Fish Oil

PubMed ID: 15808325

FO supplementation reduced apoptosis induced by oxidized LDL in vitro (potential cardioprotective mechanism).

PubMed ID: 23548422

In ischemic HF with AF, omega‑3 improved arterial stiffness/elasticity and reduced TIMP‑1 — direct vascular/cardiac relevance.

PubMed ID: 19705518

Omega‑3 lowered ambulatory BP, heart rate and triglycerides in CKD patients — multiple cardiometabolic improvements relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 8614301

Marine oils improved HDL, lowered triglycerides in some groups and reduced prothrombotic/inflammatory markers (cardiometabolic benefits).

PubMed ID: 15175795

Long‑chain n‑3 supplementation reduced triglycerides in older men in a large randomized trial—cardiometabolic relevance.

PubMed ID: 39360590

Fish oil substantially lowered plasma triglycerides in high‑TG patients—key heart‑risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 32805184

OCT plaque imaging showed increased fibrous cap thickness (especially in thin caps) with EPA±DHA added to statin—plausible plaque‑stabilizing effect.

PubMed ID: 32759543

EPA added to statin reduced plaque lipid content and macrophage inflammation (direct benefit to atherosclerotic disease).

PubMed ID: 32860032

Prescription EPA (icosapent ethyl) produced marked coronary plaque regression versus placebo (strong direct cardiovascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 31237134

Similar RCT showing large TG and non‑HDL‑C reductions when 4 g/d ω‑3 added to atorvastatin—supports CV risk reduction potential.

PubMed ID: 29223557

Large RCT in statin‑treated patients: adding 4 g/d ω‑3 substantially lowered TGs and non‑HDL‑C—cardiovascular risk factors improved.

PubMed ID: 20952767

Large randomized substudy showed a small but statistically significant long‑term increase in LVEF with n‑3 PUFA in chronic HF.

PubMed ID: 19337557

Omega‑3 improved endothelial function and lipid profile when added to rosuvastatin — supports cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 27424313

Omega‑3 + fenofibrate markedly lowered TG and improved vascular markers vs placebo—supports heart‑risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 22153696

Omega‑3 lowered TGs and improved FMD in hypertriglyceridemic patients—favorable for cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 17323614

Adding n‑3 to statin improved endothelial function and reduced LDL oxidative markers over a year — cardioprotective signals.

PubMed ID: 1466329

In cardiac transplant patients fish oil produced a large (~36%) TG reduction — clinically relevant to cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 20797476

Daily oily fish improved triglycerides, increased HDL and reduced IL‑6 in dyslipidemic men—favorable cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 28664342

Fish oil supplementation in ICD patients reduced ventricular tachyarrhythmic episodes—strong antiarrhythmic/heart benefit in this group.

PubMed ID: 17825687

Prescription 4 g/day omega‑3 added to simvastatin further lowered non‑HDL and triglycerides—clinically relevant cardiac risk improvement.

PubMed ID: 26076828

Well‑powered RCT medical food containing 1.8 g/day EPA produced significant triglyceride lowering—a key heart‑risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 28336107

Enriched enteral nutrition (including fish oil) after gastric cancer surgery was linked to fewer early deaths (especially in advanced patients), suggesting short‑term cardiac/overall survival benefit (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 23789288

Preoperative IV ω‑3 reduced postoperative myocardial injury markers (TnT, CK‑MB) and improved myocardial metabolic indices after CABG—clinically meaningful cardioprotection.

PubMed ID: 20705373

n‑3 PUFA after MI improved endothelial function (FMD), which is favorable for cardiovascular outcomes (small, short trial).

PubMed ID: 38873793

Icosapent ethyl in statin‑treated coronary patients reduced coronary events (secondary benefit) though primary composite narrowly missed significance; cardio‑relevant trial.

PubMed ID: 32636128

EPA added to statin therapy improved atherogenic lipoprotein particle distribution—favorable for heart disease risk profile.

PubMed ID: 33266447

Improved ω‑3 index and lowered homocysteine in elderly are biomarkers consistent with reduced cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Post‑AMI ω‑3 lowered triglycerides/ApoB/Lp(a) and improved endothelial NO — relevant cardiometabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA added to rosuvastatin significantly stabilized neoatherosclerotic plaques and lowered LDL‑C — clinically relevant cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 31532795

High‑dose ω‑3 after MI improved LV remodeling and reduced non‑infarct fibrosis, with genotype‑specific benefits — strong cardiovascular endpoint.

PubMed ID: 27919362

In severe hypertriglyceridemia, omega‑3 carboxylic acids lowered TGs, reduced apoCIII, and shifted LDL to less‑atherogenic subspecies (cardio‑protective mechanisms).

PubMed ID: 27865182

High‑dose EPA started within 24h of PCI plus statin significantly reduced 1‑year CV events and CV death (strong clinical cardiac benefit).

PubMed ID: 24158248

EPA improved endothelial function and lowered triglycerides in CAD patients on statins—objective vascular and lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 24637411

Addition of EPA to statin therapy produced plaque‑stabilizing OCT changes and lowered vascular inflammation markers—strong direct cardioprotective signal (imaging endpoints).

PubMed ID: 25185754

High‑purity EPA greatly raised omega‑3 indices and substantially lowered TG in hypertriglyceridemic participants—strong metabolic CV risk improvement.

PubMed ID: 23811682

Purified EPA increased LDL particle size and lowered TRLs—lipoprotein changes consistent with reduced atherogenic risk.

PubMed ID: 23497779

In pravastatin subgroup, DHA/AA increases correlated with less plaque progression—supportive imaging association.

PubMed ID: 24528690

Multinational RCT in severe hypertriglyceridemia: OM3‑FFA markedly lowered TG and non‑HDL‑C—clear cardiovascular risk‑factor benefit.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Large RCT: adding ω‑3 FFAs to statin therapy produced dose‑responsive, clinically meaningful triglyceride and non‑HDL‑C reductions in high‑risk patients.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Lipoprotein remodeling (↑EPA/DPA/DHA, ↓AA) across HDL/LDL/VLDL in insulin‑resistant adults with exploratory BP links—favorable for heart health.

PubMed ID: 23040588

In statin‑treated coronary patients, increased blood n‑3:n‑6 ratios were associated with less coronary plaque progression (associative imaging evidence).

PubMed ID: 21701167

Short‑term prescription ω‑3 reduced platelet activation biomarkers in stable CAD—reduces thrombotic risk factors relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 20117379

Omega‑3 improved thromboxane suppression and aspirin responsiveness in coronary patients—directly relevant to coronary protection.

PubMed ID: 20394870

Omega‑3 added to antiplatelet therapy improved platelet inhibition post‑PCI—cardiovascular benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 19846544

High‑dose omega‑3 produced clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions, a recognized heart‑health risk factor.

PubMed ID: 15159226

12‑week trial: reduced triglycerides and atherogenic markers in two ethnic groups.

PubMed ID: 12145002

Increased arterial compliance and lowered triglycerides in dyslipidemic adults supporting cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Reduced platelet activation and incorporation of EPA into plasma lipids—biomarkers relevant to thrombosis risk.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Long-term supplementation substantially reduced triglycerides and raised EPA, though LDL rose in some patients (mixed clinical implications).

PubMed ID: 2123355

Shift from thromboxane toward prostacyclin-type metabolites suggests anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective mechanisms.

PubMed ID: 2375296

High‑dose fish oil lowered fibrinogen and TGs (both relevant to cardiovascular risk).

PubMed ID: 41373925

Marine ω‑3 reduced triglycerides/VLDL and inflammatory markers in obese adults—favorable heart‑health biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 38081585

Two‑year walnut RCT shifted oxylipins toward n‑3‑derived species and away from pro‑inflammatory n‑6 species—mechanistic cardioprotective profile.

PubMed ID: 30900815

EPA+DHA lowered triglycerides and reduced PBMC inflammatory cytokines in hypercholesterolaemic adults—relevant to cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 29849178

Large short‑term dose study showed dose‑dependent plasma EPA/DHA incorporation and ≈15% triglyceride drop—strong cardiometabolic marker evidence.

PubMed ID: 26813890

Large Mediterranean cohort: meeting ≥500 mg/day EPA+DHA associated with substantially lower fatal CVD and fatal CHD.

PubMed ID: 25515553

Fish oil lowered triglycerides and raised HDL in metabolic‑syndrome/early‑diabetes participants, improving cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 25080537

Nordic diet trial: increased EPA/DHA biomarkers and greater cardiometabolic improvements in compliant participants.

PubMed ID: 22301766

Post‑MI randomized trial secondary analysis showed lower major adverse cardiovascular events with omega‑3s among statin non‑users (subgroup effect).

PubMed ID: 39972155

Improvements in HRV and favorable lipid changes in children indicate favorable cardiac/autonomic effects.

PubMed ID: 40451708

Post‑hoc STRENGTH subgroup: ω‑3 carboxylic acid reduced MACE in Asian participants (exploratory subgroup finding).

PubMed ID: 39788951

Short 5‑day ω‑3 reduced incidence of AF, PACs and PVCs in ACS patients (small RCT, acute effect).

PubMed ID: 40569483

VITAL reanalysis: 1 g/day omega‑3 produced a small overall CHD prevention benefit and larger absolute benefit in ML‑identified subgroups.

PubMed ID: 39968782

REDUCE‑IT subgroup: 4 g/day icosapent ethyl produced large, robust reductions in major CV events in high‑risk statin‑treated patients.

PubMed ID: 38408107

Prescription omega‑3 improved HDL functional metrics in MetS patients — favorable to cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 38184150

Post‑MI high‑dose omega‑3: no overall MACE reduction, but biological responders (O3I rises) had fewer events.

PubMed ID: 39859026

Pilot RCT improved endothelial function and decreased arterial stiffness and ApoB—supportive of cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 38552629

Icosapent ethyl increased vascular‑regenerative cells and reduced oxidative stress in statin‑treated adults—mechanistic support for cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 38530686

Large REDUCE‑IT post‑hoc analysis showed EPA benefit across Lp(a) strata—consistent heart outcome evidence.

PubMed ID: 38678009

Large RCT of prescription EPA (icosapent ethyl) showed robust, clinically meaningful reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events.

PubMed ID: 38484976

Mechanistic trial showed reductions in procoagulant EVs, thrombin generation and triglycerides—favorable cardiovascular biology.

PubMed ID: 39519588

In T2DM, fish‑oil improved lipids (TG down, HDL up) and glycemia—metabolic improvements translate to cardiovascular risk reduction potential.

PubMed ID: 38252107

Icosapent ethyl added to statin soon after ACS produced very large reductions in recurrent ischemic events (robust post‑ACS RCT subgroup result).

PubMed ID: 36802845

Classic REDUCE‑IT results: marked reductions in major adverse CV events with 4 g/day EPA, albeit with a small increase in AF hospitalizations (strong RCT evidence).

PubMed ID: 38156550

REDUCE‑IT USA: 4 g/day icosapent ethyl on statin substantially reduced major CV events and total mortality (strong high‑quality evidence for cardiac benefit in high‑risk patients).

PubMed ID: 37836519

Reanalysis of VITAL suggested benefit for MI/CHD events especially among low fish consumers (large dataset, hierarchical analysis yields signals).

PubMed ID: 35953437

Prescription EPA (icosapent ethyl) on top of statin reduced CV events in current and former smokers (clinically meaningful subgroup benefit).

PubMed ID: 37301827

Phase III trial in Chinese adults with very high TG: 4 g/day EPA markedly lowered TG, VLDL‑C and non‑HDL‑C without raising LDL‑C—favorable for heart risk.

PubMed ID: 36202740

Year‑long EPA ethyl ester decreased triglycerides in dose‑dependent fashion with sustained biomarker increases and acceptable safety.

PubMed ID: 35483753

REDUCE‑IT post‑MI subgroup: significant reductions in major ischemic events, MI and cardiovascular mortality with icosapent ethyl.

PubMed ID: 35261279

REDUCE‑IT subgroup with prior PCI showed large reductions in first and total ischemic events with prescription EPA—strong, clinically meaningful heart‑health evidence.

PubMed ID: 35377160

REDUCE‑IT subgroup analyses showed icosapent ethyl reduced triglycerides, hs‑CRP and had a directionally consistent reduction in ischemic events among HF patients.

PubMed ID: 35361440

VITAL ancillary analysis found 1 g/day marine omega‑3 reduced first and recurrent heart‑failure hospitalizations in participants with type 2 diabetes (~31% and ~47% reductions respectively).

PubMed ID: 35871058

Phase‑3 EPA formulation produced clinically meaningful triglyceride lowering in hypertriglyceridemia, a recognized cardiovascular risk factor.

PubMed ID: 33228511

Ischemic heart‑failure RCT showed dose‑dependent improvements in heart rate, ventricular ectopy, and LVEF—strong cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 33396567

Reduced arterial stiffness and lower resting HR in AAA patients are positive vascular/heart‑health signals.

PubMed ID: 33148016

Icosapent ethyl (EPA) produced large, robust reductions in coronary revascularisation endpoints — very strong CV outcome evidence.

PubMed ID: 31895658

VITAL: large primary‑prevention RCT showing significant MI reduction (secondary endpoint) with 1 g/day ω‑3 — high‑quality cardiovascular evidence.

PubMed ID: 32440816

Post‑operative omega‑3 reduced PE/DVT rates after hip fracture — important cardiovascular/vascular event reduction.

PubMed ID: 31709816

Large trial found no reduction in first HF hospitalization but a ~14% reduction in recurrent HF admissions — some clinically relevant heart‑failure benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 31948661

4 g/day omega‑3 after MI reduced adverse remodeling, fibrosis and inflammation in insulin‑sensitive patients — significant cardiac benefit in a prespecified subgroup.

PubMed ID: 31306043

Icosapent ethyl reduced triglycerides and inflammatory/oxidative markers in CKD patients — supports cardiovascular risk marker improvement.

PubMed ID: 31809985

Add‑on omega‑3 ethyl esters improved LDL particle size and lowered atherogenic lipids in statin‑treated dyslipidemia — beneficial heart‑disease biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 31177752

In T2D with dyslipidemia, fish oil lowered triglycerides and raised HDL (favorable cardiac risk profile).

PubMed ID: 30898607

REDUCE‑IT total ischemic events analysis showed ~30% reduction in total ischemic events with high‑dose EPA (strong cardiovascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 31707829

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day markedly reduced first major CV events and all‑cause mortality in statin‑treated patients (robust heart benefit).

PubMed ID: 30916121

Perioperative ω‑3 infusion in CABG substantially reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation and improved inflammatory markers—clinically meaningful cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 31023432

Reduced adverse cardiometabolic biomarker responses to PM2.5 exposure in randomized setting, suggesting cardiovascular protection.

PubMed ID: 31784345

Saury‑derived fish oil modestly improved triglycerides and HDL measures in healthy adults (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 30311348

Observational link between higher long‑chain omega‑3 intake and lower resting heart rate (cardiovascular benefit signal).

PubMed ID: 29752009

Ischemic HF crossover RCT showed consistent improvements in LVEF, GLS, diastolic indices, FMD and reductions in hsCRP.

PubMed ID: 29583081

High‑dose EPA (icosapent ethyl) markedly lowered triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins in diabetic women on statins — favorable cardiac risk profile.

PubMed ID: 30125457

Renal transplant trial improved endothelial function and lowered TG/hs‑CRP—favorable vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 29503145

Nutraceutical combo including fish oil reduced LDL and hs‑CRP substantially in statin‑treated diabetics (CV risk markers improved).

PubMed ID: 29781483

Dose‑dependent TG lowering and EPA/DHA increases are favorable for cardiometabolic risk (biomarker improvements).

PubMed ID: 30415637

Large primary‑prevention trial (1 g/day) did not reduce the primary composite but lowered myocardial infarction — mixed but relevant cardiovascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 30415628

Large RCT (4 g/day icosapent ethyl) produced a robust, clinically significant reduction in ischemic cardiovascular events.

PubMed ID: 29017158

Improved atherogenic index in T2DM after high‑dose n‑3 — beneficial cardiometabolic marker change.

PubMed ID: 28826313

ω‑3 raised cardioprotective follistatin‑like 1 and lowered LDL/hs‑CRP in CAD patients — supportive heart‑health biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 29289538

Well-powered RCT in very high TG patients showed significant triglyceride and non-HDL cholesterol reductions—strong CV risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 28891198

Multi‑nutrient drink containing ω‑3 improved some lipids and reduced BP and exercise fatigue in COPD patients — cardiovascular risk improvements (product not ω‑3 alone).

PubMed ID: 28427403

Intraoperative ω‑3 infusion markedly reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation incidence in CABG patients — strong perioperative cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 29259181

Eating farmed trout twice weekly improved triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL/HDL far more than omega‑3 capsules — strong heart‑risk factor benefit from whole fish.

PubMed ID: 28863874

Adding EPA to intensive statin therapy produced plaque regression and reduced plaque lipid content — direct atherosclerotic heart‑health benefit.

PubMed ID: 28558855

High‑quality (non‑oxidized) fish oil improved atherogenic IDL/LDL subclasses — biomarker improvement relevant to heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 28419884

Preoperative fish oil reduced AF duration and shortened ICU/hospital stay with a borderline reduction in AF incidence — perioperative cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 28391875

EPA+DPA concentrate produced large triglyceride, VLDL‑C and ApoC3 reductions vs EPA‑EE—strong atherogenic lipid improvements relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 27939227

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day produced clinically meaningful TG reductions (~21–23%) in women—established CV risk marker improvement.

PubMed ID: 27482002

Post‑MI randomized trial: high‑dose fish‑oil reduced adverse LV remodeling and non‑infarct myocardial fibrosis—strong cardiac structural/clinical relevance.

PubMed ID: 27596132

High‑dose EPA reduced remnant cholesterol (atherogenic fraction) in patients with elevated TG—important cardiometabolic risk modification.

PubMed ID: 27206952

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day) substantially lowered ApoC‑III, a pro‑atherogenic apolipoprotein—favorable lipid mechanism for heart health.

PubMed ID: 26807502

Chronic systolic heart‑failure RCT: omega‑3 lowered BNP by ~35% and improved chamber metrics—meaningful heart‑failure biomarker and structural benefits.

PubMed ID: 27632919

Prescription omega‑3 increased RBC omega‑3 index in HF patients—biomarker change associated with cardiovascular risk modulation.

PubMed ID: 27457968

Systolic BP reduction (~7 mmHg) with fish oil supports cardiovascular risk reduction plausibly beneficial for heart health.

PubMed ID: 26667367

EPA added to potent statin therapy reduced coronary plaque lipid, increased fibrous tissue and lowered local inflammatory cytokines — strong cardiovascular plaque‑stabilizing evidence.

PubMed ID: 25880054

In CAD patients ω‑3 increased protective adiponectin and reduced pro‑inflammatory adipokine (A‑FABP) — favorable cardiometabolic signals.

PubMed ID: 25893544

Icosapent ethyl lowered hsCRP and improved triglyceride and non‑HDL-C in metabolic-syndrome patients — supports cardiovascular risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 26892135

Icosabutate (omega‑3 derivative) produced large triglyceride and remnant cholesterol reductions—strong lipid‑mediated support for cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 26296857

Biochemical changes (omega‑3 index, triglyceride lowering, increased pro‑resolving mediators) support cardiovascular benefits though primary clinical endpoint (FMD) was not clearly improved.

PubMed ID: 26420180

Fish oil lowered triglycerides and CRP and reduced homocysteine (especially with B12), all favorable cardiovascular risk markers.

PubMed ID: 24756483

Pre-op omega‑3 (2 g/day) significantly reduced postoperative AF and ICU stay—strong perioperative cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 25147070

Dose-dependent triglyceride lowering and improved endothelial function support cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 25305703

Duplicate entry reiterating strong peri-PCI outcome reductions (same rationale).

PubMed ID: 24652053

Lifestyle interventions including omega-3 reduced 10-year cardiovascular risk scores and vascular age (multifactorial study).

PubMed ID: 26073397

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day) robustly reduced atherogenic VLDL and small LDL particle concentrations and increased LDL size — favorable atherogenic lipid changes relevant to heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 25008950

High-dose fish oil in adolescents lowered triglycerides and atherogenic VLDL particles, improving lipid-related heart risk.

PubMed ID: 25332321

Fish oil increased EPCs and reduced EMPs—mechanistic vascular benefits relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 23584593

In CAD patients, omega-3 improved adipokine balance (↑adiponectin, ↓leptin), a favorable cardiometabolic change.

PubMed ID: 23325450

High‑purity EPA improved inflammatory/oxidative biomarkers linked to atherothrombotic risk in hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PubMed ID: 24555913

Omega‑3 reduced Lp‑PLA2 and oxLDL after PCI—markers associated with vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 23835245

High‑purity EPA (4 g/day) in statin‑treated diabetics produced robust triglyceride and inflammatory marker improvements—relevant to CV risk.

PubMed ID: 23237436

Post-MI men given 1 g/day omega-3 for 6 months had reductions in ventricular ectopy and improvements in electrical markers associated with sudden-death risk.

PubMed ID: 23107655

Heart-failure patients experienced modest short-term improvements in HRV and autonomic indices with 1 g/day omega-3.

PubMed ID: 22894624

High-purity EPA drug produced large triglyceride reductions (~33% at 4 g/day) without raising LDL‑C, a favorable cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 22839709

Ischemic heart disease patients on 1 g/day omega‑3 had reduced ventricular ectopy and improved autonomic markers over 6 months.

PubMed ID: 23312052

Pure EPA reduced large VLDL and LDL particle concentrations and VLDL size in very‑high‑TG patients—favorable atherogenic profile changes.

PubMed ID: 22819432

High‑purity EPA produced favorable lipid and hsCRP changes in statin‑treated patients—mechanistically supportive for cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 22561296

Combined omega‑3 + vitamins reduced post‑operative AF in older cardiac surgery patients (combination confounds attribution to fish oil alone).

PubMed ID: 22351892

Infant dietary n‑3 prevented birth‑weight‑related thickening of carotid IMT at age 8 (vascular risk marker in childhood).

PubMed ID: 22128614

Perioperative n‑3 PUFA reduced post‑op atrial fibrillation incidence substantially (particularly on‑pump CABG) — clinically relevant cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 21839455

Dietary RCT including n-3 reduced MetS prevalence and some risk factors relevant to CVD risk.

PubMed ID: 21844082

Randomized trial showed 2 g/day fish oil significantly reduced atrial fibrillation recurrence—clinically meaningful cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 21617138

Improved clot permeability, shorter lysis time, and reduced thrombin generation after PCI indicate meaningful antithrombotic mechanisms relevant to cardiac outcomes.

PubMed ID: 21570522

Dose‑dependent improvements in LVEF and FMD in severe CHF provide strong cardiac benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 21215550

Large randomized trial in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy showed marked LVEF improvements, exercise capacity gains and major reduction in HF hospitalizations.

PubMed ID: 21232631

Chronic high‑dose fish oil preserved left atrial mechanical function and dramatically lowered atrial stunning incidence — important cardiac functional benefit.

PubMed ID: 21624541

High‑dose fish oil in paroxysmal AF patients prolonged atrial refractory periods and greatly reduced AF inducibility—strong electrophysiologic heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 21591384

Concentrated omega‑3 associated with marked reductions in ventricular extrasystoles and paroxysms in ischemic heart disease patients (arrhythmia benefit).

PubMed ID: 20451686

Prescription omega‑3 added to statin reduced non‑HDL (net atherogenic cholesterol) despite raising LDL in low‑LDL subgroup.

PubMed ID: 20484828

EPA markedly reduced major coronary events in patients with peripheral artery disease (large clinical reduction in MCE).

PubMed ID: 20617456

Omega‑3 plant sterol esters produced a substantial triglyceride reduction and modest hsCRP decrease — favorable for CV risk.

PubMed ID: 20304540

n‑3 enriched dairy (3 g/day LC‑PUFA) reduced triglycerides and improved cholesterol ratios — favorable CV risk profile changes.

PubMed ID: 20716712

Omega‑3 prevented worsening of HRV and modestly lowered heart rate in depressed CHD patients — clinically relevant autonomic/cardio effects.

PubMed ID: 20181806

Fish oil lowered triglycerides in obese men — beneficial cardiac‑risk lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 20303788

In dyslipidemic CRF patients 2.1 g/day fish oil produced large (~43–48%) triglyceride reductions and improved oxidative‑stress markers—strong cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 21147262

Physiologic trial showed increased atrial refractory periods and reduced inducible AF with chronic fish oil — important cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 19763135

EPA improved arterial stiffness and cardiometabolic markers in metabolic syndrome, supporting vascular/cardio benefits.

PubMed ID: 19447387

JELIS subanalysis: EPA supplementation substantially reduced coronary events in patients with impaired glucose metabolism.

PubMed ID: 20146881

Elderly CHF patients had reductions in inflammatory markers and NT‑proBNP with 2 g/day n‑3 — relevant to HF risk/management.

PubMed ID: 19481310

Dietary n-3 shifted LDL phenotype from dense/pro-atherogenic B to less atherogenic A in metabolic syndrome patients—a mechanistic cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 19397392

Six-month omega‑3 lowered TG, raised HDL and reduced hs‑CRP and remodeling markers—favorable heart-risk profile.

PubMed ID: 19629889

Perioperative IV fish oil reduced AF incidence after CABG and shortened ICU time—clinically meaningful heart outcome.

PubMed ID: 19296875

2 g/day fish oil reduced triglycerides (~15%) and modestly raised HDL in mildly hyperlipidaemic adults.

PubMed ID: 19394939

Improved endothelial function (FMD) and lowered TNF-α/triglycerides—favorable for cardiovascular health.

PubMed ID: 19727884

Fish/seal oil lowered triglycerides (clinically relevant) and reduced systolic BP—cardiovascular risk factors improved.

PubMed ID: 18667204

Large statin-treated trial subgroup: EPA markedly lowered coronary events in patients with high TG/low HDL.

PubMed ID: 18678300

Prescription omega-3 added to simvastatin substantially lowered triglycerides, VLDL and non-HDL cholesterol.

PubMed ID: 18451347

In hypercholesterolemic statin-treated patients, EPA reduced recurrent stroke risk (~20% reduction).

PubMed ID: 18561722

Omega-3 (2 g/day) reduced triglycerides and ApoB-100 in type 2 diabetes patients (cardiometabolic markers).

PubMed ID: 18757090

Large RCT in chronic heart failure (≈7,000 pts) found 1 g/day n‑3 PUFA modestly but significantly reduced all‑cause mortality and death/CV hospitalization.

PubMed ID: 18492834

Substantial fasting and postprandial TG reductions in healthy men (up to 51%) are cardioprotective lipid changes relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 18679165

Infant supplementation lowered resting heart rate (longer RR) especially in boys, an autonomic change associated with cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 17398308

Large open-label trial (1.8 g/day EPA added to statin) reduced major coronary events by ~19% — robust cardiovascular outcome.

PubMed ID: 16616147

Purified EPA slowed carotid atherosclerosis and improved arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetic patients.

PubMed ID: 16825679

4 g/day fish oil in obese men lowered triglycerides and raised HDL—favourable cardiometabolic changes.

PubMed ID: 17699287

In hemodialysis patients n-3 was associated with fewer myocardial infarctions (secondary outcome), suggesting a possible specific cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 16634535

Higher RBC EPA correlated with lower arterial stiffness (observational)—supportive vascular/heart relevance.

PubMed ID: 16713391

n-3 PUFA lowered triglycerides and mean arterial pressure and reduced heart rate in a subgroup—markers relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 15755826

Elderly hyperlipidemic men had reduced endothelial activation markers after n‑3 supplementation (supports vascular/heart benefit).

PubMed ID: 15893193

RCT showed a large reduction in postoperative atrial fibrillation and shorter hospital stay with perioperative n-3 PUFA.

PubMed ID: 16267249

Large trial in ICD patients signaled reduced potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias in several analyses (primary narrowly missed).

PubMed ID: 16210665

Fish oil prevented air-pollution–related HRV declines in elderly, a cardioprotective physiologic effect.

PubMed ID: 15253884

Arrhythmia trial showed reduced ectopic beats and improved HDL/TG—favorable cardiovascular markers and rhythm outcomes.

PubMed ID: 15853118

DHA-enriched foods raised HDL by ~6% (favorable heart-risk change), though total cholesterol and BP unchanged.

PubMed ID: 12847992

1 g/day omega-3 lowered TG and improved TG/HDL ratio without raising LDL in hyperlipidemic patients — favorable cardiovascular lipid profile effect.

PubMed ID: 12848279

Low-dose fish oil reduced TG and remnant cholesterol — favorable changes for atherothrombotic risk (moderate-sized RCT).

PubMed ID: 12871402

Omega‑3 with atorvastatin reduced postprandial coagulation activation markers — evidence for reduced prothrombotic state.

PubMed ID: 12583947

Fish oil incorporated into carotid plaques and produced features consistent with increased plaque stability — mechanistic CV benefit.

PubMed ID: 11997274

Large randomized post‑MI trial (1 g/day) showed marked reductions in total and sudden death—strong cardiovascular outcome evidence.

PubMed ID: 12145148

Fish oil lowered TGs and altered apoB kinetics in insulin-resistant obese men — meaningful cardiometabolic changes.

PubMed ID: 12032174

Marked triglyceride reduction (-35%) and increased adipose LPL activity indicate significant atherogenic-lipid improvements relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 12059988

Well-controlled RCT in dyslipidaemic men: fish oil lowered TGs and modestly raised HDL — relevant to heart risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 11838000

Randomized angiographic study: ~1.5 g/day n‑3 reduced inflammatory gene expression and decreased progression (or increased regression) of coronary lesions — strong direct cardiovascular evidence.

PubMed ID: 11451717

Post‑MI trial demonstrated significant monthly HDL increases and triglyceride reductions with high‑dose n‑3, supporting favorable lipid profile after MI despite no event reduction.

PubMed ID: 11004352

EPA 1.8 g/day in menopausal women produced large (~27%) triglyceride reductions and modest total cholesterol lowering — favorable cardiac risk factor changes.

PubMed ID: 10676668

Improved endothelial function (FMD) and TG reduction in hypercholesterolemic subjects — supports vascular/heart health.

PubMed ID: 10634827

Add‑on to simvastatin reduced postprandial lipemia and prothrombotic markers relevant to heart disease.

PubMed ID: 10505695

Substantial reductions in remnant lipoproteins and ox‑LDL in dialysis patients imply strong cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 10539741

Marked fasting TG reductions and HDL2 increases in overweight hypertensive adults are cardioprotective changes.

PubMed ID: 10595648

Reduced platelet adhesiveness suggests lower thrombotic risk, relevant to heart disease prevention.

PubMed ID: 10217357

Lowered triglycerides and favorable lipoprotein composition support cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 10465168

Large randomized post‑MI trial (1 g/day n‑3) reduced death and major cardiovascular events over 3.5 years.

PubMed ID: 9622285

Large trial in hypertriglyceridemia showed significant TG lowering and HDL increases—lipid changes consistent with reduced CV risk.

PubMed ID: 9774368

Dietary fish produced clinically meaningful ambulatory BP and heart‑rate reductions—clear cardiac risk‑factor improvements.

PubMed ID: 9312922

Post‑MI study increased HRV, a favorable electrophysiologic heart‑risk marker.

PubMed ID: 9865671

Large randomized trial in very high‑TG patients: TG −45%, HDL +13% (substantial atherogenic lipid improvement).

PubMed ID: 9174486

Large multicenter study showing robust triglyceride reductions without worsening glycemic control (favorable CV lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 8540453

Large CABG RCT showed significant reduction in vein graft occlusion and a serum n‑3 dose–response relation — meaningful cardiac outcome.

PubMed ID: 7653444

In coronary patients fish oil lowered triglycerides, reduced Lp(a) overall and raised HDL—beneficial lipid changes relevant to heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 7985829

Low-dose fish oil in CAD patients reduced angina frequency by ~41% and improved exercise tolerance — clinically relevant cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 2222347

Randomized trial showed marked reduction in restenosis after coronary angioplasty with EPA‑rich fish oil — strong cardioprotective signal.

PubMed ID: 40057729

Fish oil (3 g/day) added to a cardioprotective diet produced larger TG drops and weight loss — clinically relevant heart‑health improvements.

PubMed ID: 35791734

Reduced platelet activation and increased platelet ω‑3 content suggest a potential cardioprotective mechanism.

PubMed ID: 24103380

Large prospective cohort: higher long‑chain n‑3 intake associated with much lower AMI risk in diabetics (but a complex subgroup effect overall).

PubMed ID: 15763437

Preoperative fish oil markedly reduced 24‑hour troponin I and improved lipids, suggesting cardioprotective effects in the surgical setting.

PubMed ID: 40806137

DHA‑rich n‑3 reduced VLDL‑C and improved atherogenic index—favorable lipid changes for heart health.

PubMed ID: 40288580

Dose‑response omega‑3 study raised tissue n‑3 and lowered triglycerides substantially—mechanistically favorable for heart health.

PubMed ID: 40032221

Large primary‑prevention RCT (Bayesian reanalysis): daily EPA+DHA produced modest but robust reductions in coronary events (MI/CAD).

PubMed ID: 40356575

Dose-dependent EPA/DHA increases with improvements in fasting insulin/HOMA-IR imply reduced cardiometabolic risk.

PubMed ID: 41082976

Raising omega-3 index by fish or supplement supports cardiovascular risk reduction through improved blood omega-3 status.

PubMed ID: 41201837

Large randomized trial in hemodialysis patients: EPA+DHA substantially lowered major CV events, cardiac death, MI and stroke (robust clinical benefit).

PubMed ID: 38732508

Dietary program including fish oil produced substantial TG reductions and glucose improvements—favorable cardiometabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 39168625

Scallop oil lowered triglycerides and oxidized LDL markers in higher-TG subjects—markers relevant to atherosclerotic risk.

PubMed ID: 38830807

Purified omega‑3 ethyl esters lowered TAG, non‑HDL‑C, VLDL‑C and ApoC‑III in severe hypertriglyceridemia (relevant to cardiovascular risk).

PubMed ID: 39163858

4 g/day fish oil in T2D with high TGs produced large triglyceride reductions—a favorable cardiometabolic effect.

PubMed ID: 38256336

Lowered remnant cholesterol and improved ABI in dialysis patients indicate vascular/atherosclerotic benefit.

PubMed ID: 37681568

High‑dose EPA+DHA added to statin therapy lowered triglycerides and was associated with coronary fatty plaque regression and fewer events in some subgroups.

PubMed ID: 34982486

Large post‑AMI analysis: greater on‑treatment EPA increases associated with fewer major CV events (but increased AF risk).

PubMed ID: 31271554

In hypertriglyceridemic obese children, 3 g/day omega‑3 reduced triglycerides by ~39% vs placebo, a robust heart‑risk biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 31055222

Achieving omega-3 index ≥4% was associated with significantly less coronary plaque progression over 30 months (imaging-based cardiovascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 31535138

DHA substantially lowered triglycerides and affected lipoprotein/lipase activity—biochemical changes consistent with improved cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 30127297

High‑concentrate EPA+DHA markedly raised omega‑3 index and lowered triglycerides; subgroup liver‑fat reduction supports cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 30407633

Controlled feeding crossover trial: DHA lowered TAG by ~24% in metabolic‑syndrome participants (robust lipid benefit for cardiovascular risk reduction).

PubMed ID: 29846653

DHA altered LDL‑C and particle size and apoB kinetics versus EPA—mechanistically relevant to cardiovascular risk though effects are complex.

PubMed ID: 30227610

Omega‑3 reduced mean heart rate and triglycerides and produced some favorable HRV changes in dialysis patients.

PubMed ID: 30297663

Dose–response RCT showed ~23% fasting triglyceride reduction and favorable VLDL changes—established cardiometabolic benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 28112528

8‑week omega‑3 in CAD patients raised irisin and lowered hs‑CRP and LDL—biomarker improvements relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 29246960

Large RCT: EPA+DHA on top of statin reduced triglycerides and, with adherence, attenuated fibrous coronary plaque progression.

PubMed ID: 27600795

Prescription fish‑oil produced large triglyceride reductions—important for cardiovascular risk management (but LDL rose modestly).

PubMed ID: 26019023

In hypercholesterolemic subjects, adding EPA+DHA to plant-sterol spread dose-dependently reduced VLDL-TG and VLDL-Chol in atherogenic large VLDL subclasses—beneficial lipid-subclass remodeling.

PubMed ID: 26247967

RBC DPA inversely associated with triglycerides and CRP, biomarkers linked to cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 26222126

TAK‑085 shifted LDL particle profile toward larger, less atherogenic particles—favorable for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 26328624

In statin‑treated high‑TG patients, OM3‑CA improved atherogenic lipoprotein features (reduced VLDL, ApoCIII, Lp‑PLA2) indicating substantial cardiovascular biomarker benefit.

PubMed ID: 25565485

High‑dose fish oil reduced central aortic pressure — a potentially cardioprotective hemodynamic effect.

PubMed ID: 24746829

Higher dietary LC‑n‑3PUFA associated with better small‑artery function and improved inflammatory/endothelial markers (heart health–related vascular benefits).

PubMed ID: 24997005

Short‑term EPA/DHA lowered some coagulation factors, consistent with reduced thrombotic risk.

PubMed ID: 24410834

Lower serum DHA associated with progression of coronary atheroma in statin‑treated patients (observational within trial data).

PubMed ID: 25123060

DHA+EPA formulation lowered triglycerides by ~19–23%—clinically relevant for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 25122648

Low doses of EPA+DHA added to a plant‑sterol spread produced dose‑dependent triglyceride reductions (cardiovascular risk factor).

PubMed ID: 24829493

DHA‑enriched canola oil improved HDL, markedly reduced TG, lowered SBP and reduced predicted 10‑yr CHD risk in abdominally obese adults.

PubMed ID: 23602291

High‑dose IV fish oil acutely reduced AF inducibility but increased atrial flutter inducibility and slowed conduction—clear electrophysiologic effects with mixed clinical implications.

PubMed ID: 24461313

Krill oil modestly lowered fasting triglycerides (~10%) over 12 weeks without raising LDL‑C in adults with borderline/high TGs—beneficial for heart risk profile.

PubMed ID: 24299019

Adding 4 g/day ω‑3 to statin therapy in obese insulin‑resistant men further lowered VLDL‑TG via reduced production and increased clearance—meaningful cardiometabolic effect.

PubMed ID: 24314359

Year‑long TAK‑085 study confirmed sustained triglyceride lowering with 4 g/day, supporting long‑term cardiovascular risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 23725919

TAK‑085 (EPA+DHA) lowered triglycerides substantially at 4 g/day — lipid benefit relevant to cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 23916928

Combined fish oil + vitamins markedly cut postoperative atrial fibrillation (large clinical effect), though confounded by vitamins.

PubMed ID: 23390192

EPA/DHA reduced platelet aggregation (antithrombotic effect) supporting cardiovascular risk reduction mechanisms.

PubMed ID: 23817470

DHA substantially lowered triglycerides (~28%) in healthy young adults — important heart-risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 23238663

Lowered platelet oxidative stress and triglycerides in hypertensive diabetic patients — cardioprotective mechanisms.

PubMed ID: 22892157

Prescription OM3 reduced TG and, with niacin, improved HDL and arterial stiffness — beneficial heart-risk profile changes.

PubMed ID: 22108152

Prescription ω‑3 added to atorvastatin produced favorable LDL particle shifts and lowered Lp‑PLA2/ApoCIII — relevant to CVD risk modulation.

PubMed ID: 21757663

Higher DHA associated with lower carotid IMT in men — observational evidence suggestive of cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 21683321

Large randomized trial of purified EPA (AMR101) produced substantial TG reductions (placebo‑corrected ≈−33%) without raising LDL — strong cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 21862301

Re‑esterified TAG formulation lowered fasting TGs in statin‑treated dyslipidemic patients — formulation‑specific cardiovascular lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 21099130

Higher on-treatment plasma EPA was associated with significantly lower risk of major coronary events in a large analysis.

PubMed ID: 20542512

EPA incorporation into carotid plaques with reduced inflammation and stability markers suggests cardioprotective vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 19593941

Multiple cardiometabolic improvements (lipids, BP, inflammation) in metabolic syndrome support a beneficial heart-health profile with fish oil.

PubMed ID: 19685375

Modest triglyceride lowering and anti‑inflammatory leukotriene changes in HIV patients support improved cardiovascular risk factors.

PubMed ID: 19515734

Anti‑atherogenic transcriptional changes in immune cells (NF‑κB/eicosanoid pathways) indicate mechanistic heart‑health effects.

PubMed ID: 19573960

EPA/DHA‑enriched enteral formula in elderly normalized plasma TAG after 3 months — favorable lipid change for heart risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 18982439

In idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, n‑3 PUFA markedly reduced arrhythmic episodes and normalized electrical risk markers — clinically meaningful cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 18339222

DHA‑rich fish oil improved HRV and reduced heart rates in at‑risk overweight adults (meaningful autonomic/cardiac benefits).

PubMed ID: 17393216

DHA added to statin therapy produced an additional ~27% TG lowering and cholesterol improvements — relevant adjunctive heart benefits.

PubMed ID: 17977469

Dose-dependent TG reductions and erythrocyte DHA incorporation indicate cardioprotective lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 17684201

Marked reductions in fasting TAG, large VLDL and small dense LDL (despite modest LDL-C rise) are improvements in atherogenic lipoprotein profile.

PubMed ID: 17229894

Clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions (~19–22%) in coronary artery disease patients at cardioprotective doses support cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 15656713

Krill oil RCT reported broad lipid and glucose improvements vs fish oil/placebo—favorable heart‑risk profile (krill differs from standard fish oil).

PubMed ID: 15113713

DHA lowered triglycerides, raised HDL, and reduced heart rate in postmenopausal women—clinically relevant cardiometabolic benefits.

PubMed ID: 15469651

High‑dose DHA produced a substantial (22%) triglyceride reduction versus control—favorable for heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 12075272

High‑dose omega‑3 pre‑treatment produced a modest reduction in coronary restenosis rates (angiographic outcome).

PubMed ID: 11207085

Prevention of BP rise and preserved renal function in hypertensive heart-transplant patients indicates CV/organ-protective effects.

PubMed ID: 11303007

Omacor lowered triglycerides and VLDL substantially in CHD patients on statin therapy — favorable cardiac risk modification.

PubMed ID: 10938022

3 g/day fish oil markedly lowered fasting/postprandial triglycerides and reduced small dense LDL — cardioprotective lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 10919932

High‑dose fish oil (4 g/day) markedly lowered TG (−26%) and improved TG:HDL ratio in postmenopausal women—beneficial for cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 10799369

EPA/DHA lowered TGs; DHA increased HDL2 and LDL particle size but also raised LDL‑C—clinically relevant lipid shifts.

PubMed ID: 10189324

Long‑term FO modestly slowed coronary atherosclerosis progression and trended toward fewer events.

PubMed ID: 9665096

DHA lowered HR and marine oils improved LV diastolic filling—favorable cardiac functional effects.

PubMed ID: 8729093

Mechanistic trial: EPA lowers TG/VLDL, DHA alters HDL subfractions — lipid actions relevant to heart risk.

PubMed ID: 7891046

Omega-3 concentrate lowered triglycerides ~28%, raised HDL and lowered BP in combined hyperlipidaemia — strong cardiometabolic benefits.

PubMed ID: 7939369

Post‑CABG triglyceride reductions and insulin improvement suggest improved cardiovascular risk profile after fish oil.

PubMed ID: 8418020

Marked suppression of vasoconstrictor responses supports a cardioprotective vascular mechanism.

PubMed ID: 1617510

In coronary disease patients fish oil robustly lowered triglycerides and favorably influenced BP trajectory.

PubMed ID: 1537131

Large randomized trial reported reduced angiographic restenosis after PTCA with fish oil—clinically meaningful cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 1534256

Large RCT showed ~21% triglyceride lowering and modest HDL rise—favorable effects for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 2195704

Concentrated fish oil produced a robust ~19.5% triglyceride reduction — clinically relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 2137901

BP reductions in mild hypertension support cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 2141757

Dose‑response trial in healthy men showed dose‑related triglyceride lowering and favorable plasma n‑3 incorporation.

PubMed ID: 9101424

Concentrated EPA/DHA incorporation into serum PC species accompanied by a substantial triglyceride reduction in severe hypertriglyceridemia—cardio‑relevant lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 38589346

In T2D patients EPA (±nano‑curcumin) reduced inflammation and triglycerides—favorable cardiovascular risk factor changes.

PubMed ID: 34842343

Pediatric RCT: ω‑3 prevented doxorubicin‑related rises in cardiac injury biomarkers and preserved LV systolic function—strong cardioprotective evidence.

PubMed ID: 23134549

Single peri‑PCI ω‑3 dose significantly reduced CK‑MB release post‑procedure, indicating acute cardioprotective effect.

PubMed ID: 8241095

Fish oil (~3 g/day) produced ~30% TG reduction and increased LDL particle size (potentially favorable).

PubMed ID: 7702027

Large long‑term post‑bypass RCT: fish oil lowered triglycerides (~19%) in a cardiac population, supporting cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 26026214

DHA reduced epicardial adipose tissue and visceral fat, which are linked to cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 26226139

High-dose fish oil lowered triglycerides and total cholesterol—established heart-risk mediators.

PubMed ID: 32779505

Epeleuton markedly reduced triglycerides and improved glycemic control—favorable for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 2147175

Fish oil lowered BP and favorably altered platelet mediators and lipids, indicating cardiac risk reduction potential (moderate sample/design).

PubMed ID: 7889894

Concentrated fish oil substantially lowered triglycerides and VLDL—favorable for heart risk profile.

PubMed ID: 9081682

Dietary fish/fish oil reduced platelet aggregation and thromboxane responses—antithrombotic effects relevant to CV risk.

PubMed ID: 15321802

Prospective cohort: higher fish intake associated with less progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with CAD (observational).

PubMed ID: 20964740

Healthy Nordics diet including fish lowered LDL and total cholesterol and modestly reduced BP and insulin — favorable cardiometabolic effects though not fish‑only.

PubMed ID: 22120130

Large randomized study: starting/continuing fish oil around cardioversion markedly reduced recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation (clinically important cardiac outcome).

PubMed ID: 1971991

Marine n‑3 reduced triglycerides by ~39% and lowered systolic BP; overall cardiometabolic benefit though LDL rose modestly.

PubMed ID: 2297349

In hypercholesterolemic men fish oil substantially lowered TG/VLDL though LDL rose modestly—mixed cardiac lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 8729094

Higher plasma PUFA% strongly associated with lower TC/HDL ratio—a lipid biomarker favorable for heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 9310278

Randomized trial in suspected AMI patients: fish oil reduced total cardiac events, nonfatal MI and cardiac deaths—strong clinical heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 12010583

Significant triglyceride reductions in hypertriglyceridemic men support cardiovascular risk reduction (biomarker evidence).

PubMed ID: 12663273

EPA+DHA reduced fasting TGs vs ALA in hyperlipidemic subjects—clinically relevant heart‑health effect.

PubMed ID: 15939062

Fish oil produced clinically meaningful reductions in triglycerides and small dense LDL in men with an atherogenic profile.

PubMed ID: 15821181

Improved heart‑rate variability in elderly nursing‑home residents after fish oil—plausible link to reduced arrhythmic/sudden‑death risk.

PubMed ID: 16960164

Dietary EPA/DHA lowering of n‑6:n‑3 reduced fasting and postprandial triglycerides—cardiovascular risk benefit.

PubMed ID: 17158408

Lowering n‑6:n‑3 with EPA/DHA decreased triglycerides and tended to reduce small dense LDL (favourable heart‑risk changes).

PubMed ID: 16983146

Prospective cohort in women with CAD: higher DHA associated with less coronary narrowing, smaller stenosis increase, and fewer new lesions over ~3 years (strong cardiovascular signal).

PubMed ID: 19261730

Feeding study showed triglyceride reductions and HDL changes with DHA/EPA — favorable lipid effects for heart health.

PubMed ID: 19933935

Large prospective cohort: higher serum long‑chain n‑3 (especially DHA) associated with substantially lower AF hospitalization risk.

PubMed ID: 22110169

Large randomized trial subgroup (post‑MI diabetics): EPA/DHA+ALA markedly lowered ventricular arrhythmia‑related events and composite arrhythmia/MI endpoint.

PubMed ID: 22952185

Large prospective cohort: higher plasma ALA/DPA and modest fish intake associated with lower future heart‑failure risk.

PubMed ID: 2209315

High-dose fish oil significantly reduced triglycerides in NIDDM patients — direct effect on blood fats though metabolic trade-offs noted.

PubMed ID: 2141757

Dose‑response study in healthy men: plasma n‑3 increased and serum triglycerides fell (3 g sufficient)—clear effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 9101424

Marked incorporation of EPA/DHA into serum phosphatidylcholine species with a clear ~26% triglyceride reduction in hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PubMed ID: 38589346

High‑EPA treatment in T2D lowered TGs and improved HOMA‑IR, supporting improved lipid and metabolic profile.

PubMed ID: 32127335

Fish oil improved triglycerides and HDL in older overweight adults — supports favorable blood-fat profile.

PubMed ID: 30684965

Fish oil arm lowered triglycerides by ~16.5% in people at high risk of diabetes — consistent triglyceride-lowering effect.

PubMed ID: 32380746

n‑3/CLA‑enriched food increased HDL and decreased CRP in overweight subjects (favorable lipid and inflammatory changes in combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 35958557

High‑dose n‑3 raised erythrocyte EPA+DHA markedly—demonstrates strong tissue incorporation relevant to blood‑fat biology.

PubMed ID: 27977757

DHA + vitamin D markedly reduced triglycerides in pediatric NAFLD—good lipid improvement though co‑intervention present.

PubMed ID: 28541926

Omega‑3 added to statin reduced triglycerides in a randomized pilot study.

PubMed ID: 19705518

Omega‑3 reduced triglycerides by ~24% in CKD patients — a robust improvement in blood fats.

PubMed ID: 31956660

Daily cod‑liver oil reduced TG/TC/LDL‑C in gestational diabetes trial — supports healthy blood‑fat effects.

PubMed ID: 22952598

Robust remodeling of plasma lipid species with incorporation of long-chain n-3 into phospholipids and TGs (mechanistic support).

PubMed ID: 11214732

Seal and cod-liver oil raised serum EPA (seal > cod) and reduced platelet aggregation; no change in standard serum cholesterol but clear n-3 enrichment.

PubMed ID: 8614301

Marine oils increased HDL and reduced triglycerides (in some groups) and altered prothrombotic markers (strong lipid effects).

PubMed ID: 15175795

Large trial in older men: very‑long‑chain n‑3 reliably reduced triglycerides—consistent population evidence.

PubMed ID: 39360590

In people with high triglycerides fish oil produced substantial TG lowering comparable to chia seeds—clear clinical effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 37458648

Omega‑3 (with Manuka honey) improved LDL/HDL profile in children with β‑thalassemia—favorable blood‑lipid changes in a pediatric RCT.

PubMed ID: 30977496

Fish oil raised urine CMPF and acylcarnitines that correlated with decreased serum triglycerides—biomarker linkage to lipid improvement.

PubMed ID: 21540583

Combined ω‑3 regimen lowered free fatty acids (−29%) and triglycerides (−24%) — favorable lipid changes though multiple components present.

PubMed ID: 38056242

EPA+DHA with statin significantly lowered triglycerides (~−13.6% vs −1.7% control) though CAC unchanged.

PubMed ID: 31237134

Similar RCT with 4 g/d omega‑3 showed ~30% TG reduction and non‑HDL‑C lowering—strong evidence for improving blood lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 29223557

Adding 4 g/d ω‑3 to statin produced large, statistically significant TG and non‑HDL‑C reductions (robust RCT evidence).

PubMed ID: 27903997

Omega‑3 increased HDL in hemodialysis patients (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 19337557

Addition of omega‑3 to statin therapy lowered triglycerides ~34% and reduced LDL in dyslipidemic individuals — strong blood‑lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 1563884

Fish oil did not prevent restenosis but did lower triglycerides in that angioplasty trial.

PubMed ID: 31591263

Prescription OM‑3CA (4 g/d) lowered TG in NAFLD patients though it did not change apolipoprotein panel.

PubMed ID: 27424313

Combination omega‑3 + fenofibrate produced a 41% TG reduction—substantial triglyceride benefit.

PubMed ID: 21223512

Omega‑3 (1 g twice daily) lowered TG in isolated hypertriglyceridemia though it did not change hsCRP or monocyte cytokine release.

PubMed ID: 22153696

Omega‑3 (2 g/d) lowered TG by ~21% and improved TG/HDL and FMD in hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PubMed ID: 21630032

Isolated high TG patients showed ~31% TG lowering at 12 weeks with 2 g/day omega‑3—strong lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 21857087

2 g/day ω‑3 lowered triglycerides and favorably affected hemostatic markers in hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PubMed ID: 21327725

Adding 2 g/day n‑3 to low‑dose rosuvastatin produced considerable non‑HDL cholesterol reduction (improves atherogenic lipids).

PubMed ID: 19597368

Prescription omega-3 plus fenofibrate produced a large additional TG reduction vs fenofibrate alone (robust TG-lowering evidence).

PubMed ID: 17971707

High-dose fish oil (~4.9 g/day) lowered triglycerides by ~46% in patients with very high TGs (strong effect).

PubMed ID: 18042505

Salmon oil (3 g/d) reduced triglycerides by ~1.1 mmol/L in HIV patients — clinically meaningful TG lowering.

PubMed ID: 1466329

Fish oil produced a large (~36%) triglyceride reduction in cardiac transplant patients (strong lipid‑lowering evidence).

PubMed ID: 26537735

Nine‑month RCT increased erythrocyte n‑3 content substantially though without glycaemic benefit — clear biochemical enrichment.

PubMed ID: 23123043

One‑week fish oil medical food rapidly raised EPA/DHA in WBCs, showing fast incorporation into blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 24587337

Dietary fatty fish raised EPA/DHA and altered lipidomics toward polyunsaturated TGs and larger HDL particles.

PubMed ID: 12947433

Adding carotenoids to fish oil enhanced triglyceride lowering versus fish oil alone—supports fish oil's TG‑lowering action and that co‑antioxidants can modulate effects.

PubMed ID: 29475446

Twelve weeks of fish meals or omega‑3 capsules raised RBC DHA and omega‑3 index in adolescents—biomarker evidence consistent with improved blood fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 24528693

Fatty fish intake modestly increased HDL particle size and HDL lipid content.

PubMed ID: 23025273

Regular horse‑meat consumption (source of n‑3) modestly improved cholesterol and increased RBC DHA—indirect support for dietary n‑3 effects on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 22221492

Oily‑fish consumption in dyslipidemic women produced robust increases in plasma EPA+DHA and significant triglyceride lowering—strong direct evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 20797476

Daily oily fish increased blood EPA/DHA and improved triglycerides and HDL in dyslipidemic men (direct lipid benefits).

PubMed ID: 17825687

Prescription omega‑3 (4 g/d) added to statin produced clear reductions in non‑HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

PubMed ID: 26076828

Strong RCT showing significant triacylglycerol lowering with an EPA‑containing medical food—direct, high‑quality evidence.

PubMed ID: 27578110

DHA fish oil lowered triglycerides in an 8‑week RCT—moderate‑strength evidence.

PubMed ID: 12924804

Fish‑oil‑containing formula lowered triglycerides and raised serum proteins in small RCT of severe trauma/burn patients.

PubMed ID: 39458515

In obese adults, EPA+DHA significantly raised RBC EPA/DHA (O3I), though genotype modified response—direct improvement in blood fatty‑acid markers.

PubMed ID: 36706088

Higher re‑esterified TG formulation produced greater RBC EPA/DHA incorporation, indicating more effective improvement in blood fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 32636128

EPA (1.8 g/day) reduced small/very‑small LDL particles and increased large HDL particles over 6 months—strong effect on blood lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 33266447

Fortified milk raised the ω‑3 index by ~30% and improved ω‑6/ω‑3 ratio—clear improvement in blood fatty‑acid biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Three months of 2 g/day ω‑3 after AMI lowered triglycerides, ApoB and Lp(a) — clear lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 31543378

Addition of EPA to statin therapy changed HDL subfraction distribution and EPA/AA ratio predicted HDL shifts — supports favorable blood‑lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA added to statin lowered LDL‑C and improved plaque lipid index — supportive cardiovascular lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 31006007

Dose‑ranging trial produced proportional increases in blood EPA/DHA‑derived oxylipins and decreased AA‑derived oxylipins — strong blood lipid/fatty‑acid profile evidence.

PubMed ID: 31532795

Post‑MI ω‑3 increased EPA/DHA (omega‑3 index) and those increases correlated with improved remodeling.

PubMed ID: 30414540

DHA supplementation over 12 months produced robust incorporation into multiple plasma lipid classes — objective fatty‑acid change.

PubMed ID: 29471285

DHA produced a large (~44%) median decline in fasting triglycerides and improved inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 29566189

Supplementation increased blood n‑3 LC‑PUFA concentrations and altered AA:(DHA+EPA) ratios in children.

PubMed ID: 28634822

EPA supplementation increased EPA/AA ratio and modestly lowered non‑HDL cholesterol in CAD patients.

PubMed ID: 27919362

Large RCT subset: omega‑3 carboxylic acids substantially lowered TGs, reduced apoCIII and favorably altered LDL subspecies.

PubMed ID: 27571269

Large infant study: formulas with AA+DHA substantially increased multiple plasma phospholipid DHA species (robust biomarker incorporation).

PubMed ID: 27637335

IV fish oil produced rapid EPA/DHA incorporation and lowered AA/(EPA+DHA) ratios across blood compartments (strong biomarker effects).

PubMed ID: 26751068

Formula with ARA+DHA raised erythrocyte ARA and DHA within 1 month (direct blood‑fat changes).

PubMed ID: 26015389

Three‑month ω‑3 egg intervention raised RBC DHA/EPA and improved ω‑3/ω‑6 balance (blood‑fat improvement).

PubMed ID: 24158248

EPA lowered triglycerides and raised EPA/AA ratios in CAD patients—clinically meaningful improvement in blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 25091379

Dose‑dependent increases in RBC EPA+DHA in healthy adults; limited changes in circulating inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 25185754

Large, high‑purity EPA trial produced marked increases in omega‑3 indices and very large triglyceride reductions in hypertriglyceridemic subjects—strongest evidence for blood‑fat benefits.

PubMed ID: 23811682

Purified EPA increased LDL particle size and decreased triglyceride‑rich lipoproteins—relevant favorable changes in blood‑fat profile.

PubMed ID: 24528690

Robust, dose‑related TG and non‑HDL‑C lowering in severe hypertriglyceridemia with OM3‑FFA—clear effect on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Large randomized trial adding ω‑3 FFAs to statins lowered TG and non‑HDL‑C dose‑dependently—strong clinical lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Prescription n‑3 ethyl esters redistributed EPA/DPA/DHA across HDL/LDL/VLDL and lowered AA—meaningful lipoprotein compositional changes.

PubMed ID: 23299384

1.2 g/day fish oil increased RBC DHA and DHA/AA ratio (favorable blood fat composition) in older women.

PubMed ID: 23046564

EPA supplementation markedly decreased AA/EPA ratio and increased RBC EPA/DHA, beneficially altering blood fatty acid profiles.

PubMed ID: 21362575

Fish‑oil lipid emulsion increased plasma DHA/EPA and decreased AA in preterm infants—clear shifts in blood fatty acid composition.

PubMed ID: 19846544

6 g/day EPA/DHA produced large triglyceride reductions and favorable serum phospholipid changes in dyslipidemia—strong lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 18590592

Eating n‑3 enriched pork raised erythrocyte DHA and produced favorable changes in serum TAG and thromboxane.

PubMed ID: 16923694

Cod liver oil during pregnancy raised maternal/infant DHA and attenuated the pregnancy-associated TG rise (favorable lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 16101670

AA/EPA reduction correlated with decreases in insulin and homocysteine and biochemical lipid shifts — metabolic/lipid relevance.

PubMed ID: 15159226

Lowered triglycerides, increased platelet EPA/DHA and reduced platelet AA—strong lipid marker changes.

PubMed ID: 14985680

Pregnancy RCT (4 g/day FO) robustly increased maternal and neonatal erythrocyte EPA/DHA (clear biomarker effect).

PubMed ID: 15120716

Feeding trials changed EPA/DGLA/AA composition across plasma and immune cells—meaningful lipid modulation.

PubMed ID: 15164103

Nutrient drink raised plasma EPA/DHA and lowered AA in RA patients—clear biochemical change.

PubMed ID: 12838196

Infant formula with DHA+ARA increased RBC‑DHA by ~24% vs decrease in unsupplemented—direct blood‑fat effect.

PubMed ID: 11755456

Ethyl‑EPA (2–4 g/day) lowered triglycerides in schizophrenia patients — clear lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 12145002

Robust reductions in plasma triacylglycerol and increases in arterial compliance with EPA/DHA.

PubMed ID: 10426708

Paper quantified how birth status and milk type determine postnatal DHA/AA trajectories—explains blood‑fat variation.

PubMed ID: 10584888

Observational erythrocyte EPA/DHA inversely associated with prostate cancer; demonstrates biomarker relevance of blood PUFA.

PubMed ID: 10102659

Formula with DHA/AA restored infant plasma and RBC DHA/AA to breastfed levels—direct effect on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 9552137

DHA‑containing formulas raised infant RBC DHA to levels similar to breastfed infants (blood biomarker effect).

PubMed ID: 9675609

Short FO course increased neutrophil EPA/DHA and decreased LA/AA—membrane lipid remodeling.

PubMed ID: 8694015

Dose‑dependent increases in plasma phospholipid DHA and decreases in triacylglycerols; cholesterol rose slightly — lipid profile changes relevant to blood fats.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Both EE and TG fish oil were incorporated into plasma lipids and reduced platelet activation; some fibrinogen reduction noted.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Serum triglycerides decreased 26% after 4 weeks and EPA incorporation occurred; relevant to blood fat improvement.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Sustained 28–32% triglyceride reductions and ~5-fold plasma phospholipid EPA increase after 6 months.

PubMed ID: 2375296

High‑dose fish oil lowered serum triglycerides by ~22% and raised EPA:AA ratio (reversible on washout).

PubMed ID: 29458842

Fish oil supplementation raised RBC EPA+DHA by ~32–33% at 24 weeks—direct biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 29766165

EPA raised plasma n‑3 (EPA/DPA) and decreased n‑6 content and changed desaturase indices—metabolic improvements in blood fats.

PubMed ID: 41373925

Trial showed decreases in triglycerides/VLDL with marine ω‑3—beneficial blood‑lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 37892536

High ALA intake raised erythrocyte EPA substantially (but often lowered DHA) and altered n‑6/n‑3 balance—clear effects on blood fatty acids.

PubMed ID: 35144649

Marine n‑3 markedly increased erythrocyte EPA/DHA and omega‑3 index in T2DM patients—direct evidence of improved blood‑fat profile.

PubMed ID: 30900815

Randomized trial showing dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering with EPA+DHA and cellular incorporation—strong evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 29849178

Large dose–response study: clear, rapid, dose‑dependent plasma EPA/DHA rises and ≈15% short‑term triglyceride reduction.

PubMed ID: 29272068

Camelina (ALA) improved total/LDL cholesterol and LDL:HDL ratio versus fish arms—dietary omega‑3 (ALA) improved lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 28629180

Food delivery of ~250 mg/day EPA+DHA increased the Omega‑3 Index by ~1.5 percentage points—demonstrated bioavailability and RBC incorporation.

PubMed ID: 26892399

Echium oil increased EPA/DPA substantially (less DHA) and fish oil produced the largest EPA rise in comparative trial.

PubMed ID: 27279274

2 g/day EPA+DHA improved HbA1c and multiple lipid measures in type 2 diabetics (RCT).

PubMed ID: 26047766

Mixed omega‑3s improved triglycerides and plasma n‑3s in NASH patients.

PubMed ID: 25633498

High‑oleic RUTF prevented DHA decline and raised EPA/DHA in malnourished children (favorable blood PUFA profile).

PubMed ID: 26169870

Infant oily fish feeding reliably raised infant EPA/DHA and total n‑3 LC‑PUFA.

PubMed ID: 25515553

Fish oil arm showed ~16% triglyceride reduction and HDL increase in metabolic‑syndrome/early‑diabetes patients.

PubMed ID: 25216712

ALA/SDA‑enriched foods substantially raised RBC EPA and certain oils lowered total and LDL cholesterol in hypertriglyceridemia.

PubMed ID: 24229084

Linseed oil rapidly increased cheek‑cell and blood n‑3 measures, supporting that dietary n‑3 changes are reflected in accessible biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 23885993

High‑lignan flaxseed bars lowered total and LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL in humans (lipid improvements though intervention is ALA/lignan based).

PubMed ID: 23328113

Dietary intervention lowering linoleic acid and/or providing n‑3 substantially raised erythrocyte EPA/DHA (large, consistent biomarker shifts).

PubMed ID: 23332800

High‑dose n‑3 yogurt significantly raised plasma/RBC n‑3 and improved triglycerides and HDL in people with mild hypertriglyceridemia.

PubMed ID: 23179200

Daily flaxseed raised erythrocyte total n‑3, ALA, EPA and DPA (biochemical improvement though without clinical inflammation changes).

PubMed ID: 22810989

Randomized feeding: EPA/DHA‑fortified margarine markedly increased erythrocyte EPA/DHA and nearly doubled the omega‑3 index — strong evidence of improving blood n‑3 status.

PubMed ID: 22008957

In preterm infants, formula DHA increased plasma and erythrocyte DHA dose‑dependently — clear effect on blood fatty‑acid composition.

PubMed ID: 23221573

Controlled dietary study: flax oil raised plasma ALA, EPA and DPA (but not DHA) and showed genotype effects on conversion — important data on affecting blood n‑3 profile.

PubMed ID: 19261730

Controlled feeding trial: distinct LDL enrichment and modest, consistent triglyceride reductions with ALA/EPA/DHA — strong biomarker evidence for blood‑fat modulation.

PubMed ID: 18779299

Randomized trial showed rapid, dose‑dependent increases in RBC DHA and total n‑3 with fish oil (clear biomarker effect).

PubMed ID: 17027436

Two portions of oily fish/week lowered serum triglycerides in overweight adults (dietary n‑3 effect on lipids).

PubMed ID: 17158408

Lowering n‑6:n‑3 by adding EPA/DHA reduced TAGs and shifted LDL particle profile (favourable lipid changes).

PubMed ID: 16960164

EPA/DHA‑enriched diet reduced fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol (clinically relevant lipid lowering).

PubMed ID: 15939062

Fish oil lowered plasma triglycerides 23% and reduced small dense LDL — clear favorable blood‑lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 12663273

Duplicate entry to emphasize strong TG lowering vs ALA (same study ID: 12663273).

PubMed ID: 12010583

Well‑controlled crossover fish‑oil trial produced large increases in platelet EPA/DHA and clear triglyceride lowering—strong blood‑lipid evidence.

PubMed ID: 8729094

Large cross‑sectional/feeding data: higher plasma PUFA strongly associated with lower TC/HDL ratio (robust lipid association).

PubMed ID: 7910999

Fish oil supplementation increased blood/tissue EPA, showing effective modification of blood fat composition.

PubMed ID: 2297349

Mildly hypercholesterolemic men: plasma triglycerides −24% and VLDL reductions at 6 weeks (RCT).

PubMed ID: 1971991

Classic trial: marine n‑3 lowered triglycerides by 39% (strong direct effect on blood lipids).

PubMed ID: 31546768

Mediterranean diet increased plasma EPA/DHA and decreased saturated fatty acids—favorable blood‑fat changes.

PubMed ID: 30723735

Product including omega‑3 improved blood lipids vs comparator though multiple active ingredients confound attribution.

PubMed ID: 24675168

Dietary intervention (low n‑6 + high n‑3) produced very large plasma/phospholipid EPA (+271%) and DHA (+112%) increases and AA −20% — strong biochemical evidence.

PubMed ID: 20964740

Diet including fish lowered LDL (−21%) and total cholesterol (−16%) in people with mild hypercholesterolemia (multicomponent diet).

PubMed ID: 16050054

Combination policosanol + fish oil reduced LDL/total cholesterol and maintained fish‑oil TG reduction (combination therapy).

PubMed ID: 7889894

Large RCT in hypertriglyceridemia showed robust, clinically meaningful triglyceride and VLDL reductions with concentrated fish oil.

PubMed ID: 36279014

Metabolomic increase in PC(16:1/22:6) correlated with lower TAG and higher HDL in NAFLD patients (biomarker evidence).

PubMed ID: 35594631

NAFLD RCT: significant TAG reduction and improved metabolic marker adiponectin.

PubMed ID: 35067753

Three-month RCT showed fish oil reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) vs control.

PubMed ID: 32779505

Epeleuton (EPA-derivative) produced dose-dependent, significant triglyceride lowering.

PubMed ID: 26078579

PUFA therapy in NASH patients reduced triglycerides along with liver improvements.

PubMed ID: 26226139

4 g/day fish oil produced robust reductions in triglycerides and total cholesterol in NAFLD patients.

PubMed ID: 21233083

DHA in children with NAFLD improved triglycerides along with liver fat and insulin sensitivity.

PubMed ID: 19009658

Seal‑oil RCT reduced triglycerides alongside liver enzyme and ultrasound improvements.

PubMed ID: 7702027

Long‑term fish oil after bypass lowered triglycerides ~19% in a large RCT.

PubMed ID: 8241095

Mixed hyperlipidemia trial: ~30% triglyceride reduction with fish oil (~3 g/day).

PubMed ID: 30197273

OM‑3CA lowered triglycerides by ~26% vs placebo (12‑week trial).

PubMed ID: 30454883

Dietary fatty fish and camelina changed EPA/DHA/ALA across multiple lipid pools—consistent biomarker changes tied to blood‑fat health.

PubMed ID: 41559698

14‑month high‑dose fish oil produced robust, dose‑dependent reductions in triglycerides and remnant cholesterol (large RCT in T2D).

PubMed ID: 39972155

Three months EPA/DHA in overweight children lowered triglycerides and raised HDL (randomized trial).

PubMed ID: 40647193

Omega‑3 plus resistance training improved lipid profile (↓LDL, ↑HDL, ↓TG) in active adults.

PubMed ID: 39968782

High‑dose EPA reduced CV events independent of LDL and is known to lower triglycerides — strong healthy lipid relevance.

PubMed ID: 38408107

P‑OM3 (prescription omega‑3) produced meaningful increases in HDL functional exchange and apoA‑I activity.

PubMed ID: 38530686

Icosapent ethyl reduced CV events in patients with elevated TGs, consistent with healthy blood‑fat effects beyond simple TG lowering.

PubMed ID: 38872193

Omega‑3 added to individualized diet increased large HDL subfraction and improved some LDL particle measures in subgroups.

PubMed ID: 38484976

n‑3 lowered plasma triglycerides and enriched plasma phospholipid n‑3 content, with attendant reductions in procoagulant EVs.

PubMed ID: 39519588

3 g/day fish‑oil in T2DM produced significant triglyceride lowering and improved overall lipid profile (strong lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 38199870

1 g/day omega‑3 in older adults produced small but statistically significant HDL rise and triglyceride lowering (modest favorable lipid changes).

PubMed ID: 38201926

Randomized, genotype‑stratified trial: large LDL (~‑15%) and triglyceride (~‑21%) reductions with omega‑3 ethyl esters in PPARG variant carriers (robust pharmacogenetic lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 35953437

Icosapent ethyl (EPA) showed cardiovascular event reductions in smokers; EPA is known to lower triglycerides — supports blood‑fat benefit in this context.

PubMed ID: 37124732

In children with ALL, omega‑3 significantly lowered triglycerides and VLDL over 3 months (clear lipid improvements).

PubMed ID: 37301827

4 g/day icosapent ethyl in patients with very high TG produced ~28% TG reduction (≈20% placebo‑adjusted) and reduced VLDL‑C/non‑HDL‑C without increasing LDL‑C.

PubMed ID: 36781129

Well‑conducted RCT showed maternal fish oil reduced maternal TGs (~17%) and infant TGs (~21%) — clear triglyceride‑lowering effect.

PubMed ID: 36202740

EPA ethyl ester lowered triglycerides (−16.7% to −21.0% depending on dose) over 52 weeks with marked plasma EPA increases—strong lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 35377160

Icosapent ethyl lowered triglycerides and hs‑CRP in the REDUCE‑IT HF subgroup, supporting benefits on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 35643872

Seafood sticks with ω‑3 blunted postprandial TG rise and improved insulin/HOMA‑IR, indicating improved lipid handling.

PubMed ID: 35871058

Phase‑3 RCT shows dose‑dependent and clinically important triglyceride reductions with an EPA formulation versus active comparator.

PubMed ID: 35147302

12‑month n‑3 PUFA markedly enriched plasma EPA/DHA lipid species (lipidomic shift toward EPA/DHA‑containing lipids).

PubMed ID: 32867282

Inmate pilot produced a substantial rise in erythrocyte Omega‑3 Index (+3.2%), confirming uptake into blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 32272659

MAG and FFA omega‑3 forms showed superior bioavailability (higher plasma EPA exposure) supporting greater potential effects on blood‑lipid profiles with equivalent dosing.

PubMed ID: 32054543

NAFLD RCT (phytosterol + EPA/DHA) lowered triglycerides and total cholesterol — combination supports lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 33050072

Depressed children: omega‑3 shifted HDL subfractions toward less atherogenic profile — direct favorable lipoprotein changes.

PubMed ID: 33148016

Icosapent ethyl produced major reductions in revascularization events; while lipid effects differ, outcome benefit supports clinically meaningful cardiovascular lipid‑related benefit.

PubMed ID: 32281579

Phase III RCT: AZD0585 produced dose‑dependent, substantial triglyceride reductions and improved ApoC‑III/non‑HDL — direct and strong evidence.

PubMed ID: 31306043

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day in CKD lowered triglycerides substantially without raising LDL‑C — strong prescription‑dose effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 31809985

Omega‑3 ethyl esters added to statin therapy improved LDL particle size and reduced various atherogenic lipid measures in dyslipidemia patients.

PubMed ID: 31277790

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day produced robust, significant triglyceride and atherogenic lipid reductions in statin‑treated high‑risk patients.

PubMed ID: 31177752

Randomized trial in T2D/dyslipidemia found fish oil substantially lowered triglycerides and increased HDL (robust lipid changes).

PubMed ID: 30898607

REDUCE‑IT (4 g EPA) produced substantial reductions in ischemic events in patients with elevated TGs; high‑dose EPA is established to lower triglycerides and improve outcomes.

PubMed ID: 31707829

Icosapent ethyl substantially lowered major ischemic events in statin‑treated patients with elevated TGs (supports beneficial effects on atherogenic lipids/outcomes).

PubMed ID: 31043161

Omega‑3 (±plant sterols) improved fasting glucose/HOMA‑IR and reduced triacylglycerol and hs‑CRP—meaningful TG lowering.

PubMed ID: 31784345

Saury fish oil lowered triglycerides and raised HDL‑C and cholesterol efflux capacity in healthy adults (small crossover RCT).

PubMed ID: 30221912

Probiotic + omega‑3 lowered serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in NAFLD patients (RCT).

PubMed ID: 30513433

Omega‑3 + lifestyle in obese teens improved triglycerides and other metabolic markers (randomized study).

PubMed ID: 29583081

High‑dose EPA produced large, statistically robust reductions in triglycerides, non‑HDL‑C, VLDL‑TG and ApoB in diabetic women.

PubMed ID: 29588138

EPA (2 g/day) in T2D lowered atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and related metabolites (positive effect on blood‑fat risk).

PubMed ID: 30125457

Marine n‑3 reduced triglycerides in renal transplant recipients (secondary outcomes).

PubMed ID: 30519766

Omega‑3 in schizophrenia+MetS lowered triglycerides over 12 weeks (TG improvement).

PubMed ID: 29503145

Combined nutraceutical including fish oil lowered LDL (~14%), total cholesterol and hs‑CRP in statin‑treated diabetics.

PubMed ID: 29703528

Genotype‑specific differences in triglyceride lowering indicate fish‑oil can favorably modify blood fats in some genetic backgrounds.

PubMed ID: 29725824

Combined spread containing 1 g/day EPA+DHA lowered TG (~10%) and LDL (~5%)—meaningful lipid improvements though combination product.

PubMed ID: 29781483

Well‑powered RCT showed dose‑dependent EPA/DHA increases and clear triglyceride reductions in older adults.

PubMed ID: 30415628

Icosapent ethyl markedly lowered major ischemic events in statin‑treated patients with high TGs; lipid‑lowering mechanism central to effect.

PubMed ID: 28608804

ω‑3 milk altered HDL/LDL proteome and responders had ~30% TG reduction—strong mechanistic and clinical lipid signal.

PubMed ID: 28599665

Significant triglyceride lowering in Chagas cardiomyopathy trial (−21.1 mg/dL vs −4.1) — clear blood‑fat effect.

PubMed ID: 29413356

High-dose prescription omega-3 partially normalized proinflammatory oxylipins in lipoproteins in MetSyn—improves lipid-associated inflammatory profile.

PubMed ID: 29034644

EPA increased PON1 activity and modestly improved HDL and other lipid markers — favorable lipid/anti‑atherogenic changes.

PubMed ID: 29017158

High‑dose n‑3 improved atherogenic index (log TG/HDL) and other lipid‑related indices in T2DM.

PubMed ID: 29282085

Omega3Q10 modestly reduced LDL and total cholesterol over 12 weeks — direct improvement in blood lipid markers.

PubMed ID: 28826313

ω‑3 supplementation lowered LDL and hs‑CRP in CAD patients — favorable lipid biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 29306619

Perioperative lipid infusion with 15% fish oil lowered free fatty acids, TG/VLDL and glucose acutely — metabolic lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 28303758

n‑3 PUFA changed leukotrienes and lowered analgesic use in psoriatic arthritis; also known to influence eicosanoid lipid mediators.

PubMed ID: 28276521

Mechanistic study showed fish oil altered TRL–LDLR interactions that may influence LDL metabolism—relevant to blood-fat handling.

PubMed ID: 29289538

Randomized trial demonstrating significant triglyceride and non-HDL cholesterol reductions with omega-3 carboxylic acid in very high TG adults.

PubMed ID: 29259181

Direct head‑to‑head RCT: farmed trout twice weekly produced large, clinically meaningful reductions in TG, total cholesterol and LDL vs omega‑3 capsules.

PubMed ID: 28863874

EPA added to statin therapy reduced plaque lipid volume and atheroma, reflecting improved atherogenic lipid biology.

PubMed ID: 29415837

SMOF (fish‑oil containing) lipid emulsion reduced triglycerides in neonates on parenteral nutrition — clear TG lowering effect.

PubMed ID: 28558855

High‑quality fish oil reduced atherogenic IDL and LDL particle concentrations vs oxidized fish oil/sunflower oil in healthy volunteers (lipoprotein subclass improvement).

PubMed ID: 28391875

See above (repeated evidence of strong TG/ApoC3 reductions).

PubMed ID: 27939227

High‑purity EPA at 4 g/day reduced triglycerides by ~21–23% in women and markedly raised EPA—strong evidence for improving blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 27596132

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day substantially lowered remnant cholesterol across phase‑3 cohorts—robust favorable effect on atherogenic lipids.

PubMed ID: 27015634

In HIV patients, omega‑3 lowered triglycerides (significant) and showed some oxidative‑stress changes per‑protocol—direct TG lowering.

PubMed ID: 27206952

High‑purity EPA (4 g/d) markedly and consistently lowered ApoC‑III in phase‑3 trials—strong mechanistic lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 27658130

Short pediatric study reported improved lipid profiles after 1 month of omega‑3—supports favorable blood‑fat changes (small study).

PubMed ID: 27632919

Prescription omega‑3 ethyl esters raised the RBC omega‑3 index substantially—clear incorporation into blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 27090218

Sardine intervention in T2D raised erythrocyte EPA/DHA (omega‑3 index) and increased adiponectin; relevant to healthier lipid/metabolic profile.

PubMed ID: 27340931

4 g/day fish oil in chemotherapy patients improved lipid profiles (lower TAG, preserved HDL) and lactate handling, indicating favorable blood‑fat changes.

PubMed ID: 25689563

Overweight adults on ketogenic Mediterranean diet plus ω‑3 had larger TG and insulin reductions than diet alone — supports ω‑3 effect on blood fats in that context.

PubMed ID: 25771840

Hemodialysis RCT: modest ω‑3 lowered triglycerides significantly — clear lipid (TG) improvement in that population.

PubMed ID: 25893544

Icosapent ethyl robustly lowered triglycerides and non‑HDL-C (and hsCRP) in metabolic-syndrome subgroups — strong support for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 26143741

Marine n‑3 (2.2 g/day) reduced plasma PCSK9 in women — mechanistic evidence relating to LDL regulation and blood-fat control.

PubMed ID: 25932792

Prescription omega‑3 and/or niacin altered apolipoprotein profiles and apoC3 glycosylation in overweight patients — biochemical evidence for blood-fat modulation (complex interventions).

PubMed ID: 25940724

Omega‑3 lowered triglycerides significantly in women on aromatase inhibitors despite no joint pain benefit.

PubMed ID: 26892135

Icosabutate produced very large (~33% placebo‑corrected) triglyceride and remnant lipoprotein reductions with strong statistical significance—robust blood‑fat effect.

PubMed ID: 26296857

High‑dose fish oil significantly increased omega‑3 index and lowered triglycerides (between‑group significant), supporting healthy blood‑fat effects.

PubMed ID: 26420180

Fish oil lowered triglycerides and raised plasma EPA/DHA; combination with B12 gave synergistic homocysteine reduction—clear favorable lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 24988179

Placebo-controlled crossover in HIV patients showed large TG reduction and favorable HDL subfraction shifts.

PubMed ID: 25136638

2.4 g/day omega‑3 in adolescents raised HDL significantly and improved endothelial marker VEGF.

PubMed ID: 25403919

3 g/day omega‑3 substantially reduced non-fasting triglycerides and markedly raised erythrocyte EPA+DHA (omega‑3 index).

PubMed ID: 24936727

High-dose (4 g/day) omega-3 lowered NEFA and improved insulin sensitivity in T2D — favorable effects on circulating free fatty acids.

PubMed ID: 25147070

Dose-dependent triglyceride lowering observed in randomized trial — clear effect on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 25394692

Postmenopausal MetS trial: adding omega‑3 reduced triglycerides substantially — direct clinical lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 26073397

Icosapent ethyl markedly reduced total VLDL and small LDL particle concentrations and increased LDL size in statin-treated high-TG patients — strong lipid-fraction benefits.

PubMed ID: 24795503

Probiotic+omega-3 arm increased HDL and reduced LDL modestly — lipid improvements with omega-3 included.

PubMed ID: 24952576

Pharmacokinetic study shows that concentrated rTG fish oil most effectively raises blood EPA/DHA — supports capacity to change circulating lipid composition.

PubMed ID: 25248358

Fish oil added to calorie-restriction programs produced significant triglyceride reductions versus diet alone.

PubMed ID: 25195547

One-year NASH trial produced marked reduction in RBC n-6:n-3 ratio and hepatic-fat reductions (lipid remodeling).

PubMed ID: 25008950

4 g/day fish oil in adolescents significantly reduced triglycerides and large VLDL particle number and lowered PAI-1.

PubMed ID: 23438101

Omega‑3 reduced triglycerides in obese children (clinically meaningful lipid improvement).

PubMed ID: 23325450

Icosapent ethyl trials in hypertriglyceridemia reduced inflammatory/oxidative markers and are used to treat elevated TGs (lipid therapy context).

PubMed ID: 23683266

Omega‑3 esters modestly lowered triglycerides in HIV patients over 8 weeks (lipid improvement).

PubMed ID: 23835245

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day produced large, clinically significant triglyceride reductions and improved non‑HDL‑C in statin‑treated diabetics.

PubMed ID: 23697585

Small RCT during calorie restriction showed fish oil significantly lowered triglycerides (~27%).

PubMed ID: 23863036

Low‑oxidation ω‑3 capsules lowered triglycerides and improved cholesterol versus oxidized capsules.

PubMed ID: 24368433

Marine LCn‑3s reduced postprandial chylomicron cholesterol and VLDL apoB‑48—improves postprandial lipid handling.

PubMed ID: 23888318

Clear TG lowering by fish oil in healthy men (2 g/day) in randomized study.

PubMed ID: 22811376

Omega‑3 reduced triglycerides (particularly when combined with multivitamins) in a randomized trial.

PubMed ID: 22894624

Large RCT of purified EPA showed substantial, dose-dependent TG lowering (−33% at 4 g/day) with no LDL rise—strong evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 23017309

In PCOS women, omega‑3 improved triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol (favorable lipid profile changes).

PubMed ID: 23312052

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day reduced large VLDL and LDL particle numbers and VLDL size—strong favorable lipid remodeling.

PubMed ID: 23017356

High‑dose fish oil (4 g/day) lowered fasting and peak postprandial triglycerides in crossover study.

PubMed ID: 23275364

Small crossover trial in diabetics with proteinuria showed triglyceride lowering (and improvements in kidney markers in RAAS‑user subgroup).

PubMed ID: 22819432

Purified EPA (4 g/day) produced large, dose‑dependent reductions in triglycerides and non‑HDL cholesterol (robust lipid benefit).

PubMed ID: 23173831

3 g/day fish-oil lowered triacylglycerides in healthy older adults in a 5-week crossover trial.

PubMed ID: 23034965

High‑dose fish oil reduced circulating triglycerides in severely obese non‑diabetic patients.

PubMed ID: 21839455

LFHCC + n-3 reduced hypertriglyceridemia prevalence and improved metabolic syndrome lipid components.

PubMed ID: 22064208

Well‑powered dosing study showing dose‑dependent RBC EPA increases and quantified SDA→EPA conversion efficiencies — strong biomarker evidence for altering blood fatty acids.

PubMed ID: 21736825

Direct comparison showed both salmon and capsules similarly increased erythrocyte long‑chain n‑3 levels.

PubMed ID: 20451686

Adding prescription omega‑3 to statin reduced non‑HDL cholesterol overall despite LDL rises in some subsets.

PubMed ID: 20617456

Omega‑3 plant sterol esters lowered triglycerides by ~19% — strong triglyceride‑lowering effect.

PubMed ID: 20304540

3 g/day LC‑PUFA via n‑3 enriched dairy reduced TAG, improved LDL/HDL ratio and increased n‑3 index.

PubMed ID: 20694407

Fish oil lowered triglycerides and raised antioxidant capacity but increased LDL and insulin resistance (mixed lipid/metabolic effects).

PubMed ID: 20181806

Fish oil lowered plasma triglycerides in obese men (clear lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 20303788

Marked triglyceride reductions (−43 to −48%) in dyslipidemic CRF patients after fish oil provide strong evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 20121889

12-week fish-oil in type 2 diabetics produced a clear triglyceride drop (−0.47 mmol/L).

PubMed ID: 19481310

Dietary n-3 produced a favorable shift in LDL phenotype (less dense, less atherogenic) in metabolic syndrome—clinically relevant lipid remodeling.

PubMed ID: 19841042

Large observational sample: higher habitual marine n-3 intake associated with lower triglycerides and trend to higher HDL.

PubMed ID: 19397392

Six-month supplementation improved triglycerides, raised HDL and improved other lipid/remodeling markers in dyslipidemia.

PubMed ID: 19296875

2 g/day fish oil gave ~15% triglyceride reduction and modest HDL increase in hyperlipidaemic Indians.

PubMed ID: 19394939

Fish oil lowered triglycerides and improved endothelial markers in offspring-of-diabetics trial.

PubMed ID: 19727884

Fish and seal oil lowered plasma triglycerides (seal > fish) in hypertriglyceridaemic adults.

PubMed ID: 18678300

Strong triglyceride (-44%), VLDL and non-HDL reductions when prescription omega-3 added to simvastatin.

PubMed ID: 18634706

Whole-fish (herring) modestly increased HDL in overweight men over 6 weeks.

PubMed ID: 18561722

2 g/day omega-3 reduced triglycerides and ApoB-100 in type 2 diabetes trial.

PubMed ID: 18492838

Short trial: n‑3 alone lowered triglycerides by ~22% and increased HDL; combination with phytosterols produced larger overall lipid changes (short duration).

PubMed ID: 18436564

Large hemodialysis RCT showed a clear, significant triglyceride reduction after 3 months of n‑3 supplementation.

PubMed ID: 18613992

Program including fish oil produced large TG and LDL improvements versus control, though fish oil was combined with other interventions.

PubMed ID: 18492834

Strong, double-blind evidence of marked fasting and postprandial triglyceride reductions (up to 51%), especially with low dietary LA—high-quality lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 18491311

Fish oil shifted HDL toward larger, cholesterol-rich HDL2 particles and altered apolipoproteins—favorable lipid remodeling.

PubMed ID: 17951945

In HD patients, omega-3 increased HDL by ~28% and lowered triacylglycerols—meaningful improvements in blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 17704023

Randomized trial showed a clear ~17% serum triglyceride reduction and RBC EPA incorporation with EPA+DHA supplementation.

PubMed ID: 16552404

When added during weight loss, long-chain n-3 gave incremental triglyceride benefits and increased adiponectin—supportive of lipid/metabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 16825679

4 g/day fish oil in obese men lowered triglycerides and raised HDL (and affected HDL kinetics)—robust metabolic effect.

PubMed ID: 16713391

n-3 PUFA significantly reduced triglycerides in a randomized study—strong direct effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 15638820

Controlled dietary trial in CHD patients eating very high marine n‑3 salmon had marked increases in blood n‑3 and reductions in triglycerides.

PubMed ID: 16231263

Fish oil plus diet/exercise substantially lowered triglycerides but raised LDL-C in HIV patients.

PubMed ID: 15250255

Omega‑3 with simvastatin produced large TG reductions and modest total‑cholesterol change.

PubMed ID: 15220949

Healthy‑men dietary n‑3 lowers triglycerides in 8‑week intervention.

PubMed ID: 15211441

Chronic renal‑failure RCT showed ~21% triglyceride lowering and ~8% HDL increase.

PubMed ID: 15253884

Arrhythmia trial reported significant TG lowering and HDL increase with 3 g/day fish oil.

PubMed ID: 15853118

DHA-enriched foods increased HDL by ~6% — clinically relevant blood-fat improvement.

PubMed ID: 12847992

1 g/day omega-3 for 10 weeks reduced triglycerides and improved TG/HDL ratio without increasing LDL — favorable lipid outcomes.

PubMed ID: 12848279

Daily low-dose fish oil (~860 mg EPA+DHA) clearly and consistently lowered TG and remnant-like particle cholesterol over 12 weeks.

PubMed ID: 12618280

3.6 g/day fish oil robustly lowered fasting and postprandial triglycerides and VLDL in healthy subjects — strong evidence for TG-lowering.

PubMed ID: 12765846

Genotype-dependent greater TAG reductions with n‑3 (Ala12 carriers) under lower-fat diets — supports TG lowering but with interindividual variability.

PubMed ID: 14505813

Postmenopausal women: fish oil lowered TG and improved TG/HDL ratio versus safflower oil.

PubMed ID: 12145148

Clear decreases in plasma TGs and VLDL-apoB secretion with fish oil in insulin-resistant obese men — strong evidence.

PubMed ID: 11864853

Dietary n‑3 PUFA improved HDL-related cholesterol efflux capacity — a functional improvement in blood lipid health.

PubMed ID: 12032174

Marked fasting TG reduction (-35%) and large increases in adipose LPL mRNA/activity — robust metabolic effects on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 12059988

RCT in viscerally obese dyslipidaemic men showed significant TG lowering (-0.38 mmol/L) and modest HDL increase — strong direct evidence.

PubMed ID: 11981081

Post-kidney transplant fish oil modestly lowered triglycerides (~19% between-group difference).

PubMed ID: 11789299

In CVD patients on lipid-lowering drugs, n‑3 substantially lowered triglycerides (~-34.9%).

PubMed ID: 11451717

Post‑MI high‑dose n‑3 significantly lowered triacylglycerol monthly changes and modestly increased HDL — clear favorable effects on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 11004352

EPA (1.8 g/day) over 48 weeks produced a ~27% reduction in triglycerides and modest total cholesterol lowering in 141 women — strong lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 10676668

4 g/day marine n‑3 for 4 months lowered triglycerides significantly (~16%) in hypercholesterolemic subjects — robust TG lowering and endothelial benefits.

PubMed ID: 11104593

Short EPA reduced plasma free fatty acids and triacylglycerol in healthy volunteers.

PubMed ID: 11070146

Randomized trial in hemodialysis patients showed lower TG and LDL and higher HDL after fish oil — favorable lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 10650525

n‑3 PUFA during pregnancy lowered triglycerides and VLDL‑cholesterol in late pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 10505695

1800 mg/day EPA produced very large (~52%) remnant lipoprotein reductions and ~38% ox‑LDL decline.

PubMed ID: 10539741

Fasting triacylglycerols fell ~29% with fish consumption; HDL2 rose, notably with weight loss.

PubMed ID: 10217357

Clear triglyceride lowering and favorable HDL/LDL neutral‑lipid composition changes in hypertriglyceridemic subjects.

PubMed ID: 9622285

Large randomized trial in hypertriglyceridemia: 2 g/day EPA/DHA significantly lowered TG, modestly reduced total cholesterol and raised HDL—strong lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 9589380

High‑dose n‑3 PUFA substantially lowered triglycerides in kidney transplant recipients (clear lipid improvement).

PubMed ID: 9566646

Adding 4 g/day omega‑3 to simvastatin produced additional triglyceride lowering and modest cholesterol/ApoE improvements.

PubMed ID: 9865671

Large randomized double‑blind trial with ~45% triglyceride lowering and favorable HDL change — strong evidence.

PubMed ID: 9174486

Large multicenter trial showing robust triglyceride reductions (~21.5%–15% vs placebo) over months.

PubMed ID: 9351079

Small trial: total cholesterol and triglycerides reduced, but HDL was also lowered (mixed lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 9167099

Dyslipidemic NIDDM patients had significant triglyceride lowering when given fish oil.

PubMed ID: 9437183

Four weeks of fish oil lowered postprandial triglycerides (~−30% in a nonfasting subset) though fasting lipids were unchanged.

PubMed ID: 9347681

Combined fish oil + garlic lowered triglycerides substantially (−34%) in a short crossover study (confounded by garlic).

PubMed ID: 9022529

Hypercholesterolemic men had a −37% triglyceride reduction on fish oil (3.6 g/day) — robust effect.

PubMed ID: 8701396

In atherosclerotic patients 3 g/day n‑3 produced rapid ~−32% triglyceride reductions.

PubMed ID: 8880041

Low‑dose fish oil reduced fasting triglycerides and preserved HDL2 on a low‑fat diet, though postprandial TG increased.

PubMed ID: 8960947

RCT showing marked triglyceride lowering (up to −27.8% overall, larger when baseline fish intake low).

PubMed ID: 8908382

One‑year fish oil reduced triglycerides in diabetics with nephropathy (but raised LDL/total cholesterol—mixed blood‑fat effects).

PubMed ID: 7653444

Coronary patients had TG ↓20%, HDL ↑8.3% and Lp(a) reductions in many—clear favorable blood‑fat changes.

PubMed ID: 7759696

High-dose fish oil lowered triglycerides by ~30% — strong effect on blood fats though no angiographic benefit.

PubMed ID: 7698053

In diabetics with high lipids fish oil substantially lowered VLDL and triglycerides (clear metabolic benefit).

PubMed ID: 8152348

Single very large dose (20 g) acutely lowered plasma triglycerides and VLDL by ≈33% — pronounced acute lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 7852747

Double-blind crossover showed substantial TG lowering (~-21%) and raised HDL2 — strong dyslipidemia benefit.

PubMed ID: 8200011

Omega‑3 plus simvastatin produced marked additional triglyceride reduction vs simvastatin alone.

PubMed ID: 1413984

Well‑controlled 12‑month trial showing clear, dose‑dependent triglyceride reductions.

PubMed ID: 1586386

Dose‑response trial showed strong rises in blood EPA and dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering.

PubMed ID: 40057729

3 g/day EPA+DHA on a cardioprotective diet caused larger TG reductions vs diet alone (clinically meaningful).

PubMed ID: 9449222

Enteral formula with fish oil rapidly changed plasma and RBC phospholipid fatty acid profiles (EPA/DHA increases).

PubMed ID: 21859401

In hemodialysis patients omega‑3 significantly lowered triglycerides over 10 weeks (clear lipid effect).

PubMed ID: 16701922

Milk enriched with omega‑3 (and other nutrients) for 3 months modestly improved triglycerides and total cholesterol (multi‑ingredient product).

PubMed ID: 25933490

Fish oil + extra‑virgin olive oil improved total cholesterol and LDL in metabolic syndrome (combination product).

PubMed ID: 16350679

Fish oil combined with garlic produced large percentage reductions in total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides (combination limits attribution solely to fish oil).

PubMed ID: 15763437

Preoperative fish oil lowered triglycerides (~17%) and raised HDL modestly, demonstrating clear lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 40806137

DHA‑rich supplementation reduced VLDL‑c and improved atherogenic index in postmenopausal women.

PubMed ID: 40288580

Dose‑response RCT: high‑dose (5 g/d) EPA+DHA increased tissue n‑3 and reduced plasma triglycerides by ~24–27 mg/dL—strong lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 40032221

Primary prevention trial's coronary event benefit is consistent with favorable effects on blood lipids and cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 40356575

12-week fish-oil raised serum EPA/DHA dose-dependently with metabolic benefits—robust blood-fat evidence.

PubMed ID: 41082976

Two weekly fish portions or daily supplements increased omega-3 index by ~2 percentage points over 8 weeks—clear erythrocyte evidence.

PubMed ID: 41096614

Microalgal omega-3 raised plasma PL DHA/EPA non-inferiorly to fish oil—strong bioavailability evidence for raising blood omega-3.

PubMed ID: 40490846

High-dose DHA during chemo roughly doubled erythrocyte DHA—clear incorporation into blood lipids despite no tumor biomarker effects.

PubMed ID: 38732508

Intervention raised erythrocyte n-3 index by ~61% and lowered triglycerides—strong changes in blood fatty-acid markers.

PubMed ID: 38352172

Fixed-dose combo showed bioequivalent EPA/DHA pharmacokinetics vs separate dosing—relevant to maintaining blood-fat levels.

PubMed ID: 38356413

90-day fish-oil+vitamin D raised certain omega-3 fecal metabolites and correlated with insulin resistance marker; blood-fat changes also reported.

PubMed ID: 38788345

Cetoleic-rich oil increased omega-3 index comparably to higher EPA/DHA oils in pilot trials.

PubMed ID: 38732601

Fish oil and SynΩ3 increased omega-3 index/total plasma EPA+DHA albeit to different extents—blood-fat changes documented.

PubMed ID: 39168625

Scallop oil increased EPA/DHA and lowered TG in higher‑TG subgroup—blood-fat and lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 38513888

RCT secondary analysis showed large plasma phospholipid EPA/DHA increases and identified predictors of response—strong biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 39675479

Secondary analysis tied achieved RBC EPA increases to outcomes—demonstrates clinical relevance of raising blood EPA.

PubMed ID: 38830807

Multicenter trial in very high TG patients showed consistent reductions in TAG, non‑HDL‑C, VLDL‑C and ApoC‑III.

PubMed ID: 39163858

Large RCT in T2D with high TGs: 4 g/day fish oil substantially lowered serum triglycerides and altered lipidomics.

PubMed ID: 36960737

Calanus, fish oil and krill oil produced comparable rises in RBC EPA+DHA (omega‑3 index), supporting improved blood fatty acid status.

PubMed ID: 38001474

Adding fish oil to glimepiride improved HbA1c and reduced triglycerides in T2D over 12 weeks.

PubMed ID: 36728325

Dose‑dependent increases in RBC DHA and Omega‑3 Index (6 g/day reached >8% rapidly) demonstrate robust lipid‑related biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 37315924

Combined DHA‑rich fish oil and cocoa lowered triglycerides by ≈22% at 3 months (clear lipid effect though no cognitive benefit).

PubMed ID: 37681568

High‑dose EPA+DHA produced meaningful triglyceride lowering and associated plaque regression in a large randomized trial — strong support for improving blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 35232215

FFA EPA+DPA produced much larger plasma EPA increases and greater TG lowering vs EE over 28 days

PubMed ID: 36014916

Algal DHA (200 mg/day) raised breast‑milk DHA absolute and relative concentrations—robust blood/milk fat effect

PubMed ID: 36571774

Triglycerides decreased and HDL increased alongside muscle gains—clear healthy blood‑fat improvements

PubMed ID: 36050695

4 g/day EPA+DHA produced substantial TG, non‑HDL and small dense LDL improvements—strong blood‑fat benefits

PubMed ID: 34989797

Pooled RCTs in severe HTG showed significant and clinically important triglyceride lowering.

PubMed ID: 32585854

EPA‑only RCT raised O3I and modestly lowered total and VLDL cholesterol.

PubMed ID: 32200533

Significant fasting TG reduction (especially 4 g) and postprandial TG lowering—clear healthy blood‑fat effect

PubMed ID: 32513312

Transgenic Camelina oil produced similar increases in blood EPA/DHA and fish oil reduced fasting TAG (~−20%) — supports FO efficacy for blood fats.

PubMed ID: 32732154

High‑dose EPA+DHA lowered triglycerides in CKD patients — clinically relevant improvement in blood fats.

PubMed ID: 32178279

Both EPA‑ and DHA‑rich oils lowered triglycerides ≈14% and markedly reduced TRL/VLDL particle concentrations — strong evidence for improving blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 33015732

Two portions/week of farmed salmon raised O3I and lowered triglycerides in a controlled feeding RCT — clear dietary effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 30854986

Well-controlled crossover trial showed DHA or EPA can lower triglycerides in many individuals; DHA had higher responder proportion.

PubMed ID: 31271554

Large double‑blind RCT in hypertriglyceridemic obese children demonstrated a large (~39%) triglyceride reduction with omega‑3—very strong evidence for blood‑fat benefit.

PubMed ID: 31595295

Oily fish intake in children raised erythrocyte EPA+DHA and modestly reduced triacylglycerol while raising HDL—positive randomized dietary evidence.

PubMed ID: 31055222

Higher omega-3 index (RBC/plasma EPA+DHA) associated with less coronary plaque progression; good biomarker–outcome linkage.

PubMed ID: 31535138

Randomized trial showed DHA markedly lowered serum triglycerides (~23.5% reduction) and altered lipoprotein metabolism—strong direct evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 30127297

High‑concentrate EPA+DHA increased RBC omega‑3 index dramatically and decreased triglycerides by ~18%—robust effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 30407633

Crossover feeding trial showed consistent ~24% TAG reduction with dietary DHA across genotypes (robust evidence).

PubMed ID: 30227610

Dialysis patients given 2 g/d marine n‑3 had significant triglyceride reductions (~0.33 mmol/L, ≈17%).

PubMed ID: 29713249

Small T2DM trial documented ~17% fasting triglyceride reduction (supportive evidence).

PubMed ID: 30203029

SMEDS formulation RCT produced greater incorporation of EPA/DHA and a larger rise in the omega‑3 index vs standard EE, supporting improved blood omega‑3 status and downstream lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 30297663

Placebo‑controlled trial demonstrated ~23% triglyceride lowering and large VLDL‑TG reductions at 1 g/day DHA (strong lipid‑lowering evidence).

PubMed ID: 28778393

Rapid doubling of omega‑3 index after supplementation implies expected favorable effects on triglycerides/ECM of blood fats (biomarker evidence).

PubMed ID: 28112528

Omega‑3 reduced LDL and hs‑CRP in CAD patients over 8 weeks—supportive of improved blood fat profile.

PubMed ID: 28648475

DHA markedly lowered fasting triglycerides (~40–45%) in treated HIV patients (sustained effect).

PubMed ID: 28710178

Lovaza lowered triglycerides and attenuated albuminuria progression in diabetics — meaningful metabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 29246960

High‑dose EPA+DHA significantly lowered triglycerides (median −14.3%) and affected plaque progression in a large RCT.

PubMed ID: 28515020

High‑dose DHA raised the red‑cell Omega‑3 Index more than equivalent EPA—strong biomarker effect on blood fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 27404516

Metabolomics study linked fish‑oil–induced CMPF and EPA/DHA increases to triglyceride reductions in T2D subjects.

PubMed ID: 28457318

High‑dose fish oil produced a large absolute increase in the omega‑3 index (RBC EPA+DHA) — relevant biomarker for blood‑fat profile.

PubMed ID: 28063515

Supplementation increased adiponectin and led to lipid/glucose improvements in certain subgroups—supportive in responders.

PubMed ID: 27600795

Large RCT (Omacor) produced ~30% triglyceride reductions—robust, clinically meaningful effect on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 27721230

Omega‑3s altered triglycerides and total cholesterol in hemodialysis patients—lipid changes observed.

PubMed ID: 27913872

In diabetics fish oil lowered TGs and raised HDL—supportive evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 27281302

DHA improved triglycerides and HDL but raised LDL; consistent lipid effects versus EPA in crossover trial.

PubMed ID: 27733252

DHA lowered postprandial TG ~20% while EPA lowered Lp‑PLA2—clear effects on lipid and inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 26262712

Fish oil + vitamin E lowered total and LDL cholesterol in menopausal‑transition women; fish oil alone raised oxidative marker—mixed but lipid effect present.

PubMed ID: 27084093

Higher whole‑blood DHA associated with lower TG in schoolchildren—observational support for lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 26697137

Enteral n‑3 feeding in elderly lowered triglycerides and tended to increase RBC n‑3 — beneficial effects on circulating lipids.

PubMed ID: 26019023

EPA+DHA addition to plant-sterol spread dose-dependently reduced VLDL-TG and VLDL-Chol in large (atherogenic) VLDL particles—detailed lipid-subclass improvements.

PubMed ID: 26247967

RBC DPA inversely correlated with triglycerides and rose dose‑dependently after supplementation (biomarker link to lipid effects).

PubMed ID: 26222126

TAK‑085 produced dose‑dependent favorable shifts (↓sd‑LDL, ↑lb‑LDL, ↑mean LDL diameter) — clear improvement in lipid phenotype.

PubMed ID: 25852206

High‑dose EPA+DHA lowered triglycerides (~−19%) in insulin‑resistant adults — robust TG lowering demonstrated.

PubMed ID: 26328624

Large RCT in statin‑treated patients showed dose‑dependent reductions in VLDL, ApoCIII and favorable LDL particle changes with 2–4 g/day omega‑3 — strong effect on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 26620373

DHA‑enriched canola oil decreased PCSK9 and triglycerides in metabolic‑syndrome subjects — clear favourable lipid regulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 24655487

Oily fish or capsules increased RBC EPA/DHA (omega‑3 index), indicating improved blood fatty‑acid profile.

PubMed ID: 25528432

DHA altered LDL cholesteryl‑ester fatty‑acid composition (increased EPA/DHA in LDL CE)—lipid composition change relevant to blood fats.

PubMed ID: 25123060

Randomized trial: microalgal DHA+EPA and standard fish oil both lowered triglycerides ~19–23%—strong evidence for improving blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 25122648

Dose‑dependent, clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions (~9–16%) and RBC EPA+DHA increases when omega‑3 added to spread.

PubMed ID: 24830830

Well‑powered trial showed large, dose‑dependent increases in RBC EPA and n‑3 index and large AA/EPA ratio reductions (biomarkers linked to lipid effects).

PubMed ID: 24829493

DHA‑enriched oil produced marked triglyceride reductions (~−20.7%) and increased HDL — strong clinical lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 24461313

Large 12‑week krill oil RCT showed modest (~10%) fasting triglyceride lowering without LDL‑C increase—clinically relevant lipid improvement.

PubMed ID: 24228803

Small preliminary RCT in hyperlipidemic children: DHA improved HDL, total cholesterol/HDL ratio and reduced triglycerides—direct lipid benefits though small sample.

PubMed ID: 24299019

Mechanistic RCT: 4 g/day ω‑3 added to statin markedly reduced VLDL‑TG production and increased clearance—strong evidence for improving triglyceride‑rich lipoproteins.

PubMed ID: 24314359

52‑week trial showed sustained triglyceride lowering with TAK‑085 4 g/day and good tolerability.

PubMed ID: 23725919

TAK‑085 4 g/day produced large, statistically significant triglyceride reductions in adults with hypertriglyceridemia.

PubMed ID: 23733443

Fish oil substantially raised erythrocyte DHA; biomarker increases indicate improved blood fatty‑acid composition.

PubMed ID: 24252845

Dose‑response RCT produced clear, dose‑dependent increases in RBC EPA+DHA (omega‑3 index), directly improving blood fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 23426033

Maternal 600 mg/day DHA raised maternal/cord DHA (RBC) substantially — favorable blood‑fat transfer in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 23817470

DHA lowered fasting triglycerides by ~28% in healthy adults — strong lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 23238663

Fish oil reduced plasma triglycerides in hypertensive diabetic subjects (and lowered platelet oxidative stress).

PubMed ID: 22669332

Lovaza produced significant triglyceride lowering and HDL raising — clear healthy blood‑fat benefit.

PubMed ID: 22929118

3 months FO doubled RBC omega-3 index and altered lipid-pathway gene expression — strong biomarker/lipid-pathway support.

PubMed ID: 22348468

Infant FO raised erythrocyte and plasma DHA — direct evidence of changing blood LC-PUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 22653220

JELIS subanalysis showed modest positive correlation between DHA rises and LDL increases — relevant to blood-fat profile complexity.

PubMed ID: 22892157

In metabolic syndrome, prescription OM3 reduced TGs (~−13%) and combined therapy strongly reduced TGs — clear lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 22932281

Well-controlled dose-response study demonstrating graded incorporation of EPA/DHA into plasma, platelets, RBCs — direct blood-fat biomarker effect.

PubMed ID: 21297494

POM3 (4 g/day) reduced triglycerides/VLDL with small LDL rise — consistent beneficial TG effects on blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 21924882

High‑dose fish oil produced large (~26%) TG reductions but increased LDL‑C — strong effect on blood fats (mixed clinical implications).

PubMed ID: 21640360

In PCOS patients fish oil lowered TGs but tended to worsen insulin sensitivity — direct but mixed effects on lipid/metabolic profile.

PubMed ID: 22108152

Strong RCT evidence: adding prescription ω‑3 to statin shifted LDL to larger particles and lowered ApoCIII and Lp‑PLA2 — clear improvement in atherogenic lipoprotein profile.

PubMed ID: 21683321

AMR101 produced large, consistent triglyceride reductions (median placebo‑corrected −33.1% at 4 g/day) — very strong evidence for improving blood fats.

PubMed ID: 21862301

rTAG formulation lowered fasting TGs over 6 months in statin‑treated dyslipidemic patients — favorable formulation‑specific lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 22212377

4 g/day EPA+DHA produced a large, significant triglyceride reduction in HAART‑treated patients.

PubMed ID: 21865334

Highest tested dose modestly lowered triglycerides over 12 months.

PubMed ID: 20652432

Seal oil altered platelet fatty acids, decreased p‑selectin and improved TAG/HDL over 2 weeks.

PubMed ID: 20420756

8‑week drink (200 mg EPA + 300 mg DHA) substantially raised erythrocyte n‑3 index in atherosclerotic patients.

PubMed ID: 21063431

RCT showed rTAG form produces greater RBC EPA+DHA increases than ethyl esters—improves tissue ω‑3 status.

PubMed ID: 21178084

Isolated DHA improved VLDL/LDL/HDL particle sizes and lowered total and VLDL triglycerides in overweight/obese adults.

PubMed ID: 20877395

4 g/day omega-3 added to simvastatin produced a large (≈41%) additional triglyceride reduction vs simvastatin alone.

PubMed ID: 19593941

One‑gram/day fish oil for 6 months improved triglycerides and other lipid markers in metabolic syndrome, a clear effect on blood fats.

PubMed ID: 19915202

EPA+DHA rapidly and substantially reduced plasma n‑6/n‑3 ratio over 4 weeks, a strong biomarker change supporting healthier fatty acid profile.

PubMed ID: 19685375

Randomized trial in HIV patients showed a modest but significant triglyceride reduction (p=0.03) with fish oil — direct lipid improvement.

PubMed ID: 19573960

Enteral EPA/DHA increased plasma incorporation and normalized plasma TAG after 3 months in elderly patients.

PubMed ID: 18271691

Low‑dose fish oil during weight loss prevented unfavorable serum FA changes and increased EPA/DHA proportions in serum — clear effect on blood lipid composition.

PubMed ID: 19084376

One‑year randomized trial of milk enriched with fish oil and other components reduced triglycerides and improved HDL/LDL markers.

PubMed ID: 18490931

In a weight‑loss trial, oily fish (salmon) produced greater TG reductions than no fish; fish oil capsules had smaller/borderline effects — supports TG lowering in diet context.

PubMed ID: 18589030

Algal-oil capsules and cooked salmon raised plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte DHA substantially over 2 weeks, demonstrating efficient delivery of blood omega‑3s.

PubMed ID: 17199721

Overweight-women trial lowered TGs along with inflammation and improved insulin response.

PubMed ID: 17179770

Clear, large and rapid triglyceride reductions in hypertriglyceridemic HIV patients (strong support).

PubMed ID: 17393216

High-dose DHA added to statins lowered triglycerides by ~27% — robust TG-lowering effect.

PubMed ID: 17977469

Dose-response DHA trial produced large graded reductions in triglycerides per g/day DHA.

PubMed ID: 17684201

Randomized trial in hypertriglyceridemic men showed large TG reductions (−24%) and marked decreases in large VLDL and small dense LDL particles.

PubMed ID: 16571158

DHA-rich microalgae oil lowered triglycerides by ~23% in vegetarians (but raised LDL/total cholesterol).

PubMed ID: 17229894

Cardioprotective doses of omega-3s significantly lowered triglycerides (~19–22%) in CAD patients.

PubMed ID: 16806871

More concentrated omega-3 formulations resulted in greater serum EPA/DHA incorporation and larger short-term TG/VLDL reductions.

PubMed ID: 15930485

1.52 g/day DHA reduced triglycerides and small dense LDL but raised LDL and total cholesterol — mixed but strong effect on some lipid fractions.

PubMed ID: 16296399

Doubled omega-3 index in vegetarians — reiteration of strong blood-fat status improvement (included again due to direct relevance).

PubMed ID: 15656713

Krill oil produced improvements in total cholesterol, TG, LDL and HDL vs fish oil/placebo in an RCT (krill ≠ fish oil but lipid benefit reported).

PubMed ID: 15113713

DHA lowered TG (−20%), raised HDL (+8%) and improved TG:HDL ratio in postmenopausal women (crossover RCT).

PubMed ID: 15469651

DHA produced a significant 22% triglyceride reduction and favorable phospholipid incorporation—strong lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 12499320

EPA+DHA regimens lowered triglycerides; one combination reduced LDL by ~11% (small study).

PubMed ID: 14639800

DHA‑enriched eggs lowered triglycerides (~12%) and modestly raised HDL in a randomized trial.

PubMed ID: 12562865

Accelerated chylomicron TG clearance and large reductions in apoB48/100 indicate improved postprandial lipid handling.

PubMed ID: 12399272

EPA/DHA lowered triglycerides and raised HDL2 in hypertensive diabetics (but with an adverse short-term fasting glucose rise).

PubMed ID: 12036817

Dietary n‑3 enriched eggs raised erythrocyte DHA by ~30–40%, improving tissue/blood fatty‑acid profile.

PubMed ID: 11383326

Addition of omega-3 to atorvastatin improved some lipid fractions and postprandial TG versus baseline, though not vs placebo in small trial.

PubMed ID: 11303007

One-year Omacor data showed sustained ~20–40% reductions in triglycerides/VLDL in CHD patients on simvastatin.

PubMed ID: 10938022

Strong crossover trial: 3 g/day fish oil produced large reductions in fasting and postprandial triglycerides and small dense LDL.

PubMed ID: 10919932

4 g/day EPA+DHA reduced serum triglycerides by 26% and improved TG:HDL ratio—robust lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 10799369

EPA and DHA significantly lowered TGs; DHA uniquely raised HDL2 and increased LDL particle size while increasing LDL‑C.

PubMed ID: 9168460

Raised blood EPA/DHA markedly (but increased lipid peroxidation markers) — biochemical support for blood‑fat change.

PubMed ID: 9252957

Consistent dose‑related incorporation of dietary EPA/DHA into plasma, RBCs and platelets — biomarker support for lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 8729093

Clear randomized evidence that EPA lowers TG/VLDL while DHA affects HDL subfractions — strong lipid evidence.

PubMed ID: 8933125

Clear reductions in fasting and postprandial triglycerides and a large increase in HDL2/HDL3 ratio—strong lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 7891046

Omega-3 concentrate reduced triglycerides by ~28% and increased HDL — clear, clinically meaningful improvements in blood fats.

PubMed ID: 7486485

Fish oil lowered triglycerides in hypertensive adults — supports blood-fat improvements in this population.

PubMed ID: 8021472

Raised HDL2 cholesterol in a large trial (esp. in women) — modest favorable effect on blood lipoproteins.

PubMed ID: 7939369

Median triglycerides decreased by ~33% over 6 months after CABG—strong triglyceride‑lowering evidence.

PubMed ID: 1617510

Marked triglyceride lowering in coronary disease patients in a large randomized study.

PubMed ID: 1534256

Large RCT with ~21% triglyceride lowering and modest HDL increase — robust evidence for improving blood lipids.

PubMed ID: 2195704

Concentrated fish oil markedly lowered triglycerides (~19.5%) and tended to improve HDL/total cholesterol — strong lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 22929118

3-month FO doubled omega-3 index and changed expression of immune/inflammatory pathways — consistent anti-inflammatory biology.

PubMed ID: 18054848

n‑3 PUFA + diet reduced TNF‑α and improved inflammatory/insulin markers in NAFLD trial.

PubMed ID: 19009658

Seal‑oil RCT improved symptoms and liver inflammation markers consistent with anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 21233083

DHA in children with NAFLD improved metabolic/inflammatory markers alongside reduced steatosis.

PubMed ID: 23155344

Perioperative ω-3 nutrition associated with reduced infections and improved markers consistent with less inflammation.

PubMed ID: 26403745

Fish-oil–containing lipid emulsion in ICU reduced CRP and IL-6 and shortened ICU stay.

PubMed ID: 27322311

Postoperative fish-oil nutrition reduced inflammation and complications after hepatectomy.

PubMed ID: 29941233

IV fish oil in very preterm infants decreased IL-1β/IL-6 and reduced BPD incidence—strong anti-inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 30638739

In critical illness EPA/DHA incorporation correlated inversely with SOFA; liver enzymes and inflammatory signals improved.

PubMed ID: 31679359

Combined fish+walnut improved inflammatory/coagulation markers during weight loss vs single interventions.

PubMed ID: 35067753

Fish oil reduced TNF-α in NAFLD trial, indicating decreased inflammation.

PubMed ID: 36279014

FO increased a phosphatidylcholine species that correlated inversely with ALT, TAG and inflammatory cytokines (IL‑1β, TNF‑α).

PubMed ID: 23886520

Randomized diet increasing n‑3 and lowering n‑6 reduced headache days and impact and raised blood EPA/DHA — clinical anti‑inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 24675168

Dietary lowering of n‑6 with increased EPA/DHA produced marked rises in EPA/DHA and a 20% drop in AA — a strong biochemical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 27452639

Six months fish oil raised EPA/DHA and shifted oxylipin/endocannabinoid profiles toward n‑3–derived mediators (mechanistic anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 31546768

Mediterranean diet increased plasma EPA/DHA and was associated with lower TNF‑α and decreased SFAs—anti‑inflammatory changes.

PubMed ID: 38100748

Controlled feeding RCT: adding EPA/DHA reduced arachidonic acid (substrate for pro‑inflammatory eicosanoids) and increased DHA-derived ECBs.

PubMed ID: 40600308

High‑ω‑3/low‑ω‑6 diet reduced headache days/pain and increased DHA‑derived anti‑nociceptive mediators—clinically meaningful inflammatory pain reduction.

PubMed ID: 12720588

Dose‑response trial showed reduced IL‑6 production at moderate fish‑oil doses—a direct anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 12576957

EPA-containing enteral diet in ARDS lowered BALF IL-8 and other markers and improved oxygenation (reduced lung inflammation).

PubMed ID: 17664057

Low‑dose PUFA blend decreased pro‑inflammatory LTB4 and PGE1 (biochemical anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 24121184

Omega‑3 containing lipid emulsion in infants increased EPA and correlated with decreases in LTB4 and early PCT, showing anti‑inflammatory effects post‑op.

PubMed ID: 24027184

Cohort data: higher long‑term PUFA intakes (including n‑3) associated with substantially lower odds of elevated CRP 12 years later.

PubMed ID: 24553997

Omega‑3 supplementation lowered inflammatory and non‑inflammatory acne lesion counts and reduced IL‑8 staining.

PubMed ID: 25240692

DHA‑enriched dietary oil reduced IL1B expression and hs‑CRP and increased adiponectin — anti‑inflammatory signals.

PubMed ID: 26378118

ω‑3 enriched IV fat in preterms lowered IL‑6/IL‑8 and shifted fatty acid profile toward ω‑3.

PubMed ID: 28346333

Fish oil reduced RA disease activity and pain with clear anti‑inflammatory clinical effects.

PubMed ID: 28287415

SDA (Ahiflower) oil increased anti‑inflammatory IL‑10 production ex vivo along with EPA/DPA rises.

PubMed ID: 29849178

Rapid, dose‑dependent EPA/DHA incorporation and short‑term triglyceride decline—supports anti‑inflammatory effects via lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 29633621

Omega‑3 enriched eggs reduced hsCRP and other inflammatory markers alongside improved microvascular function.

PubMed ID: 30900815

Dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering and reduction of PBMC IL‑6 production with EPA+DHA—strong anti‑inflammatory clinical trial evidence.

PubMed ID: 32512364

Fatty‑fish intake raised multiple EPA/DHA‑derived anti‑inflammatory lipid mediators—clear biochemical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 37892536

Substantial linseed ALA increased EPA but lowered DHA and altered n‑6/n‑3 ratio—biochemical shifts relevant to inflammation.

PubMed ID: 38081585

Long RCT showed increased ALA/EPA oxylipins and decreased pro‑inflammatory n‑6 HETEs—mechanistic anti‑inflammatory profile.

PubMed ID: 41373925

Clear RCT evidence of reduced TNF‑α and IL‑6 and increased IL‑10 after marine ω‑3 supplementation.

PubMed ID: 2123355

Dietary fish (mackerel) shifted eicosanoids away from pro-thrombotic/pro-inflammatory TX toward EPA-derived prostacyclin-type metabolites.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Long-term fish oil raised EPA and reduced triglycerides; biochemical profile changes are consistent with anti-inflammatory potential.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Clear reduction in neutrophil LTB4 (proinflammatory mediator) and platelet effects.

PubMed ID: 7958682

Reduced rectal mucosal proliferation and decreased mucosal arachidonic acid with increased EPA/DHA (anti-inflammatory tissue changes).

PubMed ID: 8720373

Short-term n‑3 supplementation increased tissue EPA and significantly reduced gingival index (objective inflammation reduction).

PubMed ID: 9555791

IV omega‑3 for 14 days reduced psoriasis severity and shifted eicosanoid production toward less inflammatory species.

PubMed ID: 12852710

GLA+EPA emulsion inhibited leukotriene biosynthesis and prevented GLA-induced AA rise; direct anti-inflammatory mechanism.

PubMed ID: 12553951

Postoperative RCT with omega‑3 TPN increased LTB5 and LTB5/LTB4 ratio indicating reduced proinflammatory 5‑series leukotriene signaling.

PubMed ID: 15531659

Crohn's RCT: PBMC EPA/DHA increased and proinflammatory IFN‑γ and PGE2 production decreased.

PubMed ID: 15239141

Postop FO‑TPN produced improved biochemical recovery (liver/pancreas tests), consistent with lower inflammatory stress.

PubMed ID: 16041475

Postoperative emulsion increased n‑3 phospholipids, shifted leukotrienes and shortened hospital stay.

PubMed ID: 16437657

Omega‑3 added to mesalazine significantly reduced relapses in pediatric Crohn's, reflecting reduced inflammatory activity.

PubMed ID: 19390480

Maternal omega‑3 decreased LPS‑stimulated PGE2 release—a clear reduction in a pro‑inflammatory mediator.

PubMed ID: 20639712

n‑3 supplementation reduced ESR and IL‑8 and affected airway NO in CF patients—clinically relevant inflammatory marker changes.

PubMed ID: 21816071

3 g/day n‑3 LC‑PUFA decreased DAS28 and pain in inflammatory arthritis with large biochemical incorporation—strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 21296957

Fish oil increased EPA/DHA‑derived metabolites (pro‑resolving mediators) and altered eicosanoid profiles.

PubMed ID: 24311515

EPA supplementation shifted skin eicosanoids (lower PGE2, higher PGE3/12‑HEPE) indicating reduced pro‑inflammatory signalling in skin.

PubMed ID: 24589090

Preoperative fish‑oil immunonutrition lowered PGE2 and reduced infectious complications—clinical and mechanistic anti‑inflammatory signals.

PubMed ID: 24736647

Fish oil increased neutrophil electrophilic ω‑3 derivatives—potent anti‑inflammatory mediators—strong mechanistic evidence.

PubMed ID: 26103129

n‑3 reduced 20‑HETE and F2‑isoprostanes in CKD; these biochemical reductions predicted blood‑pressure falls—robust anti‑inflammatory/oxidative evidence.

PubMed ID: 25926387

Observational data: higher serum EPA/DHA associated with markedly lower intraprostatic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 27865182

High‑dose EPA started after PCI reduced cardiovascular events and raised EPA/AA ratio—consistent with anti‑inflammatory cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 27637335

IV fish oil in sepsis rapidly altered EPA/DHA incorporation and AA/(EPA+DHA) ratios; ratio changes correlated with survival (anti‑inflammatory implication).

PubMed ID: 28302406

RA RCT showed clinical improvement and lipid mediator shifts toward pro‑resolution (strong anti‑inflammatory evidence).

PubMed ID: 29471285

DHA markedly reduced triglycerides and both systemic and adipose inflammation markers in treated HIV patients.

PubMed ID: 30217048

Intervention lowered AA/EPA inflammatory ratio alongside improved metabolic/NAFLD outcomes.

PubMed ID: 31006007

Dose‑ranging RCT showed linear, strong increases in anti‑inflammatory EPA/DHA‑derived oxylipins — robust mechanistic anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 30914500

Small RCT in AAA: omega‑3 lowered RBC AA and reduced RDW, indicating a less proinflammatory blood profile.

PubMed ID: 30640206

Fish oil raised RBC n‑3 and transiently lowered urinary PGE‑M and rectal PGE2 in non‑NSAID users — evidence of reduced prostaglandin‑mediated inflammation.

PubMed ID: 33316626

Dose‑dependent EPA increases and rises in SPMs with concordant AA reductions demonstrate a strong biochemical anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 36473425

ARA+DHA shortened respiratory support in preterms, consistent with reduced inflammatory lung injury.

PubMed ID: 36309727

Fish‑oil attenuated PM2.5‑triggered increases in pro‑inflammatory AA metabolites and preserved DHA metabolites in a randomized mechanistic trial.

PubMed ID: 35247847

Twelve‑week EPA/DHA intervention raised tissue SPMs and downregulated inflammatory gene expression in subcutaneous fat (strong tissue anti‑inflammatory signals).

PubMed ID: 37121228

Enteral ARA+DHA in very preterm infants reduced IL‑6 burden (AUC) and transiently lowered other cytokines—randomized evidence of reduced systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 38377640

Substudy showed higher serum AA associated with less severe BPD and no increase in pulmonary morbidity with supplementation, implicating fatty‑acid effects on inflammation.

PubMed ID: 38603973

High‑dimensional proteomics revealed widespread associations between serum AA/DHA and many inflammation‑related proteins over the neonatal period.

PubMed ID: 1377838

Immune‑enhancing feed including omega‑3 reduced infections and improved outcomes likely via anti‑inflammatory/immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 10574478

Perioperative group had lower IL‑6 and other inflammatory markers with arginine + omega‑3 formula.

PubMed ID: 10752808

Septic ICU trial with enriched formula showed fewer infections and deaths, consistent with reduced inflammatory/clinical burden.

PubMed ID: 11819790

Post‑op GI cancer patients had lower CRP, IL‑6 and TNF‑α after immunonutrition that included omega‑3s.

PubMed ID: 15851366

Decreases in IL‑6 and TNF‑α reported post‑op with immunonutrition including omega‑3s.

PubMed ID: 19629583

Perioperative arginine+omega‑3 shortened SIRS duration—evidence of reduced systemic inflammatory response (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 24274379

Enteral immunonutrition including ω‑3 blunted rises in CRP and TNF during chemoradiotherapy—clear clinical anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 27578110

DHA fish oil reduced sCD163 (macrophage activation marker) in T2D—a meaningful anti‑inflammatory biomarker change.

PubMed ID: 27038614

Multimodal fast‑track protocol with preop immune nutrition (including fish oil) reduced CRP after hip replacement (multi‑component intervention).

PubMed ID: 26965712

EPA‑enriched immunonutrition raised resolvin E1 and lowered IL‑6 after major liver surgery—mechanistic and clinical anti‑inflammatory signals.

PubMed ID: 39181037

EPA/DHA (with HMB) lowered several proinflammatory cytokines in COPD patients.

PubMed ID: 40671417

Krill oil lowered TNF‑α and CRP during weight‑loss program—direct reductions in inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 19390588

Fatty fish intake reduced ceramides/DGs/lysoPCs linked to inflammation and insulin resistance (robust lipidomic signal).

PubMed ID: 20797476

Daily oily fish reduced IL‑6 and improved lipid/inflammatory profile in dyslipidemic men.

PubMed ID: 22221492

Eight weeks of oily‑fish intake in dyslipidemic women increased EPA+DHA and decreased TNF‑α and IL‑6—direct anti‑inflammatory biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 12947433

Carotenoid + fish oil reduced oxidative damage markers and enhanced TG lowering versus fish oil alone—supports reduced oxidative/inflammatory stress when combined with antioxidants.

PubMed ID: 21870174

Diet including fatty fish lowered hsCRP and endothelial activation marker (E‑selectin) in at‑risk adults.

PubMed ID: 10470743

Enteral EPA‑containing formula markedly reduced bronchoalveolar neutrophils and clinical organ failure in ARDS (strong anti‑inflammatory signal; combined formula).

PubMed ID: 37686880

Clinical reduction in knee pain/function suggests anti‑inflammatory action in osteoarthritic symptoms with omega‑3 product.

PubMed ID: 23123043

Short trial showed rapid EPA/DHA incorporation and decreased proinflammatory PGE2 in radiotherapy patients.

PubMed ID: 39710576

Cereal product including omega‑3 reduced fecal calprotectin and fasting LPS — reduced gut inflammation.

PubMed ID: 9042869

Strong RCT evidence of shifts to less proinflammatory leukotrienes and lower TNF‑α after omega‑3 enriched nutrition.

PubMed ID: 17596121

Maternal fish-oil lowered neonatal leukotriene production and correlated with lower neonatal proinflammatory cytokine output.

PubMed ID: 27041244

Addition of ω‑3 decreased IL‑8 in dyslipidemia patients—anti‑inflammatory signal despite mixed VEGF result.

PubMed ID: 27903997

Reduction in VCAM (inflammatory marker) in hemodialysis patients after omega‑3 supplementation.

PubMed ID: 29577973

High‑dose n‑3 in CKD increased specialized pro‑resolving mediators and reduced plasma MPO (RCT mechanistic evidence of reduced inflammation).

PubMed ID: 39377412

Fibromyalgia trial showed symptom improvement and correlated rises in Ca/Mg; implies reduced inflammatory pain processes.

PubMed ID: 37458648

In β‑thalassemia children omega‑3 (with Manuka honey) reduced oxidative‑stress marker 8‑iso‑PGF2α and hemolysis marker—anti‑oxidative/anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 8604913

Postoperative cancer patients fed fish‑oil formula had fewer infections and lower inflammatory complications—clinically relevant inflammation reduction.

PubMed ID: 8614301

Marine oils reduced TNF and other inflammatory/coagulation markers in a large randomized supplementation study.

PubMed ID: 18362100

Cod liver oil allowed NSAID reduction in RA (suggests symptom/inflammation reduction despite unchanged activity scores).

PubMed ID: 31956660

Cod‑liver oil reduced hs‑CRP and other inflammation markers in pregnant women with GDM — clear anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 25908532

Marked increases in specialized proresolving lipid mediators after omega‑3 (biomarker evidence of anti‑inflammatory activity).

PubMed ID: 27007392

Omega‑3 reduced plasma F2‑isoprostanes and altered telomere length in CKD—evidence of reduced oxidative/inflammatory stress.

PubMed ID: 28541926

Omega‑3 (±CoQ10) reduced hsCRP and IL‑6 in statin‑treated dyslipidemia patients (pilot RCT).

PubMed ID: 15290734

Fish oil slightly reduced SLE activity (clinical inflammation index) though lab immunologic indices unchanged.

PubMed ID: 35958557

Subcutaneous adipose transcriptome showed downregulation of inflammatory genes after 12 weeks of high‑dose n‑3 (human tissue evidence).

PubMed ID: 36724726

Collagen+ω‑3 lowered hs‑CRP/pre‑albumin ratio and prevented adiponectin decline after burns (anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 37326413

Combination FO+probiotics produced modest increases in select colostrum immune mediators and small inflammatory changes.

PubMed ID: 32380746

n‑3/CLA‑enriched cheese (with lifestyle program) produced ~36% CRP reduction (anti‑inflammatory marker).

PubMed ID: 14652498

DHA plus antioxidants reduced post‑exercise IL‑6 and CRP versus placebo.

PubMed ID: 21358504

Omega‑3 supplementation blunted several exercise‑induced inflammatory and muscle‑damage responses.

PubMed ID: 25029008

DHA modestly lowered IL‑6 after eccentric exercise—evidence of reduced inflammatory response.

PubMed ID: 34842343

Pediatric trial: ω‑3 reduced MDA and preserved antioxidant markers vs control during doxorubicin exposure (anti‑oxidant/anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 28478481

ω‑3 + nano‑curcumin markedly downregulated TNF‑α mRNA and serum TNF‑α (strong anti‑inflammatory combination effect).

PubMed ID: 29938621

ω‑3 and/or nanocurcumin lowered IL‑6 expression and hs‑CRP in migraine patients, largest effect with combination.

PubMed ID: 29237386

ω‑3 reduced ICAM-1 serum levels (inflammation/adhesion) and combo reduced migraine frequency — supports anti-inflammatory activity.

PubMed ID: 30760195

ω‑3 + nano-curcumin downregulated COX-2 and iNOS and reduced migraine frequency — strong inflammatory-marker and clinical improvement.

PubMed ID: 38589346

In T2D patients high‑EPA fish oil reduced hs‑CRP and improved antioxidant capacity—robust anti‑inflammatory biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 25498245

Infant RCT: fish oil reduced stimulated IL‑6 in some genetic subgroups—anti‑inflammatory signal in early life immune responses.

PubMed ID: 2363736

Clear dose-dependent reductions in inflammatory mediators (LTB4, IL-1) and clinical joint signs in RA — strong anti-inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 1464864

Omega-3 improved morning stiffness and global assessments in RA alongside expected anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

PubMed ID: 8220938

RA patients required much less NSAID use over 12 months, consistent with clinically meaningful anti‑inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 7918310

Substantial and sustained reduction in monocyte tissue factor activity indicates a strong anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 8050452

High‑dose FO lowered CD25 expression on stimulated T cells in inflammatory skin disease—anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 14583341

EPA/DHA reduced urinary F2‑isoprostanes (oxidative-stress marker) in hypertensive diabetics.

PubMed ID: 17720098

IL‑6 and WBC declines observed in dialysis patients, though intervention combined DHA and gamma‑tocopherol.

PubMed ID: 17875549

SLE RCT produced significant decreases in disease activity and oxidative stress markers.

PubMed ID: 17199721

Overweight-women trial lowered CRP and IL-6 along with TGs.

PubMed ID: 19515734

1.8 g/day EPA+DHA produced broad anti‑inflammatory and anti‑atherogenic shifts in immune‑cell gene expression (genome‑wide effect).

PubMed ID: 19685375

Shift toward anti‑inflammatory leukotriene LTB5 and improved LTB5/LTB4 ratio in HIV patients indicates inflammatory profile improvement.

PubMed ID: 19158225

DHA supplementation significantly reduced neutrophils, CRP (‑15%) and IL‑6 (‑23%) in hypertriglyceridemic men — strong anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 19461006

EPA+DHA reduced CRP over 6 months in dialysis patients, supporting systemic anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 19593941

hs‑CRP decreased in metabolic syndrome subjects on fish oil, consistent with reduced inflammation.

PubMed ID: 19595382

Large randomized 3‑year trial reported ≈10% reduction in IL‑18 with n‑3 supplementation, consistent anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 20542512

EPA incorporated into carotid plaques and was linked to lower plaque inflammation and reduced inflammatory mRNA markers.

PubMed ID: 20545703

Children with asthma showed reduced exhaled NO and improved airway responsiveness markers.

PubMed ID: 20572767

Periodontitis RCT decreased local inflammatory markers (RANKL, MMP‑8) with clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 22136963

Large TNF‑α reduction (≈60%) after perioperative EPA/DHA lipid emulsion — strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 22079797

Septic neonate study lowered IL‑1β and was associated with milder clinical course, consistent with anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 22160495

Preservation/improvement of neutrophil function during chemotherapy indicates anti‑inflammatory/immune‑protective effects.

PubMed ID: 22114792

Chemotherapy study showed reductions in CRP and IL‑6 with EPA+DHA — clear anti‑inflammatory signal in patients.

PubMed ID: 22285316

Small CKD RCT reduced IL-1β (borderline) but not IL-6/TNF-α — modest anti-inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 23023905

8-week FO in T2D lowered TNF-α and IL-2 significantly, indicating short-term anti-inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 23238663

In hypertensive diabetic patients fish oil lowered platelet oxidative stress markers and triglycerides — anti-inflammatory vascular effect.

PubMed ID: 24568073

Significant reductions in CRP and IL-6 in children taking EPA+DHA — clear anti-inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 23916928

Combined fish oil + vitamins markedly lowered post‑op oxidative stress and inflammation markers (trial included combined antioxidants).

PubMed ID: 24190860

High‑dose omega‑3 reduced febrile response to endotoxin and trended to lower multiple inflammatory biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 24259553

Study found that high responders to supplementation (linked to diet) had larger EPA incorporation and greater reductions in plasma triglycerides, VLDL size and monocyte LTB4 (inflammatory mediator).

PubMed ID: 23328126

12‑week RCT showed decreased adipose macrophages, lower plasma MCP‑1, and increased capillaries—clear tissue‑level anti‑inflammatory remodeling.

PubMed ID: 23351824

Supplementation substantially raised blood EPA/DHA and was associated with reductions in pentraxin‑3 (an inflammatory marker).

PubMed ID: 23861993

Marked, consistent reductions in TNFα, IL‑1β, IL‑6 and NO metabolites over 12 months in MS patients indicate robust anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 24970858

DHA reduced local gingival inflammation markers (GCF hsCRP, IL‑1β) and clinical gingival indices in periodontitis trial.

PubMed ID: 25268838

Preoperative n‑3 markedly increased less‑inflammatory leukotriene/metabolite profiles (LTB5, 5‑HEPE) and decreased pro‑inflammatory LTB4.

PubMed ID: 25204316

Reduced LPS‑induced chemokine responses (RANTES, MCP‑1) in PBMCs of dialysis patients without systemic CRP/IL‑6 changes.

PubMed ID: 24613294

Small anti‑inflammatory biomarker changes (ferritin, IL‑10/IL‑6 ratio) observed in dialysis patients with fish oil.

PubMed ID: 24641624

PBMC gene expression shifts reflect reduced pro‑inflammatory pathway activity after 7 weeks FO.

PubMed ID: 24655407

Omega‑3 PN blunted postoperative rises in IL‑6/TNFα/WBC and reduced infections—strong anti‑inflammatory clinical signal.

PubMed ID: 25307169

Omega‑3 supplement with diet reduced airway neutrophils and improved respiratory scores in horses (anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 24746829

Higher long‑chain n‑3 intake associated with decreased hs‑CRP and improved endothelial/inflammatory markers (observational/within‑trial evidence).

PubMed ID: 26340264

In obese pregnant women omega‑3 substantially lowered CRP and multiple inflammatory genes in adipose and placenta (strong anti‑inflammatory evidence).

PubMed ID: 26247967

RBC DPA inversely associated with CRP and triglycerides and rose dose‑dependently after EPA/DHA supplementation.

PubMed ID: 25976467

Sickle cell patients showed increased EPA/DHA and decreased NF‑κB and WBC count — meaningful anti‑inflammatory changes.

PubMed ID: 25802980

EPA antidepressant benefit was pronounced in patients with elevated inflammatory markers—links to inflammation modulation and clinical response.

PubMed ID: 27281302

DHA produced stronger, consistent reductions in several inflammatory markers (IL‑18, adiponectin changes) versus EPA—robust anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 27394149

Perioperative enteral DHA reduced cellular inflammatory markers and was associated with fewer sepsis events and shorter ICU stays.

PubMed ID: 27554670

Significant improvements in malnutrition–inflammation score and antioxidant capacity in hemodialysis patients.

PubMed ID: 27817918

Krill/fish oil reduced tear IL‑17A and improved dry‑eye inflammation markers.

PubMed ID: 27310371

NAFLD cohort showed decreased pro‑inflammatory macrophages and improved histologic inflammation with DHA.

PubMed ID: 29031393

Maternal/infant cytokine shifts indicate an anti‑inflammatory pattern with supplementation.

PubMed ID: 28517974

DHA+aspirin improved periodontal clinical outcomes via host‑modulation, implying anti‑inflammatory action in tissues.

PubMed ID: 29173199

Prenatal supplementation increased SPM precursors (18‑HEPE, 17‑HDHA) in cord blood, promoting inflammation resolution at birth.

PubMed ID: 28075381

In older adults with MCI, omega‑3 lowered IL‑6, TNF‑α and sPLA2 over 6 months, indicating reduced systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 28987470

Large reductions in proinflammatory cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6) and large IL‑10 increase in DMD boys indicate strong anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 28758717

EPA+DHA reduced wound neutrophil activation and proteases (MMP‑8, HNE) with trends to improved healing.

PubMed ID: 28651701

n‑3 PUFA increased antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative damage in early schizophrenia, correlating with symptom reduction (anti‑inflammatory/antioxidant effect).

PubMed ID: 28131045

High‑dose EPA/DHA changed anti‑inflammatory gene expression in abdominal obesity (PPARA up, CD14 down).

PubMed ID: 28778393

High‑dose FO in PAD markedly raised omega‑3 index and precursors of specialized pro‑resolving mediators—strong biochemical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 28177133

Adjunct omega‑3 lowered salivary TNF‑α at 6 months in periodontitis, showing local anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 29735019

Large reductions in circulating pro‑inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, IL‑1β, TNF‑α) after 2.5 g/day EPA+DHA in people with chronic wounds (robust anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 29752179

Reported reductions in inflammatory markers in CAD patients treated with EPA+DHA.

PubMed ID: 29385062

Gestational diabetes RCT showed decreased IL‑1 and TNF‑α gene expression and upregulated PPAR‑γ (anti‑inflammatory molecular changes).

PubMed ID: 29940888

Prenatal EPA lowered maternal IL‑6, TNFα and IL‑15 versus placebo — clear anti‑inflammatory signal in humans.

PubMed ID: 30097463

Sickle cell trial showed reductions in inflammatory/coagulation markers (sE‑selectin) and signals toward fewer crises.

PubMed ID: 31831363

DHA increased PPAR‑γ activity in immune cells, a pathway involved in anti‑inflammatory responses (mechanistic support).

PubMed ID: 32867199

High‑dose FO as adjunct to periodontal therapy significantly reduced bleeding on probing, improved attachment and lowered salivary pro‑inflammatory cytokines.

PubMed ID: 32436902

Adjunctive ω‑3 improved periodontal pocket depth and attachment—localized anti‑inflammatory/clinical effect.

PubMed ID: 32044905

Significant reductions in TNF‑α and CRP in hypertensive adults after 90 days.

PubMed ID: 34214231

Reduced AA and altered corticolimbic connectivity; biochemical anti‑inflammatory shifts observed.

PubMed ID: 36005883

High‑dose EPA showed inflammatory biomarker changes correlated with symptom improvements.

PubMed ID: 36414947

Adjunctive omega‑3 in periodontal therapy produced significantly greater reductions in pocket depth and attachment loss, consistent with reduced local inflammation.

PubMed ID: 37026312

Large trial in VDT users improved dry‑eye signs (TBUT, osmolarity, goblet cell density) consistent with reduced ocular surface inflammation.

PubMed ID: 37681568

EPA+DHA reduced neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and neutrophils in normotensive subgroup, indicating systemic anti‑inflammatory effects associated with plaque regression.

PubMed ID: 36904299

High‑dose DHA improved systemic antioxidant capacity and reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, TNF‑α) in keratoconus patients.

PubMed ID: 38051142

EPA or DHA improved some exercise‑recovery measures and impacted inflammation markers vs placebo.

PubMed ID: 36602145

Parenteral EPA/DHA in critically ill patients improved prognostic scores and mortality—consistent with attenuation of harmful inflammation.

PubMed ID: 36635595

In depressed, inflamed individuals, clinical response to EPA correlated with rises in pro‑resolving mediators and CRP reductions.

PubMed ID: 37179297

Adjunctive high‑dose fish oil reduced periodontal inflammation and pathogen counts at early follow‑up.

PubMed ID: 37532570

Self‑emulsifying EPA rapidly raised EPA and EPA‑derived anti‑inflammatory metabolites (strong biomarker signal).

PubMed ID: 38518540

One‑year omega‑3 markedly lowered pro‑inflammatory mediators and increased pro‑resolving precursors (strong biomarker evidence).

PubMed ID: 38732601

Synbiotic+n‑3 produced large rapid rises in specialized pro-resolving mediator precursors—strong mechanistic evidence for resolution of inflammation.

PubMed ID: 38788345

Cetoleic-rich fish oil reduced skin erythema (inflammation) and raised omega-3 index in small pilot trials.

PubMed ID: 41201837

Large trial showed major CV event reductions in dialysis patients — plausible contribution from anti‑inflammatory effects of EPA/DHA.

PubMed ID: 40644954

Multinutrient+ω-3 reduced a composite low-grade inflammation score in older adults (RCT evidence).

PubMed ID: 41515121

Higher blood EPA (and DHA) mediated modest reductions in pain interference—consistent with an anti‑inflammatory mechanism in migraine.

PubMed ID: 40288580

High‑dose EPA+DHA altered adipose oxylipins and reduced triglycerides, indicating shifts in inflammatory lipid mediators.

PubMed ID: 15822041

Supplement including fish oil produced a steroid‑sparing effect in UC, implying reduced inflammatory burden.

PubMed ID: 30052800

Resistance training + omega‑3 diet downregulated IL‑1β and upregulated mTOR — clear anti‑inflammatory molecular signal.

PubMed ID: 1529284

RA study showed biochemical n‑3 increases and reduced NSAID use consistent with lowered inflammatory activity.

PubMed ID: 1353742

Rectal EPA increased and leukotriene B4 synthesis fell markedly in UC, indicating anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 1458789

RA trial demonstrated decreased IL‑1β, an objective inflammatory marker.

PubMed ID: 7935657

High‑dose fish oil slowed progression of IgA nephropathy (likely via anti‑inflammatory effects).

PubMed ID: 8066866

12-week n‑3 PUFA produced small but significant reductions in CRP and some RA symptoms.

PubMed ID: 8003055

One-year omega‑3 improved RA clinical outcomes and reduced need for other anti‑inflammatory meds.

PubMed ID: 7639807

RA trial showed reduced IL‑1β and marked clinical improvement — clear anti-inflammatory effect in inflammatory disease.

PubMed ID: 7624736

Robust reduction in neutrophil chemiluminescence (oxidative burst) after n‑3 PUFA—strong anti‑inflammatory biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 8628335

Marked reduction in Crohn's relapse/greater remission implies clinically relevant anti‑inflammatory effects in IBD.

PubMed ID: 9064671

CRP decrease in juvenile arthritis indicates systemic anti‑inflammatory effect relevant to inflammatory conditions.

PubMed ID: 10446945

Long‑term fish oil slowed progression in IgA nephropathy, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/immune effects.

PubMed ID: 10505695

Large reductions in remnant lipoproteins and ox‑LDL (in dialysis) imply reduced atherogenic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 11036827

RA patients had modest clinical improvement and biochemical EPA incorporation consistent with anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 11838000

1.5 g/day n‑3 reduced inflammatory gene expression (PDGF/MCP‑1) and was associated with less angiographic progression — strong human anti-inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 14505813

Postmenopausal women on HRT: fish oil decreased CRP and IL‑6 versus safflower oil.

PubMed ID: 12852711

EPA+GLA emulsion lowered leukotriene biosynthesis (inflammatory mediator) in atopic asthma.

PubMed ID: 15250255

Omega‑3 added to statin therapy produced substantial reductions in hsCRP and triglycerides vs baseline/placebo.

PubMed ID: 15723739

RA trial showed clinical improvement in inflammatory joint disease consistent with anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 16354850

Omega-3 supplement in COPD lowered leukotriene B4 and improved symptoms, indicating anti-inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 16305726

Enteral omega-3 blunted increases in multiple proinflammatory cytokines in active Crohn's disease vs omega-6.

PubMed ID: 15638820

Salmon (high marine n‑3) in CHD patients reduced IL‑6 and VCAM‑1 in 6‑week randomized dietary study.

PubMed ID: 16850002

EPA-containing enteral formula reduced mortality in sepsis; likely mediated by modulation of inflammation (but formula had other components).

PubMed ID: 16614408

Supplemental fish oil lowered nonenzymatic lipid-peroxidation marker (8-iso-PGF2α), suggesting reduced oxidative/inflammatory stress.

PubMed ID: 16484911

EPA+GLA enteral feeding reduced ventilation needs and improved pulmonary mechanics in acute lung injury — anti-inflammatory/beneficial host-response.

PubMed ID: 18443134

Parenteral omega-3 in severe pancreatitis produced clear decreases in CRP and improved clinical inflammatory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 18416476

Postoperative fish-oil PN reduced IL-6 on day 8 and shifted immune-cell ratios, indicating reduced postoperative inflammation.

PubMed ID: 18977480

n‑3 PUFA plus plant sterols markedly reduced hs‑CRP, TNF‑α, IL‑6 and other inflammatory markers (short combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 19568921

Parenteral n-3 increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and immune marker HLA-DR versus omega-6.

PubMed ID: 19394939

TNF-α decreased and endothelial function improved after fish oil—consistent anti-inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 19224159

IV fish oil in severe acute pancreatitis reduced SIRS and pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine shifts.

PubMed ID: 20034487

RA adjunct fish oil reduced TNF-α (key inflammatory cytokine) and improved bone-related markers.

PubMed ID: 19494025

Oral fish oil lowered LPS-stimulated IL-6 production ex vivo—evidence of lowered inflammatory reactivity.

PubMed ID: 20032491

Dietary fish intake modestly reduced serum CRP over 6 months—systemic inflammation signal.

PubMed ID: 19397392

Six-month supplementation lowered hs‑CRP and other inflammatory/remodeling markers in dyslipidemic patients.

PubMed ID: 19247018

Perioperative EPA attenuated postoperative TNF-α/IL-8/IL-10 responses after major surgery.

PubMed ID: 19541503

Unsaturated/fish‑oil containing supplement lowered serum CRP in hemodialysis patients (statistically significant), indicating anti‑inflammatory effect in that population.

PubMed ID: 20146881

n‑3 PUFA lowered TNF‑α and IL‑6 in elderly chronic heart‑failure patients.

PubMed ID: 19763135

EPA reduced CRP and other inflammatory/oxidative markers in metabolic syndrome patients.

PubMed ID: 20473991

Parenteral fish-oil reduced SIRS and inflammatory complications after GI cancer surgery.

PubMed ID: 20551965

Salmon intake during calorie restriction produced substantial reductions in hsCRP and IL‑6 versus control diets.

PubMed ID: 20303788

2.1 g/day fish oil in CRF markedly lowered triglycerides and improved oxidative‑stress markers (TBARS) and antioxidant enzymes, indicating reduced oxidative/inflammatory stress.

PubMed ID: 20348368

EPA reduced rectal polyp number/size in FAP, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/chemopreventive effects.

PubMed ID: 21138533

Perioperative n‑3 plus antioxidants reduced tissue oxidative stress and systemic inflammation (combination therapy).

PubMed ID: 20617456

n‑3 (as plant sterol esters) produced marked TG reduction and modest hsCRP decrease (inflammation marker).

PubMed ID: 21784145

Significant decrease in stimulated IL‑6 and trend for TNF‑α reduction, consistent anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 22113064

Postoperative parenteral fish oil decreased IL‑6, TNF‑α and NF‑κB, showing anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 22205554

Direct reductions in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑1) and increased IL‑10 with parenteral fish oil in sepsis.

PubMed ID: 21658240

EPA/GLA enteral formula markedly reduced progression to severe sepsis/septic shock and organ failures — large anti‑inflammatory/clinical effect.

PubMed ID: 21530211

Clear shift from proinflammatory leukotriene (LTB4) to less inflammatory LTB5 in CKD patients.

PubMed ID: 21261621

Periodontal adjunctive therapy produced decreased IL‑1β and increased IL‑10 — local anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 21570522

High‑dose n‑3 decreased IL‑6 in severe CHF in a dose‑dependent manner.

PubMed ID: 22411387

EPA-enriched supplement reduced INF-γ in cancer patients, showing reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine.

PubMed ID: 22227725

Parenteral fish‑oil reduced multiple inflammatory cytokines after major surgery (RCT, ICU patients).

PubMed ID: 22751375

Feeding formula with fish oil produced a large CRP reduction in critically ill patients, supporting anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 22340541

Fish-oil–enriched IV nutrition after colorectal surgery lowered IL‑6 and TNF‑α vs control.

PubMed ID: 22640930

Large RCT in overweight adults showed prevention of increases and modest reductions in systemic IL‑6 and TNF‑α with fish oil.

PubMed ID: 23034965

High‑dose fish oil in severely obese patients reduced adipose inflammatory gene expression and circulating IL‑6.

PubMed ID: 23010452

Randomized trial showed reduced F2‑isoprostanes (oxidative stress) and associations between improved n‑6:n‑3 ratio and telomere length—evidence of reduced oxidative/inflammatory burden.

PubMed ID: 23193009

Large RCT in sickle cell disease showed marked clinical benefit (fewer vaso‑occlusive events) consistent with anti‑inflammatory effect in that setting.

PubMed ID: 23327958

IV ω‑3 lipids in severe pancreatitis reduced CRP and improved inflammatory/immune recovery markers.

PubMed ID: 22819432

High‑purity EPA (4 g/day) significantly lowered hsCRP in statin‑treated patients (robust anti‑inflammatory marker change).

PubMed ID: 24268387

Systemic ω‑3 reduced ulcer pain/duration—consistent with anti‑inflammatory effects at mucosal sites.

PubMed ID: 24169960

Low‑fat plus fish‑oil pre‑surgery lowered pro‑inflammatory eicosanoids and correlated with reduced tissue proliferation markers.

PubMed ID: 23368915

Perioperative ω‑3 reduced procalcitonin (inflammation marker) by day 6.

PubMed ID: 24120032

Psoriasis patients on n‑3‑rich diet had marked clinical skin improvement—plausibly via reduced skin/systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 24288948

Smokers trial decreased 8‑OHdG and modestly increased TAC (lower oxidative stress/inflammation biomarkers).

PubMed ID: 23835245

Icosapent ethyl lowered hsCRP and other inflammation markers in statin‑treated diabetics (strong anti‑inflammatory biomarker effect).

PubMed ID: 23372745

High‑dose n‑3 PUFA reduced IL‑6 in severely obese adults (robust anti‑inflammatory biomarker change).

PubMed ID: 23683266

Omega‑3 esters reduced IL‑6 and TNF‑α in HIV patients alongside triglyceride lowering (clear anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 24555913

Omega‑3 (1 g/day) reduced Lp‑PLA2 mass/activity and oxidized LDL after PCI (anti‑inflammatory/anti‑atherogenic signals).

PubMed ID: 23325450

High‑purity EPA (4 g/day) markedly reduced hsCRP, Lp‑PLA2 and Ox‑LDL in hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PubMed ID: 24039409

Omega-3 nutraceutical improved tear stability and reduced lid inflammation/expressibility in MGD trial.

PubMed ID: 24408035

Parenteral fish oil in septic ICU patients reduced CRP and organ dysfunction—strong anti-inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 25248358

In obese women fish oil reduced CRP and IL-6 vs diet alone — direct clinical inflammation marker reduction.

PubMed ID: 24795503

Probiotic+omega-3 arm showed significant hs-CRP reduction (combo and probiotic alone) — supports anti-inflammatory effects when combined with other agents.

PubMed ID: 24973862

In gestational diabetes, omega‑3 slightly reduced hs‑CRP versus placebo over 6 weeks (small RCT), supporting modest anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 25305703

Peri-PCI EPA reduced CRP and early cardiac events — clinical inflammation marker lowered with clinical relevance.

PubMed ID: 26283629

SLE trial reduced ESR and physician-rated disease activity indicating decreased systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 25962383

Acute infusion clearly reduced BAL neutrophils and cytokines after LPS challenge—strong human mechanistic anti-inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 26420180

Fish oil (alone and with B12) lowered CRP and ferritin and raised EPA/DHA; combined treatment produced synergistic homocysteine reduction—clear anti‑inflammatory/biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 26296857

High‑dose fish oil increased pro‑resolving lipid mediators (e.g., 18‑HEPE) and lowered triglycerides, supporting inflammation resolution biochemistry despite no between‑group FMD benefit.

PubMed ID: 25604769

Omega‑3 + low‑dose aspirin as adjunct to periodontal therapy significantly reduced local inflammatory biomarkers (MCP‑3, IL‑1β) and improved clinical inflammation measures.

PubMed ID: 26925896

In early RA, omega‑3 reduced ESR and clinical inflammatory signs substantially when added to DMARDs.

PubMed ID: 25773888

Small crossover: ω-3–enriched milk changed LDL lipid composition in ways considered less inflammatory/atherogenic — biochemical evidence of anti-inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 25226273

ICU RCT: fish-oil–containing PN lowered nosocomial infection rates and increased infection‑free days, consistent with clinically relevant immunomodulation and lower inflammation.

PubMed ID: 25747955

GDM RCT: maternal hs‑CRP and MDA fell with omega‑3 supplementation — direct evidence of reduced maternal inflammation/oxidative stress.

PubMed ID: 25893544

Icosapent ethyl trials: large RCT subgroup data showed substantial hsCRP reductions and triglyceride improvement — strong anti-inflammatory biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 26211765

Postoperative RCT: significant reductions in CRP, IL‑1, IL‑6 and higher IL‑10 with ω‑3 — strong anti‑inflammatory signal in surgical setting.

PubMed ID: 26667367

EPA add‑on to statin reduced plaque inflammatory cytokines and altered plaque composition toward less lipid / more fibrous tissue — local anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 26178502

Immune‑nutrition (including ω‑3) lowered IL‑6 and CRP in critically ill COPD patients — evidence of reduced systemic inflammation (multi‑component formula).

PubMed ID: 25689563

Ketogenic diet plus ω‑3 led to larger decreases in TNF‑α than diet alone — supports inflammation‑reducing effect within that intervention.

PubMed ID: 27614675

Reduced infective complications and overall complications after surgery in cirrhotic patients likely reflects immunomodulatory/anti‑inflammatory benefit of n‑3 PN.

PubMed ID: 27050028

Six‑month RCT in rosacea patients with dry eye showed consistent symptom and objective tear/eyelid improvements—anti‑inflammatory ocular/ocular‑surface effects.

PubMed ID: 27766505

Balanced oral n‑3/n‑6 plus topical therapy reduced ocular surface cytokines in contact‑lens related dry eye, indicating reduced local inflammation.

PubMed ID: 29173690

Omega‑3 decreased CRP in women with low‑activity SLE—clear short‑term anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 26704762

Pediatric sepsis RCT showed marked reductions in IL‑6, CRP and improved clinical outcomes—strong anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 27622219

Fewer and smaller oral ulcers and reduced pain suggest local anti‑inflammatory effects of ω‑3 in mucosal disease.

PubMed ID: 27356240

Ω‑3 + oleate plus exercise lowered CRP by ~32%—clear inflammatory marker reduction in metabolic syndrome context.

PubMed ID: 28153504

Enteral fish‑oil in burns reduced severe sepsis/septic shock and gastric dysfunction, consistent with decreased inflammatory complications.

PubMed ID: 28846009

ω‑3 + vitamin‑E led to large hs‑CRP reductions and improved insulin/triglycerides in fibrocystic breast disease (anti‑inflammatory effect; co‑supplement caveat).

PubMed ID: 29306057

Omega-3 + vitamin E downregulated TNF-α and IL-8 gene expression in PCOS—clinical inflammatory biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 28303758

n‑3 PUFA changed leukotriene profiles (↓LTB4, ↑LTB5) and reduced analgesic use in psoriatic arthritis — clear anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 28826313

ω‑3 supplementation reduced hs‑CRP in coronary patients, supporting systemic anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 29017158

Significant MCP‑1 reduction and improved atherogenic index after 2.7 g/day n‑3 in T2DM — direct anti‑inflammatory marker change.

PubMed ID: 29413356

High-dose prescription omega-3 partially normalized pro-inflammatory lipoprotein oxylipins in MetSyn—robust mechanistic effect on inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 29324423

Reduced mucositis severity and pain in chemotherapy patients — clinical anti‑inflammatory/anti‑symptom effect on mucosa.

PubMed ID: 28599665

Attenuation of IL‑10 decline and triglyceride lowering in Chagas cardiomyopathy indicates anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 29359480

Downregulation of IL‑1 and IL‑8 gene expression in PBMCs after 12 weeks demonstrates anti‑inflammatory molecular effects.

PubMed ID: 32921364

IV fish‑oil in severe pancreatitis produced robust decreases in CRP, leukocytes and cytokines with clinical improvement—strong anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 30392424

Fish‑oil parenteral nutrition markedly lowered TNF‑α and other inflammatory markers and reduced mortality—very strong inflammation benefit in this setting.

PubMed ID: 30710885

ω‑3 enriched nutrition reduced IL‑6 in gastric cancer outpatients (clinical inflammatory marker).

PubMed ID: 30554092

PBMC expression showed ↓TNF‑α and ↑PPAR‑γ after omega‑3 + vitamin E (anti‑inflammatory gene changes).

PubMed ID: 29982544

ω‑3 + vitamin D RCT reduced hs‑CRP and oxidative stress markers robustly in MS patients (strong anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 29503145

Combined nutraceutical including fish oil reduced hs‑CRP by ~35% in statin‑treated diabetics (inflammation reduction).

PubMed ID: 30052315

During calorie restriction fish oil produced larger IL‑6 reductions vs control (anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 30519766

Omega‑3 lowered TNF‑α in schizophrenia with metabolic syndrome (anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 30378203

Dietary fatty fish reduced airway inflammation (FeNO) in asthmatic children (inflammatory marker reduction).

PubMed ID: 29697274

EPA reduced inflammatory markers (IL‑6) and helped preserve weight/lean mass in cancer patients—moderate anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 29391271

EPA‑FFA produced large, clinically relevant reductions in fecal calprotectin and relapse in UC—strong anti‑inflammatory/maintenance evidence.

PubMed ID: 29381560

Prevented IL‑6 rise in HIV/HHV‑8 patients and raised EPA/DHA (randomized trial).

PubMed ID: 30221912

Combined probiotic+omega‑3 markedly reduced multiple inflammatory cytokines in NAFLD patients.

PubMed ID: 29752009

Ischemic heart‑failure trial showed decreases in hsCRP and other biomarker improvements (short crossover RCT).

PubMed ID: 30175329

Improved periodontal outcomes and raised antioxidant (SOD) activity, consistent with reduced local inflammation.

PubMed ID: 32441198

Vitamin D + ω‑3 co‑supplementation lowered TNF‑α and IL‑1β in colorectal cancer patients (inflammation reduced though co‑intervention present).

PubMed ID: 31476451

Oral ω‑3 ameliorated pollution‑induced increases in oxidative/inflammatory biomarkers (MPO, MDA) and raised TAC.

PubMed ID: 31023432

Fish‑oil blunted inflammatory biomarker responses to PM2.5 exposure (double‑blind RCT).

PubMed ID: 31043161

Randomized trial showed ω‑3 (±plant sterols) improved HOMA‑IR and reduced hs‑CRP/inflammation markers (meaningful anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 31106659

Vitamin D3 + ω‑3 co‑supplementation significantly decreased CRP and TNF‑α in colorectal cancer patients (clear anti‑inflammatory change though co‑intervention confounds attribution).

PubMed ID: 31277790

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day lowered hsCRP in statin‑treated patients — evidence of anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 31306043

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day in CKD reduced hsCRP, Lp‑PLA2 and ox‑LDL — consistent anti‑inflammatory/oxidative marker reductions.

PubMed ID: 31948661

High‑dose omega‑3 after MI reduced hsCRP and markers of inflammation and fibrosis in insulin‑sensitive patients — inflammation‑related benefit in a subgroup.

PubMed ID: 32333793

Fish oil reduced skin inflammatory biomarker (IL‑1α) and oxidative protein responses to PM2.5 exposure in an RCT — strong local anti‑inflammatory signal for skin.

PubMed ID: 32727162

High‑dose fish oil reduced exercise‑induced soreness and CK rise — suggests reduced exercise‑related inflammation/damage.

PubMed ID: 32103495

Adjunct ω‑3 + aspirin to periodontal debridement improved periodontal inflammation and reduced HbA1c — clinically meaningful local/systemic anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 32378724

RCT in psoriasis showed PASI improvement — supports anti‑inflammatory skin effects.

PubMed ID: 32054543

NAFLD trial: decreased TGF‑β and improved lipids with phytosterol+EPA/DHA — anti‑inflammatory/fibrosis biomarker changes (combination).

PubMed ID: 33327312

Omega‑3 during oxaliplatin chemotherapy reduced neuropathy incidence and preserved nerve function; anti‑inflammatory/neuroprotective mechanisms plausible and partly supported by QoL and nerve‑conduction data.

PubMed ID: 32304881

Omega‑3 decreased CRP and increased BDNF in schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome, aligning anti‑inflammatory and neurotrophic effects with cognitive gains.

PubMed ID: 32176565

Strong RCT signal: significant decreases in IFN‑γ and IL‑17 and trends in CRP/other cytokines—robust anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 31935118

Double‑blind RCT showing reductions in CRP, IL‑6, TNF‑α over 12 weeks—clear anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 35147302

GGT fell in NAFLD trial and plasma lipid remodeling occurred—consistent with reduced hepatic inflammation, though liver‑fat unchanged.

PubMed ID: 35013866

DHA+EPA+GLA reduced IL‑2 (significant) and trended to lower IL‑1β in children with ASD (anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 35500316

Perioperative n‑3 nutrition decreased CRP, IL‑6 and TNF‑α versus control (clear anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 35293348

Post‑RAI omega‑3 increased IL‑10 and reduced pro‑inflammatory Th1/Th17 ratios, indicating anti‑inflammatory immunologic shifts.

PubMed ID: 35377160

REDUCE‑IT subgroup analysis in heart‑failure patients found hs‑CRP reductions with icosapent ethyl, consistent with anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 35916800

Omega‑3 reduced painful crises and pain scores in sickle‑cell disease, consistent with clinically meaningful anti‑inflammatory effects in that condition.

PubMed ID: 37003144

EPA increased 18‑HEPE (precursor to proresolving mediators) in blood/tissue, supporting inflammation‑resolution biology though downstream resolvins were not detected.

PubMed ID: 37124732

Omega‑3 reduced IL‑6 in children with ALL over 3 months (direct anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 37126739

In migraine patients omega‑3 raised anti‑inflammatory IL‑4 and lowered pro‑inflammatory IFN‑γ (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 36674453

Well‑conducted RCT adding omega‑3 to protein+exercise in older adults produced consistent reductions in multiple serum and PBMC inflammatory markers (strong biomarker evidence).

PubMed ID: 38272846

VITAL extension showed reduced incident autoimmune disease with n‑3s (clinical outcome consistent with immune/inflammatory modulation).

PubMed ID: 39519287

Fish‑oil‑containing parenteral lipids attenuated rise in oxidative stress marker and showed decreases in IL‑1β/IL‑6 (biochemical anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 39339646

Parenteral omega‑3 in critically ill COVID‑19 lowered CRP/IL‑6 and shortened LOS—clear anti‑inflammatory signal with clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 38569774

Postoperative parenteral n‑3 markedly reduced IL‑6/IL‑1β/TNF‑α/CRP and halved complications—strong anti‑inflammatory and clinical effect.

PubMed ID: 38892570

EPA/DHA‑enriched oral supplements in heart‑failure patients reduced circulating inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, IL‑8, IP‑10) vs control.

PubMed ID: 39672082

n‑3 enriched PN in T2DM patients reduced numerous proinflammatory cytokines and avoided oxidative marker increases—robust biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 39577691

Omega‑3 (with vitamin D) reduced hsCRP and TNF‑α in chemo patients—anti‑inflammatory effects present though combined supplement confounds attribution.

PubMed ID: 39073419

Post‑MI 2 g/day omega‑3 lowered hs‑CRP more than placebo in RCT (anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 38777428

Omega‑3 plus exercise produced additional reductions in vascular adhesion molecules (ICAM‑1) vs exercise alone.

PubMed ID: 40058591

High‑dose marine n‑3 reduced TNF, RANTES, MIP‑1β in abdominally obese adults.

PubMed ID: 40647193

Omega‑3 added to resistance training lowered CRP/IL‑6/TNF‑α substantially.

PubMed ID: 41028784

Probiotic+ω‑3 lowered TNF‑α and improved insulin sensitivity in T2D (small co‑supplement trial).

PubMed ID: 41568898

12 weeks of ω‑3 lowered endothelial inflammation markers (ICAM‑1, MCP‑1) in older adults.

PubMed ID: 15333721

Infant DHA supplementation improved visual acuity maturation and raised RBC DHA—clear developmental benefit in infancy.

PubMed ID: 16870008

Fish oil combined with folate increased a placental proliferation marker (PCNA) by ~66% vs placebo — possible placental benefits though combination therapy limits attribution.

PubMed ID: 17490978

Large RCT in pregnancy raised maternal and cord DHA/EPA levels significantly — strong biomarker evidence relevant to fetal development.

PubMed ID: 17957152

Antenatal supplementation raised early lactation milk DHA/EPA and was associated with higher infant DHA at 1 year and modest developmental correlations.

PubMed ID: 17547539

Maternal DHA led to modestly lower infant weight and BMI at 21 months (developmental impact).

PubMed ID: 19056592

Large trial showed daily DHA in infancy slightly hastened sitting by ~1 week — modest developmental benefit in early motor milestone.

PubMed ID: 18446020

Large RCT: 200 mg/day maternal DHA doubled breast milk DHA and raised infant RBC-DHA — clear biomarker support for improved DHA supply to the infant.

PubMed ID: 18326591

Maternal DHA (400 mg/day) increased odds of better infant visual acuity at 60 days in a randomized trial.

PubMed ID: 19141765

RCT of high‑dose DHA in very preterm infants showed no overall cognitive benefit but a statistically significant improvement in girls at 18 months.

PubMed ID: 19358928

Maternal plasma and RBC DHA measurements correlate with cord blood DHA, validating transfer and relevance of maternal supplementation to infant status.

PubMed ID: 19489765

Maternal EPA+DHA reduced infant food allergy and IgE‑associated eczema in high‑risk infants — clinically meaningful infant outcome tied to maternal supplementation.

PubMed ID: 21219381

Omega-3 supplementation increased sperm count/concentration in infertile men—relevant to conception and early development.

PubMed ID: 21178082

Maternal 400 mg/day DHA trial follow‑up found no growth differences at 18 months but remains directly relevant to prenatal supplementation evidence.

PubMed ID: 21807696

Prenatal DHA modestly reduced some early infant cold symptoms and illness durations — neonatal health/development relevance.

PubMed ID: 21708809

Maternal high‑DHA RCT reduced BPD in certain preterm infant subgroups and lowered reported hay fever—strong neonatal benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 21849598

Randomized dietary provision of two portions/week of salmon to low-fish pregnant women markedly increased maternal and cord EPA/DHA concentrations—strong biomarker evidence for fetal n-3 status improvement.

PubMed ID: 21508745

Observational/secondary analyses in high‑risk women linked moderate fish intake/higher erythrocyte n‑3 with lower recurrent preterm birth risk — clinically important perinatal association.

PubMed ID: 21332799

Maternal EPA+DHA supplementation during pregnancy/lactation reduced infant IgE‑associated allergic disease — RCT evidence of infant benefit.

PubMed ID: 21521543

Maternal DHA intake linked to lower newborn ponderal index and cord insulin in an RCT — perinatal metabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 21593355

Pregnancy dietary counselling improved newborn essential fatty‑acid markers at birth — evidence that maternal diet modulates neonatal DHA status.

PubMed ID: 22348468

Infant FO raised DHA and improved early communicative gestures — positive infant developmental signal.

PubMed ID: 22269042

Maternal DHA improved newborn sleep-state organization and reduced arousals — meaningful early developmental effect.

PubMed ID: 22294737

Prenatal FO reduced infant atopic eczema and egg sensitisation — beneficial infant outcomes following maternal supplementation.

PubMed ID: 23426033

Large RCT: 600 mg/day DHA increased maternal/cord DHA, lengthened gestation (~+2.9 days) and raised birth weight (~+172 g).

PubMed ID: 23531328

RCT in pregnancy: maternal DHA lengthened gestation (~+1.3 wk) and increased newborn birth weight (clear perinatal benefits).

PubMed ID: 23433688

Prenatal DHA increased fetal heart‑rate variability and improved neonatal motor/autonomic scores—evidence of neurobehavioral maturation.

PubMed ID: 23496848

Educational intervention increased low‑mercury DHA‑rich fish intake in pregnancy and raised maternal DHA intake without increasing mercury.

PubMed ID: 23531329

Prenatal fish oil altered cord blood Th2/Th1 chemokine ratios (immune programming) relevant to infant allergy risk and immune development.

PubMed ID: 23963690

Parenteral fish‑oil emulsions in very‑low‑birth‑weight infants reduced severe retinopathy and cholestasis and raised DHA substantially—strong neonatal outcome benefits.

PubMed ID: 24111502

Large prenatal high‑dose n‑3 LCPUFA trial trended toward less IgE‑mediated allergic disease in children up to age 3 (not statistically significant) but is directly pregnancy/child development focused.

PubMed ID: 23761484

Maternal DHA supplementation altered global DNA methylation patterns in newborn immune cells (not broad promoter methylation), indicating potential developmental immune programming effects.

PubMed ID: 24045099

Late‑infancy fish oil altered an attention measure and correlated with erythrocyte EPA and lower systolic BP—signals of infant neurodevelopmental and cardiovascular effects (small study).

PubMed ID: 24045792

Pregnancy dietary counseling increased maternal serum DHA and total n‑3 by the third trimester—direct evidence that maternal diet/supplementation raises maternal DHA status relevant to fetal development.

PubMed ID: 24925713

600 mg/day DHA in pregnancy robustly corrected maternal and neonatal membrane DHA deficits (large, significant biomarker effects).

PubMed ID: 24667866

Neonatal RCT: fish‑oil‑containing lipid emulsion improved weight/head circumference growth and increased plasma EPA/DHA in VLBW infants.

PubMed ID: 25415158

Prenatal omega‑3 reduced maternal perceived stress and baseline cortisol—potential indirect benefit to fetal environment.

PubMed ID: 25504868

Maternal n‑3 supplementation raised placental DHA and SPM precursors—biochemical support for fetal DHA delivery.

PubMed ID: 24427279

Large randomized prenatal DHA trial reduced likelihood of infants scoring in lower quartiles for early language and visual acuity.

PubMed ID: 24626819

Prenatal DHA (400 mg/day) reduced some infant respiratory symptoms in offspring of allergic mothers — meaningful neonatal clinical effect.

PubMed ID: 26413500

Maternal 600 mg/day DHA increased gestational length (~4 days), raised maternal RBC‑DHA and pooled supplementation lowered early preterm birth rate — clinically relevant perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 27225316

Prenatal fish oil lowered sensitization to one house‑dust‑mite allergen at age 6—specific offspring immune effect.

PubMed ID: 27914519

Infant formula with alternative DHA source was safe and produced equivalent RBC DHA—relevant to infant development/nutrition.

PubMed ID: 27290652

Prenatal DHA increased birth weight and Apgar scores and reduced infant cortisol responses—clinically meaningful neonatal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 27792396

DHA improved seminal antioxidant status and reduced sperm DNA damage—reproductive benefit relevant to conception/pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 27362506

Prenatal DHA improved infant sustained attention across the first year—robust neurodevelopmental signal.

PubMed ID: 27499448

Maternal DHA (600 mg/day) associated with markedly fewer very early preterm births and reduced infant hospitalization costs—strong perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 26846324

Enteral DHA in preterm infants increased blood DHA and improved linear growth — direct neonatal developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 28029926

Late‑pregnancy fish oil substantially reduced offspring persistent wheeze/asthma and certain lower respiratory infections—strong developmental effect.

PubMed ID: 28752418

Perinatal fish oil produced a small but significant benefit in infant communication at 4 months (early developmental outcome).

PubMed ID: 29031393

Maternal supplementation altered maternal and infant cytokines toward anti‑inflammatory profiles, relevant to fetal/newborn immune development.

PubMed ID: 29173199

Prenatal n‑3 increased SPM precursors in cord blood at birth, indicating biochemical effects relevant to neonatal inflammation/resolution.

PubMed ID: 28141545

Low‑dose FO in pregnancy raised maternal DHA and was associated with fewer low‑birth‑weight babies (significant reduction in LBW incidence).

PubMed ID: 29385062

RCT in women with gestational diabetes: fish oil altered gene expression toward less inflammation and modestly improved maternal glucose/triglycerides—relevant to pregnancy metabolic health.

PubMed ID: 30392575

Pooled/dose‑response analysis: higher prenatal DHA exposure associated with substantially lower early preterm birth and VLBW (clear pregnancy outcome benefit).

PubMed ID: 29381793

Maternal prenatal DHA increases correlated with slightly higher lean mass in children at age 5 (observational correlation within RCT context).

PubMed ID: 30177465

Fish‑oil containing parenteral lipid prevented cholestasis in preterm infants (important neonatal hepatic outcome).

PubMed ID: 30614004

Enteral DHA reduced severe retinopathy of prematurity in very‑low‑birth‑weight infants (clinically important neonatal outcome).

PubMed ID: 30794304

Prenatal DHA (600 mg/day) produced lower systolic/diastolic BP in offspring who became overweight, indicating a durable developmental/physiologic programming effect.

PubMed ID: 31004139

Prenatal DHA trial reported reduced early preterm birth and improved infant visual attention though long-term cognitive/behavioral benefits were inconsistent after SES adjustment.

PubMed ID: 31030946

In extremely low birth weight infants, parenteral lipid emulsion containing fish oil accelerated aEEG brain maturation by ~2 weeks—strong neonatal developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 32823606

Maternal multivitamin with 200 mg DHA randomized trial raised maternal RBC DHA, omega-3 index and vitamin D—biomarker improvements relevant to fetus.

PubMed ID: 32453396

DHA improved sperm motility and counts in men with asthenozoospermia — fertility benefit relevant to conception/pregnancy potential.

PubMed ID: 33374975

Infant PUFA‑fortified formula raised infant blood DHA and folate status—direct infant development substrate evidence.

PubMed ID: 33038832

Large pregnancy cohort biomarker analysis: DHA supplementation raised maternal DHA and DHA‑derived oxylipins (biological relevance to birth outcomes).

PubMed ID: 34552200

Large prenatal RCT: higher DHA dose greatly increased maternal and cord DHA and maternal–infant equilibrium (strong biomarker support).

PubMed ID: 36074245

Prenatal DHA modified arsenic‑related increased risk of early childhood atopic dermatitis—direct prenatal/child development interaction

PubMed ID: 35413719

Maternal DHA during lactation affected very preterm infant weight velocity (benefit for females) and had sex‑specific growth impacts

PubMed ID: 36657936

High‑dose DHA in pregnancy markedly reduced early preterm and preterm birth in women with low baseline DHA—strong pregnancy/infant outcome

PubMed ID: 36014916

Algal DHA supplementation in lactating women increased breast‑milk DHA substantially—direct infant nutrition benefit

PubMed ID: 36680919

Large RCT: high‑dose DHA in pregnancy markedly reduced early preterm birth among adherent women (strong perinatal outcome benefit in adherent/low‑baseline DHA subgroup).

PubMed ID: 37294565

Neonatal high‑dose DHA increased IQ at 5 years (neurodevelopmental benefit) although it modestly raised BPD risk — important trade‑off in infant outcomes.

PubMed ID: 37979339

Neonatal/high‑DHA supplementation in extremely preterm infants reduced the proportion with low cognitive scores at 18 months (transient early benefit).

PubMed ID: 38680033

Neonatal DHA reduced bilirubin, NSE and phototherapy need—clinically relevant neonatal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 38552960

Higher-dose prenatal DHA raised maternal DHA and reduced early preterm birth in Black participants—strong pregnancy outcome signal.

PubMed ID: 38922906

Higher maternal DHA led to reduced infant weight gain in first 4 months—clear postnatal growth effect from prenatal dosing.

PubMed ID: 40126831

Maternal DHA produced small early reductions in infant respiratory and minor illnesses—modest neonatal health effects.

PubMed ID: 40791013

800 mg/day prenatal DHA improved infant visual learning and attention HR patterns—meaningful developmental outcomes.

PubMed ID: 40489675

Enteral DHA in septic neonates preserved length/head circumference and body composition—clinically relevant neonatal development benefit.

PubMed ID: 40072608

Very preterm infants: exploratory subgroup indicated DHA reduced BPD in those with chorioamnionitis and vaginal delivery—neonatal benefit in subgroup.

PubMed ID: 22527984

Observationally, a high maternal omega‑6:omega‑3 ratio (marker of low omega‑3 status) was associated with increased odds of spontaneous preterm birth in a subgroup.

PubMed ID: 2255573

Marine oil supplementation of formula in very‑low‑birth‑weight infants raised long‑chain n‑3 and improved rod retinal function — direct developmental benefit in infants.

PubMed ID: 1349049

Large RCT in 533 pregnant women: fish‑oil supplements in late pregnancy prolonged gestation (~+4 days) and modestly increased birthweight.

PubMed ID: 1491608

Very low birth weight infants fed marine oil formula had worse growth through first year—evidence of potential harm in this neonatal context.

PubMed ID: 8009754

Large randomized trial: third‑trimester fish oil prolonged pregnancy (~+4 days) and increased birth weight (~+107 g).

PubMed ID: 10740336

Across trials fish oil reduced recurrent preterm birth from 33% to 21% (absolute −12%), strong pregnancy benefit.

PubMed ID: 14657879

Maternal fish oil raised neonatal n‑3 status and was linked to reduced certain allergic outcomes and milder eczema.

PubMed ID: 12680858

Maternal supplementation increased neonatal n‑3 PUFA and lowered cord IL‑13 (immune marker).

PubMed ID: 15736915

Supplementation from week 30 strongly and consistently increased DHA and n‑3 LCPUFA in early breast milk — direct, large biochemical effect relevant to infant development.

PubMed ID: 15233397

Maternal fish oil during lactation raised milk DHA ~3-fold and infant RBC-DHA ~50% — strong biomarker support for infant DHA exposure.

PubMed ID: 16202717

A pregnancy diet promoting fish was linked to lower preterm delivery incidence and reduced maternal cholesterol.

PubMed ID: 17299499

In high‑risk pregnancies fish oil from mid-pregnancy delayed spontaneous labor in women with low/moderate habitual fish intake.

PubMed ID: 17565762

Large randomized trial: maternal consumption of omega-3–fortified milk modestly increased newborn birth weight—direct pregnancy/infant outcome.

PubMed ID: 18614738

Maternal fish oil in late pregnancy produced a large long-term reduction in offspring asthma/allergic asthma—strong developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 18692841

Omega-3 supplements improved uterine blood flow in women with recurrent miscarriage (reproductive/perfusion benefit).

PubMed ID: 20531018

In premature infants receiving parenteral fish-oil emulsion, RBC n‑3 levels rose and GGT fell—direct neonatal nutritional and hepatic benefit.

PubMed ID: 20551967

Parenteral omega‑3 in preterm infants increased antioxidant vitamins and total antioxidant capacity — directly relevant to neonatal nutritional support.

PubMed ID: 21691253

Infant fish oil raised erythrocyte n‑3 substantially and produced a lower skinfold ratio at 18 months (some developmental biomarker/anthropometry effects).

PubMed ID: 22218160

Maternal oily‑fish consumption raised cord blood n‑3 FA and altered neonatal CBMC cytokine production (direct pregnancy/newborn biological effects).

PubMed ID: 24314586

In premature infants, fish‑oil–containing IV lipid markedly reduced retinopathy of prematurity incidence—strong neonatal relevance.

PubMed ID: 23453547

Enteral Microlipid + fish oil improved fat absorption and reduced IV fat needs in premature infants—clinically relevant neonatal nutrition benefit.

PubMed ID: 24224882

Randomized maternal counseling increased infant cord n‑3 levels and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio—clear evidence of nutrient transfer to newborn.

PubMed ID: 24630347

In premature infants with enterostomy, early enteral fish-oil fat improved enteral feeding, lowered conjugated bilirubin, and aided growth after repair.

PubMed ID: 24973862

Omega‑3 in pregnant women with gestational diabetes improved insulin resistance markers and lowered hs‑CRP versus placebo (small RCT), supporting maternal metabolic/inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 27055970

In women with gestational diabetes, omega‑3 + vitamin E improved fasting glucose, insulin sensitivity and some lipid measures over 6 weeks—beneficial maternal metabolic effects in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 25747955

RCT in women with gestational diabetes: maternal inflammation/oxidative stress markers fell and newborn hyperbilirubinemia and length of stay were reduced — direct pregnancy/newborn benefit evidence.

PubMed ID: 27246522

Maternal fish‑oil supplementation in pregnancy substantially reduced offspring asthma medication use up to 24 years — strong long‑term child health signal.

PubMed ID: 27856001

Enteral fish‑oil PUFA in preterm infants reduced cholestasis and suspected sepsis and altered microbiome — neonatal clinical benefits relevant to early development.

PubMed ID: 27881297

Six‑week ALA + vit E in gestational diabetes improved antioxidant biomarkers and associated with fewer neonatal hyperbilirubinemia events—perinatal benefit though intervention was ALA + vitamin E.

PubMed ID: 27637341

Prenatal fish‑oil lowered a birth oxidative‑stress marker (cord F2‑isoprostanes) though no sustained effect at 12 years—direct perinatal biochemical effect.

PubMed ID: 26758502

Daily fish oil from 9–18 months altered IGF‑axis markers in a sex‑specific manner—evidence of early‑life growth/development effects.

PubMed ID: 27559716

Randomized supplementation increased amniotic fluid volume and improved uterine artery Doppler indices in unexplained oligohydramnios—direct obstetric benefit.

PubMed ID: 29460817

Maternal fish‑oil in gestational diabetes changed cord‑blood IGF‑1 and IGF‑1 promoter methylation with a non‑robust lower birthweight signal—direct perinatal effects.

PubMed ID: 28929400

Direct infant study showing fish‑oil supplementation increases DHA accretion in blood in a genotype‑dependent manner — strong relevance to infant development.

PubMed ID: 28068596

In IUGR pregnancies, supplementing aspirin with omega‑3 increased fetal weight, improved uterine/umbilical blood flow and raised birth weight — clear perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 28549983

Omega-3 reduced recurrent spontaneous preterm delivery and low birth weight in women who smoked—strong clinical pregnancy outcome effect in subgroup.

PubMed ID: 28748334

Omega‑3/6 for preterm toddlers at risk for autism increased gesture use (early communicative development) — child developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 30181143

Large randomized maternal trial (2.4 g/day) showed modest increases in offspring BMI, lean mass and bone mass up to age 6 (predefined secondary outcomes).

PubMed ID: 29852863

In at‑risk preterm infants enteral ω‑3 reduced incidence and severity of ROP—important neonatal development outcome related to early life care.

PubMed ID: 30418579

Supplementing pregnant women with n‑3 LCPUFA late in pregnancy slightly prolonged gestation and increased birth weight and size‑for‑gestational‑age (clear perinatal benefit).

PubMed ID: 31870562

Six‑week preconception/IVF supplementation including ω‑3 accelerated embryo cleavage and improved day‑3 embryo quality—direct fertility/pregnancy‑relevant effect (no clinical pregnancy data here).

PubMed ID: 32899673

Maternal fish‑oil supplementation altered children's resting‑state brain connectivity at ~10 years with no clear cognitive harm and some memory trend — meaningful prenatal brain effect signal.

PubMed ID: 32799841

Peripheral PN including fish‑oil increased early weight and length gain in moderately preterm infants — direct developmental/growth relevance.

PubMed ID: 31969566

Large prenatal RCT altered infant airway microbiota and may explain part of reduced wheeze risk—direct perinatal effect.

PubMed ID: 36184023

Large randomized prenatal fish‑oil trial reduced doctor‑diagnosed croup in offspring—robust, clinically important offspring outcome.

PubMed ID: 36254396

Newborn CMPF (marker of maternal fish/fish‑oil intake) associated with lower childhood asthma across cohorts—strong prenatal signal.

PubMed ID: 35172663

Combined vitamin E and omega‑3 supplementation improved sperm morphology and motility in male workers, directly relevant to fertility and early conception outcomes.

PubMed ID: 35854106

Prenatal omega‑3 improved maternal sexual‑function and lowered gestational anxiety; while maternal outcomes don't directly measure fetal development, they are relevant to pregnancy wellbeing.

PubMed ID: 36781129

Prenatal+postpartum high‑dose fish oil lowered maternal and infant triglycerides though it did not change neonatal body fat at 2 weeks (metabolic effects on mother/infant).

PubMed ID: 37642166

Pregnancy trial produced robust increases in maternal circulating EPA/DHA (expected biologic transfer), but some fatty‑acid signatures were associated with altered GDM risk (mixed clinical implications).

PubMed ID: 37696621

Large maternal n‑3 LCPUFA RCT reduced offspring non‑atopic asthma (~73%) and lowered certain infections, demonstrating strong infant health effects from prenatal supplementation.

PubMed ID: 34927195

Maternal fish‑oil from week 24 reduced early‑childhood gastroenteritis days and episode risk through age 3—meaningful child‑health benefits.

PubMed ID: 37138099

In very preterm/VLBW infants a fish‑oil containing parenteral emulsion reduced PNAC, severe hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic bone‑disease markers—clinically important neonatal benefits.

PubMed ID: 37202530

In IUGR newborns, two weeks of omega‑3 improved leptin, triglycerides, HDL and growth—consistent neonatal metabolic/development support.

PubMed ID: 39374788

In neonates receiving prolonged PN, fish‑oil containing emulsion significantly lowered conjugated bilirubin and cholestasis markers—important infant clinical outcome (postnatal, neonatal development relevance).

PubMed ID: 38569788

Large prenatal n‑3 trial associated with higher BMI and increased odds of overweight at age 10 — clear evidence that maternal supplementation affected child growth (adverse outcome).

PubMed ID: 39196551

Prenatal supplementation affected eicosanoid markers and produced genotype‑dependent effects on childhood eczema risk (relevant to child immune/skin development).

PubMed ID: 29941233

Very preterm infants receiving early IV fish-oil had lower inflammatory cytokines, less BPD and shorter ventilation—clinically important neonatal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 31931275

DHA supplementation in pregnant women raised unesterified DHA and oxylipins; identified oxylipin/AA associations with preterm birth risk—direct pregnancy biomarker data.

PubMed ID: 35575618

Prenatal choline supplementation (with background DHA) increased maternal plasma PC‑DHA and RBC DHA — likely improves fetal DHA supply.

PubMed ID: 36145177

Maternal genotype influenced maternal and cord DHA levels during DHA supplementation—relevant to fetal DHA supply.

PubMed ID: 37806075

Large RCT: higher maternal DHA intake/status linked to longer gestation, fewer preterm births and larger newborns — strong perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 37068907

Large randomized trial: maternal omega‑3 supplementation markedly reduced early preterm birth in women with low baseline n‑3—strong pregnancy benefit.

PubMed ID: 37739459

ORIP analysis showed compliers to omega‑3 supplementation had a modest reduction in preterm birth—practical pregnancy outcome insight.

PubMed ID: 40412614

Maternal DHA correlated with several infant EEG markers of brain function—strong observational support for perinatal DHA importance.

PubMed ID: 1386065

Very‑low‑birth‑weight infants fed marine n‑3 showed better early retinal function—strong neonatal development evidence.

PubMed ID: 11248877

ALA‑supplemented preterm formula maintained RBC DHA similar to breast milk—favorable for infant DHA status.

PubMed ID: 11528489

Demonstrated good intestinal absorption and retention of supplemented AA and DHA in neonates—supports effective delivery to infants.

PubMed ID: 11972740

Early DHA status correlated with 1‑year neurodevelopment scores—associational support for infant development importance.

PubMed ID: 14569405

In preterm infants, added LCPUFA raised plasma DHA to breast‑milk levels—supports neonatal DHA provisioning.

PubMed ID: 12509593

Randomized maternal cod‑liver‑oil produced modest but significant cognitive advantage in children at 4 years—direct developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 19193660

Infant complementary‑food RCT increased infants' blood long‑chain n‑3, directly relevant to infant nutrient status and development.

PubMed ID: 21178076

Randomized prenatal DHA (400 mg/day) produced small but statistically significant increases in breast‑milk DHA at 1 month postpartum.

PubMed ID: 22008957

Randomized trial in preterm infants: higher formula DHA raised plasma and erythrocyte DHA dose‑dependently — directly relevant to infant DHA status and development.

PubMed ID: 26169870

Complementary feeding with oily fish in infants reliably raised EPA/DHA — strong evidence supporting infant development needs for DHA.

PubMed ID: 26561301

Different IV lipid emulsions shifted premature infants' fatty acids (some lowered n‑3) — relevant to preterm nutritional support.

PubMed ID: 26378118

ω‑3 enriched IV fat in preterms raised EPA/DHA and reduced inflammatory cytokines — relevant to neonatal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 25633498

HO‑RUTF prevented DHA decline in severely malnourished children, supporting nutritional strategies for child neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 28418808

Randomized lactation study: ALA‑rich foods increased milk ALA and improved LA:ALA ratio—directly relevant to infant n‑3 precursor supply in breast milk.

PubMed ID: 29843467

Preterm infant trial: milk fortifier containing MCT, ALA and DHA increased infant plasma/RBC EPA/DPA/DHA—direct evidence for neonatal incorporation.

PubMed ID: 32725293

Two portions of fish weekly in women of childbearing age raised serum EPA/DHA and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio—useful for pregnancy preparation.

PubMed ID: 36418565

250 mg/day algal DHA increased blood DHA across diet groups—supplement relevant to maternal DHA status.

PubMed ID: 35853297

Large pregnancy cohort: higher maternal plasma DHA/ALA in early pregnancy associated with larger fetal growth trajectories—direct relevance to fetal development.

PubMed ID: 37892462

Perilla (ALA) supplementation in pregnancy was associated with fewer postpartum depressive symptoms—maternal mental health impacts baby/family outcomes.

PubMed ID: 37892412

In Japanese infants, maternal fish consumption and breastfeeding correlated with higher infant DHA/EPA levels—supports infant n‑3 supply.

PubMed ID: 41270711

Observational cohort showed markedly lower blood n‑3 LCPUFA in pregnant Indian women vs Australians — indicates dietary gaps relevant to pregnancy nutrition.

PubMed ID: 8456902

Late-pregnancy fish oil shifted maternal and fetal eicosanoids toward EPA-derived products and lowered some arachidonic-derived thromboxane levels (fetal biochemical effects).

PubMed ID: 8726246

DHA in term‑infant formula raised blood DHA/AA and improved early visual acuity — direct infant development effect.

PubMed ID: 8958000

LCP‑enriched preterm formula normalized infants' plasma and RBC DHA/AA to levels of human milk — strong support for neonatal LCP provisioning.

PubMed ID: 9702915

DHA formula raised infant RBC DHA to breastfed levels and improved VEP acuity—relevant to infant development.

PubMed ID: 9552137

DHA formulas produced RBC DHA comparable to breastfeeding—biomarker support though visual benefit not definitive.

PubMed ID: 10102659

DHA+AA formula produced plasma/RBC DHA/AA similar to breast milk—restoring perinatal fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 10426708

Birth fatty‑acid status strongly determines postnatal DHA/AA trajectories; milk type also influences infant status.

PubMed ID: 10755457

DHA formula improved MDI and visual development at 18 months—positive developmental RCT evidence.

PubMed ID: 11144440

Formula DHA normalized infant blood DHA and improved early retinal/visual outcomes (infant development).

PubMed ID: 10941962

Preterm infants given DHA+AA showed long‑term DHA accretion and safety—important for preterm development.

PubMed ID: 10653329

Term infants on high‑DHA/low‑EPA formula maintained DHA but had lower AA—relevant to infant fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 11483801

Large RCT: supplemented preterm infants had better visual neurophysiology and motor index (clinical developmental benefits).

PubMed ID: 12032520

Preterm infants fed DHA+ARA formula gained weight faster (+13%) with no safety/vision issues (well‑powered RCT).

PubMed ID: 12139873

Formula without omega‑3/6 produced large decreases in infant RBC AA and DHA (nutritional deficit relevant to development).

PubMed ID: 12838196

Infants weaned to DHA+ARA formula had higher RBC‑DHA and better visual maturation at 1 year (developmental outcome).

PubMed ID: 15069395

Preterm LCPUFA supplementation produced improved mental scores and growth in boys (subgroup developmental benefit).

PubMed ID: 14985680

Pregnancy RCT with 4 g/day FO robustly increased maternal and neonatal erythrocyte EPA/DHA—direct perinatal effect.

PubMed ID: 15129731

Maternal fish oil reduced neonatal oxidative stress at birth (neonatal biochemical benefit).

PubMed ID: 15298564

Maternal supplementation markedly increased DHA/EPA in early breast milk (direct infant nutrient delivery).

PubMed ID: 15812447

Preterm formula with DHA/ARA yielded better growth and Bayley developmental scores versus unsupplemented formula.

PubMed ID: 15718356

Preterm infants fed DHA+ARA had healthier body composition at 1 year—important developmental outcome.

PubMed ID: 15817866

Term infant DHA/ARA formula improved visual acuity and significantly raised RBC DHA across the first year (infant development support).

PubMed ID: 17185423

Maternal high‑dose fish oil was safe and associated with better eye–hand coordination in toddlers (developmental benefit).

PubMed ID: 16923694

Large RCT in pregnancy: cod liver oil increased maternal/infant DHA and improved maternal lipid profile—strong prenatal nutritional effect.

PubMed ID: 17240089

Long-term follow-up showed visual and IQ maturation similar to breast-fed children when formula contained DHA+ARA.

PubMed ID: 17912568

Large randomized soy-formula trial: DHA+ARA raised infant blood DHA/ARA and supported normal growth/tolerance.

PubMed ID: 19118992

Maternal AA+DHA supplementation substantially increased both AA and DHA in breast milk—directly relevant to infant nutrient supply.

PubMed ID: 18534230

Amino‑acid formula with DHA/ARA supported normal growth in healthy infants and was hypoallergenic in CMA subjects (infant development/safety).

PubMed ID: 18842793

Higher neonatal DHA intake improved visual acuity at 4 months, supporting infant sensory development.

PubMed ID: 18519483

Very preterm infant supplementation improved early cognitive/problem‑solving and recognition memory outcomes at 6 months.

PubMed ID: 19765006

DHA+ARA formula trials produced cognitive benefits in infants—direct developmental implications.

PubMed ID: 20130095

Formula DHA improved infant visual acuity at 12 months—direct developmental benefit to infants.

PubMed ID: 20227721

Infants fed DHA/ARA formula had lower URIs and allergies through age 3—clinically relevant developmental/health outcomes.

PubMed ID: 20624152

VLBW infants given DHA+AA showed improved attention at 20 months—developmental benefit in a high‑risk infant group.

PubMed ID: 21295417

Term infants fed DHA‑supplemented formula had higher MDI at 18 months—evidence of neurodevelopmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 21443815

Large RCT in preterm infants: higher‑dose DHA produced a small but significant increase in length at 18 months and subgroup growth benefits—direct developmental impact.

PubMed ID: 21995887

Observational study in preterm infants linking higher RBC‑DHA to greater weight/length gain and RBC‑AA to head growth—strong associative developmental evidence.

PubMed ID: 22047909

Pregnant women eating farmed salmon had higher maternal EPA/DHA and lower AA—maternal biomarker change relevant to fetal supply.

PubMed ID: 21362575

Preterm infants receiving 10% fish‑oil lipid emulsion had higher plasma DHA/EPA and lower AA vs soybean oil—direct neonatal fatty‑acid changes relevant to development.

PubMed ID: 22739373

Randomized dietary salmon during pregnancy markedly increased newborn/breast‑milk EPA/DPA/DHA—direct evidence of fetal/infant LC‑PUFA exposure.

PubMed ID: 23340492

Maternal n‑3 LCPUFA plus counseling lowered maternal/cord n‑6:n‑3 ratio and maternal DHA correlated with larger birth size—clinical developmental associations.

PubMed ID: 23710566

Higher infant RBC‑DHA associated with more advanced spontaneous movement patterns—associative evidence linking DHA to early motor development.

PubMed ID: 23783296

Infant formula with DHA/AA produced faster information‑processing at age 6—long‑term neurodevelopmental benefit from early LC‑PUFA exposure.

PubMed ID: 24525115

Fish‑oil–containing lipid emulsions in very‑low‑birth‑weight infants increased DHA/EPA but lowered AA and showed lipid‑tolerance issues—direct neonatal fatty‑acid impact with safety signals at higher doses.

PubMed ID: 25500337

600 mg/day maternal DHA substantially increased maternal RBC‑DHA at delivery; genetic effects on ARA noted—clear biomarker support relevant to fetal supply.

PubMed ID: 24863250

HMF containing DHA/ARA raised preterm infants' plasma DHA and ARA (direct neonatal LCPUFA status improvement).

PubMed ID: 24603562

Early enteral fish oil in very preterm infants improved protein absorption, intestinal growth markers and tissue EPA—supports neonatal adaptation.

PubMed ID: 25997653

Enteral DHA prevented the usual postnatal decline in blood DHA in very preterm infants and was well tolerated—strong biochemical support for neonatal DHA maintenance.

PubMed ID: 25554072

Counseling increased pregnant women's fish intake and serum EPA/DHA but did not change weight/composition—biomarker improvement in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 26751068

In LBW infants, added ARA+DHA raised erythrocyte ARA/DHA rapidly—relevant to early development.

PubMed ID: 27391868

Higher‑DHA formula raised RBC DHA similar to breastfed infants—biomarker relevant to infant development though clinical effects limited.

PubMed ID: 27411172

Cord AA levels were associated with lower diastolic BP at age 9 (longitudinal perinatal association).

PubMed ID: 26912491

Large prenatal DHA RCT showed a genotype‑by‑treatment interaction: certain maternal FADS genotypes had heavier infants with prenatal DHA (meaningful perinatal effect in subgroups).

PubMed ID: 27571269

Large study showing formulas supplemented with AA+DHA markedly altered infant plasma phospholipids to levels similar to breastfed infants (nutritional substrate for development).

PubMed ID: 26970335

Maternal omega‑3 raised milk DHA/EPA and reduced IgE‑associated allergic disease in infants at 24 months (clinically relevant developmental/immune outcome).

PubMed ID: 28651697

Infant dose‑response trial found optimal DHA:ARA balance improves cognitive outcomes (attention/IQ) — important for neurodevelopmental dosing decisions.

PubMed ID: 29413361

Randomized dose‑finding in pregnant women provided clear dosing targets (~750–1000 mg/day DHA+EPA) to reach RBC and mature breast‑milk DHA+EPA targets — directly relevant to fetal/infant supply.

PubMed ID: 28410612

Infant formula without palm olein improved fat/DHA/ARA absorption and calcium retention — relevant to infant nutrition and bone development.

PubMed ID: 30392581

Maternal brain‑specific fatty acids increased multiple newborn brain MRI volumes, a strong developmental structural endpoint.

PubMed ID: 30311214

Infant DHA/ARA formula resulted in persistent changes in brain function, connectivity and metabolites at ~9 years.

PubMed ID: 29679529

In extremely preterm infants, milk DHA intake predicted serum DHA and parenteral fish‑oil changed EPA/DHA and reduced AA — relevant to neonatal fatty‑acid status.

PubMed ID: 30518052

Pregnant women given 2000 mg/day ω‑3 had higher blood EPA+DHA and lower n‑6/n‑3 ratio (clear biomarker change).

PubMed ID: 31024091

Observational study: maternal plasma DHA strongly predicted infant plasma DHA at 3 months — direct relevance to infant development.

PubMed ID: 30871048

Infant FADS genotypes affected AA/DHA responses to formula; supplementation raised LCPUFAs toward breastfeeding levels—important for infant development and supplementation strategies.

PubMed ID: 32887793

DHA+AA lowered caregiver‑screening risk for autism in preterm toddlers—suggestive of some neurodevelopmental benefit (screening endpoint).

PubMed ID: 33159163

Maternal fish‑oil in lactation substantially increased milk DHA/EPA and greatly improved AA/(DHA+EPA) balance—direct infant nutrient supply benefit.

PubMed ID: 33396458

Maternal AA/DHA balance predicted faster processing speed in children through age 9 in a prenatal cohort—developmental cognitive evidence.

PubMed ID: 36473425

Enteral ARA+DHA shortened duration of respiratory support in very preterm infants—clinically important neonatal outcome.

PubMed ID: 35495419

AA:DHA supplementation reduced severe ROP incidence in extremely preterm infants—important eye/developmental outcome.

PubMed ID: 37856920

ARA+DHA from day 2 to term improved linear growth (length z‑score) in very preterm infants in a randomized trial—clear developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 38061271

Early enteral ARA+DHA increased white‑matter FA and reduced radial diffusivity at term‑equivalent age—evidence of improved brain maturation.

PubMed ID: 37120902

Parenteral lipid intake strongly altered absolute vs relative AA/DHA trajectories in preterms—relevant to neonatal fatty‑acid management.

PubMed ID: 37513559

Higher PUFA intake during complementary feeding in VLBW infants associated with better cognitive and motor outcomes at 12 months.

PubMed ID: 38377640

Enteral AA+DHA did not increase pulmonary morbidity; higher serum AA associated with less severe BPD—neonatal respiratory/developmental relevance.

PubMed ID: 38603973

Strong associations between AA/DHA and inflammation‑related proteome over first 100 days point to significant effects on neonatal immune/developmental biology.

PubMed ID: 39702768

AA+DHA supplementation reduced severe ROP among thrombocytopenic infants and modified platelet angiogenic proteins—mechanistic neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 41505112

AA+DHA supplementation in extremely preterm infants reduced severe ROP in the parent trial — clinically meaningful neonatal development outcome.

PubMed ID: 33339438

Randomized trial in lactating women: maternal multinutrient capsule containing DHA produced a marked, statistically robust increase in breast‑milk DHA—direct delivery to infant (strong evidence for nutrient transfer).

PubMed ID: 17596121

Maternal fish-oil lowered neonatal LTB4 and neonatal proinflammatory cytokine responses—direct perinatal developmental immune effects.

PubMed ID: 11694666

Maternal cod liver oil raised cord plasma DHA and higher DHA linked to more mature newborn EEG and slightly longer gestation in upper quartile infants.

PubMed ID: 31956660

In women with gestational diabetes, cod‑liver oil improved maternal glycemic control, inflammation and was associated with fewer perinatal complications — clear pregnancy/baby relevance.

PubMed ID: 27072591

Maternal EPA+DHA (~400 mg/day) reduced oxidative damage and increased antioxidant enzymes in mothers and newborns (RCT biomarker evidence).

PubMed ID: 25988553

Maternal FO (~400 mg EPA+DHA/day) reliably raised maternal and newborn DHA levels (strong biomarker effect), though developmental outcomes were unchanged.

PubMed ID: 41045839

Low‑dose maternal DHA (100 mg/day) raised colostrum DHA and increased maternal/infant Lactobacillus at 42 days (biomarker/microbiome changes).

PubMed ID: 8541278

Maternal fish oil in late pregnancy clearly increased neonatal/umbilical DHA and reduced deficiency markers — direct, biologically meaningful support for fetal/infant development.

PubMed ID: 9306083

Dose‑dependent increases in maternal milk DHA and infant plasma/erythrocyte DHA (strong biochemical evidence), though no neurodevelopmental effect shown here.

PubMed ID: 11768164

Maternal DHA increased breast‑milk DHA in a dose-dependent manner, improving postnatal DHA supply though no change in measured milk TGF-beta factors.

PubMed ID: 11864865

LCP‑supplemented formula improved infant visual maturation (an important developmental endpoint).

PubMed ID: 11916764

DHA supplementation raised maternal plasma and milk DHA concentrations, increasing infant/maternal DHA exposure though without cytokine changes.

PubMed ID: 12636950

Third‑trimester DHA supplementation increased gestation length by ~6 days—meaningful perinatal effect.

PubMed ID: 35261279

REDUCE‑IT subgroup (prior PCI) with prescription EPA (icosapent ethyl) markedly reduced first and total ischemic events and revascularizations—strong circulation/ischemia benefit.

PubMed ID: 35871058

Phase‑3 EPA formulation produced dose‑dependent and clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions, which can favorably influence circulatory risk factors.

PubMed ID: 33228511

Ischemic HFrEF RCT: higher‑dose omega‑3 reduced 24‑h heart rate, ventricular ectopy and improved LVEF and exercise VO2—meaningful circulatory/functional gains.

PubMed ID: 33396567

12 weeks of LC n‑3 PUFA (1.8 g/day) in AAA patients significantly decreased aortic PWV (arterial stiffness) and resting heart rate — strong vascular/circulatory signal.

PubMed ID: 33148016

Icosapent ethyl markedly reduced coronary revascularizations (PCI, CABG) in high‑risk statin‑treated patients — strong cardiovascular/circulatory endpoint evidence.

PubMed ID: 31895658

VITAL trial: 1 g/day ω‑3 modestly reduced myocardial infarction (secondary endpoint) — supports large‑scale cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 32440816

1 g/day omega‑3 for 30 days after hip fracture surgery significantly reduced postoperative DVT/PE incidence — clinically important circulatory/thrombotic benefit.

PubMed ID: 31262371

In PAD patients, 4 g/day fish oil improved flow‑mediated dilation (FMD) significantly over 3 months — direct evidence of improved endothelial function/circulation.

PubMed ID: 30898607

REDUCE‑IT (icosapent ethyl) markedly reduced total ischemic cardiovascular events, reflecting improved vascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 31707829

REDUCE‑IT US cohort: high‑dose EPA greatly lowered major ischemic events and mortality (major circulatory benefits).

PubMed ID: 31023432

Fish‑oil attenuated harmful cardiovascular biomarker responses to air pollution (suggests circulation protection).

PubMed ID: 30913208

Perioperative fish‑oil roughly halved AVF rescue thrombosis interventions (meaningful vascular/thrombotic benefit).

PubMed ID: 30311348

Higher long‑chain omega‑3 intake associated with lower resting heart rate in overweight adults (observational).

PubMed ID: 29752009

Ischemic HF trial showed marked increases in flow‑mediated dilation and improvements in diastolic filling and systolic indices.

PubMed ID: 30271161

Pitavastatin+EPA improved ankle‑brachial index and reduced platelet activation markers—direct peripheral circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 30125457

Renal transplant RCT improved endothelial function and lowered triglycerides and hs‑CRP, indicating better vascular function.

PubMed ID: 30415628

Icosapent ethyl sharply reduced ischemic cardiovascular events — major clinical benefit tied to vascular/ischemic outcomes.

PubMed ID: 28068596

Omega‑3 added to aspirin in IUGR pregnancies improved uterine/umbilical artery blood flow — direct uteroplacental circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 28138734

Enteral EPA after esophagectomy significantly improved oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2) — direct improvement in oxygen delivery/respiratory circulation parameter.

PubMed ID: 29289538

Omega-3 carboxylic acid significantly lowered triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol—improvements that support vascular health and circulation.

PubMed ID: 28863874

EPA added to statin therapy reduced atheroma and plaque lipid volume → improved vascular status and likely circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 27559716

Increased amniotic fluid and improved uterine artery Doppler indices with ω‑3 suggest improved uteroplacental blood flow.

PubMed ID: 27482002

Post‑MI high‑dose fish‑oil attenuated adverse remodeling and myocardial fibrosis, outcomes relevant to cardiac function/circulation.

PubMed ID: 26807502

Chronic systolic heart‑failure trial: omega‑3 lowered BNP substantially and produced modest favorable chamber changes—improves cardiac hemodynamic profile.

PubMed ID: 27955663

In psoriatic arthritis patients, marine n‑3 improved cardiac autonomic indices (lower HR, higher RR interval)—favorable circulatory/ autonomic effects.

PubMed ID: 25921849

Acute crossover in healthy volunteers: DHA‑rich fish oil improved flow‑mediated dilatation (FMD) and increased insulin sensitivity (men) — direct endothelial/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 26667367

Coronary plaque stabilization (less lipid, more fibrous) and reduced local cytokines with EPA add‑on suggest improved arterial health relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 26892135

Icosabutate markedly lowered triglycerides and remnant lipoproteins (favorable for vascular health), suggesting potential circulation/atherogenic benefit though not a direct FMD outcome.

PubMed ID: 24756483

Pre-op omega‑3 reduced post‑CABG AF incidence and shortened ICU stay—improved perioperative cardiovascular outcomes imply circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 25147070

Higher fish-oil doses improved flow-mediated dilation (endothelial function) — direct evidence for improved vascular function/circulation.

PubMed ID: 25305703

Early post-PCI EPA reduced short-term cardiac events and arrhythmias and lowered CRP — suggests vascular/cardiac protection.

PubMed ID: 24652053

Lifestyle programs including omega-3 reduced vascular age and cardiovascular risk scores — supports improved vascular health (multifactorial intervention).

PubMed ID: 25332321

8-week fish oil increased endothelial progenitor cells and reduced endothelial microparticles—supports vascular repair/function.

PubMed ID: 23796946

LC‑n3 reduced carotid intima‑media thickness and diastolic BP, indicating improved vascular structure/function.

PubMed ID: 23408034

In healthy men fish oil blunted heart‑rate and sympathetic responses to mental stress, indicating improved autonomic/circulatory reactivity.

PubMed ID: 23237436

Post-MI omega-3 reduced ventricular ectopy and improved electrophysiologic markers tied to circulation/arrhythmic risk.

PubMed ID: 23107655

Omega-3 improved HRV and other autonomic markers in heart failure patients at 3 months (transient benefit).

PubMed ID: 22839709

Ischemic heart disease patients had reduced ventricular ectopy and improved HRV/HRT after 6 months of omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 23193009

Reduced vaso‑occlusive events in sickle cell patients indicates clinically meaningful improvement in microvascular/occlusive processes.

PubMed ID: 22847178

Acute replacement of SFA with LC n‑3 improved flow‑mediated dilation versus SFA alone, indicating endothelial/vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 22550196

Daily fish oil in dialysis patients halved thrombosis rate and reduced intervention rate for AV‑grafts—clear clinically meaningful vascular/flow benefit.

PubMed ID: 21617138

Fish oil made fibrin clots more permeable and easier to lyse and reduced thrombin generation after PCI—mechanistic improvements in thrombosis/flow.

PubMed ID: 21800004

Dose‑dependent reductions in platelet activation, P‑selectin and plasma tissue factor indicate antithrombotic effects relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 21570522

High‑dose n‑3 improved flow‑mediated dilation in severe CHF, a marker of vascular function.

PubMed ID: 21215550

n‑3 improved LVEF and peak VO2 in dilated cardiomyopathy, indicating improved cardiac function and circulation.

PubMed ID: 21232631

Chronic fish oil preserved left‑atrial mechanical function and greatly reduced atrial stunning after arrhythmia conversion — improved atrial mechanics/circulation.

PubMed ID: 21701083

Adding EPA to statin improved carotid β‑index and associated with baPWV decrease, indicating better arterial stiffness/vascular function.

PubMed ID: 20484828

EPA markedly reduced major coronary events in PAD patients — strong clinical vascular benefit in this subgroup.

PubMed ID: 20716712

Omega‑3 prevented deterioration in HRV and tended to lower resting heart rate — relevant to autonomic/circulatory regulation.

PubMed ID: 19763135

EPA improved arterial stiffness (CAVI, PWV) in metabolic syndrome—direct evidence of improved vascular function.

PubMed ID: 19172517

EPA reduced platelet-derived microparticles (pro-thrombotic marker), suggesting potential benefit for microvascular/hemostatic aspects of circulation in dyslipidemic diabetics.

PubMed ID: 19397392

Improvements in lipids, hs‑CRP and matrix‑remodeling markers support vascular health.

PubMed ID: 19629889

Perioperative IV fish oil reduced AF and ICU time after bypass—clinical circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 19394939

Significant improvement in flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a direct measure of endothelial/vascular function.

PubMed ID: 19664302

DHA-rich fish oil improved large-artery compliance and HRV measures over 12 weeks (vascular function markers).

PubMed ID: 19727884

Fish/seal oil lowered systolic blood pressure in hypertriglyceridaemic adults (circulatory benefit).

PubMed ID: 18678300

Adding prescription omega-3 to simvastatin modestly lowered systolic/diastolic BP, supporting improved vascular parameters.

PubMed ID: 18692841

Omega-3 improved uterine artery pulsatility index and uterine perfusion (improved regional blood flow).

PubMed ID: 18237823

PAD patients randomized to n‑3 PUFA improved endothelial function (FMD +3.3 percentage points) and reduced soluble thrombomodulin.

PubMed ID: 17805229

In overweight hypertensive patients fish oil improved large-artery elasticity (C1) though BP did not change.

PubMed ID: 17398308

Large outcomes trial (EPA on statin background) reduced major coronary events — implies improved vascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 16926660

Omega‑3 supplementation increased pulse-wave propagation time (improved arterial elasticity) in elderly hypercholesterolaemic men.

PubMed ID: 16616147

Purified EPA slowed carotid IMT progression and improved arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes (direct vascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 16634535

Cross-sectional association: higher RBC EPA correlated with lower arterial stiffness (baPWV) in healthy men (observational).

PubMed ID: 15755826

Elderly hyperlipidemic men showed reductions in endothelial activation markers (sICAM‑1, sTM) after n‑3 supplementation, supporting vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 16210665

Fish oil largely prevented PM2.5-associated reductions in heart-rate variability, a favorable cardiac-autonomic effect.

PubMed ID: 15253884

Trial in arrhythmia patients reduced premature atrial/ventricular beats and improved rhythm burden—improved cardiac electrophysiologic stability.

PubMed ID: 12871402

Omega‑3 added to atorvastatin further reduced markers of postprandial coagulation activation (FVIIa, F1+2) — evidence for effects on thrombotic activation/coagulation.

PubMed ID: 12583947

Oral fish oil incorporated into carotid plaques and shifted morphology toward features of greater plaque stability (mechanistic benefit to circulation).

PubMed ID: 11838000

n‑3 reduced inflammatory gene expression and correlated with less progression/regression of coronary lesions on angiography — supports improved coronary vascular status.

PubMed ID: 11115423

Age‑dependent effects on endothelial activation markers (sVCAM‑1 decreased in elderly) indicating improved vascular activation/health in some subgroups.

PubMed ID: 10676668

4 g/day marine omega‑3 for 4 months improved flow‑mediated dilation (FMD) and reduced triglycerides in hypercholesterolemic subjects — direct, clinically relevant endothelial/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 10634827

Add‑on to simvastatin reduced postprandial hyperlipemia and some prothrombotic markers, favorable for circulation.

PubMed ID: 10505695

Marked reductions in remnant lipoproteins and ox‑LDL would improve vascular environment and circulation.

PubMed ID: 10595648

Fish oil significantly reduced ADP‑ and thrombin‑stimulated platelet adhesion, improving haemostatic profile.

PubMed ID: 9774368

Daily fish meals lowered ambulatory heart rate and contributed to 24‑h BP reductions—benefits to systemic circulatory metrics.

PubMed ID: 38156550

REDUCE‑IT USA (icosapent ethyl) markedly reduced major CV events and mortality, implying improved ischemic outcomes and coronary circulation benefits at population level.

PubMed ID: 7985829

Low-dose fish oil reduced angina attacks and improved exercise tolerance in CAD patients — functional circulation/ischemia benefit.

PubMed ID: 8350886

Improved glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow indicate enhanced renal perfusion/circulation.

PubMed ID: 35791734

Postmenopausal women: fish oil raised platelet EPA/DHA and substantially reduced platelet aggregation and activation markers, lowering thrombotic tendency.

PubMed ID: 40032221

Large primary‑prevention trial: daily EPA+DHA modestly reduced coronary events (MI/CAD) — clinically relevant to circulation and cardiac outcomes.

PubMed ID: 38256336

High‑dose EPA/DHA improved ankle‑brachial index and lowered atherogenic remnant cholesterol in hemodialysis patients.

PubMed ID: 31658051

IV n‑3 reduced erythrocyte aggregability, a direct hemorheological improvement relevant to microcirculation.

PubMed ID: 32732154

Omega‑3 (3.7 g/day EPA+DHA) improved pulse‑wave velocity (arterial stiffness) in CKD patients — direct vascular/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 31076942

In RA patients, concentrated fish oil lowered a platelet aggregation measure, a hemostasis/circulatory parameter relevant to circulation and thrombosis risk.

PubMed ID: 31055222

Omega-3 index ≥4% associated with significantly less coronary plaque progression over 30 months (direct vascular imaging evidence).

PubMed ID: 31757095

In renal transplant recipients, marine n‑3 PUFA modestly improved frequency‑domain HRV responses to standing, indicating improved autonomic cardiovascular responsiveness.

PubMed ID: 30407633

DHA reduced triglycerides by ~24% in metabolic‑syndrome subjects (improved lipid profile can support vascular health).

PubMed ID: 30227610

Dialysis RCT found reduced heart rate, some favorable HRV changes and lower triglycerides — suggests autonomic/circulatory benefits.

PubMed ID: 30297663

Low‑dose DHA‑rich tuna oil lowered fasting triglycerides (~23%) and VLDL‑TG, which favorably alters atherogenic lipoproteins related to circulation.

PubMed ID: 29246960

High‑dose EPA+DHA added to statin attenuated progression of fibrous coronary plaque in adherent patients, supporting vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 27554670

Plasma NO increase with omega‑3 suggests vasodilatory/circulatory improvement in hemodialysis patients.

PubMed ID: 28457318

PAD patients had marked increases in omega‑3 index — relevant to peripheral vascular disease and circulation risk markers.

PubMed ID: 25565485

High‑dose fish oil modestly reduced central aortic pressures and RBC omega‑3/6 increases associated with better spatial working memory (cardiovascular stiffness reduction).

PubMed ID: 24746829

Higher dietary LC‑n‑3PUFA associated with better small‑artery reactive hyperemia (saRHI) and improved endothelial markers (observational/intervention analysis).

PubMed ID: 24997005

EPA/DHA modestly lowered key coagulation factors (Factor II, V, vWF) — supports improved thrombotic/circulatory profile.

PubMed ID: 24461313

12‑week krill oil RCT in adults with elevated triglycerides produced a modest (~10%) TG lowering without raising LDL‑C—clinically relevant circulatory lipid improvement.

PubMed ID: 24299019

Mechanistic trial in obese insulin‑resistant men showed 4 g/day ω‑3 plus statin further reduced VLDL‑TG via lower production and higher clearance—improves atherogenic lipoprotein profile relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 23390192

Randomized trial showed EPA/DHA reduced platelet aggregation substantially (sex‑specific effects), implying reduced thrombotic tendency.

PubMed ID: 21831993

Acute inclusion of DHA‑rich oil prevented postprandial endothelial dysfunction (FMD +2% vs saturated fat) — clear vascular endothelial benefit.

PubMed ID: 21757663

Cross‑sectional: higher serum DHA associated with lower carotid IMT — suggests anti‑atherosclerotic/circulatory benefit (observational).

PubMed ID: 20472253

In overweight adolescent boys, fish oil lowered systolic and diastolic BP (SBP −3.8 mmHg, DBP −2.6 mmHg) — relevant to circulation and vascular health.

PubMed ID: 20071644

EPA/DHA attenuated postprandial decline in flow-mediated dilation and improved microvascular reactive hyperemia in type 2 diabetes patients.

PubMed ID: 19487105

During diet-induced weight loss, salmon or fish oil modestly reduced diastolic BP (~2.5 mmHg vs cod), suggesting small circulatory benefits.

PubMed ID: 19593941

Fish oil improved blood pressure, triglycerides and other cardiometabolic markers in metabolic syndrome, supporting improved cardiovascular risk/circulation.

PubMed ID: 18982439

In dilated cardiomyopathy patients, n‑3 PUFA reduced arrhythmic markers and episodes and improved electrical risk tests — improved cardiac electrical stability relates to circulation/heart function.

PubMed ID: 18339222

DHA‑rich fish oil increased HF HRV and lowered resting/exercise heart rates (improved autonomic control relevant to circulation).

PubMed ID: 17875549

SLE trial improved endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation) substantially.

PubMed ID: 14553835

Tuna oil supplementation improved endothelium‑dependent vasodilation in healthy middle‑aged adults (well‑powered RCT).

PubMed ID: 10189324

Long‑term FO slowed angiographic coronary atherosclerosis progression modestly (clinical circulation benefit).

PubMed ID: 9665096

DHA reduced resting heart rate and marine oils improved diastolic filling—improvements in cardiac hemodynamics.

PubMed ID: 7918310

Marked reductions in monocyte TF activity suggest lowered thrombogenicity, relevant to circulation and clot risk.

PubMed ID: 8418020

Dose‑dependent large suppression of vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II and norepinephrine—strong vascular effect.

PubMed ID: 2240382

Improved red cell deformability in claudication suggests better microcirculatory rheology, though walking performance did not improve.

PubMed ID: 2137901

Fish oil lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mildly hypertensive people—improves vascular parameters.

PubMed ID: 32127335

Reduced cerebral artery stiffness in men indicates a vascular/arterial compliance benefit in older overweight adults.

PubMed ID: 23548422

Omega‑3 improved arterial elasticity and reduced TIMP‑1 in ischemic HF with AF — robust vasoprotective/elasticity benefit.

PubMed ID: 12482554

DHA (not EPA) reduced platelet aggregation and thromboxane production in hypertensive diabetics — supports reduced thrombotic/flow impairment.

PubMed ID: 12530552

EPA reduced platelet activation marker and altered platelet EPA content — plausible mechanism to improve microcirculation/flow.

PubMed ID: 11214732

Seal and cod-liver oil raised serum n-3s and reduced whole-blood platelet aggregation (human long-term supplementation).

PubMed ID: 8614301

Marine oils reduced prothrombin fragment 1+2 and other prothrombotic markers, indicating improved haemostatic profile.

PubMed ID: 34286397

Omega-3 increased fetuin-A and OPG in hemodialysis patients—biomarkers that may protect against vascular calcification.

PubMed ID: 32759543

EPA added to statin reduced plaque lipid content and macrophage signals (improved plaque characteristics).

PubMed ID: 32860032

High-dose EPA (icosapent ethyl) slowed/reversed coronary plaque progression (direct vascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 27415612

ω‑3 added to rosuvastatin increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells and CFU‑ECs—supports vascular repair/circulation.

PubMed ID: 20952767

Small but significant long‑term LVEF improvement in chronic HF implies better cardiac output/circulation.

PubMed ID: 19337557

Adding omega‑3 to rosuvastatin improved endothelium‑dependent vasodilation and lowered TG/LDL in dyslipidemic subjects — supports improved vascular function.

PubMed ID: 27424313

Combo n‑3 + fenofibrate improved vascular markers (FMD) over 2 months vs placebo.

PubMed ID: 22153696

Omega‑3 (2 g/d) lowered TGs and improved flow‑mediated dilation in hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PubMed ID: 17323614

Addition of n‑3 (3.6 g/d) to statin therapy improved flow‑mediated vasodilation (endothelial function) over 12 months.

PubMed ID: 9767357

High‑dose n‑3 in smokers changed endothelial/hemostatic markers (vWF and sTM decreased)—evidence of circulatory/hemostatic modulation though some markers rose.

PubMed ID: 23789288

Preoperative IV ω‑3 improved early myocardial metabolism and markers of cardiac injury after elective CABG—consistent with improved myocardial perfusion/oxygen extraction.

PubMed ID: 20705373

One month of n‑3 PUFA after MI improved flow‑mediated dilatation (FMD), a direct endothelial/circulatory function measure.

PubMed ID: 38873793

Icosapent ethyl in statin‑treated coronary patients reduced coronary events (secondary) though primary composite narrowly missed significance; relevant to vascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 32636128

EPA added to statin therapy reduced small/medium LDL particles and raised large HDL particles—favorable effects on atherogenic lipoprotein profile relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 33266447

Fortified milk with EPA/DHA raised ω‑3 index and lowered homocysteine in elderly—biomarkers linked to vascular risk and circulation.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Post‑AMI ω‑3 (2 g/day) raised nitric oxide ~62% and shifted eicosanoids toward ω‑3 mediators — supports endothelial function/circulation.

PubMed ID: 31334703

Adding EPA to statin therapy stabilized neoatherosclerotic plaques (less lipid/macrophage signal) — meaningful vascular/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 31532795

High‑dose ω‑3 after MI improved LV remodeling and reduced non‑infarct fibrosis — functional cardiac/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 27919362

Omega‑3 carboxylic acids lowered TGs, reduced apoCIII and increased less‑atherogenic LDL subspecies—favorable for vascular health.

PubMed ID: 27865182

Randomized trial: starting high‑dose EPA after PCI markedly reduced 1‑year cardiovascular events and cardiovascular death (major circulation outcome).

PubMed ID: 24158248

EPA improved flow‑mediated dilation (FMD) and lowered triglycerides in CAD patients already on statins — clear endothelial/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 24637411

EPA added to rosuvastatin produced plaque‑stabilizing changes and lower vascular inflammation markers, suggesting improved vascular health.

PubMed ID: 21701167

Prescription ω‑3 reduced multiple platelet activation markers in stable CAD, supporting reduced thrombogenicity and better microcirculation.

PubMed ID: 20117379

Omega‑3 restored aspirin responsiveness and produced large thromboxane reductions in aspirin‑resistant coronary patients—strong circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 20394870

Adding 1 g/day omega‑3 to dual antiplatelet therapy reduced platelet reactivity after PCI—direct improvement in platelet function relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 15159226

Lowered triglycerides and improved atherogenic markers, supportive of better vascular health.

PubMed ID: 12145002

EPA/DHA increased systemic arterial compliance by 27–36% in dyslipidemic adults.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Both ethyl-ester and triglyceride fish oil reduced platelet activation measures and were incorporated into plasma lipids — improves hemostatic profile.

PubMed ID: 2123355

Dietary mackerel shifted eicosanoids away from thromboxane toward prostacyclin-type metabolites (anti-thrombotic, circulatory benefit).

PubMed ID: 2375296

High‑dose fish oil lowered fibrinogen (antithrombotic marker) and TGs, suggesting improved blood rheology/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 40754213

ALA supplementation modestly reduced brachial‑ankle pulse wave velocity (improved vascular stiffness), a circulation marker.

PubMed ID: 29633621

Omega‑3 enriched eggs improved microvascular reactivity (PORH) and lowered triglycerides/BP—direct microcirculation evidence.

PubMed ID: 30511840

2 g/day EPA+DHA modestly lowered systolic blood pressure and angiotensin II—improved vascular parameters likely aiding circulation.

PubMed ID: 22110169

In post‑MI diabetic patients, EPA/DHA+ALA lowered arrhythmia‑related events and composite cardiac endpoints, reflecting improved cardiac outcomes.

PubMed ID: 19261730

Feeding study showed modest triglyceride reductions and LDL fatty‑acid shifts with n‑3 types — relevant to vascular risk and circulation.

PubMed ID: 16983146

Higher plasma DHA in women with CAD was associated with less coronary artery narrowing and fewer new lesions over ~3 years — direct vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 15821181

Fish oil improved heart‑rate variability measures (cardiac autonomic function), which relate to circulatory control and sudden‑death risk.

PubMed ID: 12576957

In ARDS, EPA+GLA diet improved oxygenation (Pao2/FiO2) — a functional circulation/oxygen-delivery improvement in lungs.

PubMed ID: 10655965

EPA/DHA diets significantly reduced ex vivo platelet aggregation (reduced thrombogenic potential).

PubMed ID: 9310278

Fish oil given early after suspected AMI reduced cardiac events and deaths—clinical evidence of improved cardiovascular outcomes/circulation.

PubMed ID: 23032083

EPA reduced symptomatic cerebral vasospasm and vasospasm‑related infarction after SAH — a clear cerebrovascular circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 22120130

Long‑term high‑dose fish oil substantially reduced recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation, a major cardiac/arrhythmic circulation outcome.

PubMed ID: 10982541

DHA (vs EPA) improved endothelium‑dependent and -independent vasodilation and attenuated norepinephrine‑induced constriction.

PubMed ID: 9081682

Dietary fish or fish oil reduced platelet aggregation and thromboxane responses in men at increased CV risk.

PubMed ID: 2147175

Fish oil improved platelet mediators and lowered BP/norepinephrine in hypertensives, implying beneficial vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 26226139

4 g/day fish oil lowered triglycerides and total cholesterol—improvements in blood lipids that relate to vascular risk/circulation.

PubMed ID: 8540453

Large RCT showed reduced vein graft occlusion after CABG, a clinically relevant circulatory/vascular outcome.

PubMed ID: 35953437

Prescription EPA on statin therapy lowered CV events in current/former smokers, indicating improved clinical circulatory outcomes in that subgroup.

PubMed ID: 37862823

In children with T1DM, 6‑month omega‑3 lowered carotid intima‑media thickness (structural vascular improvement), albuminuria and HbA1c.

PubMed ID: 37301827

4 g/day icosapent ethyl in adults with very high TG significantly lowered TG, VLDL‑C and non‑HDL‑C—favorable lipid changes that support vascular health.

PubMed ID: 36202740

EPA ethyl ester lowered triglycerides over 52 weeks with dose response—improved circulating lipid profile supports vascular health.

PubMed ID: 35483753

REDUCE‑IT analysis in prior‑MI patients showed significant reductions in major ischemic events, MI and CV mortality with EPA—robust vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 39972155

Three months EPA/DHA in overweight children improved heart‑rate variability indices (RMSSD, SDNN) indicating autonomic/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 38777428

Exercise + omega‑3 lowered vascular adhesion molecules (ICAM‑1/VCAM‑1), consistent with improved endothelial function.

PubMed ID: 39859026

Two‑month n‑3 improved endothelial function (RHI), reduced arterial stiffness (augmentation index) and improved vascular biomarkers—strong circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 38552629

Prescription EPA (icosapent ethyl) increased circulating vascular‑regenerative progenitor cells and reduced oxidative stress—mechanistically supports vascular repair/circulation benefits.

PubMed ID: 38484976

n‑3 supplementation lowered procoagulant EVs, reduced thrombin generation and clot growth—mechanistic evidence for improved haemostatic profile/circulation.

PubMed ID: 38252107

Icosapent ethyl given early after ACS on top of statin showed large reductions in recurrent ischemic events (post‑ACS circulatory/ischemic benefit).

PubMed ID: 16196417

Maternal fish oil produced lasting increases in child IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio.

PubMed ID: 16115360

Reduced mitogen-stimulated IFN-γ in Crohn's patients indicates immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 12852711

EPA+GLA emulsion reduced leukotriene biosynthesis in atopic asthma — a direct immune mediator effect (combination product).

PubMed ID: 11895146

Perioperative fish-oil TPN augmented cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α) indicating strong immunomodulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 11781670

HIV patients receiving an n-3–containing enteral formula had a statistically significant rise in CD4 count (clinical immune marker), though formula differed in other components.

PubMed ID: 9445198

Omega‑3+vitamin E improved T‑helper:T‑suppressor ratio and reduced TNF in malnourished cancer patients (immune marker improvements, but confounded by vitamin E).

PubMed ID: 8628335

Large RCT in Crohn's with marked relapse reduction indicates clinically meaningful immune-modulating benefit in IBD.

PubMed ID: 7639807

High-dose fish oil improved RA disease activity and lowered IL‑1β (an immune/inflammatory cytokine) — supports immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 8003055

12-month omega-3 trial in RA showed improved patient/physician assessments and med-sparing — indicates immune-modulating benefit in autoimmune disease.

PubMed ID: 8066866

12-week n‑3 PUFA in active RA produced small but significant symptom and CRP improvements — some immune/inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 7935657

High‑dose fish oil markedly slowed IgA nephropathy progression (an immune‑mediated renal disease), consistent with immune effects.

PubMed ID: 8350886

Reduced rejection episodes in kidney-transplant recipients, indicating immune-modulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 1458789

RA trial showed reduced IL‑1β and modest clinical improvement, indicating immune-modulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 1496538

In transplant recipients fish oil improved renal recovery after rejection and altered cyclosporine levels (immune‑related context).

PubMed ID: 1353742

Fish oil raised rectal EPA and reduced leukotriene B4 synthesis in UC, indicating local immune/eicosanoid modulation.

PubMed ID: 30052800

N-3–rich diet downregulated IL‑1β (anti‑inflammatory signaling) — plausible immune‑modulating effect.

PubMed ID: 24089227

Enteral formula with deep‑sea fish oil improved immune cell markers (CD4/CD8/NK) in antibiotic‑treated patients.

PubMed ID: 40651709

DHA increased plasma IFN-γ and TNF-α and altered oxylipins, indicating immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 40405290

DHA preserved neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and maintained cytokine secretion during chemotherapy—clear immune biomarker preservation.

PubMed ID: 40644954

Multinutrient+ω-3 lowered a composite low-grade inflammation score, reflecting improved immune/inflammatory status.

PubMed ID: 38732601

Synbiotic+n‑3 rapidly raised pro-resolving mediator precursors, which modulate immune/resolution pathways.

PubMed ID: 38518540

Year‑long omega‑3 lowered pro‑inflammatory mediators and raised pro‑resolving precursors (supports immune resolution).

PubMed ID: 36602145

Improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients receiving EPA/DHA (suggests immune/host‑response benefit).

PubMed ID: 32044905

Lowered CRP and TNF-α indicating systemic immuno-inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 29940888

Prenatal EPA lowered maternal pro‑inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, TNFα), indicating immune/modulatory effects in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 29385062

RCT in gestational diabetes showing downregulation of IL‑1 and TNF‑α gene expression and upregulation of PPAR‑γ (anti‑inflammatory signature).

PubMed ID: 29752179

CAD trial reported reductions in inflammatory markers alongside other clinical benefits.

PubMed ID: 29735019

Strong RCT in older adults with chronic wounds showing large reductions in pro‑inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, IL‑1β, TNF‑α).

PubMed ID: 28131045

High‑dose EPA/DHA altered immune-related gene expression (PPARA, TRAF3, CD14) consistent with immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 28987470

In DMD boys, omega‑3 markedly shifted cytokine profile (↓IL‑1β/IL‑6, ↑IL‑10), indicating strong immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 29031393

Maternal supplementation shifted maternal and infant cytokines toward a more anti‑inflammatory/immune‑modulating profile.

PubMed ID: 28029926

Maternal fish oil reduced offspring wheeze/asthma and respiratory infections, implying immune development effects.

PubMed ID: 27187447

Flavonoid+fish‑oil induced antiviral/immune‑modulating blood transcriptome signatures.

PubMed ID: 27554670

Improved malnutrition–inflammation score and antioxidant/NO markers in hemodialysis patients indicate immune/inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 27394149

Perioperative neonatal DHA reduced inflammatory cell markers, sepsis and organ dysfunction — direct immune/protection signal.

PubMed ID: 26407095

Krill oil increased omega‑3 index and augmented post‑exercise NK activity and IL‑2—modest immunomodulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 25976467

In children with sickle cell, fish oil raised EPA/DHA and reduced WBC and NF‑κB expression — anti‑inflammatory/immune signalling effects.

PubMed ID: 26340264

Omega‑3 in obese pregnant women reduced systemic CRP and lowered inflammatory gene expression in adipose and placenta (immune/inflammatory modulation).

PubMed ID: 26074314

EPA/DHA differentially changed immune‑related PBMC gene expression after 6 weeks, showing direct immunomodulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 25733652

Large RCT in children showed DHA/EPA reduced illness days and prevented iron-related increases in respiratory illness.

PubMed ID: 24655407

Perioperative omega‑3 PN reduced inflammatory markers and markedly fewer postoperative infections.

PubMed ID: 24641624

PBMC transcriptome changes after 7 wks indicated modulation of immune‑related pathways (cell cycle/ER stress/apoptosis).

PubMed ID: 24626819

Prenatal DHA reduced some infant respiratory symptoms in offspring of allergic mothers, indicating neonatal immune/airway benefit.

PubMed ID: 25204316

Lowered LPS‑induced endothelial chemokine expression (RANTES, MCP‑1) in dialysis patients, indicating immune signalling effects.

PubMed ID: 25268838

7‑day preoperative n‑3 shifted neutrophil eicosanoids toward less‑inflammatory profiles (LTB5/5‑HEPE increases).

PubMed ID: 23861993

Large RCT in MS showed marked reductions in proinflammatory cytokines and NO products over 12 months, indicating strong immune‑modulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 23328126

In insulin‑resistant subjects fish oil reduced adipose inflammatory macrophages and MCP‑1 and increased capillaries—direct tissue immune/inflammatory changes.

PubMed ID: 23761484

Maternal DHA altered global/newborn immune‑cell methylation patterns (especially in smokers), suggesting developmental immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 24190860

High‑dose omega‑3 blunted LPS‑evoked fever and trended to lower inflammatory responses to endotoxin.

PubMed ID: 23531329

Prenatal EPA/DHA changed cord Th2/Th1 chemokine ratios toward less Th2 dominance, indicating immune programming.

PubMed ID: 24568073

EPA+DHA reduced CRP/IL-6 and raised antioxidant enzymes in children with ADHD — anti-inflammatory/immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 22294737

Prenatal FO reduced atopic eczema and egg sensitisation in infants — clear immune/allergy-relevant clinical signals.

PubMed ID: 22929118

3-month FO produced large RBC index rise and broad immune-related gene expression changes, implying immune modulation potential.

PubMed ID: 21941411

Maternal DHA changed infant lymphocyte subsets and lowered some proinflammatory cytokine production — mechanistic immune effects.

PubMed ID: 21332799

Randomized maternal EPA+DHA reduced IgE‑associated allergic disease in infants — strong RCT evidence for immune modulation in offspring.

PubMed ID: 22160495

Prevented chemotherapy‑associated neutrophil loss and improved neutrophil function — direct immunoprotective signal.

PubMed ID: 22079797

Septic neonates had increased leukocyte DHA and greater IL‑1β reduction with milder clinical course.

PubMed ID: 22136963

Perioperative IV EPA/DHA sharply reduced TNF‑α in infants — strong anti‑inflammatory/immune effect in high‑risk patients.

PubMed ID: 20545703

Children with asthma had reduced exhaled NO and raised EPA—evidence of airway immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 19685375

In HIV patients, fish oil shifted leukotriene profiles toward anti-inflammatory LTB5 and modestly lowered triglycerides, indicating immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 19515734

PBMC transcription shifted toward anti-inflammatory/anti‑atherogenic patterns indicating modulation of immune-cell activity.

PubMed ID: 18930251

Randomized trial in children showed fewer and shorter respiratory illnesses and altered TGF-β1, directly supporting immune-protective effects.

PubMed ID: 18241260

High-dose DHA reduced eczema severity and suppressed IgE synthesis in PBMCs, indicating immune-modulating effects in allergic disease.

PubMed ID: 17980419

Maternal fish oil shifted neonatal immune markers (TH2 down, TGF-β up), showing immune effects.

PubMed ID: 17875549

SLE RCT lowered disease activity and oxidative stress, implying immunomodulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 8050452

High‑dose FO reduced T‑cell activation marker (CD25) in atopic dermatitis/psoriasis patients—direct immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 7918310

Large reduction in monocyte tissue-factor activity suggests modulation of immune/inflammatory cell function.

PubMed ID: 2363736

Reduced macrophage IL-1 and LTB4 in RA indicates immune/inflammatory modulation relevant to autoimmune disease.

PubMed ID: 25498245

Infant RCT: fish oil reduced stimulated IL‑6 (immune cytokine) in certain genotypes, indicating immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 38114377

Prevention of Bifidobacterium decline with added ω‑3 suggests a gut‑immune modulatory effect in burn patients.

PubMed ID: 15290734

Modest symptomatic improvement in SLE activity (SLAM‑R), suggesting immunomodulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 8614301

Marine oils reduced inflammatory markers (TNF) and monocyte tissue-factor activity, supporting immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 8604913

Postoperative fish‑oil feeding associated with fewer infections and complications, a clinically meaningful immune‑related outcome.

PubMed ID: 17596121

Maternal supplementation reduced neonatal inflammatory leukotriene production and neonatal IL-6 responses (perinatal immune modulation).

PubMed ID: 9042869

Postoperative omega‑3 TPN clearly shifted leukotrienes to less inflammatory forms and lowered TNF‑α, showing strong immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 31146957

Arginine/glutamine/fish‑oil nutrition in cancer patients lowered severe hematologic toxicities and improved treatment completion—suggests immune/host‑supportive effects (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 28162818

Preop immunonutrition (including fish oil) before IRE reduced complications and shortened LOS, consistent with improved perioperative immune outcomes (multi‑nutrient study).

PubMed ID: 26965712

Preoperative EPA‑enriched immunonutrition reduced postoperative infections and raised resolvin E1 while lowering IL‑6—direct immunomodulatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 24274379

Enteral immunonutrition including ω‑3 blunted CRP and TNF rises during chemoradiotherapy—clinically relevant immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 23661523

Omega‑3/arginine oral nutrition improved blood protein and immune markers in post‑surgical head & neck patients (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 21058198

Perioperative enteral immunonutrition lowered complication rates after head & neck surgery.

PubMed ID: 19629583

Arginine+omega‑3 periop formula reduced infections and shortened SIRS—strong clinical signal (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 18449445

Small RCT of immune‑enhanced feeds showed fewer postoperative infections.

PubMed ID: 15681102

Perioperative immunonutrition (includes omega‑3) reduced wound complications and improved collagen—supports host defense.

PubMed ID: 16196295

Enteral omega‑3 improved endotoxin‑inactivation capacity and slightly shorter hospital stay — immunologic functional effect.

PubMed ID: 15851366

Postoperative immunonutrition improved protein markers and immune/inflammatory parameters (arginine/glutamine + n‑3).

PubMed ID: 11822956

Perioperative immunonutrition in malnourished GI cancer patients reduced complications and LOS; included omega‑3s.

PubMed ID: 12464864

Large randomized study showed reduced postop infection rates and immune/gut improvements with preop arginine + n‑3 supplementation.

PubMed ID: 12905875

Multicenter RCT improved plasma arginine, IgM and CD3/CD4 indices and shortened hospital stay with immune‑enhanced feeds including n‑3.

PubMed ID: 11819790

Double‑blind trial in GI cancer surgery improved cellular immune function and lowered inflammatory markers (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 10752808

Multicenter ICU RCT showed reduced mortality and bacteremia with enriched immunonutrition that included omega‑3s.

PubMed ID: 10593328

Large multicenter trial showed fewer early postop infections with an omega‑3 containing formula.

PubMed ID: 10574478

Perioperative immunonutrition improved short‑half‑life proteins and reduced pro‑inflammatory cytokines (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 9295822

Large RCT found fewer late postoperative infections with immunonutrition (includes n‑3), strong clinical immune signal though combined nutrients.

PubMed ID: 8857857

Severe‑trauma RCT: immune‑enhancing (including fish‑oil) enteral feed markedly reduced septic complications and LOS.

PubMed ID: 7536138

Small RCT showed improved T‑cell/antibody measures with omega‑3 containing formula; supports immune support but confounded.

PubMed ID: 8924741

Postoperative cancer patients fed omega‑3 formula had better nutrition/immunity markers and fewer/severe infections.

PubMed ID: 7539633

Small study: enteral formula with omega‑3 altered postoperative cytokines and accelerated immune recovery (multi‑nutrient confounder).

PubMed ID: 7874893

Large ICU RCT with fish‑oil‑containing enteral formula showed fewer infections and shorter hospital stays, strong clinical immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 1377838

Postoperative enteral feed with omega‑3 reduced infections and improved nitrogen balance; clinically meaningful immune outcomes.

PubMed ID: 38603973

AA and DHA levels strongly associated with hundreds of inflammation‑related proteins over 100 days, showing immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 37121228

Randomized ARA+DHA reduced IL‑6 AUC in very preterm infants, indicating modulation of postnatal inflammatory/immune responses.

PubMed ID: 36309727