Alpha-Linolenic Acid
19 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
705 products in our catalogue print how much Alpha-Linolenic Acid a serving holds.
Most common: 500 mg to 1 g, 20% of 705 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 25 mg or less | 27 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 50 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 75 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 129 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 140 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 144 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 77 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 22 |
| 5 g to 10 g | 39 |
| over 10 g | 2 |
Dose per serving from research
92 study groups in 70 studies say how much Alpha-Linolenic Acid participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 1 g to 2.5 g and 2.5 g to 5 g, 27% of 92 study groups each.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 mg or less | 1 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 4 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 4 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 13 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 25 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 25 |
| 5 g to 10 g | 16 |
| over 10 g | 4 |
Commonly used together
39 of 94 study groups took Alpha-Linolenic Acid with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 10 |
| Flaxseed Oil | 8 |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid | 7 |
Benefit Evidence
Inflammation ↓ CRP/cytokines
Inflammation ↓ leukotrienes/prostaglandins
Inflammation ↓ gene expression
Heart protection: -73% events
Metabolic/inflammatory aging: better lipids
Mood better, impulsivity lower
Anxiety/migraine improved
Postpartum depression lower
Inflammation ↓ CRP/cytokines
Inflammation ↓ leukotrienes/prostaglandins
Inflammation ↓ gene expression
Mood better, impulsivity lower
Anxiety/migraine improved
Postpartum depression lower
Research sources
Cholesterol (36)
- Dietary n-3 alpha-linolenic and n-6 linoleic acids modestly lower serum lipoprotein(a) concentration but differentially influence other atherogenic lipoprotein traits: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 38714425
Direct randomized comparison: ALA‑enriched diet produced larger LDL‑C, non‑HDL‑C and ApoB decreases vs LA oil.
- Gut microbiome responses to dietary intervention with hypocholesterolemic vegetable oils
PubMed ID: 35411007
ALA‑rich oil blends increased gut microbial diversity and Clostridium leptum; these microbial shifts correlated with better triglyceride and ApoB profiles.
- Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with an alpha linoleic acid and prebiotic enriched cookie on risk cardiovascular factor in obese patients
PubMed ID: 22470031
Obese men consuming an ALA+prebiotic cookie experienced clinically meaningful reductions in total and LDL cholesterol (strongest lipid effect in dataset, though intervention combined ingredients).
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans
PubMed ID: 19261730
ALA-enriched spread raised LDL EPA and produced a modest triglyceride reduction—direct lipid-biomarker impact.
- Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 18460483
Ground flaxseed modestly lowered LDL (early), reduced Lp(a) and improved insulin resistance—meaningful cholesterol/lipoprotein improvements.
- Effects of alpha-linolenic acid versus those of EPA/DHA on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects
PubMed ID: 16482073
In elderly, ALA diet produced more favorable LDL/apoB changes versus EPA/DHA, suggesting a neutral-to-favorable effect on cholesterol metrics.
- The dietary alpha-linolenic acid to linoleic acid ratio does not affect the serum lipoprotein profile in humans
PubMed ID: 16317123
Raising dietary ALA modestly lowered LDL cholesterol and apoB in healthy adults—supports favorable cholesterol changes.
- Effects of dietary oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids on blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins and the formation of eicosanoid precursors in patients with mild essential hypertension
PubMed ID: 1972963
Linseed oil reduced LDL and triglycerides in mildly hypertensive men (short-term RCT).
- Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil
PubMed ID: 8194494
Randomized crossover: rapeseed (ALA-rich) oil lowered total and LDL cholesterol and raised ALA/EPA → clear cholesterol benefit.
- A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids
PubMed ID: 8729094
Large data showed higher plasma PUFA (including ALA-driven changes) strongly associated with lower TC/HDL ratio → robust lipid-balance evidence.
- Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study
PubMed ID: 11299084
High trans‑ALA diet worsened LDL:HDL and total:HDL ratios in healthy men—strong evidence that trans‑ALA adversely affects cholesterol balance.
- Effect of alpha-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects
PubMed ID: 12370843
Camelina oil (high in ALA) produced marked increases in serum ALA/EPA/DPA and lowered LDL by ≈12% in hypercholesterolaemic adults.
- Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects
PubMed ID: 11861668
Dietary intervention raising ALA reduced LDL by ≈11% (though HDL decreased slightly).
- Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts
PubMed ID: 12080402
Walnut‑enriched (ALA‑containing) diet lowered total cholesterol, ApoB and the LDL/HDL ratio in healthy adults.
- Optimized rapeseed oil enriched with healthy micronutrients: a relevant nutritional approach to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Results of the Optim'Oils randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 22784432
Optimized rapeseed oil (retaining micronutrients + ALA) modestly improved cholesterol‑related ratios and reduced LDL oxidation versus standard oil.
- Sheep cheese naturally enriched in α-linolenic, conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids improves the lipid profile and reduces anandamide in the plasma of hypercholesterolaemic subjects
PubMed ID: 22917075
Randomized crossover: ALA‑enriched sheep cheese reduced LDL‑cholesterol ~7% in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects → direct LDL‑lowering evidence.
- Lignan content of the flaxseed influences its biological effects in healthy men and women
PubMed ID: 23885993
Flaxseed bars (both contained 3.0 g ALA) lowered total and LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL; effects attributed largely to lignans but ALA present.
- Flaxseed oil does not affect inflammatory markers and lipid profile compared to olive oil, in young, healthy, normal weight adults
PubMed ID: 23347535
Flaxseed oil in healthy young adults modestly lowered total (−5%) and LDL (−6.7%) cholesterol vs baseline.
- Benefits of foods supplemented with vegetable oils rich in α-linolenic, stearidonic or docosahexaenoic acid in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail
PubMed ID: 25216712
Double‑blind RCT in hypertriglyceridemic adults: ALA (linseed foods) increased erythrocyte EPA and improved total and LDL cholesterol.
- A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study on acceptability, safety and efficacy of oral administration of sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in adult human subjects
PubMed ID: 24389453
Sacha inchi oil (ALA-rich) reduced total and LDL cholesterol and increased HDL at month 4.
- The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid-based dietary supplements on disease biomarkers in a metabolic syndrome/diabetes population
PubMed ID: 25515553
Botanical oil (borage+echium) lowered total and LDL cholesterol in metabolic‑syndrome/T2D patients.
- Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diacylglycerol Oil Suppresses the Postprandial Serum Triglyceride Level-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 28202845
Single 2.5 g ALA meal lowered postprandial TG acutely (supports short‑term lipid modulation).
- The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression of lipoprotein(a) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
PubMed ID: 27619403
Flaxseed‑derived ALA+vitE in PCOS reduced total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides vs placebo — strong lipid changes (combination therapy).
- Diacylglycerol Enhances the Effects of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Against Visceral Fat: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28851088
12‑week ALA‑DAG modestly reduced fasting triglycerides vs TAG.
- Flaxseed Oil Supplementation Improve Gene Expression Levels of PPAR-γ, LP(a), IL-1 and TNF-α in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 28916975
Flaxseed oil downregulated LP(a) gene expression — favorable for cholesterol/lipoprotein profile at molecular level.
- Effect of alpha-linolenic acid in combination with the flavonol quercetin on markers of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy, non-obese adults: A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover trial
PubMed ID: 30278429
High-dose ALA (3.6 g/day) RCT produced significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, non-HDL-C and ApoB.
- Camelina Sativa Oil, but not Fatty Fish or Lean Fish, Improves Serum Lipid Profile in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism-A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 29272068
Camelina (ALA) in impaired glucose metabolism lowered total and LDL cholesterol versus fish diets in a 12‑week RCT.
- Intake of Fatty Fish Alters the Size and the Concentration of Lipid Components of HDL Particles and Camelina Sativa Oil Decreases IDL Particle Concentration in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism
PubMed ID: 29645359
Camelina lowered IDL particle concentration (potentially favorable) though many lipid changes were diet-dependent.
- The effect of intakes of fish and Camelina sativa oil on atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions of LDL and HDL particles: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30658192
Camelina reduced lipoprotein–proteoglycan binding largely via lowered LDL/apoB—mechanism relevant to cholesterol-driven atherogenesis.
- Replacing Saturated Fat With Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Improves Central Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial
PubMed ID: 31039663
Walnut‑rich diet modestly reduced total and LDL cholesterol in at‑risk adults.
- Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 22894911
High‑ALA rapeseed diet reduced serum triglycerides and produced favorable cardiometabolic changes in metabolic‑syndrome patients.
- Outcomes of Perilla Seed Oil as an Additional Neuroprotective Therapy in Patients with Mild to Moderate Dementia: A Randomized Control Trial
PubMed ID: 30543172
Perilla seed oil (ALA) lowered total and LDL cholesterol in people with mild–moderate dementia despite no cognitive benefit.
- The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31902378
Flaxseed oil reduced TAG/VLDL and total cholesterol in gestational diabetes participants.
- Replacing Saturated Fats with Unsaturated Fats from Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Lowers Atherogenic Lipoprotein Classes Without Increasing Lipoprotein(a)
PubMed ID: 31909809
Replacing saturated fat with walnuts (ALA source) significantly lowered LDL, non‑HDL and total cholesterol in controlled feeding.
- Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on ischemic heart disease and cardiometabolic risk factors: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
PubMed ID: 34749668
Genetic analyses associated higher ALA with lower LDL and lower ischemic heart disease risk — supports favorable cholesterol effects long term.
- Effects of marine-derived and plant-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte fatty acid composition in type 2 diabetic patients
PubMed ID: 35144649
In T2D, fish oil lowered triglycerides while perilla (ALA) raised ALA/DPA; lipid responses were source‑specific but ALA linked to modest lipid improvements.
Heart health (35)
- Plasma and dietary omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and heart failure risk in the Physicians' Health Study
PubMed ID: 22952185
Prospective study: higher plasma ALA associated with lower heart‑failure risk in men (observational association).
- Dietary n-3 alpha-linolenic and n-6 linoleic acids modestly lower serum lipoprotein(a) concentration but differentially influence other atherogenic lipoprotein traits: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 38714425
ALA‑enriched diet lowered atherogenic lipids and Lp(a) — favorable heart‑health lipid changes.
- A Walnut-Enriched Diet for 2 Years Changes the Serum Oxylipin Profile in Healthy Older Persons
PubMed ID: 38081585
Two‑year walnut RCT increased ALA and shifted oxylipins toward less AA‑derived species, consistent with cardioprotective mechanisms.
- Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome in MERLIN-TIMI 36
PubMed ID: 33840228
Higher plasma long‑chain n‑3 associated with lower cardiovascular and sudden cardiac death after ACS—relevant to heart outcomes though focused on long‑chain n‑3 rather than ALA.
- Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on ischemic heart disease and cardiometabolic risk factors: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
PubMed ID: 34749668
Large Mendelian randomization found higher lifelong ALA linked to lower ischemic heart disease and improved cardiometabolic risk factors — strong heart‑health signal.
- Replacing Saturated Fats with Unsaturated Fats from Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Lowers Atherogenic Lipoprotein Classes Without Increasing Lipoprotein(a)
PubMed ID: 31909809
Walnut diet lowered LDL and non‑HDL cholesterol—established heart risk factors were improved.
- Replacing Saturated Fat With Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Improves Central Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial
PubMed ID: 31039663
Walnut diet lowered central diastolic BP and improved lipids—beneficial for heart health.
- The effect of intakes of fish and Camelina sativa oil on atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions of LDL and HDL particles: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30658192
Camelina reduced lipoprotein–proteoglycan binding, a mechanistic marker of atherogenesis; supports anti-atherosclerotic potential.
- Camelina Sativa Oil, but not Fatty Fish or Lean Fish, Improves Serum Lipid Profile in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism-A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 29272068
Camelina reduced LDL and improved lipoprotein ratios vs fish diets in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism.
- Effect of alpha-linolenic acid in combination with the flavonol quercetin on markers of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy, non-obese adults: A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover trial
PubMed ID: 30278429
High-dose ALA lowered ApoB and LDL-C—direct heart-risk factor improvements in an RCT.
- Flaxseed Oil Supplementation Improve Gene Expression Levels of PPAR-γ, LP(a), IL-1 and TNF-α in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 28916975
ALA downregulated inflammatory and atherogenic genes (LP(a), IL‑1, TNF‑α) in patients with CHD and diabetes — mechanistic heart benefit.
- Dietary α-Linolenic Acid, Marine ω-3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study
PubMed ID: 26813890
Higher ALA intake associated with lower all‑cause mortality in high‑risk older adults; supports population‑level heart health signal.
- Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diacylglycerol Oil Suppresses the Postprandial Serum Triglyceride Level-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 28202845
Acute postprandial TG and apoB reductions after ALA dose may reduce atherogenic risk.
- Effects of short-term walnut consumption on human microvascular function and its relationship to plasma epoxide content
PubMed ID: 26396054
Microvascular endothelial improvement with walnuts suggests an effect relevant to cardiovascular health.
- Effects of 1-year intervention with a Mediterranean diet on plasma fatty acid composition and metabolic syndrome in a population at high cardiovascular risk
PubMed ID: 24651160
ALA increases in Mediterranean diet associated with lower metabolic‑syndrome prevalence and reduced CVD risk factors.
- Benefits of foods supplemented with vegetable oils rich in α-linolenic, stearidonic or docosahexaenoic acid in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail
PubMed ID: 25216712
ALA foods increased tissue EPA and improved TC/LDL in hypertriglyceridemic adults — favorable CVD risk profile changes.
- Potent antihypertensive action of dietary flaxseed in hypertensive patients
PubMed ID: 24126178
Milled flaxseed produced large BP reductions in PAD patients — clinically meaningful cardiovascular risk reduction.
- Effects of dietary oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids on blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins and the formation of eicosanoid precursors in patients with mild essential hypertension
PubMed ID: 1972963
Linseed oil lowered LDL and TG in mildly hypertensive men — relevant to heart risk reduction.
- Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease
PubMed ID: 7911176
Large randomized post‑MI trial: ALA‑rich Mediterranean diet sharply reduced cardiac events and mortality (strong clinical heart‑health signal, though multi‑component diet).
- Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil
PubMed ID: 8194494
Rapeseed oil lowered LDL and increased ALA/EPA → supports cardiovascular risk reduction.
- A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids
PubMed ID: 8729094
Plasma PUFA associated with better TC/HDL ratio → supports lower cardiovascular risk at population level.
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4
PubMed ID: 9310278
Randomized trial in AMI patients where mustard oil (ALA) reduced total cardiac events and nonfatal MI—strong heart‑protection evidence in that trial.
- Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study
PubMed ID: 11299084
Trans‑ALA raised LDL:HDL and total:HDL ratios—evidence that certain ALA isomers (trans) harm heart risk profile.
- Effect of alpha-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects
PubMed ID: 12370843
Camelina (ALA) lowered LDL ≈12% and raised ALA/EPA/DPA—changes supportive of heart risk reduction.
- Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects
PubMed ID: 11861668
Dietary changes raising ALA reduced LDL ~11% — relevant to heart health.
- Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts
PubMed ID: 12080402
Walnut (ALA) diet lowered total cholesterol/ApoB and LDL/HDL ratio — supportive for heart health.
- Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial
PubMed ID: 12433513
Large randomized Indo‑Mediterranean diet trial (higher ALA) produced ~50% fewer cardiac events versus control (diet multifactorial).
- Effects of introducing linseed in livestock diet on blood fatty acid composition of consumers of animal products
PubMed ID: 12378041
Linseed‑fed animal product consumption raised ALA and improved n‑6/n‑3 ratios and erythrocyte EPA — favorable heart biomarker changes.
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 12818406
ALA reduced systemic inflammatory markers (CRP/SAA/IL‑6), which are implicated in atherosclerosis and heart disease.
- Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly
PubMed ID: 15821181
Soy oil (ALA-containing) increased overall HRV (SDNN) in elderly — intermediate cardiovascular risk marker improvement.
- Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 17268413
Flaxseed oil significantly lowered both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in dyslipidemic men—direct heart health benefit.
- Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 18460483
Flaxseed lowered LDL (early), reduced Lp(a) and improved insulin resistance—beneficial for heart disease risk.
- Stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index, an emerging cardiovascular risk marker
PubMed ID: 18683001
SDA-enriched soybean oil (downstream of ALA) raised RBC EPA and the omega‑3 index—cardiovascular biomarker improvement.
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans
PubMed ID: 19261730
ALA increased LDL EPA and modestly lowered TG—biomarker changes relevant to cardiovascular risk.
- n-3 fatty acids, ventricular arrhythmia-related events, and fatal myocardial infarction in postmyocardial infarction patients with diabetes
PubMed ID: 22110169
Large RCT post‑MI diabetic subgroup: combined EPA/DHA+ALA markedly lowered ventricular arrhythmic events; ALA alone had a suggestive but smaller effect.
Blood circulation (32)
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans
PubMed ID: 19261730
Dietary ALA increased LDL EPA and modestly lowered triglycerides—relevant to circulation and atherogenic risk.
- A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids
PubMed ID: 8729094
Higher plasma PUFA linked to better TC/HDL ratio in a large sample → supports circulation benefit of PUFA including ALA-derived changes.
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4
PubMed ID: 9310278
Randomized trial in AMI patients: mustard oil (ALA) reduced total cardiac events and nonfatal MI versus placebo.
- Essential fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: the Edinburgh Artery Study
PubMed ID: 10613625
Cross‑sectional: lower red cell ALA associated with higher prevalence of stroke and peripheral vascular disease (associative evidence).
- Effect of alpha-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects
PubMed ID: 12370843
Camelina (high‑ALA) supplementation raised ALA/EPA and lowered LDL ≈12%, supporting vascular risk improvement.
- Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects
PubMed ID: 11861668
TLC/Step 2 diet raising ALA increased ALA in lipids and reduced LDL ~11%, supporting circulation moderately.
- Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts
PubMed ID: 12080402
Walnut (ALA‑containing) diet lowered cholesterol/ApoB and LDL/HDL ratio, supporting healthier circulation.
- Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial
PubMed ID: 12433513
Indo‑Mediterranean diet higher in ALA halved cardiac events in a large trial (diet multifactorial but circulation/vascular outcomes improved).
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 12818406
Linseed oil reduced CRP/SAA/IL‑6 in dyslipidaemic men — lower inflammation supports vascular function.
- The effect of diet enriched with alpha-linolenic acid on soluble cellular adhesion molecules in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 15135261
Linseed (ALA) reduced soluble VCAM-1, a marker of endothelial activation—consistent with improved vascular/endothelial function.
- Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly
PubMed ID: 15821181
Soy oil (contains ALA) increased SDNN (HRV) in elderly, indicating improved autonomic/circulatory regulation.
- Influence of low-dose polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on the inflammatory response of healthy adults
PubMed ID: 17664057
Raised ALA/EPA and reduced proinflammatory lipid mediators which may improve circulation.
- Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 17268413
Flaxseed oil (8 g ALA/day) for 12 weeks significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure—direct circulation benefit.
- Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 18460483
Ground flaxseed modestly lowered LDL and Lp(a) and improved insulin resistance — beneficial circulation/lipoprotein effects.
- Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid
PubMed ID: 18779299
Flax oil increased erythrocyte ALA, EPA and DPA — shows incorporation of n‑3 into blood cells relevant to circulation.
- Stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index, an emerging cardiovascular risk marker
PubMed ID: 18683001
SDA‑enriched oil (downstream of ALA) raised the omega‑3 index (RBC EPA) — suggests improved circulating n‑3 status.
- n-3 fatty acids, ventricular arrhythmia-related events, and fatal myocardial infarction in postmyocardial infarction patients with diabetes
PubMed ID: 22110169
Post‑MI diabetic subgroup: combined n‑3 (incl. ALA) markedly reduced arrhythmic events → plausible circulation/arrhythmia benefit (ALA alone suggestive).
- Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 22894911
High‑ALA rapeseed diet reduced triglycerides and diastolic BP in metabolic‑syndrome patients — improves circulatory risk markers.
- Potent antihypertensive action of dietary flaxseed in hypertensive patients
PubMed ID: 24126178
Well‑conducted RCT: daily milled flaxseed produced large systolic/diastolic BP reductions in PAD patients, improving circulation metrics.
- A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study on acceptability, safety and efficacy of oral administration of sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in adult human subjects
PubMed ID: 24389453
Sacha inchi (ALA-rich) reduced arterial blood pressure and improved lipids, supporting better circulation.
- Effects of short-term walnut consumption on human microvascular function and its relationship to plasma epoxide content
PubMed ID: 26396054
Walnut intake improved microvascular endothelial function (RHI) with mechanistic epoxide correlation.
- Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diacylglycerol Oil Suppresses the Postprandial Serum Triglyceride Level-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study
PubMed ID: 28202845
Acute single‑dose ALA (2.5 g) lowered postprandial triglycerides and apoB — direct circulatory lipid effect.
- Dietary α-Linolenic Acid, Marine ω-3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study
PubMed ID: 26813890
Higher dietary ALA intake associated with lower all‑cause mortality in high‑risk older cohort — supportive population signal for circulation/overall risk.
- Diacylglycerol Enhances the Effects of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Against Visceral Fat: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28851088
12‑week ALA‑DAG reduced visceral fat and modestly lowered fasting triglycerides vs TAG — supports circulation risk factors.
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption enhances microvascular reactivity in young healthy individuals
PubMed ID: 29633621
Omega-3 (including ALA) enriched eggs improved microvascular reactivity (PORH) in a controlled feeding study.
- Replacing Saturated Fat With Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Improves Central Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial
PubMed ID: 31039663
Walnut-rich (ALA-containing) diet modestly lowered central diastolic BP and improved total/LDL cholesterol—direct circulation improvements.
- Replacing Saturated Fats with Unsaturated Fats from Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Lowers Atherogenic Lipoprotein Classes Without Increasing Lipoprotein(a)
PubMed ID: 31909809
Replacing saturated fat with walnuts (ALA source) lowered LDL/non-HDL/TC—favors healthier circulation.
- Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on ischemic heart disease and cardiometabolic risk factors: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
PubMed ID: 34749668
Mendelian randomization linking lifelong higher ALA to lower ischemic heart disease risk supports improved circulation and vascular outcomes.
- Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome in MERLIN-TIMI 36
PubMed ID: 33840228
Higher circulating long‑chain n‑3 associated with markedly lower cardiovascular and sudden cardiac death after ACS — relevant to circulation (although measures were long‑chain n‑3 rather than ALA).
- A Walnut-Enriched Diet for 2 Years Changes the Serum Oxylipin Profile in Healthy Older Persons
PubMed ID: 38081585
Two‑year walnut intake increased ALA and shifted oxylipins toward fewer AA‑derived proinflammatory mediators—mechanistic support for improved vascular health.
- Dietary n-3 alpha-linolenic and n-6 linoleic acids modestly lower serum lipoprotein(a) concentration but differentially influence other atherogenic lipoprotein traits: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 38714425
Randomized ALA‑enriched diet lowered Lp(a), LDL‑C and other atherogenic lipids — supports circulation/vascular risk.
- The Effects of α-Linolenic Acid Intake on Skin and Blood Vessel Health and Subjective Fatigue in Middle-Aged Japanese Females: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Comparative Trial
PubMed ID: 40754213
Supplemental ALA modestly reduced baPWV (arterial stiffness) in middle‑aged women — direct vascular benefit.
Metabolism (28)
- Indices of fatty acid desaturase activity in healthy human subjects: effects of different types of dietary fat
PubMed ID: 23414551
Dietary fat changes including n‑3 decreased SCD‑1 index (~20%), reflecting metabolic enzyme shifts relevant to lipid/glucose metabolism.
- Fat Quantity and Quality, as Part of a Low-Fat, Vegan Diet, Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion. A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 30871233
Low‑fat vegan diet that raised ALA produced substantial weight/fat loss and improved insulin sensitivity—strong metabolic signal (dietary context).
- The effect of camelina sativa oil and fish intakes on fatty acid compositions of blood lipid fractions
PubMed ID: 30454883
Camelina intake produced consistent increases in ALA across multiple blood lipid pools—direct metabolic biomarker effect.
- Diacylglycerol Enhances the Effects of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Against Visceral Fat: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28851088
Reductions in visceral fat area and BMI with ALA‑DAG indicate metabolic benefit.
- Consumption of alpha-Linolenic Acid-enriched Diacylglycerol Reduces Visceral Fat Area in Overweight and Obese Subjects: a Randomized, Double-blind Controlled, Parallel-group Designed Trial
PubMed ID: 27321122
12‑week RCT: daily 2.5 g ALA‑DAG reduced visceral fat, weight and waist in overweight subjects — strong metabolic outcome.
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26047766
Flaxseed+fish oil lowered triglycerides and plasma PUFA changes correlated with improved NASH histology/metabolic indices.
- Effects of 1-year intervention with a Mediterranean diet on plasma fatty acid composition and metabolic syndrome in a population at high cardiovascular risk
PubMed ID: 24651160
Mediterranean diets raised ALA and higher ALA change associated with lower metabolic syndrome prevalence.
- The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid-based dietary supplements on disease biomarkers in a metabolic syndrome/diabetes population
PubMed ID: 25515553
Botanical (borage+echium) oil improved total/LDL in metabolic‑syndrome/T2D patients — metabolic benefit though mixed interventions.
- A dietary biomarker approach captures compliance and cardiometabolic effects of a healthy Nordic diet in individuals with metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 25080537
Biomarker-confirmed Nordic diet (including ALA) amplified cardiometabolic benefits in adherent participants.
- Effect of lowering the glycemic load with canola oil on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24929428
Canola oil–enriched low–glycemic-load diet produced greater HbA1c reduction in type 2 diabetes.
- Improved residual fat malabsorption and growth in children with cystic fibrosis treated with a novel oral structured lipid supplement: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32384122
Encala™ improved fat absorption, raised plasma ALA and supported growth in CF children—clinically useful metabolic/nutrition effect.
- Dietary substitution with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues
PubMed ID: 7910999
ALA-rich oil diet substantially raised tissue ALA and EPA → supports metabolic incorporation and downstream effects.
- Alpha-linolenic acid in rapeseed oil partly compensates for the effect of fish restriction on plasma long chain n-3 fatty acids
PubMed ID: 8730609
Rapeseed (ALA) increased plasma ALA and preserved EPA/DPA/DHA when fish intake restricted—metabolic preservation of n-3 status.
- Effects of preterm infant formula supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid with a linoleate/alpha-linolenate ratio of 6: a multicentric study
PubMed ID: 11248877
ALA‑supplemented preterm formula maintained RBC DHA similar to human milk—shows effective metabolic maintenance of n-3 status from ALA.
- The impact of dietary fat composition on serum leptin concentrations in healthy nonobese men and women
PubMed ID: 12414865
Rapeseed (ALA‑rich) diet altered serum leptin markedly by sex, indicating effects on metabolic hormones.
- Association of the fatty acid profile of serum lipids with glucose and insulin metabolism during 2 fat-modified diets in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
PubMed ID: 12145003
Higher phospholipid ALA was associated with lower fasting glucose and improved glucose effectiveness in people with impaired glucose tolerance.
- Metabolism of stearidonic acid in human subjects: comparison with the metabolism of other n-3 fatty acids
PubMed ID: 12716664
Shows ALA is a weak precursor to EPA/DHA compared with stearidonic acid, directly informing ALA metabolic conversion capacity.
- Effects of diet and simvastatin on fatty acid composition in hypercholesterolemic men: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16020749
Dietary ALA substantially increased serum ALA proportion, demonstrating diet-driven metabolic incorporation of ALA.
- Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 18460483
Ground flaxseed for 10 weeks lowered LDL early, reduced Lp(a) and improved HOMA-IR (−23.7%), strong metabolic benefits.
- Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve N-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes
PubMed ID: 20595648
Milled flaxseed/flax oil (ALA ~7.4 g/day) increased ALA/EPA and prevented modest weight gain in type 2 diabetics over 12 weeks.
- Dietary oils and FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants modulate [13C]α-linolenic acid metabolism and plasma fatty acid composition
PubMed ID: 23221573
Tracer crossover: dietary ALA dose and FADS genotype strongly affect conversion to EPA/DPA and circulating n‑3 levels → direct metabolic evidence.
- Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 22894911
High‑ALA rapeseed low‑energy diet gave greater weight loss and triglyceride reductions in metabolic‑syndrome patients → metabolic benefit (dietary context).
- Nut consumption, linoleic and α-linolenic acid intakes, and genetics: how fatty acid desaturase 1 impacts plasma fatty acids and type 2 diabetes risk in EPIC-InterAct and PREDIMED studies
PubMed ID: 40484934
Plasma ALA inversely associated with incident T2D in large cohort — biomarker evidence linking ALA status to lower diabetes risk.
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39202647
Micronutrient cocktail including 1 g ALA reduced liver steatosis/fibrosis and BMI — metabolic improvement though multi‑nutrient.
- Effects of marine-derived and plant-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte fatty acid composition in type 2 diabetic patients
PubMed ID: 35144649
Perilla (ALA) in type 2 diabetes raised erythrocyte ALA/DPA and was associated with modest improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c — supports metabolic benefit.
- Effect of flaxseed consumption on central obesity, serum lipids, and adiponectin level in overweight or obese women: A randomised controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 34227198
Milled flaxseed (ALA source) reduced waist circumference and WHR and raised adiponectin in overweight/obese women — direct metabolic improvements.
- Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on ischemic heart disease and cardiometabolic risk factors: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
PubMed ID: 34749668
Genetic evidence linking higher lifelong ALA to lower type 2 diabetes risk indicates metabolic support across life.
- The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31902378
Flaxseed‑oil (ALA) in gestational diabetes improved fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA‑IR and reduced TAG/VLDL—robust metabolic benefits.
Inflammation (23)
- Serum Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Long-Term Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression
PubMed ID: 40674673
Higher baseline serum ALA prospectively associated with lower MS risk and fewer relapses — consistent with lower inflammatory/autoimmune activity.
- Effects of diacylglycerol-enriched alpha-linolenic acid oil on skin properties in mild skin discomfort: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 41495414
ALA‑DAG for 8 weeks raised skin hydration and reduced mite‑specific IgE and allergy symptoms — anti‑inflammatory/immunomodulatory effects.
- Clinical Benefits of n-3 PUFA and ɤ-Linolenic Acid in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
PubMed ID: 28346333
Fish oil (EPA/DHA) improved RA disease activity — supports anti‑inflammatory benefit of n‑3 fats, albeit marine long‑chain rather than ALA.
- Dietary Buglossoides Arvensis Oil Increases Circulating n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Dose-Dependent Manner and Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Whole Blood Interleukin-10-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28287415
SDA/ALA‑rich Ahiflower oil increased anti‑inflammatory IL‑10 production and raised EPA/DPA — biologically plausible anti‑inflammatory effect.
- Flaxseed Oil Supplementation Improve Gene Expression Levels of PPAR-γ, LP(a), IL-1 and TNF-α in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 28916975
12‑week flaxseed oil (ALA) randomized trial downregulated IL‑1, TNF‑α and LP(a) gene expression in PBMCs — robust anti‑inflammatory molecular signal.
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption enhances microvascular reactivity in young healthy individuals
PubMed ID: 29633621
Omega-3 enriched eggs (including ALA) reduced hsCRP and triglycerides—evidence for lowered inflammation marker.
- Intake of Camelina Sativa Oil and Fatty Fish Alter the Plasma Lipid Mediator Profile in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism - A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32512364
Camelina (ALA) increased ALA‑derived anti‑inflammatory lipid mediators and decreased an AA‑derived prostaglandin—direct anti‑inflammatory biochemical evidence.
- The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31902378
Flaxseed oil reduced hsCRP and MDA in gestational diabetes—clinical inflammation marker reductions.
- Dietary Intake of n-3 PUFA-Enriched Hen Eggs Changes Inflammatory Markers' Concentration and Treg/Th17 Cells Distribution in Blood of Young Healthy Adults-A Randomised Study
PubMed ID: 34071714
n‑3 enriched eggs increased resolvins and other pro‑resolving mediators and lowered IL‑6 and inflammatory T‑cell activity—strong inflammation‑modulating evidence.
- A Walnut-Enriched Diet for 2 Years Changes the Serum Oxylipin Profile in Healthy Older Persons
PubMed ID: 38081585
Two‑year walnut (ALA) consumption shifted serum oxylipins toward ALA/EPA‑derived (fewer AA‑derived) species consistent with reduced pro‑inflammatory mediators.
- Additional benefit in CVD risk indices derived from the consumption of fortified milk when combined with a lifestyle intervention
PubMed ID: 23249766
Fortified milk including ALA lowered serum CRP in hypercholesterolemic adults → anti‑inflammatory marker improvement (confounded by other fortificants).
- Intakes of PUFAs were inversely associated with plasma C-reactive protein 12 years later in a middle-aged population with vitamin E intake as an effect modifier
PubMed ID: 24027184
Large prospective cohort: higher long‑term n‑3 (including ALA) intakes associated with markedly lower odds of elevated CRP 12 years later.
- Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched canola oil increases adiponectin concentrations: a randomized crossover controlled intervention trial
PubMed ID: 25240692
CanolaDHA vs other plant oils reduced IL1B expression and hsCRP, indicating modest anti-inflammatory effects in abdominally obese adults.
- Asthmatics exhibit altered oxylipin profiles compared to healthy individuals after subway air exposure
PubMed ID: 21897859
Bronchoalveolar ALA‑derived oxylipins changed after subway‑air exposure with differences between healthy and asthmatic subjects—evidence of modulation of local inflammatory lipid mediators.
- Double blind randomized clinical trial controlled by placebo with an alpha linoleic acid and prebiotic enriched cookie on risk cardiovascular factor in obese patients
PubMed ID: 22470031
Study reported lower CRP in obese men after ALA+prebiotic cookie—evidence of reduced systemic inflammation (but multi-component).
- Alpha-linolenic acid supplementation and resistance training in older adults
PubMed ID: 19234585
ALA supplementation in older adults doing resistance training markedly decreased IL‑6 in men (anti-inflammatory signal).
- Influence of low-dose polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on the inflammatory response of healthy adults
PubMed ID: 17664057
ALA-rich fat blend increased plasma ALA/EPA and decreased ex vivo release of inflammatory lipid mediators (LTB4, PGE1).
- Plant-based diet, serum fatty acid profile, and free radicals in postmenopausal women: the diet and androgens (DIANA) randomized trial
PubMed ID: 16240844
Plant-based n‑3–rich diet (including ALA) increased DHA and lowered oxidative stress markers—consistent with reduced inflammatory/oxidative burden.
- Increased alpha-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein, but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis
PubMed ID: 15220952
Higher dietary ALA produced a sustained reduction in CRP over 2 years, supporting an anti-inflammatory signal.
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 12818406
Three months of linseed (ALA) oil significantly lowered CRP, SAA and IL‑6 in dyslipidaemic men — clear anti‑inflammatory signal.
- Effect of dietary supplementation with black currant seed oil on the immune response of healthy elderly subjects
PubMed ID: 10500023
Black currant seed oil (contains ALA) reduced PGE2 production and increased skin DTH responses in elderly—evidence of anti‑inflammatory modulation.
- Parenteral MCT/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Intravenous Fat Emulsion Is Associated With Cytokine and Fatty Acid Profiles Consistent With Attenuated Inflammatory Response in Preterm Neonates: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 26378118
ω‑3 enriched IV fat raised EPA/DHA and was linked to lower IL‑6/IL‑8 in neonates, supporting anti-inflammatory action.
- The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression of lipoprotein(a) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
PubMed ID: 27619403
PCOS trial of flaxseed ALA+vitamin E lowered oxidative‑stress markers and Lp(a)/Ox‑LDL mRNA — anti‑inflammatory/oxidative stress improvements (combination therapy).
Cell health (22)
- Dietary substitution with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues
PubMed ID: 7910999
Randomized dietary substitution with ALA‑rich oils produced large increases in tissue ALA and meaningful rise in EPA → strong cellular fatty‑acid incorporation evidence.
- The FADS1 rs174550 Genotype Modifies the n-3 and n-6 PUFA and Lipid Mediator Responses to a High Alpha-Linolenic Acid and High Linoleic Acid Diets
PubMed ID: 36367234
Genotype‑stratified diet intervention showed ALA vs LA diets produced genotype‑specific shifts in EPA/AA and oxylipin profiles—direct biochemical cellular lipid‑metabolism effects.
- Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34548243
Camelina oil and fish altered the LDL lipidome toward more polyunsaturated species with associations to LDL aggregation—cellular lipid remodeling evidence.
- Flaxseed Oil Supplementation Improve Gene Expression Levels of PPAR-γ, LP(a), IL-1 and TNF-α in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 28916975
Flaxseed oil modulated PPAR‑γ and other gene expression in PBMCs — supports cellular lipid/inflammatory regulation.
- Effects of short-term walnut consumption on human microvascular function and its relationship to plasma epoxide content
PubMed ID: 26396054
Walnut intake changed cytochrome‑P450 epoxides correlated with endothelial function — cellular signalling/metabolite changes.
- Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched canola oil increases adiponectin concentrations: a randomized crossover controlled intervention trial
PubMed ID: 25240692
DHA‑enriched canola oil altered IL1B gene expression and hsCRP — cellular inflammatory gene modulation.
- Increased dietary α-linolenic acid has sex-specific effects upon eicosapentaenoic acid status in humans: re-examination of data from a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel study
PubMed ID: 25496415
6‑month dietary ALA increased plasma ALA and EPA (sex differences), showing sustained improvement in circulating phospholipid composition affecting cells.
- Cheek cell fatty acids reflect n-3 PUFA in blood fractions during linseed oil supplementation: a controlled human intervention study
PubMed ID: 24229084
Controlled human intervention showed ALA incorporation into cheek cells and conversion to EPA/DPA, improving cellular n‑3 status and n‑6/n‑3 ratio.
- Chia seed supplementation and disease risk factors in overweight women: a metabolomics investigation
PubMed ID: 22830971
Milled chia raised plasma ALA and EPA indicating incorporation into circulating pools (cellular biomarker changes).
- Effects of flaxseed supplementation on erythrocyte fatty acids and multiple cardiometabolic biomarkers among Chinese with risk factors of metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 23179200
Flaxseed increased erythrocyte n‑3 PUFAs and improved n‑6:n‑3 ratio—robust cell‑membrane fatty acid changes.
- Dietary oils and FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants modulate [13C]α-linolenic acid metabolism and plasma fatty acid composition
PubMed ID: 23221573
Clear evidence that dietary ALA increases plasma EPA/DPA via conversion and changes circulating n‑3 status—direct cellular fatty‑acid status effect.
- Change in the fatty acid pattern of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after oral supplementation of specific fatty acids in patients with gastrointestinal diseases
PubMed ID: 20160750
Supplementation including ALA+DHA+EPA raised erythrocyte membrane ALA, DHA and EPA over 12 weeks—clear membrane incorporation evidence.
- Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid
PubMed ID: 18779299
Flaxseed oil supplementation raised RBC ALA and increased downstream EPA and DPA—clear tissue incorporation and conversion.
- Influence of three rapeseed oil-rich diets, fortified with alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins: results of a controlled study in healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 16969378
ALA enrichment of LDL without increased oxidizability indicates maintained cellular/particle oxidative stability.
- Effects of introducing linseed in livestock diet on blood fatty acid composition of consumers of animal products
PubMed ID: 12378041
Consumption of products from linseed‑fed animals raised human plasma ALA and improved n‑6/n‑3 ratios — clear biomarker effects at the cellular lipid level.
- The effect of flaxseed supplementation in processed foods on serum fatty acids and enterolactone
PubMed ID: 11857049
Flaxseed foods substantially raised blood ALA and downstream EPA/DPA and doubled enterolactone, showing clear cellular‑level biochemical changes.
- Effects of preterm infant formula supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid with a linoleate/alpha-linolenate ratio of 6: a multicentric study
PubMed ID: 11248877
ALA‑supplemented preterm formula maintained RBC DHA within human‑milk range → indicates effective cellular membrane DHA maintenance.
- Alpha-linolenic acid in rapeseed oil partly compensates for the effect of fish restriction on plasma long chain n-3 fatty acids
PubMed ID: 8730609
Rapeseed oil increased plasma ALA and preserved EPA/DPA/DHA during fish restriction → supports maintenance of cellular n‑3 status.
- Effect of three intravenously administered fat emulsions containing different concentrations of fatty acids on the plasma fatty acid composition of premature infants
PubMed ID: 7931881
IV lipid emulsions markedly altered neonatal plasma fatty‑acid profiles including omega‑3s → direct cellular composition changes.
- Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters, and erythrocyte and platelet membranes as indicators of long-term adherence to fat-modified diets
PubMed ID: 8310986
Fat‑modified diets changed blood and membrane fatty‑acid profiles; ALA rose with rapeseed oil.
- Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Metabolism of Land-Based n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids-The KoALA Study
PubMed ID: 37892536
Linseed oil markedly altered RBC fatty acid composition (ALA→EPA/DHA conversion patterns)—strong biomarker evidence for cellular lipid remodeling.
- The effect of flaxseed dose on circulating concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside derived enterolignans in young, healthy adults
PubMed ID: 25808116
Dose study showed reliable rises in plasma ALA and conversion to EPA at higher flaxseed doses—direct biomarker effect on cellular PUFA pools.
Pregnancy support (13)
- Computer-based tailored dietary counselling improves the nutrient adequacy of the diet of French pregnant women: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31625483
Tailored dietary counseling increased probability of meeting ALA intake adequacy during pregnancy—direct support for pregnancy nutrient adequacy.
- Effects of Maternal Supplementation With Omega-3 Precursors on Human Milk Composition
PubMed ID: 28418808
Maternal rapeseed/margarine ALA supplementation increased human milk ALA and improved LA:ALA ratio — clear breastfeeding/nutrient transfer evidence.
- Effects of a lipid-based nutrient supplement during pregnancy and lactation on maternal plasma fatty acid status and lipid profile: Results of two randomized controlled trials
PubMed ID: 28237085
Large trials: SQ‑LNS containing ALA produced small increases in maternal and (in Ghana) breastmilk ALA — direct maternal/neonatal exposure effect.
- Modification of Docosahexaenoic Acid Composition of Milk from Nursing Women Who Received Alpha Linolenic Acid from Chia Oil during Gestation and Nursing
PubMed ID: 26247968
Chia oil in pregnancy/lactation markedly increased breast‑milk ALA and transiently increased milk DHA early in lactation.
- Fatty acid supply with complementary foods and LC-PUFA status in healthy infants: results of a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26169870
Infant feeding trial: rapeseed (ALA) raised infant ALA/EPA but not DHA—relevant to maternal/infant LC‑PUFA supply considerations.
- Walnuts improve semen quality in men consuming a Western-style diet: randomized control dietary intervention trial
PubMed ID: 22895856
Walnut consumption improved semen parameters and raised ALA in men—supports male fertility aspects relevant to successful pregnancy.
- Modification of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids via complementary food enhances n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in healthy infants: a double blinded randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19193660
Replacing corn oil with ALA-rich rapeseed oil in complementary feeding raised infants' plasma n‑3 LC-PUFA and improved n‑6/n‑3 balance—relevant to infant nutrition (pregnancy/early life nutrient pathways).
- Relationship between omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early infancy and neurodevelopmental status at 1 year of age
PubMed ID: 11972740
Infant formula low in ALA led to lower DHA status and worse neurodevelopmental scores at 1 year — implicates maternal/infant ALA/DHA supply importance.
- Associations between fatty acids providing support for n-3 and n-6 pathways are strongest in pregnant Indian vegetarians compared with pregnant Australian omnivores
PubMed ID: 41270711
Cross‑population data show pregnant Indian women have much lower n‑3 (including ALA‑derived) status vs Australian women — supports dietary ALA increases in pregnancy settings.
- Impact of Maternal Fish Consumption on Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Levels in Breastfed Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Japan
PubMed ID: 37892412
Maternal fish intake and breastfeeding associated with higher infant DHA/EPA—important for infant development; relevant to maternal nutrition strategies.
- Effects of Varied Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Postpartum Mental Health and the Association between Prenatal Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Postpartum Mental Health
PubMed ID: 37892462
Perilla oil in pregnancy associated with fewer postpartum depressive symptoms and higher maternal erythrocyte ALA linked to lower postpartum distress; supports maternal mental health during/after pregnancy.
- The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31902378
Flaxseed oil in gestational diabetes improved glucose/lipids and reduced inflammation—direct maternal metabolic benefits during pregnancy.
- Plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids composition in early pregnancy and fetal growth trajectories throughout pregnancy: Findings from the US fetal growth studies-singletons cohort
PubMed ID: 35853297
Higher early‑pregnancy plasma ALA and DHA associated with modestly larger fetal size measurements—direct observational support for pregnancy/fetal growth.
Healthy aging (9)
- Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease
PubMed ID: 7911176
Post‑MI trial with ALA-rich Mediterranean diet showed large reductions in cardiac events and mortality → may contribute to healthier aging/longevity though dietary pattern included multiple components.
- Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial
PubMed ID: 12433513
Indo‑Mediterranean diet higher in ALA halved several cardiac events in a large trial, an outcome linked to healthier aging.
- Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly
PubMed ID: 15821181
Improved HRV (SDNN) with soy oil (contains ALA) in elderly suggests potential autonomic/aging-related benefit.
- Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 18460483
Flaxseed lowered LDL/Lp(a) and improved insulin resistance — beneficial for long‑term health.
- Intakes of PUFAs were inversely associated with plasma C-reactive protein 12 years later in a middle-aged population with vitamin E intake as an effect modifier
PubMed ID: 24027184
Prospective data linking higher long‑term n‑3 (including ALA) intake to lower future CRP supports healthier aging via lower chronic inflammation.
- Effects of 1-year intervention with a Mediterranean diet on plasma fatty acid composition and metabolic syndrome in a population at high cardiovascular risk
PubMed ID: 24651160
Changes in plasma ALA and reduced metabolic syndrome prevalence could translate to healthier aging risk profile.
- Dietary α-Linolenic Acid, Marine ω-3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study
PubMed ID: 26813890
PREDIMED cohort: meeting ALA intake recommendation (≥0.7% energy) associated with ~28% lower all‑cause mortality — population evidence relevant to healthy aging.
- Walnut Consumption for Two Years and Leukocyte Telomere Attrition in Mediterranean Elders: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 30518050
2‑year walnut RCT (walnuts rich in ALA plus other bioactives) tended to slow leukocyte telomere attrition—suggests modest aging benefit (multinutrient).
- Effects of a food supplement containing phosphatidylserine on cognitive function in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39317299
12‑month supplement containing ALA (with PS, Ginkgo, B‑vitamins) improved cognitive tests in MCI — suggests aging/cognitive benefit but not ALA‑specific.
Brain health (11)
- The effect of flaxseed on physical and mental fatigue in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33028427
Flaxseed (ALA) reduced mental fatigue in overweight children over 4 weeks—direct cognitive/mood‑related benefit.
- Predictors of treatment response in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who received long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
PubMed ID: 25585167
ω‑3 supplementation reduced transition to psychosis in ultra‑high‑risk youths; higher baseline ALA predicted better functional improvement.
- Modification of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids via complementary food enhances n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in healthy infants: a double blinded randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19193660
Rapeseed (ALA) in complementary foods increased infant plasma n‑3 LC‑PUFA — supports brain/visual LC‑PUFA status in infancy.
- Relationship between omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early infancy and neurodevelopmental status at 1 year of age
PubMed ID: 11972740
Infant feeding trial showed very low ALA in formula reduced DHA status and was associated with lower neurodevelopmental scores at 1 year (esp. gross motor).
- Effects of preterm infant formula supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid with a linoleate/alpha-linolenate ratio of 6: a multicentric study
PubMed ID: 11248877
Preterm infants fed ALA‑supplemented formula maintained RBC DHA similar to human milk → supports provision of brain‑relevant LCPUFA in vulnerable infants.
- Serum Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Long-Term Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression
PubMed ID: 40674673
Higher serum ALA associated with lower risk of clinically definite MS and fewer relapses — neuro‑protective/neurologic outcome association.
- The effects of concurrent alpha-linolenic acid, L-carnitine supplementation on clinical symptoms, mental health, and quality of life in women with migraine: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40082970
Flaxseed ALA + L‑carnitine reduced migraine frequency/severity and improved depression/anxiety — direct neurologic and mood symptom improvements (combo supplement).
- Effects of a food supplement containing phosphatidylserine on cognitive function in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39317299
12‑month PS+ALA containing supplement raised blood ALA/DHA/EPA and improved several cognitive tests in older adults with MCI.
- Supplementation with Flaxseed Oil Rich in Alpha-Linolenic Acid Improves Verbal Fluency in Healthy Older Adults
PubMed ID: 36986229
Flaxseed oil (ALA) modestly improved verbal fluency in healthy older adults in an RCT — direct ALA intervention cognitive benefit.
- Low linoleic acid foods with added DHA given to Malawian children with severe acute malnutrition improve cognition: a randomized, triple-blinded, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 34726694
Large RCT: DHA‑enriched, low‑LA RUTF improved cognitive development in severely malnourished children — strong evidence for n‑3 contribution to neurodevelopment (long‑chain focus but relevant pathway for ALA conversion).
- Perilla seed oil in combination with nobiletin-rich ponkan powder enhances cognitive function in healthy elderly Japanese individuals: a possible supplement for brain health in the elderly
PubMed ID: 35171190
Perilla oil + nobiletin increased RBC ω‑3 and serum BDNF and modestly improved cognition in elderly — supports brain function (combined intervention).
Immune support (13)
- Brown and golden flaxseed reduce intestinal permeability and endotoxemia, and improve the lipid profile in perimenopausal overweight women
PubMed ID: 35311432
Flaxseed lowered gut permeability and circulating LPS (endotoxin) — reduces endotoxemia, a direct immune‑related benefit.
- Effect of dietary supplementation with black currant seed oil on the immune response of healthy elderly subjects
PubMed ID: 10500023
Supplement (black currant seed oil containing ALA/GLA) increased skin induration and some PBMC responses and reduced PGE2—clear immune modulation in elderly.
- Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 12818406
Linseed oil lowered inflammatory acute‑phase markers (CRP/SAA/IL‑6), indicating anti‑inflammatory/immune‑modulatory potential.
- Influence of low-dose polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on the inflammatory response of healthy adults
PubMed ID: 17664057
ALA reduced proinflammatory lipid mediators (LTB4/PGE1 release), indicating modulation of inflammatory/immune signaling.
- The effect of a 1-year multiple micronutrient or n-3 fatty acid fortified food intervention on morbidity in Indian school children
PubMed ID: 22009072
School-based trial supplying higher n-3 (900 mg ALA + 100 mg DHA) reduced URTI and GI illness episodes and shortened durations—strong clinical immune benefit in children.
- Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched canola oil increases adiponectin concentrations: a randomized crossover controlled intervention trial
PubMed ID: 25240692
DHA‑enriched canola oil lowered IL1B and hsCRP — indicates immune/inflammatory modulation.
- Dietary Buglossoides Arvensis Oil Increases Circulating n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Dose-Dependent Manner and Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Whole Blood Interleukin-10-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28287415
Ahiflower (SDA/ALA) dose‑response RCT increased EPA/DPA and raised LPS‑stimulated IL‑10 production — direct immune modulation evidence.
- Flaxseed Oil Supplementation Improve Gene Expression Levels of PPAR-γ, LP(a), IL-1 and TNF-α in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
PubMed ID: 28916975
Flaxseed oil downregulated pro‑inflammatory cytokine gene expression (IL‑1, TNF‑α) and upregulated PPAR‑γ in PBMCs — immune‑related gene modulation.
- The effect of different sources of fish and camelina sativa oil on immune cell and adipose tissue mRNA expression in subjects with abnormal fasting glucose metabolism: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30683848
Camelina oil raised plasma ALA and decreased PBMC IFNG mRNA—direct immune gene modulation.
- Dietary Intake of n-3 PUFA-Enriched Hen Eggs Changes Inflammatory Markers' Concentration and Treg/Th17 Cells Distribution in Blood of Young Healthy Adults-A Randomised Study
PubMed ID: 34071714
n‑3 enriched eggs increased pro‑resolving mediators and altered T‑cell subsets toward less inflammatory phenotypes—clear immunomodulation.
- Effects of postbiotics on chronic diarrhea in young adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial assessing clinical symptoms, gut microbiota, and metabolite profiles
PubMed ID: 39189588
Postbiotic pill increased fecal ALA and markedly improved chronic diarrhea symptoms — gut immune/host response improved, but intervention complex.
- Serum Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Long-Term Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression
PubMed ID: 40674673
Higher serum ALA prospectively associated with lower MS risk and fewer relapses — suggests immune/autoimmune modulation.
- Effects of diacylglycerol-enriched alpha-linolenic acid oil on skin properties in mild skin discomfort: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 41495414
ALA‑DAG lowered mite‑specific IgE and improved allergy symptoms — clear immunomodulatory effect in allergic responses.
Mood balance (6)
- The effects of concurrent alpha-linolenic acid, L-carnitine supplementation on clinical symptoms, mental health, and quality of life in women with migraine: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40082970
Randomized trial of flaxseed‑derived ALA plus L‑carnitine markedly reduced depression and anxiety scores — strong clinical mood benefit for combo intervention.
- Effects of Varied Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Postpartum Mental Health and the Association between Prenatal Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Postpartum Mental Health
PubMed ID: 37892462
Randomized perilla (ALA) oil in pregnancy associated with fewer postpartum depressive symptoms and erythrocyte ALA associated with lower EPDS scores—direct mood benefit evidence.
- Serum omega-3 fatty acids are associated with variation in mood, personality and behavior in hypercholesterolemic community volunteers
PubMed ID: 17383013
Observational study found higher serum EPA/DHA and ALA-related markers associated with lower depression scores and impulsivity—supporting mood correlations.
- Serum omega-3 fatty acids are associated with ultimatum bargaining behavior
PubMed ID: 18940191
Lower serum ALA/EPA/DHA associated with greater likelihood of rejecting unfair offers—behavioral/mood-related correlation.
- Predictors of treatment response in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who received long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
PubMed ID: 25585167
Omega‑3 trial in ultra‑high‑risk youths improved functional outcomes and reduced psychosis transition—relevant to mood/psychological stability.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Plasma Levels Before and After Supplementation: Correlations with Mood and Clinical Outcomes in the Omega-3 and Therapy Studies
PubMed ID: 28157380
Youth mood‑disorder trial: baseline ALA predicted a better clinical response to omega‑3 treatment — suggests ALA status may modulate mood outcomes.
Blood pressure (6)
- Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients
PubMed ID: 17268413
12-week flaxseed oil (8 g ALA/day) produced significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure vs safflower oil.
- Associations of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid with risk factors for coronary heart disease
PubMed ID: 11114683
In high‑CHD‑risk subjects, higher cholesteryl ester ALA was associated with ~4 mmHg lower diastolic BP across quintiles (observational association).
- Replacing Saturated Fat With Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Improves Central Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial
PubMed ID: 31039663
Walnut (ALA) diet produced a modest but significant reduction in central diastolic blood pressure.
- A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study on acceptability, safety and efficacy of oral administration of sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in adult human subjects
PubMed ID: 24389453
Sacha inchi oil lowered arterial blood pressure in small RCT.
- Effects of brown and golden flaxseed on the lipid profile, glycemia, inflammatory biomarkers, blood pressure and body composition in overweight adolescents
PubMed ID: 25441591
Flaxseed (brown/golden) reduced diastolic BP in overweight adolescents despite low adherence.
- Potent antihypertensive action of dietary flaxseed in hypertensive patients
PubMed ID: 24126178
High‑quality randomized, double‑blind trial: daily milled flaxseed significantly reduced SBP (~−10 mmHg) and DBP (~−7 mmHg), greater in hypertensives.
Eye health (6)
- Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia
PubMed ID: 8615350
Preterm infants given n‑3 LCFA had improved early vision (not ALA alone) → supports role of n‑3s in early visual development; indirect to ALA conversion potential.
- Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids
PubMed ID: 1386065
Infant retinal rod ERG thresholds were intermediate with ALA vs superior results with preformed LC n‑3 → direct retinal/visual function evidence (partial support).
- Fatty acid supply with complementary foods and LC-PUFA status in healthy infants: results of a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26169870
Infant RCT: preformed DHA (fish) increased infant DHA/EPA (important for retinal/visual development); ALA (rapeseed) did not raise DHA — informs ALA's limits for eye support.
- Relationship between omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early infancy and neurodevelopmental status at 1 year of age
PubMed ID: 11972740
Infant data: very low ALA associated with lower DHA status and some neurodevelopmental deficits — DHA shortfall can affect visual/neurological development.
- High-Oleic Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food Maintains Docosahexaenoic Acid Status in Severe Malnutrition
PubMed ID: 25633498
HO‑RUTF preserved/increased circulating DHA/EPA vs standard RUTF in children, relevant to visual/neurodevelopmental DHA supply.
- Effects of preterm infant formula supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid with a linoleate/alpha-linolenate ratio of 6: a multicentric study
PubMed ID: 11248877
Preterm ALA‑supplemented formula maintained RBC DHA similar to breast milk → supports substrate provision for visual development.
Liver support (3)
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39202647
Micronutrient cocktail including 1 g ALA reduced CAP and TE (steatosis and fibrosis measures) vs placebo — liver improvement though multi‑nutrient.
- Flaxseed oil in the context of a weight loss programme ameliorates fatty liver grade in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised double-blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31992372
Flaxseed oil added to a low‑energy diet reduced fatty liver grade more than control in NAFLD patients—direct liver benefit.
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26047766
Flaxseed+fish oil in biopsy‑proven NASH raised plasma ALA/EPA, lowered triglycerides, and PUFA increases correlated with improved liver histology (NAS).
Hormone balance (3)
- The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31902378
Flaxseed oil improved insulin and HOMA‑IR in gestational diabetes—directly relevant to metabolic/hormonal regulation of glucose and insulin.
- The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E Co-Supplementation on Indices of Insulin Resistance and Hormonal Parameters in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28407657
12‑week RCT in PCOS: flaxseed‑derived ALA+vitamin E improved insulin/HOMA‑IR and substantially lowered total testosterone — strong effect (combination therapy).
- The impact of dietary fat composition on serum leptin concentrations in healthy nonobese men and women
PubMed ID: 12414865
Rapeseed (ALA‑rich) diet produced large, sex‑specific changes in serum leptin, a key metabolic hormone.
Bone health (2)
- Perilla seed oil improves bone health by inhibiting bone resorption in healthy Japanese adults: A 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 36637040
12‑month perilla seed oil increased calcaneal bone measure (%YAM) and lowered bone resorption marker TRACP‑5b in healthy adults—direct bone health RCT evidence.
- Effects of Flaxseed Oil on Serum Bone Turnover Markers in Hemodialysis Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 30087216
Flaxseed oil (6 g/day ALA) in hemodialysis patients reduced serum N‑telopeptide (bone resorption marker) by ~17% over 8 weeks—direct bone marker benefit.
Joint comfort (1)
- γ-Linolenic Acid versus α-Lipoic Acid for Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in Adults: A 12-Week, Double-Placebo, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial
PubMed ID: 31701699
Oral ALA reduced neuropathic pain/symptom scores over 12 weeks—relevant to pain relief though neuropathy differs from joint pain.
Energy & Fatigue (1)
- Improved residual fat malabsorption and growth in children with cystic fibrosis treated with a novel oral structured lipid supplement: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32384122
Encala™ improved fat absorption and growth in CF children—likely to support energy availability and steady energy in this malabsorptive population.
Skin health (1)
- Effects of diacylglycerol-enriched alpha-linolenic acid oil on skin properties in mild skin discomfort: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 41495414
Diacylglycerol‑formulated ALA for 8 weeks significantly increased skin moisture and improved allergy markers — direct skin benefit.
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Products with Alpha-Linolenic Acid
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Being studied right now
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