑specific), indicating improved ability to sustain high‑intensity efforts.
- The Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation, with and without Creatine, on Occupational Performance in Firefighters
PubMed ID: 38140393
Randomized occupational trial found statistically significant improvements in short, high‑intensity job tasks with creatine supplementation.
- Supplementing With Which Form of Creatine (Hydrochloride or Monohydrate) Alongside Resistance Training Can Have More Impacts on Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones, Strength and Body Composition?
PubMed ID: 39545789
8‑week RCT showed greater increases in 1RM and muscle mass during training with creatine, indicating higher capacity to train/progress.
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences
PubMed ID: 40507040
Faster recovery and less fatigue after eccentric exercise would plausibly allow higher training frequency/intensity (RCT evidence).
- Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes
PubMed ID: 17136944
Creatine produced measurable strength and lean-mass gains in athletes, aligning with improved high-intensity work capacity.
- Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34107512
One‑year oral creatine + RT improved muscle density and some bone measures in older adults — supports greater training capacity/ability to benefit from RT with aging.
- Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow
PubMed ID: 11735088
Creatine (with RT) enhanced strength and mass, consistent with improved capacity to train/progress.
- The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength
PubMed ID: 11591884
Additive lean mass and strength gains with whey+creatine suggest enhanced training adaptations and capacity.
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Creatine+resistance training in older men led to greater gains in strength and power, implying higher effective training capacity.
- Effect of recovery interval on multiple-bout sprint cycling performance after acute creatine supplementation
PubMed ID: 11834115
Duplicate entry: strong direct evidence for improved high-intensity efforts (kept for emphasis).
- Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians
PubMed ID: 14600563
Increased PCr and power with training supports improved capacity for high‑intensity efforts.
- Mg2+-creatine chelate and a low-dose creatine supplementation regimen improve exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15142029
Greater total work at 70% 1RM indicates an increased training volume/capacity during resistance sessions.
- Low dose creatine supplementation enhances sprint phase of 400 meters swimming performance
PubMed ID: 16083193
Improved sprint and anaerobic test performance in swimmers supports enhanced high-intensity performance.
- Effect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and women
PubMed ID: 16287344
Marked increases in anaerobic work capacity after short-term loading indicate better high-intensity performance capability.
- Effect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15903359
Reduced fatigue during repeated short sprints suggests improved capacity to sustain high-intensity work, despite no peak power rise.
- [The influence of induced severe myocardial ischemia on coronary disease course]
PubMed ID: 16353868
Study reported better exercise tolerance and fewer angina attacks with IV creatine phosphate plus training — directly relevant to training capacity in cardiac patients.
- Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training
PubMed ID: 16581862
Enhanced satellite-cell response and larger fiber CSA with creatine + training imply greater capacity to respond/adapt to continued training stimuli.
- Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17471547
In patients with inflammatory myopathies creatine+exercise improved aggregate high‑intensity function and increased muscle phosphocreatine.
- Effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein combined with ten weeks of resistance training on body composition, strength, and anaerobic performance
PubMed ID: 17313263
Creatine-containing drink improved anaerobic power after training, reflecting better high-intensity performance.
- Comparison of creatine monohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on repeated jump height performance
PubMed ID: 18545204
Sustained repeated jump performance indicates benefit for high‑intensity, short‑duration repeated work.
- Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men
PubMed ID: 19675499
Significant ~6.7% increase in critical power with HIIT+creatine indicates greater capacity to perform sustained high‑intensity training.
- The effects of creatine loading and gender on anaerobic running capacity
PubMed ID: 20543729
Marked improvement in anaerobic running capacity indicates better high‑intensity performance.
- Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults
PubMed ID: 21512399
Creatine led to greater strength and hypertrophy gains with the same training, indicating increased capacity to train and adapt.
- Creatine supplementation and resistance training in vulnerable older women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24530883
Significant strength and lean mass increases with creatine + RT imply increased capacity to train and perform progressive overload.
- Creatine supplementation prevents acute strength loss induced by concurrent exercise
PubMed ID: 24840857
Acute creatine supplementation maintained strength‑endurance after aerobic exercise, enabling greater capacity for subsequent training sessions in the short term.
- Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25993883
Creatine around training produced notably larger strength and lean mass gains in older adults, indicating improved capacity to benefit from training over weeks.
- Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players
PubMed ID: 26778661
Creatine augmented plyometric training gains in repeated‑sprint and jump tasks—direct evidence for improved high‑intensity performance.
- Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
PubMed ID: 27034623
CrM produced robust intramuscular creatine loading and CrN-High improved power/workload—consistent with better high-intensity performance.
- The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Explosive Performance and Optimal Individual Postactivation Potentiation Time
PubMed ID: 26959056
Improved 1RM and earlier PAP suggest enhanced ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts, although jump performance unchanged.
- Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
PubMed ID: 29214923
Creatine supplementation produced greater lean-mass gains during 8 weeks of resistance training, implying increased training capacity and adaptive potential.
- Effects of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation Combined with Complex Training on Muscle Damage and Sport Performance
PubMed ID: 30400221
Creatine + training increased maximal strength and reduced CK, enabling higher achievable training loads—moderate direct trial evidence.
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of a Food Supplement Containing Creatine and D-Ribose Combined with a Physical Exercise Program in Increasing Stress Tolerance in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 31861049
Combined creatine-containing supplement + exercise increased maximal workload and exercise duration in ischemic heart disease patients — suggests higher training capacity (confounded).
- Repeated Application of a Novel Creatine Cream Improves Muscular Peak and Average Power in Male Subjects
PubMed ID: 32865944
Topical creatine improved sprint power in men after repeated daily use — relevant to high‑intensity efforts.
- The effects of beta alanine plus creatine administration on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary men
PubMed ID: 25289715
Direct improvement in peak sprint outputs and, with beta‑alanine co‑supplementation, mean power across repeated sprints.
- The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 31438535
Sprint athletes improved physiological markers and FFM with creatine malate regimens, supporting high‑intensity performance.
- The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes
PubMed ID: 37242187
Acute preworkout including creatine improved repeated‑sprint anaerobic measures and agility in trained athletes — supports better high‑intensity performance.
- Effects of Combined Versus Single Supplementation of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and L-Citrulline During Short Sprint Interval Training on Basketball Players' Performance: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40010353
Creatine supplementation produced greater improvements in anaerobic power and short sprint/jump outcomes during high‑intensity sprint-interval training vs placebo.
- Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output
PubMed ID: 19387397
Demonstrated improvements in anaerobic power/strength (Wingate/short maximal efforts) consistent with better high‑intensity performance.
- The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures and body composition
PubMed ID: 23897021
PEG‑creatine improved measures (jump power, agility, upper-body endurance) relevant to high-intensity performance.
- Effects of 12 Weeks of Essential Amino Acids (EAA)-Based Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Supplementation on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, Muscle Power and Fatigue in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study
PubMed ID: 31021358
Older adults on multi-ingredient (including creatine) increased strength and peak power, implying improved capacity to train/load.
- The effects of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance
PubMed ID: 34503541
Observed improvements in peak torque and average power under short‑duration, high‑intensity testing.
- Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players
PubMed ID: 10362452
Improved 1RM, lean mass and body mass over a season indicate greater capacity to train harder/longer (practical outcome in athletes).
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Older men on a creatine‑containing supplement achieved greater strength and lean mass with home resistance bands, suggesting improved training responsiveness/capacity.
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Increased handgrip strength and FFM suggest improved capacity to perform/recover from training.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Larger gains in lean mass and bench strength with creatine+protein in older men indicate increased capacity for training overload.
- Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training
PubMed ID: 19403955
Creatine-containing group gained more strength and showed reduced 3‑MH (less muscle breakdown) during heavy resistance training — implies higher capacity to train, though confounded.
- Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints
PubMed ID: 8599745
Direct improvement in repeated short-sprint performance after creatine loading supports enhanced high-intensity performance.
- Creatine supplementation and swimming performance
PubMed ID: 10477361
Improved maintenance of pace across repeated ~30 s high-intensity swims in men.
- The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work
PubMed ID: 10997950
Greater total work to fatigue and maintained power extend training capacity in high-intensity sessions.
- Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test
PubMed ID: 11072779
Raised ventilatory threshold allows higher submaximal workloads for longer—supports greater training capacity.
Muscle growth (33)
- Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players
PubMed ID: 10362452
Creatine increased body mass and lean body mass in college football players vs controls (direct evidence for increased size).
- The effect of short-term creatine loading on active range of movement
PubMed ID: 20725117
Five days of high-dose creatine loading increased body mass by ~1.6 kg in healthy men — common proxy for increased intracellular water and early increases in apparent muscle size.
- Effects of 12 Weeks of Essential Amino Acids (EAA)-Based Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Supplementation on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, Muscle Power and Fatigue in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study
PubMed ID: 31021358
Supplement containing creatine produced a between-group increase in appendicular lean mass (+0.53 kg) in older adults (multi-ingredient).
- Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output
PubMed ID: 19387397
Some creatine groups had small but significant increases in body mass over 30 days (may reflect lean mass increases or water).
- Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes
PubMed ID: 17136944
Trial reported increases in lean body mass (especially with combination), supporting muscle size gains with creatine.
- The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Lean Body Mass with and Without Resistance Training
PubMed ID: 40292479
Short creatine wash-in produced measurable DXA lean mass gains (∆LBM) and maintenance-phase advantage over 12 weeks.
- Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, Balanced, Double-Blind Design
PubMed ID: 38474743
12-month double-blind RCT in hemodialysis patients produced consistent increases in FFM and SMMI versus placebo.
- Supplementing With Which Form of Creatine (Hydrochloride or Monohydrate) Alongside Resistance Training Can Have More Impacts on Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones, Strength and Body Composition?
PubMed ID: 39545789
8‑week resistance training trial reported increases in skeletal muscle mass and limb CSA with creatine supplementation.
- Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
PubMed ID: 29214923
Randomized trial in resistance‑trained men showed significant increases in upper-limb (+7.1%), lower-limb and trunk lean soft tissue with creatine vs placebo.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults
PubMed ID: 27523919
Direct RCT evidence: creatine + 12 weeks resistance training increased muscle mass vs placebo (P=0.007).
- Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
PubMed ID: 27034623
CrM and CrN-High produced modest increases in fat-free mass over 28 days (CrN-High ≈+1.1 kg), consistent with increased muscle size.
- Can Creatine Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Objective Physical Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients? A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26414681
Twelve weeks of oral creatine in rheumatoid arthritis significantly increased appendicular lean mass (+0.52 kg).
- Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25993883
Creatine around training produced a clear, clinically meaningful increase in lean tissue mass (~+2.5 kg greater than placebo) in older adults.
- Creatine supplementation and resistance training in vulnerable older women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24530883
Creatine + RT increased appendicular lean mass versus placebo or creatine alone in older women (statistically significant).
- Feasibility and efficacy of progressive resistance training and dietary supplements in radiotherapy treated head and neck cancer patients--the DAHANCA 25A study
PubMed ID: 23190359
Creatine+protein group gained more lean body mass (+2.6 vs +1.3 kg), suggesting an effect on muscle size, though protein and training confound attribution.
- Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults
PubMed ID: 21512399
Significant increases in elbow flexor thickness and leg muscle hypertrophy signals with creatine + RT in a randomized trial.
- Creatine fails to augment the benefits from resistance training in patients with HIV infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 19242554
RCT in HIV‑positive adults: creatine increased lean body mass more than placebo (+2.3 kg vs +0.9 kg), direct evidence of increased muscle (or lean) size.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults
PubMed ID: 18708688
Large intramuscular IGF‑I increases with creatine are consistent with a hypertrophic signal supporting increased muscle size.
- Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training
PubMed ID: 16581862
Randomized study showed creatine + training produced large increases in muscle fiber area (+14–17%) and cellular markers of hypertrophy — strong direct evidence for increased size.
- Effects of creatine supplementation on nutritional status, muscle function and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer--a double blind randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16701923
Modest increases in body cell mass and phase angle in a subgroup of colorectal cancer patients indicate a measurable anabolic/body‑composition effect.
- Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PubMed ID: 15994258
Creatine increased fat-free mass (lean mass) in COPD patients (≈+1.09 to +1.62 kg), indicating an increase in muscle size/lean tissue.
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Older men RCT: creatine + resistance training increased lean tissue mass substantially vs placebo.
- The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength
PubMed ID: 11591884
Whey+creatine produced larger gains in lean tissue mass vs whey or placebo.
- Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow
PubMed ID: 11735088
Creatine increased body mass and (with RT) muscle mass vs control.
- Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program
PubMed ID: 11448573
Lean body mass increased significantly with creatine (and additively with HMB) in resistance-trained subjects.
- Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women
PubMed ID: 10694109
Five-day high-dose creatine significantly increased fat-free mass and body mass — strong evidence for acute size/lean-mass gain.
- Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training
PubMed ID: 19403955
Creatine-containing multi-ingredient group had greater increases in lean tissue mass over 5 weeks versus non-creatine groups — supports muscle-size benefit though confounded by other supplements.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Creatine+protein increased lean tissue mass by ~5.6% versus control in older men.
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Four months creatine increased fat‑free mass in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Supplement (contains creatine 3 g/d) increased total lean mass (+1.09 kg) and appendicular lean mass in older men and increased Type II fiber CSA.
- Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training
PubMed ID: 17679046
Creatine‑containing formulas produced larger increases in fat‑free mass and total body mass over 12 weeks vs non‑creatine controls.
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
Participants receiving a whey/casein multi-ingredient supplement that included creatine had increases in total and appendicular lean mass compared with collagen placebo — supports greater muscle size, though creatine-specific contribution cannot be isolated.
- A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28719669
Whole-body lean mass increased with the multi-ingredient supplement containing creatine in older men — supports greater muscle size though contribution of creatine cannot be isolated.
Healthy aging (20)
- Effects of 12 Weeks of Essential Amino Acids (EAA)-Based Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Supplementation on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, Muscle Power and Fatigue in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study
PubMed ID: 31021358
Trial in older adults: supplement containing creatine increased appendicular lean mass, strength and peak power — directly relevant to sarcopenia prevention (multinutrient context).
- Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, Balanced, Double-Blind Design
PubMed ID: 38474743
One-year RCT in clinically vulnerable adults increased FFM and SMMI, suggesting benefit for preserving/augmenting muscle mass.
- The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults
PubMed ID: 37206869
In older adults, adding creatine to resistance training produced greater strength gains and antioxidant improvements versus training alone — direct support for aging muscle health.
- A 2-yr Randomized Controlled Trial on Creatine Supplementation during Exercise for Postmenopausal Bone Health
PubMed ID: 37144634
Two‑year creatine plus exercise in postmenopausal women preserved lean tissue in compliers and improved femoral bone geometry measures — long‑term direct evidence for musculoskeletal aging support.
- Creatine supplementation and resistance training in vulnerable older women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24530883
RCT in older vulnerable women showed creatine + RT substantially improved strength and lean mass—direct evidence for aging-muscle support.
- Creatine supplementation associated or not with strength training upon emotional and cognitive measures in older women: a randomized double-blind study
PubMed ID: 24098469
Randomized trial in older women: creatine alone did not change cognition/mood but combined with strength training produced larger leg-press gains — relevant to sarcopenia/aging muscle support when paired with exercise.
- Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults
PubMed ID: 21512399
Creatine enhanced hypertrophy and strength gains during RT, outcomes relevant to sarcopenia prevention and healthy aging muscle maintenance.
- Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PubMed ID: 15994258
In a clinical population (COPD) with muscle impairment, creatine increased lean mass and muscle strength; this supports the concept of preserving/rehabilitating muscle in older or clinical populations.
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Direct RCT in older men: creatine + resistance training produced clinically meaningful increases in lean mass, strength and power—strong support for healthy aging muscles.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Older men experienced meaningful increases in lean mass and strength and reductions in muscle/bone breakdown with creatine+protein.
- Supplementation with Qter(®) and Creatine improves functional performance in COPD patients on long term oxygen therapy
PubMed ID: 30170808
CoQ10+creatine improved 6MWD and body composition in COPD patients (older population likely), but combination prevents clear attribution.
- A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
PubMed ID: 32785021
Randomized double‑blind trial in older men: creatine‑containing supplement increased lean mass, Type II fiber CSA and strength—direct evidence for supporting aging muscle.
- Creatine plus β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate supplementation is associated with preserved glutathione redox-balance and redox-function associations in older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial
PubMed ID: 41712056
Randomized trial in active older adults showing preservation of glutathione redox indices with creatine+HMB—direct relevance to muscle health in aging (biomarker-level evidence).
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management
PubMed ID: 39771028
Multi-ingredient supplement (including creatine) improved lean mass and strength in older men at risk for sarcopenic obesity — evidence supports a role for the regimen in healthy aging muscles; creatine likely contributed but cannot be isolated.
- A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28719669
Trial in older men: multi-ingredient supplement including creatine increased lean mass and strength and improved insulin sensitivity — supports sarcopenia-related outcomes though effects are not isolated to creatine.
- Dynamic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the quadriceps muscle: effects of age and sex on spectroscopic results
PubMed ID: 9951791
Large MRS study showing Pi/PCr and ATP ratio changes with age—highly relevant baseline data for aging muscle energetics.
- Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34107512
One‑year randomized creatine (0.1 g·kg‑1·d‑1) + supervised RT in older adults produced modest but significant improvements in tibial bone area and lower‑leg muscle density — direct evidence supporting healthy aging muscles.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults
PubMed ID: 27523919
Study in untrained older adults: creatine + training increased muscle mass/body mass vs placebo — direct relevance to aging muscle support.
- Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25993883
Direct randomized study in adults 50–71 showed substantial increases in lean mass and strength with creatine plus training, strongly supporting muscle health in aging.
- Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 25386713
12‑month creatine + resistance training preserved femoral neck BMD and improved bone geometry and strength in postmenopausal women—supports musculoskeletal health with aging.
Exercise recovery (15)
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Four months creatine increased handgrip strength and FFM, consistent with improved recovery capacity.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Low-dose creatine+protein reduced muscle‑breakdown markers and increased lean mass in older men, consistent with improved recovery.
- Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 11740307
Older men RCT: creatine+resistance training produced greater strength/lean mass and functional improvements—consistent with faster functional recovery.
- Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans
PubMed ID: 12524381
Raised muscle glycogen and GLUT‑4 during retraining, which supports faster replenishment/recovery.
- Effect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance
PubMed ID: 15903359
Reduced fatigue rate during repeated short sprints (6 g/day ×6 days) — implies faster recovery between bouts.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults
PubMed ID: 18708688
Creatine during resistance training raised intramuscular IGF‑I (growth/repair signal), plausibly aiding post-exercise repair.
- Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise
PubMed ID: 21132438
Cold/contrast water immersion reduced CK and hastened short-term recovery of strength/power after exhaustive intermittent exercise (direct recovery outcome).
- Creatine supplementation prevents acute strength loss induced by concurrent exercise
PubMed ID: 24840857
Randomized creatine trial showed short-term creatine prevented acute strength‑endurance loss after aerobic exercise, directly supporting faster recovery of performance.
- Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
PubMed ID: 27034623
CrM/CrN trial showed increased intramuscular creatine, power and workload over 28 days, which can translate to better acute recovery between efforts.
- Effects of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation Combined with Complex Training on Muscle Damage and Sport Performance
PubMed ID: 30400221
Randomized trial of creatine + training showed reduced post-exercise CK and faster recovery markers vs placebo.
- Effects of Combined Versus Single Supplementation of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and L-Citrulline During Short Sprint Interval Training on Basketball Players' Performance: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40010353
Randomized trial with creatine during sprint-interval training produced greater performance/adaptation vs placebo — supports faster recovery between/after sessions (direct creatine intervention).
- Effect of creatine phosphate sodium on bispectral index and recovery quality during the general anaesthesia emergence period in elderly patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29332430
IV creatine phosphate sped emergence/recovery times after anesthesia (faster waking/extubation/PACU), analogous to faster physiological recovery.
- Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes
PubMed ID: 33478522
Creatine (± bicarbonate) reduced post‑exercise lactate and improved power in taekwondo athletes — supports faster metabolic recovery.
- Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34836002
Multi‑ingredient supplement (contains creatine) reduced CK/LDH/myoglobin and improved recovery markers in elite cyclists (post‑workout benefits).
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences
PubMed ID: 40507040
28‑day creatine loading then eccentric exercise showed faster MVC recovery and less soreness/fatigue (double‑blind RCT, n=40).
Hydration (13)
- The effect of short-term creatine loading on active range of movement
PubMed ID: 20725117
Rapid body mass gain (~1.6 kg) after 5-day creatine loading is consistent with intracellular water retention (commonly interpreted as improved muscle hydration).
- The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Lean Body Mass with and Without Resistance Training
PubMed ID: 40292479
Wash-in creatine increased trunk LBM and body water metrics (DXA indicators of water/lean mass) — direct support for intracellular muscle hydration.
- Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, Balanced, Double-Blind Design
PubMed ID: 38474743
Authors note FFM/SMMI increases may partly reflect intracellular water shifts, a known creatine effect on cell hydration.
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Changes in Fluid Distribution across Menstrual Phases with Creatine Supplementation
PubMed ID: 36678300
Crossover RCT in women showed creatine loading significantly increased total, intracellular and extracellular body water vs placebo.
- Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men
PubMed ID: 29214923
Marked increases in lean soft tissue with creatine are often attributable in part to increased intracellular water; trial showed region-specific lean mass gains.
- Creatine Loading Does Not Preserve Muscle Mass or Strength During Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28054322
Muscle total creatine content increased ~19% after loading, which mechanistically implies increased intracellular osmotic load and water uptake (muscle hydration).
- The effects of creatine and whey protein supplementation on body composition in men aged 48 to 72 years during resistance training
PubMed ID: 18309444
Study measured intracellular/extracellular water; creatine is known to increase intracellular water and the trial showed ICW increases consistent with improved muscle hydration.
- Creatine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance
PubMed ID: 16686553
Small increase in body mass after creatine loading is commonly attributed to intracellular water retention (supporting hydration).
- Magnesium-creatine supplementation effects on body water
PubMed ID: 14506619
Mg–creatine supplementation increased intracellular water and shifted fluid compartments — direct evidence of creatine-associated cellular hydration.
- Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians
PubMed ID: 14600563
Creatine supplementation raised muscle total creatine/PCr, which is associated with cellular osmotic changes and increased cell water (muscle hydration).
- Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow
PubMed ID: 11735088
Total body water increased with creatine supplementation, supporting improved muscle hydration.
- Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women
PubMed ID: 10694109
Rapid increase in fat-free mass after loading is commonly attributed partly to intracellular water retention with creatine.
- Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players
PubMed ID: 10362452
Creatine increased body mass/lean mass over a season in footballers—consistent with intracellular water retention (typical creatine effect).
Focus & concentration (9)
- The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance-a randomised controlled study
PubMed ID: 37968687
Six-week creatine (5 g/day) produced small, borderline improvements in working memory and reasoning in 125 adults — moderate evidence of modest effects on cognitive focus.
- Creatine in Huntington disease is safe, tolerable, bioavailable in brain and reduces serum 8OH2'dG
PubMed ID: 16434666
Increased brain creatine in Huntington disease supports a mechanistic basis for improved cognitive focus/processing.
- Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot study
PubMed ID: 16917445
Six months of creatine in children/adolescents with TBI improved cognitive and behavioral outcomes in multiple domains (pilot study), supporting cognitive benefit in clinical population.
- Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals
PubMed ID: 17828627
One-week creatine supplementation improved executive function and short-term memory tasks in older adults, consistent with improved cognitive focus (small sample).
- The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores
PubMed ID: 21118604
Creatine reduced reaction-time variability and improved some cognitive measures after 5 days, indicating better cognitive consistency/focus.
- Effect of creatine phosphate sodium on bispectral index and recovery quality during the general anaesthesia emergence period in elderly patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29332430
Improved BIS and Steward recovery scores and faster emergence indicate better short-term cognitive/brain function after IV creatine phosphate in elderly patients.
- Acute creatine supplementation enhances technical performance in adolescent basketball players under cognitive-motor dual-task condition
PubMed ID: 40758095
Creatine improved ball-handling and passing under cognitive load and lowered perceived exertion — strong evidence for maintained focus under pressure.
- Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Augmentation on Brain Metabolic and Network Outcome Measures in Women With Major Depressive Disorder
PubMed ID: 26822799
Creatine augmentation raised prefrontal NAA and improved depressive symptoms (RCT), consistent with improved cognitive function/focus.
- Effects of a pre-workout supplement on lean mass, muscular performance, subjective workout experience and biomarkers of safety
PubMed ID: 24465156
Participants reported improved subjective energy and concentration after 6 weeks on a multi‑ingredient preworkout containing creatine (effect confounded by other ingredients).
Bone health (6)
- A 2-yr Randomized Controlled Trial on Creatine Supplementation during Exercise for Postmenopausal Bone Health
PubMed ID: 37144634
Two‑year creatine plus exercise did not increase femoral‑neck BMD but preserved/increased bone geometry measures (section modulus, cortical thickness) relative to placebo, supporting bone structural integrity.
- Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Area and Density of Bone and Muscle in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34107512
One‑year creatine + supervised RT produced small but significant increases in tibial total bone area and trabecular area (men) — direct evidence supporting bone outcomes.
- Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 25386713
12‑month randomized trial in postmenopausal women showed creatine + resistance training preserved femoral neck BMD and improved femoral shaft geometry/strength versus placebo.
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
NTx (bone breakdown) decreased ~27% with creatine+protein in older men, supporting bone benefit.
- Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
PubMed ID: 15159476
Creatine reduced N‑telopeptides (bone breakdown marker) in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age
PubMed ID: 1874931
Study shows calcium reduced lumbar bone loss in perimenopausal women — evidence for bone support but unrelated to creatine supplementation.
Mood balance (7)
- Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot study
PubMed ID: 16917445
Creatine supplementation for six months post-TBI produced improvements in personality/behavior and functional domains, suggesting mood/behavioral resilience benefits in that cohort.
- A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder
PubMed ID: 22864465
Double-blind RCT showed faster and greater antidepressant response and higher remission rates when oral creatine was added to escitalopram in women with major depression.
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of creatine monohydrate as adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression
PubMed ID: 29177955
Small RCT in bipolar depression found higher categorical response/remission rates with adjunctive creatine (noted mood benefit).
- Efficacy and safety profile of oral creatine monohydrate in add-on to cognitive-behavioural therapy in depression: An 8-week pilot, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility and exploratory trial in an under-resourced area
PubMed ID: 39488067
Randomized placebo-controlled trial: creatine adjunct to CBT produced clinically meaningful reductions in PHQ-9 vs placebo+CBT, directly supporting mood benefits.
- Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Augmentation on Brain Metabolic and Network Outcome Measures in Women With Major Depressive Disorder
PubMed ID: 26822799
Randomized trial: creatine added to SSRI produced greater improvement in depressive symptoms and neurochemical markers.
- Creatine target engagement with brain bioenergetics: a dose-ranging phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of adolescent females with SSRI-resistant depression
PubMed ID: 26907087
Adjunctive oral creatine in SSRI-resistant adolescent females increased frontal PCr and correlated with larger reductions in depression scores — reasonably strong signal for mood/resilience benefit in this population.
- Creatine supplementation in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial
PubMed ID: 17030762
Two‑year randomized PD trial reported mood improvement with creatine — direct clinical evidence for mood benefit.
Tissue repair (7)
- Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men
PubMed ID: 18685526
Reduced urinary 3‑methylhistidine and improved lean mass with creatine+protein indicate reduced muscle breakdown/repair benefit.
- The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences
PubMed ID: 40507040
Creatine accelerated MVC recovery and reduced soreness/fatigue after eccentric exercise, indicating faster functional muscle repair.
- Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training
PubMed ID: 16581862
Creatine + training increased satellite cells and myonuclei and rapidly increased fiber area, implying enhanced muscle repair/adaptation when combined with resistance training.
- Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults
PubMed ID: 18708688
Marked increase in intramuscular IGF‑I with creatine during training supports muscle repair/growth signaling.
- Effects of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation Combined with Complex Training on Muscle Damage and Sport Performance
PubMed ID: 30400221
Creatine + training trial showed lower CK after bouts versus placebo, suggesting faster/less extensive muscle damage and potentially faster repair.
- Short-term co-ingestion of creatine and sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic performance in trained taekwondo athletes
PubMed ID: 33478522
Creatine (± bicarbonate) reduced lactate and improved power in taekwondo athletes and is associated with reduced markers of fatigue — supports faster repair/return to function.
- Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34836002
Multi‑ingredient supplement including creatine markedly lowered CK/LDH/myoglobin versus control — evidence for enhanced muscle repair/reduced damage.
Blood sugar (4)
- Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans
PubMed ID: 12524381
Creatine (with retraining) increased GLUT‑4 and glycogen; creatine+protein reduced oral glucose AUC significantly, directly supporting improved glucose handling.
- A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28719669
The multi-ingredient whey/creatine-containing supplement improved HOMA-IR and reduced glucose/insulin AUC in older men — direct evidence of improved glucose handling in the trial context (attribution not exclusive to creatine).
- Effect of thiol antioxidant on body fat and insulin reactivity
PubMed ID: 15007512
Creatine co-treatment reversed NAC-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in non-diabetics (clinical evidence of improved glucose handling in this context).
- A nitroalkene derivative of salicylate, SANA, induces creatine-dependent thermogenesis and promotes weight loss
PubMed ID: 40527924
Phase‑1 drug (SANA) improved insulin resistance via creatine‑dependent adipose thermogenesis (mechanistic link to creatine pathways; indirect to supplementation).
Memory (4)
- Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals
PubMed ID: 17828627
Short-term creatine improved forward number recall and other memory tasks in older adults — direct evidence for memory improvement.
- The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores
PubMed ID: 21118604
Randomized double-blind trial: 5 days of creatine improved memory in vegetarians — direct positive evidence for memory enhancement.
- Creatine in Huntington disease is safe, tolerable, bioavailable in brain and reduces serum 8OH2'dG
PubMed ID: 16434666
Oral creatine raised brain creatine and reduced oxidative DNA damage in Huntington disease — mechanistic support for effects on memory/learning.
- Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot study
PubMed ID: 16917445
Six-month creatine in pediatric TBI improved cognitive outcomes including communication and self-care, indicating a positive effect on memory/learning in a clinical group (pilot, open-label).
Forms of Creatine
The form a label may print instead of Creatine. Each is a different substance with its own identifier, and none of them has research of its own — the studies are the ones on this page.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Creatine
Search all281 products whose verified label declares Creatine — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.