Omega-3 Fatty Acids

PubMed ID: 30197273

OM-3 carboxylic acids significantly lowered TGs (~26%), a beneficial cardiometabolic effect.

PubMed ID: 34706555

REDUCE‑IT: 4 g/day icosapent ethyl produced ~25% RRR in major CV events—high‑quality, direct evidence for heart protection (EPA prescription).

PubMed ID: 32609331

Imaging RCT: IPE slowed total and non‑calcified coronary plaque progression—mechanistic support for heart benefits seen in outcome trials.

PubMed ID: 34552329

Pharmaceutical omega-3 ethyl esters dose-dependently and robustly lowered triglycerides and improved non-HDL cholesterol—direct heart-risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 34710343

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day EPA) in post-CABG patients produced substantial reductions in ischemic events—strong, high-quality cardiovascular outcome evidence.

PubMed ID: 34298398

In virus-related myocardial injury, omega-3 lowered inflammatory markers and improved cardiac measures (direct heart-support signals).

PubMed ID: 1989427

High‑dose fish oil lowered BP and triglycerides in hypertensive elderly — clinically relevant heart‑risk factor improvements.

PubMed ID: 34620410

Repeat entry (same rationale): strong large outcome benefit for CV events with EPA (included because primary heart‑health evidence).

PubMed ID: 39972155

In children, omega‑3 improved HRV and lipids (TG down, HDL up) — supportive of favorable early heart‑health markers.

PubMed ID: 40451708

STRENGTH trial subanalysis: ω‑3 carboxylic acid reduced major CV events in Asians — subgroup heart‑health signal (exploratory).

PubMed ID: 39788951

Short ACS RCT reduced AF/PACs/PVCs over 5 days — acute arrhythmia benefit with potential cardiac event relevance.

PubMed ID: 40569483

VITAL-derived ML effect‑score analysis identifies who benefits from omega‑3 for CHD risk reduction — supports targeted heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 39968782

REDUCE‑IT: large RCT showing high‑dose EPA (icosapent ethyl) added to statin therapy substantially reduced coronary events — strongest direct heart‑health evidence.

PubMed ID: 38408107

Prescription omega‑3 improved HDL apoA‑I exchange and apoA‑I functional activity, a plausible mechanism supporting cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 39073419

Acute MI RCT: omega‑3 produced greater hs‑CRP reduction vs placebo, indicating reduced post‑MI inflammation which is cardioprotective.

PubMed ID: 38184150

Post‑MI supplementation showed no ITT benefit but responders who raised omega‑3 index had fewer long‑term events — suggestive clinical benefit in responders.

PubMed ID: 39859026

Improved endothelial measures and reduced ApoB in metabolic‑syndrome patients indicate cardiometabolic benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 38530686

Large randomized outcomes trial/substudy: high‑purity EPA (icosapent ethyl) reduced major adverse cardiovascular events across Lp(a) levels — strong heart‑protection evidence.

PubMed ID: 37836519

Large VITAL reanalysis using win‑ratio found reduced coronary events (MI/CHD) in low‑fish consumers randomized to 1 g/day omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 38201926

Genotype‑targeted RCT showed LDL and TG improvements with omega‑3 in PPARG carriers, supportive of heart‑risk lowering in responders.

PubMed ID: 35953437

REDUCE‑IT subgroup analysis of purified EPA showed meaningful reductions in major cardiovascular events in current/former smokers.

PubMed ID: 37862823

Children with T1D showed improved lipids, albuminuria and carotid intima thickness after omega‑3, indicating cardiometabolic and vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 37301827

Phase III RCT of high‑dose purified EPA robustly lowered triglycerides and atherogenic lipids—strong surrogate evidence for heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 36202740

Long‑term EPA formulation reduced triglycerides dose‑dependently over 52 weeks with good tolerability—cardiometabolic lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 35483753

REDUCE‑IT prior‑MI subgroup: significant reductions in ischemic events, MI and CV death—strong heart‑protection evidence for IPE.

PubMed ID: 35261279

REDUCE‑IT prior‑PCI subgroup: large, statistically robust reductions in primary ischemic events and revascularization with high‑dose EPA.

PubMed ID: 35377160

REDUCE‑IT HF subgroup: substantial TG and hs‑CRP reductions and trend to fewer events—supportive biomarker and modest clinical signals.

PubMed ID: 35361440

VITAL ancillary found substantial reductions in first and recurrent heart-failure hospitalizations among participants with diabetes—strong outcome signal in that subgroup.

PubMed ID: 35871058

Large phase 3 RCT showed dose-related triglyceride lowering with EPA formulation—clinically meaningful lipid benefit for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 33228511

Small randomized study in ischemic HFrEF showed lower heart rate, fewer ventricular extrasystoles, and modest LVEF increase—direct cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 33396567

Small RCT in AAA patients: LC‑n‑3 reduced PWV (arterial stiffness) and resting heart rate—direct heart/vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 33148016

REDUCE‑IT (icosapent ethyl 4 g/day on statin) showed robust, statistically significant reductions in first and total coronary revascularizations (PCI/CABG).

PubMed ID: 31895658

VITAL large primary‑prevention trial found a 28% reduction in total myocardial infarction with 1 g/day marine ω‑3 despite a null primary composite.

PubMed ID: 32281579

Phase III trial of ω‑3 free fatty acids produced dose‑dependent, clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions — a key cardiometabolic risk factor.

PubMed ID: 31948661

High‑dose ω‑3 improved left ventricular remodeling and reduced myocardial fibrosis and hsCRP in a subgroup post‑MI, indicating cardioprotective remodeling.

PubMed ID: 31306043

Icosapent ethyl lowered triglycerides and hsCRP in high‑risk CKD patients on statins, supporting CV risk modification.

PubMed ID: 31809985

4 g/day ω‑3 ethyl esters improved LDL particle size and lowered atherogenic lipids/apolipoproteins—beneficial atherogenic profile changes.

PubMed ID: 31277790

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/d) in statin‑treated high‑risk patients lowered triglycerides and hsCRP over 12 weeks—favourable intermediate markers of CV risk.

PubMed ID: 30898607

Major randomized trial (REDUCE‑IT) with 4 g/day icosapent ethyl substantially reduced ischemic cardiovascular events—robust heart‑protection data.

PubMed ID: 31707829

Large randomized outcomes subgroup: 4 g/day EPA (icosapent ethyl) markedly reduced heart attacks, strokes, revascularizations and death—strong heart‑benefit evidence.

PubMed ID: 30916121

Perioperative ω‑3 reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) and vasoactive drug needs—direct cardiac rhythm benefit in surgical setting.

PubMed ID: 31309919

High‑dose n‑3 + vitamin D improved carotid IMT and multiple lipids in T2DM+CHD — direct atherosclerotic/heart support evidence.

PubMed ID: 31043161

Omega‑3 (with/without plant sterols) improved fasting glucose/insulin resistance and triglycerides in pre‑diabetes — relevant cardiometabolic risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 31784345

Saury oil (rich in omega‑3) reduced triglycerides and increased HDL without raising LDL — favorable heart risk profile.

PubMed ID: 30913208

Fish oil reduced rescue thrombectomy/thrombolysis procedures in AV fistula patients — important vascular/heart‑related outcome.

PubMed ID: 29752009

Short crossover RCT in ischemic HF improved LVEF, GLS, endothelial function and reduced ST2/hsCRP—coherent cardiac improvements.

PubMed ID: 29583081

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day) in diabetic patients on statins robustly and substantially lowered triglycerides and improved atherogenic lipids (RCT subgroup).

PubMed ID: 29588138

2 g/day EPA in T2D lowered methionine/cysteine and improved atherogenic index (AIP), indicating cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 30125457

Marine ω‑3 lowered triglycerides and hs‑CRP and improved endothelial function (secondary endpoints) in transplant recipients.

PubMed ID: 29503145

Combined nutraceutical (incl. fish oil) reduced LDL and hs‑CRP—favorable cardiometabolic changes (not solely attributable to ω‑3).

PubMed ID: 29725824

Dietary spread (plant sterols + EPA/DHA) lowered TG and LDL in dyslipidemia—favorable cardiac risk marker changes.

PubMed ID: 29781483

Dose‑dependent improvements in TG, adiponectin and CRP in older adults—cardio‑metabolic risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 30415637

Large primary prevention RCT showed no overall composite benefit but a substantial reduction in myocardial infarction—meaningful heart benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 30415628

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day on top of statin markedly reduced major ischemic events and CV deaths—high‑quality strong evidence.

PubMed ID: 27778191

EPA added to statin therapy improved residual lipids and reduced PTX3 in a strong‑statin subgroup—cardio‑relevant.

PubMed ID: 28608804

Omega‑3 milk lowered TGs and improved HDL protein composition—favorable for cardiac risk profile.

PubMed ID: 28599665

In Chagas cardiomyopathy, omega‑3 lowered triglycerides and moderated IL‑10 decline—beneficial cardiac metabolic signals.

PubMed ID: 29034644

EPA increased PON1 activity and HDL in diabetes—improved antioxidant/anti‑atherogenic profile.

PubMed ID: 29017158

n‑3PUFA improved the atherogenic index in T2D and lowered MCP‑1—cardiometabolic and inflammatory benefits.

PubMed ID: 28826313

Small RCT in CAD men showed LDL‑C lowering (~16%) and hs‑CRP reduction—supportive cardiometabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 29289538

See above: clinically significant TG and non‑HDL lowering in severe hypertriglyceridemia.

PubMed ID: 28427403

Perioperative omega‑3 reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation rates after CABG—hard cardiac outcome improvement.

PubMed ID: 29259181

Fresh fish intake produced large improvements in TG/LDL/HDL vs supplements—clinically relevant heart health effects.

PubMed ID: 28863874

Adding EPA to high‑dose statin therapy reduced total atheroma volume and lipid plaque content — strong surrogate benefit for coronary disease.

PubMed ID: 27356240

Omega‑3 + oleate with exercise improved insulin sensitivity, reduced CRP and raised HDL — cardiometabolic improvements supportive of heart health.

PubMed ID: 28391875

MAT9001 produced large reductions in TG, VLDL and ApoC3 vs EPA‑EE—favorable for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 27939227

Icosapent ethyl at 4 g/day substantially lowered triglycerides without raising LDL—strong cardiovascular biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 27482002

High‑dose omega‑3 (4 g/day) after MI reduced adverse LV remodeling and non‑infarct fibrosis in a well‑powered RCT—strong cardioprotective evidence.

PubMed ID: 27596132

High‑purity EPA (4 g/day) significantly reduced RLP‑C and triglycerides in large trials—strong atherogenic lipid lowering supporting heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 27015634

Omega‑3 (2.4 g/day) in HIV+ patients reduced triglycerides—favorable for cardiac risk profile.

PubMed ID: 27206952

Prescription EPA markedly lowered ApoC‑III and triglycerides in phase‑3 analyses—robust lipid changes relevant to heart risk.

PubMed ID: 26807502

In systolic heart‑failure patients, 6 months of omega‑3 improved BNP and multiple echocardiographic measures (direct cardiac benefit).

PubMed ID: 27955663

3 g/day n‑3 improved HRV (increased RR interval, lower HR) in psoriatic arthritis—favorable autonomic cardiac effect.

PubMed ID: 27632919

Prescription omega‑3 raised RBC omega‑3 index and increased proportion reaching proposed cardioprotective index levels (biomarker supportive).

PubMed ID: 27457968

~1.5 g/day EPA+DHA produced clinically meaningful systolic BP reduction (~7 mmHg), supportive for heart health.

PubMed ID: 26143741

Omega‑3 lowered PCSK9 levels in women, a mechanism that could reduce LDL and cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 26892135

Marked triglyceride, remnant and ApoC‑III reductions in very high‑TG patients—relevant to CV risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 26296857

Lowered triglycerides and increased pro‑resolving mediators in PAD patients — supportive cardiovascular biology despite null FMD.

PubMed ID: 24756483

Preoperative omega‑3 reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation after CABG and shortened ICU stay — meaningful cardiac/surgical outcome.

PubMed ID: 24988179

Marked triglyceride lowering and improved HDL subfractions in HIV‑infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia — favorable cardiac risk profile.

PubMed ID: 25403919

3 g/day RCT produced large non‑fasting TG reductions and raised omega‑3 index (cardio‑metabolic benefit).

PubMed ID: 25147070

Dose‑dependent TG lowering and improved flow‑mediated dilation (endothelial function) support heart health.

PubMed ID: 25305703

EPA initiated after acute MI reduced 30‑day composite events and ventricular arrhythmias — strong short‑term cardiac outcome benefit.

PubMed ID: 25394692

In metabolic syndrome, omega‑3 plus diet lowered triglycerides and blood pressure — improves cardiovascular risk factors.

PubMed ID: 26073397

Icosapent ethyl 4 g/day reduced atherogenic VLDL and LDL particle concentrations in statin‑treated high‑risk patients — favorable cardiovascular risk marker changes.

PubMed ID: 25332321

Increased EPCs and reduced EMPs—supports endothelial repair relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 23325450

4 g/day EPA reduced inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in high‑TG patients — clinically relevant for residual cardiovascular risk mitigation.

PubMed ID: 24555913

Lowered Lp‑PLA2 and oxidized‑LDL in stable angina patients—improved biomarkers tied to coronary risk.

PubMed ID: 23683266

3.6 g/day reduced triglycerides and inflammatory cytokines and raised omega‑3 index in HIV patients — cardiometabolic benefits.

PubMed ID: 23835245

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day) produced meaningful TG and remnant lipid reductions and lowered inflammation — biomarkers consistent with cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 23888318

Fish oil lowered triglycerides in healthy men (~13%), supporting cardiovascular risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 23408034

Reduced cardiac autonomic reactivity to mental stress and blunted MSNA—favorable physiologic effects relevant to cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 23237436

Post‑MI RCT reduced ventricular ectopy and improved multiple ECG sudden‑death risk markers with 1 g/day ω‑3.

PubMed ID: 23107655

Heart‑failure trial found transient HRV/autonomic improvements at 3 months that were not sustained at 12 months.

PubMed ID: 22811376

Omega-3 reduced triglycerides in RCT; combined intervention data show lipid benefits relevant to cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 22894624

Phase III RCT (high‑purity EPA) produced large, dose‑dependent TG lowering — clear heart‑risk biomarker benefit.

PubMed ID: 22839709

Ischemic heart disease patients on 1 g/day showed increased RBC ω‑3 index, fewer arrhythmias and improved HRV.

PubMed ID: 23312052

High-dose pure EPA (4 g/day) markedly reduced large VLDL and small LDL particle concentrations and VLDL size in very high-TG patients — robust atherogenic-lipoprotein improvements relevant to heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 23017356

4 g/day omega-3 lowered fasting and postprandial triglycerides (~15–18%), a cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 22819432

Robust phase‑3 RCT in statin‑treated patients showing large, dose‑dependent reductions in triglycerides, non‑HDL and hs‑CRP—strong cardiometabolic relevance.

PubMed ID: 22128614

Perioperative n‑3 reduced post‑CABG atrial fibrillation, a clinically important cardiac arrhythmia endpoint.

PubMed ID: 21839455

Modest‑dose n‑3 reduced metabolic‑syndrome prevalence and hypertension—factors tied to heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 21844082

Peri‑cardioversion ω‑3 reduced AF recurrence by ~38% at 1 year (clinically meaningful cardiac outcome).

PubMed ID: 21617138

In PCI patients ω‑3 improved fibrin clot permeability, decreased thrombin generation and oxidative stress (clinically relevant cardiac effects).

PubMed ID: 21570522

Dose‑dependent improvements in LVEF and FMD and reduced IL‑6 in severe HF patients — meaningful cardiac benefits.

PubMed ID: 21215550

Large RCT in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: n‑3 improved LVEF/exercise capacity and markedly reduced HF hospitalizations.

PubMed ID: 21232631

Chronic fish oil preserved atrial mechanical function and reduced spontaneous echo contrast after cardioversion.

PubMed ID: 21624541

Fish oil prolonged atrial/PV refractoriness and substantially reduced AF initiation from pulmonary veins — clear electrophysiologic benefit.

PubMed ID: 21701083

EPA plus statin linked to less progression of arterial stiffness and reduced oxidative stress markers in some patients — supports cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 21591384

1 g/day reduced ventricular extrasystoles, paired extrasystoles and paroxysms of VT in ischemic heart disease patients (arrhythmia reduction).

PubMed ID: 20451686

Omega‑3 added to statin reduced triglyceride burden and non‑HDL cholesterol overall, favorable for heart risk though LDL rose in some subgroups.

PubMed ID: 20484828

JELIS PAD subgroup: EPA significantly reduced major coronary events by ~56% — strong clinical evidence for heart benefit in PAD patients.

PubMed ID: 20617456

Omega‑3 plant sterol esters produced a 19% triglyceride reduction and modest diastolic BP and hs‑CRP decreases—robust metabolic cardioprotective signals.

PubMed ID: 20304540

3 g/day long‑chain n‑3 PUFA significantly lowered triglycerides and improved HDL/LDL ratio—strong cardiovascular risk‑factor improvements.

PubMed ID: 20716712

2 g/day omega‑3 prevented decline in VLF (HRV) and modestly lowered heart rate in depressed CAD patients—beneficial autonomic/cardiac effects.

PubMed ID: 20181806

Fish oil lowered triglycerides in abdominally obese men—a favorable CV risk factor change relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 20303788

Marked triglyceride lowering (−43% to −48%) in renal failure patients supports reduced cardiovascular risk via lipid lowering.

PubMed ID: 21147262

High‑dose fish oil prolonged atrial refractoriness and reduced AF inducibility—strong cardiac electrophysiology benefit.

PubMed ID: 19763135

EPA improved arterial stiffness, oxidized‑LDL and metabolic markers in metabolic‑syndrome patients — supportive of heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 19447387

Large JELIS analysis: purified EPA added to statin therapy reduced coronary events, particularly in impaired‑glucose‑metabolism subgroup.

PubMed ID: 20146881

HF patients had reduced NT‑proBNP and inflammatory biomarkers after n‑3, consistent with cardiac stress reduction.

PubMed ID: 19172517

Lowered platelet‑derived microparticles and improved adiponectin with combination therapy—beneficial for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 19397392

Six‑month supplementation improved TG/HDL and reduced inflammatory/coagulation markers relevant to CVD risk.

PubMed ID: 19629889

Perioperative IV omega‑3 reduced postoperative AF incidence—clinically meaningful cardiac outcome.

PubMed ID: 19296875

Large RCT: fish oil lowered TG (~15%) and modestly raised HDL—clear cardioprotective lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 19394939

Improved endothelial function (FMD) and lowered TG/TNF‑α in at‑risk individuals.

PubMed ID: 19727884

Fish/seal oil decreased triglycerides and systolic BP in hypertriglyceridemic subjects.

PubMed ID: 18667204

JELIS showed significant reduction in coronary events (especially in high-TG/low-HDL subgroup)—strong heart protection evidence in that population.

PubMed ID: 18678300

Strong lipid benefits (large reductions in triglycerides, VLDL, non‑HDL) when prescription omega‑3 added to simvastatin—clear cardiometabolic impact.

PubMed ID: 18451347

EPA added to statin therapy reduced recurrent stroke—important cardiovascular event reduction.

PubMed ID: 18561722

Significant triglyceride and ApoB‑100 reductions in T2D support cardiometabolic risk improvement.

PubMed ID: 18492838

Omega-3 alone and with phytosterols produced meaningful improvements in triglycerides and LDL/total cholesterol.

PubMed ID: 18436564

Clear triglyceride-lowering in hemodialysis patients—favorable for CVD risk profile.

PubMed ID: 18757090

Large HF trial showed modest reductions in all-cause mortality and CV hospitalizations with 1 g/day n‑3 PUFA.

PubMed ID: 17951945

In dialysis patients omega-3 raised HDL and lowered TGs, favorable CVD lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 17704023

Reliable triglyceride lowering (−17%) in healthy subjects — favorable for cardiovascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 17398308

Large randomized trial (EPA + statin) showed a modest but significant reduction in major coronary events.

PubMed ID: 17575805

GISSI trial (11,324 pts) showed ≈20% lower all-cause mortality and ≈45% lower sudden cardiac death with 1 g/day omega-3 post-MI—strong evidence.

PubMed ID: 16926660

Diet counselling reduced IMT progression; omega‑3 improved arterial elasticity—modest heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 16616147

Purified EPA improved carotid IMT and reduced arterial stiffness—direct atherosclerotic/cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 16825679

Obese men: fish oil decreased TG and increased HDL subfractions—favorable lipid changes for cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 17699287

In hemodialysis patients, n-3 supplementation reduced myocardial infarctions (secondary outcome) though primary composite endpoint unchanged.

PubMed ID: 16713391

4 g/day n-3 lowered triglycerides, mean arterial pressure and 24-h heart rate—physiologic changes beneficial for heart health.

PubMed ID: 15755826

3-year trial in hyperlipidemic men reduced endothelial-activation markers linked to atherosclerosis risk—supportive of heart benefits.

PubMed ID: 15638820

Salmon diet lowered triglycerides and inflammatory markers relevant to atherosclerosis.

PubMed ID: 15893193

Perioperative n‑3 PUFA halved postoperative atrial fibrillation incidence and shortened hospital stay — strong cardiac outcome benefit in CABG patients.

PubMed ID: 16267249

High‑risk ICD trial showed trends/significant reductions in some analyses—suggestive antiarrhythmic/heart protection.

PubMed ID: 16210665

Prevention of pollution-induced HRV decline supports cardiac autonomic protection.

PubMed ID: 15250255

Marked triglyceride and hsCRP reductions when added to statin indicate cardioprotective biochemical effects.

PubMed ID: 15220949

Dietary n‑3 reduced triglycerides and mean arterial pressure in healthy men — supports cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 15211441

21% triglyceride reduction and HDL increase in chronic renal failure — clinically relevant cardiac risk factor improvements.

PubMed ID: 12847992

1 g/day for 10 weeks lowered triglycerides and improved TG/HDL without LDL rise — favorable cardiovascular lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 12848279

Randomized trial demonstrated significant triglyceride and remnant lipid reductions—favorable heart risk profile.

PubMed ID: 12871402

Omega‑3 added to atorvastatin reduced postprandial coagulation activation markers (favorable for cardiovascular risk).

PubMed ID: 12583947

Fish‑oil supplementation increased EPA/DHA in carotid plaques and shifted plaque features toward greater stability (direct vascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 11997274

GISSI‑Prevenzione: large randomized post‑MI trial showing significant early reductions in total mortality and sudden cardiac death with 1 g/day n‑3—strong clinical heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 11789299

Concentrated omega‑3 in statin‑treated CVD patients lowered a targeted cardiovascular risk parameter—supportive biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 11838000

Reduced pro‑atherosclerotic mRNA and associated with reduced angiographic atherosclerosis — supports anti‑atherosclerotic heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 11451717

Post‑MI high‑dose n‑3 improved HDL and lowered triglycerides though no reduction in clinical events in this trial.

PubMed ID: 11004352

EPA added to estriol markedly reduced triglycerides (~27%) in hyperlipidemic menopausal women—cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 10676668

Improved endothelial function and ≈16% triglyceride reduction—both clinically meaningful for CV risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 10634827

Added omega‑3 improved postprandial lipemia and lowered some prothrombotic markers in hyperlipemia patients on simvastatin.

PubMed ID: 10505695

Large decreases in remnant lipoproteins and ox-LDL in dialysis patients are strongly anti-atherogenic.

PubMed ID: 10539741

Adding daily fish to weight-loss yielded large TG drops and HDL2 improvements—cardioprotective lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 10465168

Large randomized post-MI trial (1 g/day) showed significant reductions in death and major cardiovascular events—definitive support.

PubMed ID: 9622285

One-year n-3 ethyl ester treatment produced consistent TG lowering and HDL increase in a large trial—strong CV biomarker benefit.

PubMed ID: 9589380

Strong TG lowering and possible better creatinine at 1 year in transplant patients—cardio-renal implications.

PubMed ID: 9566646

Adding fish oil to simvastatin further lowered TGs—clinically relevant lipid improvement for CV risk.

PubMed ID: 9774368

Lowering ambulatory BP and heart rate with fish intake supports cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 9865671

Placebo‑controlled trial in severe hypertriglyceridemia showed large TG reduction (−45%) and favorable lipoprotein changes.

PubMed ID: 9174486

Large multicenter trial: significant TG reduction at 6 months without worsening glycemic control.

PubMed ID: 8701396

Atherosclerosis RCT showed rapid TG lowering and haemostatic marker improvements.

PubMed ID: 8540453

Reduced vein‑graft occlusion after CABG — clinically relevant cardiac/vascular outcome.

PubMed ID: 7653444

High‑dose fish oil in coronary patients produced significant TG lowering, modest HDL increase and Lp(a) reduction—favorable cardiac lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 8152348

Single large dose produced a marked next‑day reduction in TG and VLDL—demonstrates acute lipid effects relevant to CV risk.

PubMed ID: 7852747

In treated hypertensives, omega‑3 modestly reduced BP and substantially lowered TG (~21%), beneficial for cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 8200011

Combined with simvastatin, omega‑3 produced significantly larger triglyceride reductions — cardiometabolic benefit though confounded.

PubMed ID: 1413984

Long‑term supplementation produced clear dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering—consistent cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 1586386

High‑dose fish oil dose‑dependently raised EPA and lowered triglycerides—strong lipid‑mediated heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 2222347

Post‑angioplasty EPA treatment significantly reduced restenosis rate versus placebo (clear cardiovascular clinical benefit).

PubMed ID: 35079806

Intervention snacks containing omega‑3 were associated with ~8.8% LDL and ~5% TC reduction in statin‑candidates, supporting lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 9625397

Large Mediterranean‑style RCT (including higher n‑3 intake) reported major reductions in total mortality; relevant to heart/overall cardiovascular outcomes though multi‑component.

PubMed ID: 35791734

Clear reductions in platelet aggregation/activation reduce thrombotic risk relevant to heart disease and acute coronary events.

PubMed ID: 24103380

Prospective cohort: higher dietary long‑chain n‑3 associated with much lower AMI risk in diabetics — observational supportive evidence.

PubMed ID: 40288580

High‑dose EPA+DHA lowered plasma triglycerides substantially and altered cardiometabolic oxylipins — supports heart risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 40032221

Large primary‑prevention RCT showing modest but consistent reductions in coronary events and MI risk with EPA+DHA — strong direct heart outcome evidence.

PubMed ID: 41201837

Large double‑blind RCT in hemodialysis patients found substantial reductions in serious CV events, cardiac death and MI with 4 g/day fish oil.

PubMed ID: 39168625

In subgroup with higher baseline TG, scallop oil lowered TG and oxidized LDL—markers relevant to cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 38830807

Purified omega‑3 ethyl esters significantly lowered triglycerides and other atherogenic lipids in severe hypertriglyceridemia (RCT), supporting cardiometabolic risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 39163858

4 g/day fish oil reduced triglycerides substantially in T2D with high TG — clinically relevant CV risk biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 38256336

High‑dose EPA+DHA produced sizable reductions in atherogenic remnant cholesterol and triglycerides and improved ABI in dialysis patients.

PubMed ID: 38001474

Adding omega‑3 to glimepiride improved HbA1c, triglycerides and HDL over 12 weeks — metabolic and lipid improvements tied to cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 37681568

Imaging trial: triglyceride lowering with EPA+DHA associated with lipid‑rich plaque regression and far fewer cardiac events—strong heart benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 35232215

FFA‑EPA raised plasma EPA/DPA and modestly superior TG reductions and hs‑CRP changes vs EPA‑EE — supportive biomarker benefits relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 36050695

4 g/day EPA+DHA on statin substantially improved TG, non‑HDL and small dense LDL—clinically relevant heart‑risk improvements.

PubMed ID: 34982486

On‑treatment EPA rises associated with fewer major adverse cardiac events in post‑MI patients, though AF risk increased — clinically relevant but mixed.

PubMed ID: 34989797

Large phase‑3 RCT: significant TG lowering without LDL‑C rise in severe hypertriglyceridemia—favorable cardiovascular lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 33933722

Robust reductions in triglycerides and favorable lipoprotein shifts with high‑dose EPA+DHA are cardioprotective markers.

PubMed ID: 33812168

EPA reduced vascular inflammatory markers implicated in atherosclerosis — plausible cardioprotective mechanism.

PubMed ID: 34371972

DHA reduced triglycerides and diastolic BP — beneficial for heart health in overweight/obese postmenopausal women.

PubMed ID: 32178279

Both EPA‑ and DHA‑rich high‑dose oils lowered triglycerides and VLDL particle number — favorable cardiometabolic lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 33015732

Eating farmed salmon increased O3I and reduced triglycerides for the rapeseed‑fed group — supports dietary omega‑3 benefit for cardiac risk factors.

PubMed ID: 30854986

Crossover trial showed DHA/EPA lowered triglycerides in a substantial fraction of participants (responder heterogeneity).

PubMed ID: 31271554

3 g/day omega-3 produced large, significant triglyceride reductions in hypertriglyceridemic obese children (strong CVD risk marker improvement).

PubMed ID: 31055222

Achieving omega‑3 index ≥4% associated with prevention of coronary plaque progression (imaging endpoint) in statin users.

PubMed ID: 31535138

DHA produced a robust triglyceride reduction (~23%) and increased LPL activity — clear cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 30127297

High‑dose EPA+DHA increased omega‑3 index and reduced triglycerides (~18%) — strong heart‑risk factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 30407633

Controlled feeding crossover: DHA lowered triglycerides by ~24% — robust cardiometabolic benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 30227610

Dialysis RCT: n‑3 improved HRV indices, reduced heart rate (~2.5 bpm) and lowered triglycerides — favourable cardiac/autonomic effects.

PubMed ID: 30297663

Dose RCT showing ~23% TG reduction at 1 g/day DHA supports heart‑health lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 28112528

Small RCT in CAD patients increased irisin and lowered hs‑CRP and LDL — modest cardiometabolic benefits.

PubMed ID: 28648475

Substantial (~40%+) TG reduction in cART‑treated patients is a clinically meaningful cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 28710178

Lovaza attenuated progression of albuminuria in T2D+CAD patients and lowered triglycerides — cardiometabolic/renal protection relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 29246960

High‑dose EPA+DHA added to statins reduced triglycerides and prevented fibrous coronary plaque progression in adherent patients — strong cardiac benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 27404516

Fish oil in T2D raised EPA/DHA and CMPF; CMPF increase correlated with TG reductions—mechanistic and lipid benefits relevant to heart risk.

PubMed ID: 28457318

Marked omega‑3 index increase in PAD patients (biomarker linked to cardiovascular outcomes) after high‑dose fish oil.

PubMed ID: 27281302

DHA improved inflammatory markers and HDL versus EPA; these biomarker changes support cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 27733252

DHA lowered postprandial triglycerides but raised LDL; high‑dose EPA lowered Lp‑PLA2—mixed but clinically relevant lipid/inflammatory changes for heart risk.

PubMed ID: 26262712

Fish oil + vitamin E lowered total and LDL cholesterol in peri‑menopausal women—cardiovascularly relevant though oxidative stress rose with fish oil alone.

PubMed ID: 26019023

EPA+DHA added to plant sterols improved VLDL subclass lipids and HDL distribution—mechanistic cardiovascular benefits.

PubMed ID: 26247967

RBC DPA associations with triglycerides and CRP and dose‑response increases support cardiometabolic relevance.

PubMed ID: 26222126

Concentrated EPA+DHA (TAK‑085) produced dose‑related favourable LDL particle shifts and reduction in small‑dense LDL—strongly cardiometabolic‑relevant.

PubMed ID: 26328624

Large RCT in statin‑treated, high‑TG patients showing dose‑dependent TG reduction, increased LDL particle size and reductions in ApoCIII and Lp‑PLA2 — strong cardiovascular benefit markers.

PubMed ID: 26620373

DHA‑enriched oil lowered PCSK9 and triglycerides in a feeding study — favorable lipid effects relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 26229448

Multinutrient supplement including omega‑3 reduced plaque lipid and surgical neurological events — supportive but attribution uncertain.

PubMed ID: 24997005

RCT reductions in procoagulant factors and vWF support decreased thrombosis risk, relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 24526821

One year of high‑dose omega‑3 improved subclinical biventricular systolic function and lowered oxidative stress markers in Rett syndrome (cardiac function support in disease context).

PubMed ID: 24410834

Lower circulating DHA correlated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis in statin‑treated diabetics (observational association).

PubMed ID: 25123060

DHA‑rich algal oil and fish oil each produced substantial triglyceride reductions vs control (RCT).

PubMed ID: 25122648

EPA+DHA dose‑dependently lowered triglycerides—an established heart‑risk biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 24829493

DHA‑enriched diet improved HDL, markedly lowered triglycerides and reduced predicted 10‑y CHD risk—strong randomized feeding evidence for cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 23351824

In chronic heart failure, supplementation markedly raised EPA/DHA and reduced an inflammatory marker; biochemical changes relevant to heart health though mortality links were inconclusive.

PubMed ID: 24461313

Large RCT showed krill oil lowered fasting triglycerides without raising LDL—clinically relevant heart risk biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 24067797

Elderly bedridden T2D patients had improved glycemia and atherogenic lipoproteins with EPA/DHA — cardiometabolic benefit in a high‑risk group.

PubMed ID: 24228803

Pediatric DHA produced favorable HDL and TG changes — relevant to long‑term heart health.

PubMed ID: 24299019

ω‑3 ethyl esters added to atorvastatin produced additional, mechanistically characterized VLDL‑TG lowering — strong CV biomarker benefit.

PubMed ID: 24314359

52-week prescription EPA+DHA produced sustained, dose-dependent triglyceride reductions—beneficial cardiac lipid profile change.

PubMed ID: 23725919

High‑dose EPA+DHA (4 g/day) produced large, clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions, strongly relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 23916928

Perioperative n‑3 PUFA plus antioxidants markedly reduced post‑operative atrial fibrillation (large absolute effect), a clinically relevant cardiac endpoint (but intervention included vitamins).

PubMed ID: 24252845

Dose–response increases in omega‑3 index (RBC EPA+DHA) are linked with cardiac risk modification and strengthen biomarker‑based heart health claims.

PubMed ID: 23390192

Reductions in platelet aggregation and favourable hemostatic changes lower thrombotic risk relevant to cardiovascular health.

PubMed ID: 23817470

DHA substantially lowered triglycerides (~28%) in healthy adults — established heart‑health biomarker effect (mixed endothelial findings).

PubMed ID: 23238663

Fish oil reduced platelet oxidative stress and triglycerides in T2DM+HT patients — relevant to heart disease risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 22892157

Prescription omega‑3 (with niacin) produced large TG reductions and improved HDL and, with niacin, reduced arterial stiffness—strong cardiovascular risk marker effects.

PubMed ID: 21831993

Acute RCT demonstrated a robust improvement in endothelial function (FMD), a key marker of cardiovascular health.

PubMed ID: 21297494

Prescription omega-3 reduced TGs and VLDL in hypercholesterolemia, though small LDL rise occurred—generally favorable for TG-driven risk.

PubMed ID: 21924882

4 g/d EPA+DHA lowered triglycerides substantially but raised LDL-C and LDL subclasses; net cardiac implication mixed.

PubMed ID: 22108152

Adding prescription omega-3 to atorvastatin produced favourable LDL particle shifts and reduced pro-atherogenic proteins.

PubMed ID: 21757663

Cross-sectional inverse association between serum DHA and carotid IMT suggests anti-atherosclerotic potential.

PubMed ID: 21683321

High-purity EPA (4 g/day) produced substantial, clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions without raising LDL in severe hypertriglyceridemia.

PubMed ID: 21862301

Formulation (rTAG) of omega-3 lowered fasting triglycerides over six months in statin-treated dyslipidemic subjects.

PubMed ID: 22212377

Significant triglyceride reductions in HIV patients are cardioprotective (clinically meaningful lipid benefit).

PubMed ID: 21865334

Up to 1.8 g/day lowered triglycerides (~16.5%) in older adults — beneficial lipid effect but no endothelial improvement.

PubMed ID: 20652432

Seal oil reduced platelet activation and improved TG/HDL over 14 days — favorable anti‑thrombotic and lipid signals.

PubMed ID: 21178084

Algal DHA improved lipoprotein particle sizes and lowered triglycerides — supports heart health.

PubMed ID: 20877395

4 g/day omega‑3 + simvastatin produced large triglyceride reduction — strong cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 20389249

Borderline tendency to fewer deaths in elderly men at high CV risk; suggests possible cardiac benefit though not definitive.

PubMed ID: 21099130

Large trial showing higher on-treatment EPA associated with ~20% fewer major coronary events—strong evidence for cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 20542512

EPA incorporation into plaques with reduced inflammation and markers of plaque instability supports cardiovascular risk reduction mechanisms.

PubMed ID: 19593941

1 g/day fish oil in metabolic syndrome lowered weight, BP, triglycerides, and hs‑CRP — broad CVD risk improvements.

PubMed ID: 19515734

Large gene‑expression trial showed downregulation of inflammatory/atherogenic pathways—relevant to heart disease prevention.

PubMed ID: 19573960

Enteral n‑3 feeding reduced TAGs in elderly (improves a cardiac risk marker).

PubMed ID: 18491071

Fish oil improved insulin sensitivity during calorie restriction—metabolic benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 18665413

Lean fish intake modestly lowered blood pressure in CHD patients—cardiac risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 18982439

Dilated cardiomyopathy RCT demonstrated reductions in arrhythmic risk markers and NSVT episodes (strong cardiac benefit).

PubMed ID: 18490931

Oily fish/fish oil reduced triglycerides and produced favourable lipid trends in a weight‑loss trial (cardiac risk).

PubMed ID: 18339222

DHA‑rich oil improved HRV and lowered heart rate — indicators of improved cardiac autonomic function.

PubMed ID: 17349088

Dietary EPA+DHA raised erythrocyte n‑3 linked to better arterial compliance and lower inflammatory/platelet markers.

PubMed ID: 17179770

Large RCT in HIV patients with high TGs showed ~25% TG reduction and good tolerability—clinically meaningful heart‑risk improvement.

PubMed ID: 17875549

SLE trial improved endothelial function (FMD) and decreased oxidative stress — relevant to heart health in inflammatory disease.

PubMed ID: 17393216

Large TG lowering in statin-treated patients is cardioprotective; complex LDL shifts but overall favorable lipid effects for heart health.

PubMed ID: 17684201

DHA lowered TG and small dense LDL — favorable for heart disease risk though total LDL rose modestly.

PubMed ID: 16571158

Marked TG lowering (~23%) supports cardiovascular risk reduction though LDL/total cholesterol rose.

PubMed ID: 17229894

In CAD patients, omega-3 (DHA alone or DHA+EPA) lowered triglycerides ~18–22% — meaningful cardiometabolic improvement.

PubMed ID: 16806871

More concentrated formulations produced greater EPA/DHA incorporation and larger TG/VLDL reductions — supports dose-dependent heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 15553594

High-dose n-3 reduced sP-selectin (platelet/endothelial activation) — favorable for cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 15656713

Krill oil improved blood lipids (total cholesterol, TG, LDL) vs comparators — supports heart health.

PubMed ID: 15113713

2.8 g/day DHA lowered TG (-20%), raised HDL and reduced resting heart rate — robust cardioprotective risk-factor changes.

PubMed ID: 15469651

High-dose DHA lowered triglycerides by ~22% and raised apoE — strong cardiometabolic lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 14553835

Tuna-oil improved endothelial function — a key component of cardiovascular health.

PubMed ID: 14639800

DHA‑enriched eggs improved serum TG and HDL — favorable heart risk markers.

PubMed ID: 12075272

Omega‑3 pre‑treatment modestly reduced restenosis after angioplasty — clinical vascular benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 12562865

Enhanced chylomicron TG clearance, lower postprandial TG and apoB‑48 — improves atherogenic lipoprotein handling.

PubMed ID: 11207085

Prevention of BP rise and preserved renal function in hypertensive transplant patients supports cardiovascular protection.

PubMed ID: 11303007

One‑year Omacor in simvastatin‑treated patients lowered triglycerides 20–30% and VLDL 30–40%—clinically meaningful lipid improvement.

PubMed ID: 10919932

~26% triglyceride reduction and improved TG:HDL in postmenopausal women—favorable cardiac risk marker changes.

PubMed ID: 10799369

EPA/DHA 4 g/day lowered triacylglycerols by ~18–20%—an established cardiometabolic benefit; LDL/insulin effects need consideration.

PubMed ID: 10479194

Improved HRV in men (linked to sudden‑death risk) supports cardiac autonomic benefits.

PubMed ID: 10189324

Two-year fish-oil supplementation modestly reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis — direct heart disease outcome.

PubMed ID: 9733153

EPA+DHA lowered systolic/diastolic BP 5–6 mmHg in mild hypertensive men — supports heart health via BP reduction.

PubMed ID: 9665096

DHA lowered resting heart rate and improved LV diastolic filling — direct beneficial cardiac physiology.

PubMed ID: 8729093

EPA documented as main TG‑lowering agent; DHA altered HDL subfractions — meaningful lipid effects relevant to heart disease.

PubMed ID: 8933125

Moderate fish/fish oil lowered fasting/postprandial TG and raised favorable HDL2/HDL3 ratio in healthy men.

PubMed ID: 7891046

Concentrated EPA/DHA lowered triglycerides and improved HDL and BP — clinically meaningful heart‑risk marker improvements.

PubMed ID: 7677125

Observational nested case‑control: higher serum DPA/DHA associated with lower coronary heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 7918310

Marked reductions in monocyte tissue factor activity and increased EPA/DHA — suggests reduced thrombotic risk relevant to heart disease.

PubMed ID: 7939369

Six‑month post‑bypass trial showed substantial triglyceride lowering — favorable cardiac risk modification.

PubMed ID: 1617510

Coronary patients had major triglyceride decreases and an attenuation of systolic BP rise—beneficial for cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 1537131

Large RCT showing reduced angiographic restenosis after angioplasty with peri‑procedural fish oil—clear vascular/heart outcome.

PubMed ID: 1534256

Well‑powered RCT with large triglyceride reductions and modest HDL rise—clinically relevant heart disease risk modulation.

PubMed ID: 1831755

Dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering in CAD patients supports heart‑protective lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 2137901

Modest BP reductions with EPA/DHA in mild hypertension support cardiovascular risk lowering.

PubMed ID: 2141757

Dose‑dependent lowering of triglycerides and HDL subfraction changes—meaningful for heart health.

PubMed ID: 9101424

Significant triglyceride lowering in severe hypertriglyceridemia supports cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 32127335

Fish oil reduced triglycerides and raised HDL; reduced arterial stiffness in men — established cardiometabolic benefits supportive of heart health.

PubMed ID: 34842343

Randomized pediatric trial: ω‑3 prevented chemo‑related cardiac injury and preserved systolic function—strong heart protection evidence.

PubMed ID: 23134549

3 g omega‑3 before PCI reduced CK‑MB rise — suggests reduced periprocedural myocardial injury.

PubMed ID: 32380746

n‑3 enriched goat cheese increased HDL and lowered CRP in overweight/obese adults — favorable heart‑related lipid and inflammation changes.

PubMed ID: 15808325

Reduced pro‑apoptotic oxLDL activity after fish oil — favorable for atherosclerotic processes.

PubMed ID: 23548422

Improved arterial elasticity, pulse wave velocity and TIMP‑1 in ischemic CHF with AF — favorable cardiovascular structural/function signals.

PubMed ID: 28541926

Omega‑3 added to statin lowered triglycerides and inflammatory markers vs statin alone—supports cardiovascular risk‑factor improvement (co‑therapies confound).

PubMed ID: 19705518

Omega‑3 reduced ambulatory BP, heart rate and triglycerides in CKD patients—clinically meaningful cardiometabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 11214732

Long‑term seal/cod‑liver oil reduced platelet aggregation—potential anti‑thrombotic heart benefit.

PubMed ID: 15175795

In older men, omega‑3 lowered triglycerides (heart risk factor) though it did not alter clotting factors measured in that trial.

PubMed ID: 39360590

EPA+DHA modestly lowered triglycerides in CAD patients—favourable impact on a major cardiac risk factor.

PubMed ID: 30977496

Metabolomic RCT in T2D linked fish‑oil intake markers to triglyceride reductions — supports cardiometabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 38056242

EPA+DHA markedly lowered triglycerides and raised omega‑3 index in CAD patients—robust lipid benefit relevant to heart health despite no CAC slowing.

PubMed ID: 32805184

Adjunctive EPA (±DHA) increased fibrous cap thickness in vulnerable coronary plaques — plaque stabilization relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 32759543

EPA + rosuvastatin reduced plaque lipid and inflammatory markers in vivo — supports cardiovascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 32860032

Purified EPA (4 g/day) + statin produced plaque regression and major atherosclerotic improvements.

PubMed ID: 31237134

High‑dose (4 g/day) omega‑3 added to statin produced large, clinically meaningful triglyceride and non‑HDL reductions.

PubMed ID: 29223557

High‑quality multicenter RCT: 4 g/day ω‑3 markedly lowered TGs/non‑HDL‑C in statin‑treated patients—strong heart risk benefit.

PubMed ID: 27415612

Improved circulating progenitor cells and CFU‑ECs with ω‑3/statin combination—supports vascular repair relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 20952767

GISSI‑HF substudy: modest but significant LVEF improvements with n‑3 over years — clinically relevant cardiac benefit in heart failure.

PubMed ID: 19337557

Omega‑3 improved endothelial function and lipid profile when added to rosuvastatin in dyslipidemic adults.

PubMed ID: 27424313

Large triglyceride reductions and improved vascular markers in combination therapy—heart‑protective signals though partially fenofibrate‑driven.

PubMed ID: 22153696

Omega‑3 lowered triglycerides and improved endothelial function (flow‑mediated dilation) in hypertriglyceridemia—supports cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 21630032

Prescription omega‑3 produced a ~31% TG reduction in isolated hypertriglyceridemia—a key modifiable cardiac risk factor.

PubMed ID: 21857087

Omega‑3 lowered triglycerides and some hemostatic markers (fibrinogen/PAI‑1/factor VII), potentially lowering thrombotic risk.

PubMed ID: 19597368

Prescription ω‑3 added to fenofibrate produced very large TG reductions—clinically meaningful for cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 17323614

ω‑3 with hypolipidaemic therapy improved LDL oxidative markers and endothelial function—favors heart health.

PubMed ID: 1466329

Large triglyceride reductions in transplant patients — supports heart‑risk lipid benefits though cholesterol unchanged.

PubMed ID: 15562184

Walnut (ALA) diet improved HDL and lowered LDL in T2D—dietary omega‑3 benefit relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 24587337

Dietary fatty fish elevated EPA/DHA and improved HDL particle size and n‑3–rich TG species—favorable cardiac lipid profile changes.

PubMed ID: 24528693

Fatty‑fish increased DHA and modest HDL changes in CHD patients—supportive of heart benefits.

PubMed ID: 22221492

Lowered TAG and favorable lipid/inflammatory changes in middle‑aged/older women—supports heart health.

PubMed ID: 20797476

Improved triglycerides and HDL after oily‑fish intake are established heart‑health markers.

PubMed ID: 28664342

In ICD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 3.6 g/day fish oil reduced ventricular tachyarrhythmic events versus placebo—direct, clinically important cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 17825687

Adding prescription omega‑3 to simvastatin reduced non‑HDL cholesterol—improves lipid parameters relevant to heart disease risk.

PubMed ID: 26076828

Medical food with 1.8 g EPA produced a significant reduction in triglycerides — robust cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 27578110

DHA‑enriched oil lowered triglycerides in T2DM—beneficial for cardiac risk profile.

PubMed ID: 20705373

Post‑AMI omega‑3 improved flow‑mediated dilatation (endothelial function), a surrogate of cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 38873793

Large statin-treated trial of icosapent ethyl showed significant reduction in coronary events and a borderline primary MACE reduction — strong RCT evidence for cardiac benefit (with AF signal).

PubMed ID: 31390907

ACS trial subgroup: low EPA/AA identified patients who derived event reduction from intensified lipid therapy—EPA/AA prognostic for CV outcomes.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA added to high‑dose statin reduced plaque lipid index, macrophage grade and LDL—strong plaque‑stabilizing heart benefits.

PubMed ID: 31532795

Randomized post‑MI trial showed omega‑3 improved LV remodeling, reduced fibrosis and NT‑proBNP in a genotype‑defined subgroup.

PubMed ID: 28634822

EPA added to statin therapy gave an additional ~10% drop in non‑HDL cholesterol and raised EPA/AA ratio—favorable for cardiovascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 27919362

OM3‑CA reduced apoCIII and favorably redistributed LDL subspecies—mechanistically relevant to CVD risk.

PubMed ID: 27865182

Randomized study: starting high‑dose EPA after PCI with statin produced large reductions in 1‑year major CV events and cardiovascular death—strong direct evidence.

PubMed ID: 26103129

Biochemical reductions in oxidative lipids associated with blood‑pressure lowering in CKD—supports potential cardiovascular benefit via mechanistic pathways.

PubMed ID: 24158248

EPA modestly improved endothelial function (FMD) and lowered triglycerides in CAD patients.

PubMed ID: 24637411

EPA added to statin improved plaque morphology (fibrous cap thickening) and lowered plaque inflammation—direct cardioprotective mechanism.

PubMed ID: 25185754

High‑purity EPA produced large TG reductions and corrected omega‑3 deficiency rapidly — very strong support for heart risk‑factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 23811682

Purified EPA reduced TRLs and increased LDL particle size — favorable heart‑related lipoprotein changes.

PubMed ID: 23700945

IV ω‑3 reduced collagen‑stimulated platelet aggregation peri‑CABG with no increased bleeding — relevant cardiac perioperative outcome.

PubMed ID: 23497779

Higher n‑3:n‑6 ratios associated with less plaque progression in pravastatin subgroup (observational imaging support).

PubMed ID: 24528690

Robust RCT in severe hypertriglyceridemia showing large TG and non‑HDL reductions — strong CVD risk‑factor benefit.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Large RCT showed meaningful triglyceride and non‑HDL reductions with OM3‑FFA in statin‑treated high‑risk patients.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Prescription n‑3 shifted lipoprotein AA/EPA/DHA composition and correlated with improved MAP/pulse pressure—cardiovascular relevance.

PubMed ID: 23040588

In statin-treated CAD patients, increases in serum n-3/n-6 ratios were associated with less coronary plaque progression (observational association).

PubMed ID: 21701167

Short RCT reduced platelet activation markers, indicating antithrombotic potential relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 21496264

Dietary interventions produced large increases in omega-3 index and favorable HUFA shifts — beneficial cardiovascular biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 20394870

Omega-3 supplementation reduced platelet reactivity in PCI patients when added to aspirin+clopidogrel, relevant to secondary cardiac risk.

PubMed ID: 19846544

High‑dose omega‑3 plus diet markedly lowered triglycerides in dyslipidemic patients.

PubMed ID: 18590592

n-3–enriched pork increased DHA and improved triglycerides and platelet-related markers in healthy adults (favorable CVD risk signals).

PubMed ID: 15159226

Moderate‑dose fish oil lowered triglycerides, increased HDL and reduced platelet AA — favorable cardiovascular risk marker changes.

PubMed ID: 12145002

EPA/DHA increased systemic arterial compliance and lowered triglycerides in dyslipidemic adults — directly cardiovascular-relevant.

PubMed ID: 8694015

Dose‑dependent increases in DHA and decreases in triacylglycerols — favorable cardiometabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Incorporation into plasma lipids and reduced platelet activation — cardioprotective surrogate effects.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Four weeks of fish oil lowered TG ~26%, reduced platelet aggregation and neutrophil LTB4 — multiple mechanisms supporting cardiovascular protection.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Six months of fish oil markedly lowered TG but increased LDL in some patients with coronary disease — clinically important but mixed effects.

PubMed ID: 2123355

Mackerel consumption changed platelet eicosanoids (↓thromboxane, ↑prostacyclin metabolite) — favorable cardiovascular mediator shifts.

PubMed ID: 38714425

ALA diet led to modest LDL and Lp(a) decreases, favorable for heart risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 35144649

Fish oil reduced triglycerides in type‑2 diabetes patients; perilla (ALA) had favorable glycemic effects — both relevant for cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 33840228

In post‑ACS patients higher circulating long‑chain marine ω‑3 was robustly associated with substantially lower cardiovascular and sudden cardiac death.

PubMed ID: 34749668

Large MR analysis indicates genetically higher ALA linked to lower ischemic heart disease risk and improved lipid markers.

PubMed ID: 30900815

Randomized trial showed dose‑dependent, clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions with EPA+DHA — established heart‑risk benefit.

PubMed ID: 29633621

Omega‑3 enriched eggs reduced triglycerides, lowered blood pressure and improved microvascular reactivity—multiple cardiometabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 29849178

Dose‑dependent plasma EPA/DHA increases and modest triglyceride lowering provide strong biomarker and metabolic support for heart health.

PubMed ID: 29645359

Fatty fish intake favorably remodeled HDL (larger, more lipid‑rich) and other lipoprotein subclass improvements relevant to CVD risk.

PubMed ID: 30278429

High‑dose ALA lowered total cholesterol, LDL‑C and apoB—classic heart‑risk factor improvements.

PubMed ID: 27279274

Fish oil RCT in T2D improved HbA1c and lipid profile including TG/LDL—cardiometabolic benefits relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 26813890

Large Mediterranean cohort: meeting ALA and marine n‑3 targets associated with markedly lower fatal CVD/CHD and all‑cause mortality (strong observational evidence).

PubMed ID: 25515553

Fish oil lowered triglycerides (~16%) and raised HDL in metabolic syndrome/T2D—classic cardioprotective lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 25216712

Plant/microalgae n-3 oils reduced total and LDL cholesterol and raised erythrocyte EPA in hypertriglyceridemic adults—favorable heart disease risk markers.

PubMed ID: 24027184

Prospective link between higher n‑3 intake and lower odds of elevated CRP suggests long‑term cardiac risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 23885993

Flaxseed bars lowered total and LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL — supporting reduced atherosclerotic risk.

PubMed ID: 22301766

Large post‑MI trial: additional low‑dose n‑3 reduced major CV events in statin non‑users (borderline), with no benefit in statin users — mixed but clinically relevant.

PubMed ID: 23332800

n‑3 supplementation improved triglycerides and HDL—cardiometabolic effects favorable for heart health.

PubMed ID: 22952185

Large prospective data found higher plasma ALA/DPA and modest fish intake associated with lower future heart‑failure risk (observational).

PubMed ID: 22110169

Post‑MI diabetic subgroup analysis found a large, significant reduction in ventricular arrhythmia‑related events with combined EPA‑DHA+ALA—strong cardiovascular safety/benefit signal (subgroup/post‑hoc caveats).

PubMed ID: 19933935

Large prospective cohort: higher circulating long‑chain n‑3, especially DHA, associated with lower long‑term atrial fibrillation risk—strong associative evidence for cardiac benefit.

PubMed ID: 19261730

Dietary ALA/EPA/DHA changed LDL fatty acids, lowered triglycerides and DHA raised HDL — clinically relevant lipid improvements for heart health.

PubMed ID: 18779299

Fish oil raised DHA and total n‑3 in RBCs and flax raised RBC EPA/DPA — clear biomarker changes supportive of heart health.

PubMed ID: 16983146

Higher plasma DHA linked to slower coronary atherosclerosis progression in women (prospective clinical association).

PubMed ID: 17027436

Two oily‑fish servings/week lowered triacylglycerols over 24 weeks (cardiovascular risk biomarker).

PubMed ID: 17158408

Long‑chain n‑3 intake reduced triglycerides and small dense LDL proportion—strong cardiometabolic biomarker improvements.

PubMed ID: 16365063

ALA supplementation raised EPA/DPA in a chronically ill cohort—improves circulating cardioprotective n‑3s.

PubMed ID: 16960164

Lowering n‑6:n‑3 with EPA/DHA produced consistent and clinically relevant reductions in fasting and postprandial triglycerides.

PubMed ID: 16188207

High‑dose fish oil increased EPA/DHA and improved AA:EPA—mechanistic markers tied to cardiovascular effects.

PubMed ID: 16317123

Higher dietary ALA modestly lowered LDL and some VLDL particles in healthy volunteers.

PubMed ID: 15939062

Fish-oil (long-chain n‑3) markedly lowered triglycerides and small dense LDL—clinically relevant cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 12010583

EPA+DHA lowered triglycerides (heart risk factor) but raised LDL and LDL oxidizability — mixed but clinically important cardiac effects.

PubMed ID: 12370843

Camelina (ALA) increased EPA/DPA and produced a substantial LDL‑cholesterol reduction (~12%) — strong cardiometabolic signal.

PubMed ID: 10655965

Marine EPA/DHA reduced ex vivo platelet aggregation in older adults—potentially cardioprotective.

PubMed ID: 10613625

Large population study showed lower n‑3 (EPA/ALA) associated with some cardiovascular outcomes (observational evidence).

PubMed ID: 9310278

RCT in patients with suspected MI found fish oil reduced total cardiac events, nonfatal MI and cardiac deaths — strong clinical evidence for heart protection.

PubMed ID: 7911176

Large randomized secondary‑prevention trial: ALA‑rich Mediterranean diet markedly reduced recurrent cardiac events and overall mortality — strong heart‑health signal (dietary n‑3 relevance).

PubMed ID: 1971991

Dietary EPA+DHA lowered systolic BP and substantially reduced triglycerides/VLDL — direct cardiometabolic improvements linked to heart risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 22120130

Large trial with substantial reduction in AF recurrence when fish oil started before cardioversion — strong cardiac rhythm benefit.

PubMed ID: 15321802

Prospective cohort showed higher fish intake associated with less progression of coronary stenosis in postmenopausal women (observational).

PubMed ID: 10982541

DHA improved microvascular dilation and reduced vasoconstriction — favorable for cardiac/vascular health.

PubMed ID: 9081682

Reduced platelet aggregation and thromboxane responses — antithrombotic effects relevant to heart health.

PubMed ID: 7889894

Robust RCT showing pronounced triglyceride/VLDL reductions and HDL increases — important cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 2147175

Fish oil reduced blood pressure and improved lipids/neurohormonal markers in mild hypertension — potential heart-protective effects.

PubMed ID: 35067753

Improvements in triglycerides and inflammatory markers in NAFLD support reduced cardiovascular risk.

PubMed ID: 32779505

Epeleuton produced substantial triglyceride reductions—relevant to heart disease risk (EPA derivative rather than pure fish oil).

PubMed ID: 31679359

Fish+walnut diet during weight loss reduced SBP and improved LDL/HDL and inflammatory markers—cardiometabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 26316434

12‑month n‑3 PUFA improved triglycerides and HDL in children—favourable heart risk profile changes.

PubMed ID: 26226139

4 g/day fish oil improved triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose—strong cardiovascular risk factor improvements.

PubMed ID: 26026214

DHA reduced epicardial adipose tissue (cardiac fat) and improved triglycerides—beneficial for cardiac health.

PubMed ID: 7702027

Long-term post-bypass fish-oil reduced triglycerides by ~19% without major adverse metabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 8241095

Clear ~30% triglyceride lowering in randomized data supports cardiovascular risk-factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 24528690

Large RCT in very high TGs showing substantial TG lowering (dose‑responsive) and improved non‑HDL → important circulatory lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Large RCT showed dose‑dependent TG and non‑HDL reductions with OM3‑FFA, improving atherogenic lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Prescription n‑3 ethyl esters increased EPA/DPA/DHA across lipoprotein fractions and decreased AA; mechanistically relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 23040588

Observational association: increases in serum n-3/n-6 ratios linked to less coronary plaque progression by IVUS.

PubMed ID: 21701167

Modest reductions in platelet activation markers after short treatment → antiplatelet/antithrombotic mechanism for circulation.

PubMed ID: 20117379

Omega‑3 improved platelet responsiveness and thromboxane in aspirin‑resistant patients—relevant to circulation/antithrombotic effects.

PubMed ID: 20394870

Omega-3 added to dual antiplatelet therapy reduced platelet reactivity after PCI, improving factors relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 19846544

High‑dose n‑3 plus diet counseling cut triglycerides substantially in HIV dyslipidemia.

PubMed ID: 18590592

Dietary n-3 via enriched pork raised DHA and improved some cardiovascular risk markers including triglycerides and platelet markers.

PubMed ID: 15159226

12‑week fish oil trial lowered triglycerides, improved HDL and reduced platelet AA — favorable effects on atherogenic profile.

PubMed ID: 12145002

7-week EPA/DHA trial raised arterial elasticity (+36% with EPA) and lowered triglycerides — directly relevant to vascular function.

PubMed ID: 8694015

Dose‑dependent increases in DHA/AA and reductions in triacylglycerols — favorable circulatory risk‑factor changes.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Fish oil incorporation reduced platelet activation/TxB2 — supports improved microcirculatory and antithrombotic profile.

PubMed ID: 2123355

Mackerel intake altered platelet eicosanoid production (less thromboxane, more prostacyclin metabolite) — favorable vascular mediator profile.

PubMed ID: 40754213

ALA supplementation reduced arterial stiffness (brachial‑ankle PWV) and raised serum n‑3 — supports vascular health.

PubMed ID: 38714425

ALA‑rich diets produced modest LDL and Lp(a) reductions, which are favorable for circulation.

PubMed ID: 35144649

Fish oil raised erythrocyte EPA/DHA and reduced triglycerides in T2DM patients, supporting circulatory risk improvement.

PubMed ID: 33840228

Higher circulating long‑chain marine ω‑3 levels were strongly associated with lower cardiovascular and sudden cardiac death risk after ACS.

PubMed ID: 34749668

Mendelian randomization found genetically higher ALA linked to lower ischemic heart disease and improved cardiometabolic markers, supporting circulatory benefit from ALA pathways.

PubMed ID: 31902378

Flaxseed ALA reduced triglycerides and improved lipids in gestational diabetes, beneficial for circulation.

PubMed ID: 30900815

Supplemental EPA+DHA produced clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions, a key circulatory risk factor.

PubMed ID: 29633621

Omega‑3 enriched eggs improved microvascular reactivity and lowered BP/TG in healthy adults—direct circulating vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 27619403

Flaxseed‑derived omega‑3 improved lipids and oxidative markers in PCOS women.

PubMed ID: 27279274

Fish oil improved lipids (TG, LDL, TC) in diabetics, supporting vascular health.

PubMed ID: 26813890

Large cohort: adequate ALA/marine n‑3 intake associated with substantially lower cardiovascular mortality (observational).

PubMed ID: 25515553

Fish oil lowered triglycerides (~16%) and raised HDL in metabolic syndrome/T2D—clinically relevant lipid improvements for circulation.

PubMed ID: 25216712

Plant/microalgae n-3 oils lowered total and LDL cholesterol and raised erythrocyte EPA in hypertriglyceridemic adults—direct cardiometabolic/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 23885993

Flaxseed bar RCT: marked reductions in total, LDL and oxidized LDL — supports improved vascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 22301766

Post‑MI trial subgroup: omega‑3 reduced major events in statin non‑users (borderline) — some circulatory/clinical CV signal.

PubMed ID: 23332800

Dose‑dependent n‑3 intervention lowered triglycerides and raised HDL in hypertriglyceridemic adults—direct circulation/lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 22810989

Margarines with EPA/DHA markedly raised erythrocyte omega‑3 index quickly—biomarker linked to vascular health.

PubMed ID: 16983146

Higher plasma DHA associated with slower CAD progression in women (observational vascular outcome).

PubMed ID: 17027436

Two oily‑fish portions/week lowered blood triglycerides over 24 weeks (cardio‑circulatory biomarker).

PubMed ID: 17158408

Adding long‑chain n‑3s reduced triglycerides and fewer small dense LDL particles—favorable for circulation/arterial health.

PubMed ID: 16960164

Lowering n‑6:n‑3 with EPA/DHA reduced fasting and postprandial triglycerides, beneficial to circulation.

PubMed ID: 15821181

2 g/day fish oil increased heart‑rate variability (improved autonomic cardiac function), a robust cardiovascular physiology effect.

PubMed ID: 16188207

High‑dose fish oil increased EPA/DHA and lowered AA:EPA ratio—biomarkers linked to vascular/anti‑thrombotic effects.

PubMed ID: 11815311

ALA margarine lowered fibrinogen (pro‑thrombotic) though lipid changes were mixed; partial circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 12370843

Camelina (ALA) increased EPA/DPA and lowered LDL ≈12% — meaningful cardiometabolic improvement.

PubMed ID: 10655965

EPA/DHA diet reduced ex vivo platelet aggregation in older adults—direct effect on blood flow/clotting potential.

PubMed ID: 9310278

Fish oil in suspected MI patients reduced cardiac events and nonfatal MI, consistent with improved circulation/cardiovascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 7911176

Alpha‑linolenic–rich Mediterranean diet after MI reduced recurrent cardiac events and mortality — strong circulation/secondary prevention signal (dietary n‑3 relevant).

PubMed ID: 1971991

Dietary EPA+DHA lowered systolic BP (−5.1 mmHg) and markedly reduced triglycerides/VLDL — direct circulation/Cardio risk improvements.

PubMed ID: 1972963

Two‑week linseed (ALA) diet lowered stress systolic BP and triglycerides in hypertensive men — supports vascular benefits.

PubMed ID: 30723735

Multi‑ingredient medical food including omega‑3 improved endothelial function (flow‑mediated dilation) vs comparator—moderate, confounded evidence for circulation.

PubMed ID: 23032083

EPA reduced symptomatic cerebral vasospasm and infarction after SAH, a clear cerebrovascular circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 22120130

Large trial showing reduced AF recurrence with fish oil implies improved cardiac rhythm circulation outcomes.

PubMed ID: 15321802

Observational link between higher fish intake and less progression of coronary stenosis — supports circulation/vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 10982541

DHA improved microvascular endothelium-dependent dilation and reduced vasoconstriction in overweight men — direct vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 9081682

Dietary omega-3 reduced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 — consistent antithrombotic/circulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 7889894

Large RCT showing substantial triglyceride/VLDL reductions and HDL increases — strong circulation-related lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 2147175

Randomized trial where fish oil reduced BP and improved lipids and neurohormonal markers — circulation benefits.

PubMed ID: 35067753

Fish-oil lowered triglycerides and improved inflammatory markers in NAFLD, supporting vascular risk reduction.

PubMed ID: 31679359

Dietary marine + plant omega‑3s during weight loss reduced systolic BP and improved lipids—direct BP/circulatory benefit in overweight women.

PubMed ID: 26316434

12‑month n‑3 PUFA improved lipids and insulin resistance in children—favourable for long‑term circulatory health.

PubMed ID: 26226139

Improved triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose in adults with NAFLD/hyperlipidemia—favourable for circulation/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 26026214

DHA reduced epicardial (cardiac) fat and visceral fat—indirectly beneficial to cardiovascular circulation.

PubMed ID: 27600795

Prescription omega‑3 produced large triglyceride reductions (~30%), relevant to circulation and atherogenic lipids.

PubMed ID: 28457318

4.4 g/day fish oil substantially raised the omega‑3 index in PAD patients, a biomarker linked to vascular health and circulation.

PubMed ID: 27404516

Fish oil in T2D increased EPA/DHA and a metabolite (CMPF) correlated with larger TG reductions—favorable lipid effects relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 29246960

High‑dose EPA+DHA added to statins reduced triglycerides and prevented fibrous coronary plaque progression (per‑protocol) — clinically relevant circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 28648475

Large (~40%) and sustained TG reductions in cART patients indicate meaningful circulatory/lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 28778393

Marked omega‑3 index rise and increased pro‑resolving mediators in PAD patients imply vascular anti‑inflammatory/repair potential.

PubMed ID: 30227610

In dialysis patients n‑3 improved vagal HRV indices, lowered heart rate and reduced triglycerides — favourable circulatory/autonomic effects.

PubMed ID: 30127297

High‑dose EPA+DHA raised RBC omega‑3 index and reduced triglycerides (~18%) — clinically relevant circulation/metabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 31535138

DHA produced a clear ~23% triglyceride reduction and increased LPL activity — strong favorable effect on circulatory lipid risk factors.

PubMed ID: 31055222

Omega‑3 index ≥4% associated with reduced coronary plaque progression in statin-treated patients.

PubMed ID: 31595295

Oily-fish intake in children raised EPA/DHA and modestly lowered triglycerides and raised HDL.

PubMed ID: 31271554

3 g/day in hypertriglyceridemic obese children produced large triglyceride reductions.

PubMed ID: 33015732

Two portions/wk farmed salmon increased O3I and lowered triglycerides vs control — favorable circulation/metabolic markers.

PubMed ID: 32178279

High‑dose EPA/DHA (≈4.8 g/day) lowered TG and VLDL‑P in healthy adults — direct lipid improvements relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 32732154

In CKD patients omega‑3s reduced triglycerides and improved pulse‑wave velocity (arterial stiffness) — direct vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 32963294

Food‑based omega‑3 increased omega‑3 index and modestly lowered 24‑h diastolic BP and heart rate—circulatory benefits.

PubMed ID: 32200533

High‑dose ethyl esters lowered fasting/postprandial TG and improved some postprandial vascular measures.

PubMed ID: 31658051

Perioperative IV omega‑3 increased erythrocyte EPA and reduced red‑cell aggregation—improves microcirculatory properties.

PubMed ID: 34371972

DHA lowered triglycerides and diastolic BP in overweight/obese postmenopausal women — direct circulation benefits.

PubMed ID: 33812168

High‑dose EPA reduced endothelial/vascular inflammatory markers (CCL2, VCAM1), a plausible atheroprotective mechanism.

PubMed ID: 34684525

Salmon intake reduced triglycerides and IL‑6 vs comparator, supporting short‑term cardiometabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 33933722

High‑dose EPA+DHA produced substantial triglyceride and lipoprotein improvements in adults with abdominal obesity.

PubMed ID: 34989797

Large phase‑3 RCT: krill‑oil ω‑3 substantially lowered fasting triglycerides in severe hypertriglyceridemia—strong circulation/lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 34982486

In post‑MI patients, on‑treatment EPA rises associated with fewer major cardiac events (but also higher AF risk) — mixed but relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 36409163

Blue‑mussel lipid extract (contains n‑3s) lowered triglycerides and insulin resistance—indirect circulation/metabolic support (complex product).

PubMed ID: 36050695

Add‑on 4 g/day EPA+DHA on statin markedly lowered TG, VLDL, small dense LDL and non‑HDL—clinically relevant circulatory lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 36571774

Fish oil improved some blood lipids (TG down, HDL up) alongside muscle benefits in older adults.

PubMed ID: 35232215

Free‑fatty‑acid EPA raised plasma EPA/DPA and produced modestly larger triglyceride reductions vs icosapent ethyl (randomized crossover, n=100).

PubMed ID: 37681568

Imaging RCT: greater TG lowering with EPA+DHA associated with lipid‑rich plaque regression and fewer cardiac events—strong mechanistic circulation evidence.

PubMed ID: 35953431

Prenatal DHA increased maternal vagal tone and lowered heart rate — direct physiological circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 37454148

Supplemental omega‑3s increased HRV and produced small ECG changes consistent with improved autonomic/circulatory tone.

PubMed ID: 38256336

High‑dose EPA+DHA reduced remnant cholesterol/TG and improved ankle‑brachial index — objective vascular improvements.

PubMed ID: 39163858

4 g/day fish oil in T2D with high TG substantially lowered serum triglycerides and shifted lipidomic profile (large RCT).

PubMed ID: 38830807

Purified omega‑3 ethyl esters produced substantial triglyceride and atherogenic lipid reductions in severe hypertriglyceridemia (RCT).

PubMed ID: 39168625

Scallop oil lowered triglycerides and oxidized LDL in higher‑TG subgroup, markers relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 41201837

Large RCT in hemodialysis patients showed marked reduction in serious cardiovascular events (strong circulation/vascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 40032221

Large primary‑prevention trial showing modest reductions in coronary events/MI — strong clinical circulation/vascular outcome signal.

PubMed ID: 40288580

Dose‑response RCT lowered triglycerides and changed adipose/plasma oxylipins, supporting improved vascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 24103380

Large cohort found higher dietary long‑chain n‑3 linked to lower AMI risk in diabetics — observational but relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 35791734

Robust RCT/crossover showing sustained reductions in platelet activation and aggregation — directly improves circulatory/antithrombotic function.

PubMed ID: 1586386

Dose‑dependent EPA rise and triglyceride lowering support improved circulating lipid profile relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 7871564

Modest diastolic blood pressure reduction in post‑transplant patients — circulatory parameter improvement.

PubMed ID: 8607100

Reduced thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) in diabetics — favorable effect on coagulation/circulation.

PubMed ID: 8540453

Randomized trial showed reduced vein-graft occlusion after CABG (clinically meaningful vascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 8701396

Atherosclerosis RCT showed TG lowering and haemostatic changes potentially beneficial to circulation.

PubMed ID: 9865671

Severe hypertriglyceridemia trial showed very large TG reductions and favorable VLDL changes relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 9774368

Daily fish meals lowered ambulatory BP and heart rate, indicating improved circulatory metrics.

PubMed ID: 9622285

Large trial with improved HDL/TG profile supports better vascular health and circulation.

PubMed ID: 10465168

Post-MI reduction in major CV events implies improved overall circulatory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 10595648

Reduced stimulated platelet adhesiveness implies lower thrombotic tendency and improved blood flow.

PubMed ID: 10539741

Adding a fish meal to weight loss improved lipids and insulin responses—favorable for vascular health.

PubMed ID: 10505695

Marked reductions in remnant lipoproteins and ox-LDL in dialysis patients are anti-atherogenic—relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 10634827

In hyperlipemia patients on simvastatin, omega‑3 improved postprandial lipemia and reduced prothrombotic markers, benefiting circulation.

PubMed ID: 10676668

4 g/day marine omega‑3 improved flow‑mediated dilation (endothelial function) in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

PubMed ID: 11115423

Age‑dependent reduction in soluble VCAM‑1 in older adults — favorable endothelial activation marker change.

PubMed ID: 11838000

Lowered pro‑atherosclerotic cytokine mRNA and associated with reduced angiographic atherosclerosis progression.

PubMed ID: 11789299

Concentrated omega‑3 in statin‑treated CVD patients reduced a targeted cardiovascular risk marker (biomarker improvement).

PubMed ID: 11864853

Controlled feeding study improved serum cholesterol efflux and altered lipoprotein/apolipoprotein patterns (biomarkers relevant to circulation).

PubMed ID: 11997274

Large post‑MI trial showed early reductions in sudden cardiac death and total mortality, strong cardiovascular/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 12618280

n‑3 lowered fasting/postprandial triglycerides (good) though LDL‑C rose (mixed circulatory effects).

PubMed ID: 12871402

Adding omega‑3 to atorvastatin reduced several coagulation activation markers, suggesting reduced thrombogenicity in circulation.

PubMed ID: 12848279

Randomized trial (860 mg/day) produced consistent, significant triglyceride and remnant‑cholesterol reductions—direct circulation risk markers.

PubMed ID: 12847992

1 g/day for 10 weeks significantly lowered triglycerides and improved TG/HDL — beneficial vascular/lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 15211441

8 weeks n‑3 lowered triglycerides (−21%) and raised HDL in chronic renal failure — favorable circulation/lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 15220949

Dietary n‑3 lowered triglycerides and mean arterial pressure in healthy men — supports circulation benefits.

PubMed ID: 15250255

Combination with simvastatin produced large triglyceride reductions—favourable for circulation/lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 16231263

Marked triglyceride lowering in HIV patients indicates clear circulatory metabolic benefit (tempered by LDL rise).

PubMed ID: 16210665

Prevented PM2.5-related HRV declines, implying vascular/autonomic protection relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 15893193

Perioperative n‑3 reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation after CABG — improved perioperative cardiac outcomes relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 15638820

Dietary marine n‑3 (salmon) lowered triglycerides and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1), supporting vascular health.

PubMed ID: 15755826

Large RCT in hyperlipidemic men reduced endothelial-activation markers (sICAM-1, sTM), supportive of improved vascular health.

PubMed ID: 16713391

4 g/day n-3 reduced triglycerides, mean arterial pressure and 24-h heart rate in healthy men (direct vascular/circulatory effects).

PubMed ID: 16634535

Cross-sectional: higher RBC EPA associated with lower arterial stiffness (baPWV), suggesting vascular benefit (observational).

PubMed ID: 16825679

Obese men: 4 g/day fish oil lowered TG and raised HDL—favorable circulatory lipid changes relevant to circulation/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 16616147

Purified EPA slowed/reversed carotid IMT and improved arterial stiffness in T2D over ~2 years.

PubMed ID: 16926660

Large trial: omega‑3 improved arterial elasticity (pulse wave propagation) in elderly men.

PubMed ID: 17575805

Large post-MI trial (GISSI) showed substantial mortality and sudden-death reductions—strong cardiovascular/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 17398308

Large trial with EPA added to statin lowered major coronary events—supports improved vascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 17704023

8‑week RCT produced a clear ~17% fasting triglyceride reduction, a favorable vascular risk factor change.

PubMed ID: 18757090

1 g/day n-3 PUFA modestly reduced mortality and CV hospitalizations in chronic heart failure patients.

PubMed ID: 18436564

In dialysis patients omega-3 lowered triglycerides—a favorable circulation/lipid effect.

PubMed ID: 18492838

Omega-3 (alone and with phytosterols) produced substantial triglyceride and LDL/total cholesterol improvements relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 18237823

Improved endothelial function (FMD) and soluble thrombomodulin in peripheral artery disease—direct vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 18451347

Large trial showed reduced recurrent stroke—clear vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 18678300

Prescription omega-3 added to simvastatin produced large reductions in triglycerides/VLDL and non-HDL—strongly circulation-relevant.

PubMed ID: 18667204

JELIS subgroup showed large CAD risk reduction in dyslipidemic patients—strong cardiovascular/circulatory relevance.

PubMed ID: 19727884

Fish/seal oils lowered triglycerides and systolic BP—beneficial for vascular health.

PubMed ID: 19394939

Improved flow-mediated dilation and reduced TG/TNF-α—direct endothelial function improvement.

PubMed ID: 19629889

Perioperative IV omega-3 reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation and ICU stay, indicating circulatory benefits.

PubMed ID: 19172517

EPA reduced pro‑thrombotic platelet‑derived microparticles, beneficial for circulation/coagulation.

PubMed ID: 20146881

In elderly HF patients n‑3 lowered NT‑proBNP and inflammatory markers, consistent with improved cardiac stress/circulation markers.

PubMed ID: 19447387

Large JELIS analyses show EPA reduced coronary events in high‑risk subgroups, implying circulation/atherosclerotic benefit.

PubMed ID: 19763135

Randomized metabolic‑syndrome trial: 1.8 g/day EPA improved arterial stiffness (CAVI) and improved vascular/inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 20121889

In type 2 diabetes fish oil lowered triglycerides (improving a circulation risk factor) though no change in endothelial function.

PubMed ID: 21147262

Increased atrial refractory periods and reduced AF inducibility—electrophysiologic circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 20304540

3 g/day long‑chain n‑3 PUFA in dairy improved triglycerides and HDL/LDL ratio—markers relevant to circulation and atherosclerotic risk.

PubMed ID: 20617456

Omega‑3 plant sterol esters produced substantial triglyceride lowering and modest diastolic BP reduction—favors healthier circulation.

PubMed ID: 20484828

JELIS PAD subgroup showed marked reduction in major coronary events with EPA, supporting clinically meaningful circulatory/cardio benefit in PAD.

PubMed ID: 21591384

Reduced ventricular extrasystoles and mean heart rate — cardiac rhythm benefits with secondary circulation relevance.

PubMed ID: 21701083

EPA addition to statin therapy reduced arterial stiffness indices (baPWV, carotid β) indicating improved vascular function.

PubMed ID: 21624541

Chronic fish oil prolonged atrial/PV refractoriness and reduced AF inducibility — favorable electrophysiologic/circulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 21232631

Fish oil preserved atrial mechanical function and reduced atrial stunning after cardioversion — improved atrial performance relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 21215550

In nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, n‑3 improved LVEF, peak VO2 and reduced HF hospitalizations — major circulatory/clinical benefits.

PubMed ID: 21570522

Higher‑dose n‑3 improved LVEF and FMD in severe HF patients — improved cardiac and endothelial function.

PubMed ID: 21800004

Dose‑dependent reductions in platelet activation, P‑selectin and tissue factor in CHF patients indicate improved antithrombotic/haemostatic profile relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 21617138

Improved fibrin clot structure, reduced thrombin generation and oxidative stress in PCI patients—pro‑circulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 21844082

Peri‑cardioversion n‑3 reduced AF recurrence at 1 year—meaningful rhythm/circulatory outcome.

PubMed ID: 21839455

1.24 g/day n‑3 lowered metabolic‑syndrome features including hypertension and waist circumference—favors vascular health.

PubMed ID: 22128614

Perioperative n‑3PUFA roughly halved post‑CABG atrial fibrillation rates, a clinically meaningful circulation/arrhythmia endpoint.

PubMed ID: 22313793

Fish oil (and/or soy) raised adiponectin/NO and produced modest BP improvements in metabolic‑syndrome women.

PubMed ID: 23173831

Healthy older adults had a clinically meaningful systolic BP reduction (~7 mmHg) after 5 weeks of ω‑3.

PubMed ID: 22819432

Large trial in statin‑treated patients showed substantial triglyceride and non‑HDL reductions that favorably affect vascular risk and circulation.

PubMed ID: 23312052

High‑dose pure EPA substantially reduced large VLDL and small LDL particle concentrations in very high‑TG patients — strong atherogenic-lipoprotein benefit.

PubMed ID: 22686415

Large RCT showed no reduction in CV events but a modest triglyceride reduction—benefit to circulation biomarkers but no clinical events.

PubMed ID: 22839709

IHD cohort with 1 g/day ω‑3 improved HRV and reduced arrhythmia metrics — supports circulatory/autonomic benefits.

PubMed ID: 22894624

Large RCT (icosapent ethyl) produced marked triglyceride reductions — directly relevant to circulation/arterial lipid load.

PubMed ID: 22623230

RCT showed improved platelet inhibition in PCI patients on dual antiplatelet therapy — relevant to vascular circulation/antithrombotic effects.

PubMed ID: 23237436

Post‑MI RCT showed reductions in ventricular ectopy and ECG markers of electrical instability — relevant to cardiac circulation/arrhythmia risk.

PubMed ID: 23408034

8‑week trial blunted heart‑rate and sympathetic reactivity to stress—favorable hemodynamic effects relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 23835245

Icosapent ethyl produced large triglyceride/remnant lipid reductions — beneficial for vascular risk and circulation.

PubMed ID: 23683266

3.6 g/day in hypertriglyceridemic HIV patients reduced triglycerides and inflammatory cytokines, supporting vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 24555913

1‑month RCT in stable angina reduced Lp‑PLA2 and oxidized‑LDL—improved vascular inflammatory/lipid markers tied to circulation.

PubMed ID: 23325450

High‑dose EPA (4 g/day) lowered inflammatory/oxidative markers (Ox‑LDL, Lp‑PLA2, hsCRP) in high‑TG patients, supporting vascular health.

PubMed ID: 25332321

Increased EPCs and decreased EMPs—cellular markers favor endothelial repair.

PubMed ID: 26073397

Reduced atherogenic VLDL and LDL particle concentrations in statin-treated high‑risk patients — favorable circulation/lipoprotein profile.

PubMed ID: 25305703

EPA started after PCI reduced 30‑day adverse cardiac events and ventricular arrhythmias — acute cardiac/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 25147070

Dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering and improved endothelial function (strong circulation evidence).

PubMed ID: 24961394

Dietary n‑3 intervention changed blood/HDL lipidomic profiles and associated with lower LDL signals (moderate relevance).

PubMed ID: 25403919

3 g/day RCT substantially lowered non‑fasting triglycerides (large, clinically relevant circulation benefit).

PubMed ID: 24756483

Preoperative omega‑3 lowered incidence of post‑CABG atrial fibrillation and shortened ICU stay — clinically important perioperative circulatory outcome.

PubMed ID: 26296857

Lowered triglycerides and enriched pro-resolving lipid mediators in PAD patients despite no FMD change — biologically relevant vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 26892135

Icosabutate produced very large (~33% placebo‑corrected) triglyceride and remnant reductions (highly relevant).

PubMed ID: 26611718

Flaxseed oil trial in diabetic‑nephropathy patients lowered triglycerides/VLDL and improved insulin measures—metabolic benefits linked to vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 25932792

Altered apolipoprotein/lipoprotein composition in high‑TG overweight patients (biochemical circulation effects).

PubMed ID: 25893544

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day EPA) produced large triglyceride and non‑HDL reductions and lowered hsCRP—clear atherogenic lipid/imflammation improvements relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 25771840

Hemodialysis trial showed triglyceride lowering (circulatory lipid improvement) though LDL pattern unchanged.

PubMed ID: 26667367

EPA added to statin therapy reduced plaque lipid volume and increased fibrous volume—direct improvement in coronary plaque composition.

PubMed ID: 25921849

Acute crossover study showed clear improvement in endothelial function (FMD) when LC n‑3 added to a saturated‑fat meal.

PubMed ID: 27457968

~1.5 g/day EPA+DHA reduced systolic BP ~7 mmHg (improves circulation/BP).

PubMed ID: 27955663

Improved heart‑rate variability and lower resting heart rate in psoriatic arthritis suggest autonomic/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 26807502

Heart‑failure trial showed improvements in BNP and multiple echo indices indicating improved cardiac function/circulation.

PubMed ID: 27206952

Prescription EPA (4 g/day) markedly lowered ApoC‑III and triglycerides—favorable for circulation/atherogenic lipids.

PubMed ID: 27015634

In HIV+ patients 2.4 g/day lowered triglycerides—relevant to vascular risk and circulation.

PubMed ID: 27596132

High‑purity EPA (4 g/day) reduced remnant‑like particle cholesterol and triglycerides—beneficial for circulation.

PubMed ID: 27482002

Post‑MI omega‑3 reduced adverse remodeling (cardiac structural benefit relevant to circulation), though not a direct circulation measure.

PubMed ID: 27939227

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/day) substantially lowered triglycerides and boosted EPA—strong favorable lipid changes for circulation/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 28391875

MAT9001 reduced triglycerides, VLDL and ApoC3 much more than EPA‑EE—clear atherogenic lipid improvements relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 28863874

EPA added to statin reduced coronary plaque volume and lipid content — surrogate evidence of improved vascular health/circulation.

PubMed ID: 29259181

Eating trout twice weekly produced large improvements in TG, LDL and HDL vs capsules—clinically meaningful circulation/lipid benefits.

PubMed ID: 28427403

Intraoperative omega‑3 markedly reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation after CABG—cardiac rhythm/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 28138734

Enteral EPA/GLA improved postoperative PaO2/FiO2 (~+15%), a direct improvement in oxygenation/circulatory gas exchange.

PubMed ID: 29017158

n‑3PUFA improved the atherogenic index in T2D—favorable for circulation/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 30415628

Large RCT (icosapent ethyl) produced marked reductions in ischemic events—strong evidence of circulation/ischemic benefit.

PubMed ID: 30125457

Improved endothelial function and lower triglycerides/hs‑CRP indicate better vascular/endothelial health.

PubMed ID: 29588138

EPA reduced atherogenic index and sulfur amino acids in T2D, suggesting improved vascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 30271161

EPA added to statin therapy improved ABI and reduced platelet activation markers (vascular function evidence).

PubMed ID: 30513433

Omega‑3 added to lifestyle in obese teens improved endothelial dysfunction markers and triglycerides.

PubMed ID: 29752009

Short RCT in ischaemic HF showed improved endothelial function and multiple vascular markers.

PubMed ID: 30913208

Fish oil reduced rescue thrombosis procedures in AV fistula patients — clinically relevant circulatory/thrombosis outcome.

PubMed ID: 31784345

Saury (LCMUFA + omega‑3) lowered triglycerides and raised HDL — favorable for circulation/CV risk.

PubMed ID: 31043161

Omega‑3 (±plant sterols) reduced triglycerides and improved metabolic markers in pre‑diabetes — relevant to circulation/CV risk.

PubMed ID: 31309919

Co‑supplementation including high‑dose n‑3 improved carotid IMT and lipids in T2DM+CHD patients — direct vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 30916121

Perioperative ω‑3 reduced need for vasoactive drugs, implying improved perioperative hemodynamics/circulatory stability.

PubMed ID: 31707829

Large outcomes trial (icosapent ethyl) reduced ischemic cardiovascular events, reflecting improved vascular outcomes/circulation.

PubMed ID: 30898607

Major trial showed substantial reductions in ischemic events and total ischemic event rates (favors circulation/vascular outcomes).

PubMed ID: 31177752

Fish‑oil arm lowered triglycerides and raised HDL versus plant oil, favourable lipid changes relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 31277790

Icosapent ethyl (4 g/d) lowered triglycerides and hsCRP in statin-treated patients—beneficial circulatory risk profile changes.

PubMed ID: 31809985

4 g/day ω‑3 ethyl esters improved lipoprotein subclass profile (larger LDL particles, lower atherogenic lipids), relevant to vascular health.

PubMed ID: 31262371

Randomized trial in peripheral arterial disease showed significant improvement in FMD and omega‑3 incorporation.

PubMed ID: 32440816

Post‑hip fracture RCT reported large, significant reductions in DVT and pulmonary embolism after 1 month of omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 33148016

Icosapent ethyl substantially lowered coronary revascularization events, indicating major vascular/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 33396567

RCT in AAA patients: 1.8 g/day LC‑n‑3 reduced PWV and resting heart rate (direct vascular benefit).

PubMed ID: 33228511

Dose-dependent reductions in 24-h heart rate and ventricular extrasystoles in HFrEF patients indicate meaningful circulatory/autonomic effects.

PubMed ID: 35871058

EPA formulation lowered triglycerides, which favorably affects circulatory risk profile though not a direct flow measurement.

PubMed ID: 35643872

Pulse-pressure reduction in women with abdominal obesity suggests a beneficial effect on vascular function and circulation.

PubMed ID: 35361440

VITAL ancillary showed reduced heart-failure hospitalizations in diabetics, implying improved cardiovascular outcomes and circulation in that subgroup.

PubMed ID: 35377160

REDUCE‑IT HF subgroup: substantial triglyceride and hs‑CRP reductions, modest/uncertain clinical endpoint benefit—supports improved lipid/circulatory risk profile.

PubMed ID: 35261279

Icosapent ethyl produced large, consistent reductions in ischemic events and revascularizations in prior‑PCI subgroup—strong circulation/ischemia benefit.

PubMed ID: 35483753

Icosapent ethyl substantially lowered ischemic events, MI and CV death in prior‑MI subgroup—direct supportive evidence for circulation/vascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 36202740

Long‑term purified EPA lowered triglycerides ~17–21% with good safety—favorable circulating lipid changes.

PubMed ID: 37301827

Large RCT of purified EPA produced large triglyceride and atherogenic lipoprotein reductions linked to improved circulatory risk profile.

PubMed ID: 35953437

REDUCE‑IT subgroup showed lower major cardiovascular events in smokers with purified EPA, implying improved cardiovascular/circulatory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 38201926

Genotype‑stratified RCT showed marked LDL and TG reductions in PPARG carriers, suggesting circulation/lipid improvements in responders.

PubMed ID: 37836519

VITAL win‑ratio reanalysis found fewer coronary events (MI/CHD) in low‑fish consumers taking 1 g/day omega‑3, indicating circulation/CHD benefit in that subgroup.

PubMed ID: 38156550

Cost‑effectiveness analysis of REDUCE‑IT (icosapent ethyl) based on large RCT showing large reductions in CV events — implies improved circulation outcomes.

PubMed ID: 36802845

REDUCE‑IT subgroup analyses confirm MACE reductions but note increased AF hospitalization — net circulation/heart benefit with tradeoffs.

PubMed ID: 38252107

REDUCE‑IT subgroup (recent ACS) with large reductions in ischemic events and revascularizations — strong circulation/ischemia benefit.

PubMed ID: 39519588

In type 2 diabetes trial fish‑oil improved triglycerides and HDL and metabolic markers, supporting better vascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 38484976

Crossover RCT showed reduced procoagulant extracellular vesicles, lower thrombin generation and lower triglycerides — mechanistic circulatory improvements.

PubMed ID: 38872193

In psoriatic arthritis, diet + omega‑3 improved HDL subfractions over 12 weeks (favorable lipid/circulatory profile).

PubMed ID: 38678009

Large ASCVD subgroup from REDUCE‑IT showing ~25–30% relative reduction in major CV events — robust vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 38530686

Large cardiovascular outcomes trial (icosapent ethyl) reduced MACE, consistent with improved large‑vessel cardiovascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 38552629

Icosapent ethyl increased vascular progenitor subsets and lowered oxidative stress in those cells — supports vascular regenerative capacity.

PubMed ID: 39859026

RCT in metabolic‑syndrome patients showed improved endothelial function (↑RHI, ↓AI) and lower ApoB — direct, objective vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 38184150

Post‑MI trial: no overall event reduction but treatment responders (↑omega‑3 index) had fewer long‑term events, suggesting circulatory/clinical benefit in responders.

PubMed ID: 38777428

Combined exercise+omega‑3 reduced vascular adhesion markers (ICAM/VCAM) and improved metabolic measures, indicating vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 38408107

Prescription omega‑3 increased HDL apoA‑I exchange/activity, a mechanistic improvement relevant to vascular health.

PubMed ID: 39968782

Large cardiovascular outcome trial (high‑dose EPA) showing substantial reductions in coronary events — strong indirect support for circulation/vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 40569483

VITAL-derived predictive modeling identifies subgroups who gain CHD risk reduction from omega‑3, supporting population‑level circulatory benefit in some.

PubMed ID: 39972155

In overweight children, omega‑3 improved heart‑rate variability and lipids (TG down, HDL up)—good support for healthier cardiac autonomic/circulatory profile.

PubMed ID: 34620410

Large CV outcome trial showed major ischemic event reductions with EPA—supports improved vascular outcomes and circulation.

PubMed ID: 1989427

Fish‑oil lowered blood pressure and triglycerides in hypertensive elderly — supports circulatory health.

PubMed ID: 33932802

RCT in ventilated ICU patients showed earlier cessation of catecholamines (improved hemodynamic recovery), a circulation-related clinical signal.

PubMed ID: 34710343

Icosapent ethyl markedly reduced ischemic events in post-CABG patients, indicating important circulation/cardiovascular benefits (prescription EPA study).

PubMed ID: 32609331

IPE slowed coronary plaque progression on CT—mechanistic evidence that omega‑3 (EPA) benefits arterial circulation.

PubMed ID: 34706555

Large trial (icosapent ethyl) reduced major CV events in statin‑treated high‑TG patients—strong clinical support for vascular/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 15469651

High-dose DHA markedly lowered triglycerides and raised apoE, improving circulating lipid profile relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 15113713

DHA lowered triglycerides, raised HDL and reduced resting heart rate — favorable circulatory risk-factor changes.

PubMed ID: 15656713

Krill oil trial showed improvements in total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL versus fish oil/placebo (n=120).

PubMed ID: 15553594

High-dose n-3 lowered sP-selectin (platelet/endothelial activation marker), implying improved vascular/endothelial status.

PubMed ID: 15930485

Significant triglyceride and small‑dense LDL reductions (good for circulation) but LDL cholesterol rose, making net vascular benefit uncertain.

PubMed ID: 17229894

In CAD patients omega-3 lowered triglycerides ~18–22% — clinically relevant for circulation/atherogenic risk.

PubMed ID: 16571158

Large triglyceride lowering (~23%) in vegetarians — clear favorable circulating lipid effect (but LDL rose).

PubMed ID: 17684201

DHA 3 g/day produced a marked -24% triglyceride reduction and decreased small dense LDL — clear beneficial circulatory lipid changes though LDL rose modestly.

PubMed ID: 17977469

Dose–response trial in overweight adults showed strong triglyceride lowering and HDL rise per g DHA — robust metabolic benefit for circulation.

PubMed ID: 17374663

Low‑dose DHA lowered diastolic BP ~3.3 mmHg and raised blood DHA — supports circulatory improvements including BP.

PubMed ID: 17393216

High‑dose DHA (8 g/day) in statin-treated patients cut triglycerides ~27% — clinically meaningful circulatory lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 17875549

SLE trial improved endothelial function (FMD) — indicates improved vascular health in disease.

PubMed ID: 17349088

Dietary EPA+DHA increased erythrocyte n‑3 and these rises associated with better arterial compliance and lower TXB2.

PubMed ID: 18339222

DHA‑rich oil improved heart‑rate variability and lowered resting HR in overweight adults — supports circulatory/autonomic health.

PubMed ID: 18490931

Oily fish/fish oil during calorie restriction produced greater TG reductions and favourable lipid trends (circulatory risk).

PubMed ID: 18982439

Cardiomyopathy trial showed marked reductions in arrhythmic risk markers and NSVT episodes (strong circulatory/arrhythmia benefit).

PubMed ID: 18665413

Lean fish intervention modestly lowered systolic/diastolic BP in CHD patients (benefit to circulation).

PubMed ID: 18491071

Fish oil predicted reductions in fasting insulin and HOMA‑IR during calorie restriction (metabolic improvements relevant to circulation).

PubMed ID: 19573960

Enteral n‑3 feeding in elderly raised EPA/DHA and lowered triglycerides (favourable circulatory risk marker changes).

PubMed ID: 19685375

Small triglyceride lowering in treated HIV patients and shift toward anti‑inflammatory leukotrienes—beneficial for circulation though modest.

PubMed ID: 19487105

Salmon or fish oil during weight loss reduced SBP/DBP (~4 mmHg) — beneficial blood‑pressure effect.

PubMed ID: 20542512

EPA incorporated into atherosclerotic plaques with reduced plaque inflammation and features of greater stability—relevant to vascular health.

PubMed ID: 21099130

Higher blood EPA associated with fewer major coronary events, implying improved large-vessel circulation outcomes.

PubMed ID: 20708391

Acute EPA/DHA reduced platelet aggregation (sex‑specific) — plausible short‑term circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 20877395

Adding 4 g/day n‑3 to simvastatin produced large TG reductions — favorable for circulatory risk profile.

PubMed ID: 14553835

Improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy middle-aged adults — direct marker of vascular function.

PubMed ID: 20071644

Improved postprandial macro- (FMD) and microvascular blood flow in type 2 diabetics — direct vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 20652432

Seal oil reduced platelet activation (p‑selectin) and lowered TG/increased HDL over 14 days — antithrombotic/lipid signals.

PubMed ID: 21865334

1.8 g/day lowered triglycerides (~16.5%) in older adults though no change in endothelial function.

PubMed ID: 21757663

Inverse association between serum DHA and carotid IMT suggests anti-atherosclerotic/vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 22108152

Favorable shifts in LDL particle size and reductions in ApoCIII/Lp-PLA2 when added to atorvastatin, implying improved vascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 21967854

Short RCT reduced blood‑pressure reactivity to mental stress—favorable cardiovascular reactivity effect.

PubMed ID: 21831993

Acute RCT showed large, significant improvement in endothelial flow‑mediated dilatation (direct vascular function evidence).

PubMed ID: 22892157

Prescription omega‑3 (with/without niacin) reduced triglycerides and arterial stiffness (augmentation index), directly improving vascular function.

PubMed ID: 22669332

Lovaza (n‑3) lowered triglycerides and raised HDL in high‑risk women, beneficial for circulation.

PubMed ID: 23238663

In T2DM+HT patients fish oil reduced platelet oxidative stress and lowered triglycerides — meaningful circulatory/cardiometabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 23817470

DHA markedly lowered triglycerides/VLDL in healthy adults (mixed endothelial results) — clear lipid/circulatory effect.

PubMed ID: 23390192

Clear reductions in platelet aggregation and changes in hemostatic markers support improved circulatory/thrombotic profiles.

PubMed ID: 23916928

Perioperative n‑3 PUFA (with vitamins) reduced post‑op atrial fibrillation and improved antioxidant/inflammatory markers, indicating improved circulatory outcomes (confounded by vitamins).

PubMed ID: 23725919

TAK‑085 (EPA+DHA) at 4 g/day produced clinically meaningful triglyceride reductions vs EPA alone, directly improving lipid‑mediated circulatory risk.

PubMed ID: 24299019

ω‑3 ethyl esters added to statin further lowered VLDL‑TG via production/clearance changes — direct lipid/circulation relevance.

PubMed ID: 24067797

Elderly T2D patients on controlled diet had improved glycemia and atherogenic lipoprotein markers with EPA/DHA — cardiometabolic/circulatory relevance.

PubMed ID: 24461313

Large RCT showing krill oil lowered fasting triglycerides without raising LDL—relevant to circulation and lipid risk.

PubMed ID: 24829493

DHA-enriched diet improved lipids and modestly lowered systolic BP, reducing predicted CHD risk—directly relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 25122648

Dose‑dependent EPA+DHA lowered triglycerides—favorable lipid change for circulation/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 24401815

High‑dose EPA+DHA reduced blood pressure in a genetic subgroup, indicating BP/circulatory benefit in responders.

PubMed ID: 25123060

DHA or fish oil produced substantial triglyceride reductions vs control (clinically relevant).

PubMed ID: 24997005

RCT showed modest decreases in procoagulant factors (Factor II, V, vWF), supporting improved hemostatic/circulatory profile.

PubMed ID: 24746829

Higher dietary long‑chain n‑3 intake associated with improved small‑artery reactive hyperemia index (saRHI) and favorable lipids.

PubMed ID: 25565485

Large RCT in older adults found reduced aortic pulse and augmentation pressures with higher‑dose fish oil — direct vascular improvement.

PubMed ID: 26620373

DHA‑enriched feeding lowered PCSK9 and triglycerides — favorable lipid changes relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 26328624

In statin‑treated patients, prescription omega‑3 substantially lowered triglycerides, increased LDL particle size and improved ApoCIII/Lp‑PLA2 — meaningful cardiometabolic circulation markers.

PubMed ID: 26222126

TAK‑085 (EPA+DHA) produced dose-related favourable shifts in LDL particle size (less atherogenic), directly relevant to circulation/atherosclerotic risk.

PubMed ID: 26247967

Dose‑dependent increases in RBC DPA and inverse baseline associations with triglycerides/CRP support cardiometabolic relevance.

PubMed ID: 26019023

Adding EPA+DHA to plant-sterol spread reduced VLDL triglyceride/cholesterol in large VLDL particles and shifted HDL subclasses—beneficial for circulating lipoprotein profile.

PubMed ID: 27733252

DHA substantially lowered post-meal triglycerides (good for postprandial circulation) though LDL rose; overall relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 27281302

DHA produced favourable inflammatory marker and HDL changes versus EPA—biomarkers that support healthier circulation.

PubMed ID: 14639800

DHA‑enriched eggs lowered triglycerides (−12.3%) and raised HDL (+5.0%) — clinically relevant lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 12075272

Pre‑treatment with omega‑3s modestly reduced angiographic restenosis after PTCA — vascular outcome benefit.

PubMed ID: 12562865

Accelerated chylomicron TG clearance and lower postprandial TG/apoB‑48 — favorable for circulating lipoprotein handling.

PubMed ID: 11207085

Prevented long‑term systolic BP rise and vascular resistance increase in hypertensive transplant patients — strong circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 10799369

Significant triglyceride lowering (reduces atherogenic burden) supports vascular health though LDL/insulin effects complicate net impact.

PubMed ID: 10479194

Dose‑dependent improvement in heart‑rate variability in men—a direct marker of autonomic/cardiac health.

PubMed ID: 10189324

Two-year fish-oil trial modestly reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis — direct circulation/vascular disease outcome.

PubMed ID: 10454450

Purified DHA reduced ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate — favorable hemodynamic effects relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 9733153

4 g/day EPA+DHA lowered systolic/diastolic blood pressure ~5–6 mmHg in mild hypertensive men — meaningful circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 9665096

Supplemental DHA lowered resting heart rate and improved diastolic filling — positive physiologic circulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 8933125

Dietary fish/fish oil lowered fasting and postprandial TG and improved HDL2/3 ratio — beneficial circulatory lipid profile.

PubMed ID: 7891046

Concentrated EPA/DHA substantially lowered triglycerides and improved HDL and blood pressure — meaningful circulatory risk improvements.

PubMed ID: 7486485

Modest systolic BP and triglyceride reductions in hypertensives — relevant to circulation.

PubMed ID: 7814240

EPA/DHA incorporation into platelet phospholipids and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio — plausible antithrombotic/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 7918310

Marked reduction in monocyte tissue factor activity — strong biomarker for reduced procoagulant risk and improved vascular biology.

PubMed ID: 1617510

Coronary patients had large triglyceride reductions and attenuated systolic BP rise; supports circulation.

PubMed ID: 1537131

Peri‑procedural fish oil reduced angiographic restenosis after angioplasty (vascular outcome).

PubMed ID: 1534256

Large RCT with marked (≈21%) triglyceride lowering, beneficial for circulation and atherosclerotic risk.

PubMed ID: 1831755

Dose‑dependent triglyceride reductions in CAD patients, a favorable circulation/cardiac risk factor effect.

PubMed ID: 2137901

EPA/DHA supplementation produced modest but significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mild hypertension.

PubMed ID: 2141757

Dose–response RCT: dose‑related rises in blood n‑3 and triglyceride lowering—meaningful circulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 9101424

Hypertriglyceridemia trial: EPA/DHA markedly increased serum incorporation and lowered triglycerides (~26%)—strong circulation/metabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 38589346

T2D trial: EPA reduced triglycerides and hs‑CRP—favorable metabolic/circulatory effects in patients.

PubMed ID: 32127335

Large RCT: fish oil lowered triglycerides and raised HDL and reduced arterial stiffness (in men) — direct vascular/circulatory benefits.

PubMed ID: 23134549

Peri‑PCI omega‑3 reduced CK‑MB release, suggesting less procedural myocardial injury and improved immediate cardiac outcomes.

PubMed ID: 23548422

In ischemic CHF with AF, omega‑3 improved arterial elasticity and stiffness markers (direct vascular/circulatory benefit).

PubMed ID: 12482554

DHA (not EPA) reduced collagen-induced platelet aggregation and TXB2 in hypertensive T2D patients (improves circulating thrombogenicity).

PubMed ID: 12530552

EPA modestly reduced mean platelet volume (marker of platelet activation) in healthy subjects (favorable).

PubMed ID: 19705518

24‑h ambulatory BP and heart rate reductions in CKD patients indicate improved circulatory parameters.

PubMed ID: 11214732

Long‑term cod/seal oil increased serum EPA and reduced platelet aggregation—may lower thrombotic risk.

PubMed ID: 39360590

EPA+DHA and chia both reduced triglycerides in hypertriglyceridaemic adults—direct circulatory risk‑factor benefit.

PubMed ID: 38056242

EPA+DHA clearly lowered triglycerides and raised omega‑3 index in CAD patients—favourable circulatory lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 32805184

EPA (±DHA) added to statin increased fibrous cap thickness in vulnerable coronary plaques (plaque stabilization).

PubMed ID: 32759543

EPA + rosuvastatin reduced plaque lipid content and inflammatory markers in stented patients.

PubMed ID: 32860032

High‑dose purified EPA slowed/reversed coronary plaque progression — strong vascular benefit.

PubMed ID: 31237134

4 g/day omega‑3 added to statin markedly lowered triglycerides and non‑HDL cholesterol.

PubMed ID: 29223557

Large RCT in statin‑treated patients: 4 g/day ω‑3 produced substantial TG and non‑HDL‑C reductions—strong vascular risk benefit.

PubMed ID: 27903997

In hemodialysis patients ω‑3 raised HDL and lowered VCAM—favorable vascular biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 27415612

ω‑3 (with low‑dose statin) restored circulating vascular progenitor cells and CFU‑ECs—supports vascular repair capacity.

PubMed ID: 20952767

GISSI‑HF substudy: modest but significant improvement in LVEF (cardiac function) with n‑3 — relevant to circulation/cardiac performance.

PubMed ID: 19337557

Omega‑3 added to rosuvastatin improved endothelium‑dependent vasodilation and lipids in dyslipidemic adults.

PubMed ID: 27424313

Combination with fenofibrate improved endothelial function and inflammation—circulatory benefits likely contributed by omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 21223512

Omega‑3 lowered triglycerides in isolated hypertriglyceridemia though without inflammatory changes—relevant to circulation via TG lowering.

PubMed ID: 22153696

Omega‑3 lowered triglycerides and improved flow‑mediated (endothelium‑dependent) dilation—direct endothelial/circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 21630032

Prescription omega‑3 substantially lowered triglycerides (~31%) in hypertriglyceridemia—improves circulatory lipid burden.

PubMed ID: 21857087

Omega‑3 lowered triglycerides and reduced some hemostatic markers (fibrinogen/PAI‑1) — relevant to circulatory risk modulation.

PubMed ID: 19597368

Prescription ω‑3 plus fenofibrate produced very large TG reductions—strong cardiometabolic/circulatory impact.

PubMed ID: 17323614

ω‑3 with lipid therapy improved LDL oxidative markers and flow‑mediated dilation (endothelial function).

PubMed ID: 1466329

Large triglyceride reduction in heart transplant patients — supports circulatory lipid benefit.

PubMed ID: 15562184

Walnut (ALA) diet improved HDL and lowered LDL in T2D — relevant to circulation (dietary omega‑3 source).

PubMed ID: 21870174

Dietary intervention raising EPA/DHA lowered endothelial activation marker (E‑selectin).

PubMed ID: 23025273

Dietary intervention modestly lowered total and LDL cholesterol and raised RBC long‑chain n‑3 — supports circulation/lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 22221492

Oily‑fish intake increased plasma DHA/EPA and lowered triacylglycerol (TAG) and some inflammatory markers—clear circulatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 20797476

Dyslipidemic men: oily fish raised EPA/DHA and improved triglycerides and HDL—direct circulatory lipid improvements.

PubMed ID: 17825687

Prescription omega‑3 added to simvastatin reduced non‑HDL cholesterol versus simvastatin alone—relevant to vascular risk and circulation.

PubMed ID: 27578110

DHA‑enriched fish oil lowered triglycerides in T2DM, supporting improved circulating lipids.

PubMed ID: 23789288

Preoperative IV omega‑3 improved myocardial metabolism and oxygen extraction in CABG patients — direct circulatory/cardiac metabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 8956766

Study reported increased intestinal microperfusion (improved local blood flow) after perioperative supplementation.

PubMed ID: 38873793

Large RCT (icosapent ethyl) showed fewer coronary events (secondary endpoint) and numeric reduction in MACE — strong CV signal.

PubMed ID: 32636128

Adding EPA to statin therapy reduced small LDL and increased large HDL particles — favorable for vascular health.

PubMed ID: 33266447

Fortified milk RCT raised ω‑3 index and lowered homocysteine — biomarkers relevant to vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Post‑AMI RCT: omega‑3 changed eicosanoids, improved triglycerides, apoB, Lp(a) and increased a nitric‑oxide endothelial marker — strong circulation/vascular relevance.

PubMed ID: 31390907

EPA/AA stratified ACS risk and treatment benefit—implicates EPA status in cardiovascular risk stratification.

PubMed ID: 31543378

EPA altered HDL subfractions (HDL2/HDL3 ratio), a biomarker relevant to circulation/vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA+rosuvastatin reduced plaque lipid burden and macrophage content (improves arterial health).

PubMed ID: 31532795

Post‑MI high‑dose omega‑3 improved remodeling and strain markers, indicating improved cardiac/circulatory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 30143885

EPA added to statin raised EPA/AA and altered endothelial biomarker (sTM), supporting vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 28634822

EPA added to statin patients improved lipid profile (non‑HDL‑C) and increased EPA/AA ratio—favorable for vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 27919362

OM3‑CA lowered apoCIII and shifted LDL subspecies in a cardioprotective direction despite LDL‑C rises.

PubMed ID: 27865182

High‑dose EPA started after PCI reduced 1‑year cardiovascular events and deaths—implies improved clinical circulation/cardiovascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 26103129

In CKD patients, n‑3 lowered 20‑HETE and oxidative lipids with associated blood‑pressure reduction—mechanistically supports circulation benefits.

PubMed ID: 24158248

Randomized CAD trial showed improved endothelial function (FMD) and lower triglycerides with EPA.

PubMed ID: 24637411

EPA added to statin produced plaque‑stabilizing changes (fibrous cap thickening), relevant to vascular health.

PubMed ID: 25185754

High‑purity EPA trial produced large corrections in omega‑3 indices and major TG reductions — strong cardiovascular risk‑factor improvement.

PubMed ID: 23811682

Purified EPA increased LDL particle size and reduced TRLs → favorable circulatory lipoprotein changes.

PubMed ID: 23700945

Preoperative IV ω‑3 lowered collagen‑stimulated platelet aggregation without increased bleeding — relevant haemostasis effect.

PubMed ID: 23497779

Higher blood n‑3:n‑6 ratios associated with less coronary plaque progression (observational in pravastatin subgroup) — supportive but not causal.

PubMed ID: 29941233

IV fish‑oil lipid in very preterm infants reduced pulmonary inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia incidence—strong neonatal support (premature infants).

PubMed ID: 20335550

Dose‑dependent increases of EPA/DHA in serum and breast adipose tissue indicate enhanced maternal tissue delivery—relevant to breastfeeding and infant DHA supply.

PubMed ID: 29092879

Daily egg from 6–12 months increased infants' plasma DHA and choline—strong RCT biomarker evidence relevant to infant development.

PubMed ID: 31931275

ORIP substudy: DHA pills raised unesterified DHA and DHA‑oxylipins by 24 weeks in pregnant women—direct pregnancy biomarker effect.

PubMed ID: 35575618

Prenatal choline trial (participants received DHA) increased maternal plasma PC‑DHA and RBC DHA—robust mechanistic evidence for improved maternal/fetal DHA status.

PubMed ID: 36145177

Genetic analysis showed PEMT/MTHFD1 variants modify maternal and cord DHA biomarkers — important for personalized DHA status in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 37806075

Large RCT: 1000 mg/d DHA vs 200 mg/d substantially increased maternal DHA status and reduced early/overall preterm birth — strong clinical pregnancy/baby benefit.

PubMed ID: 37068907

Large randomized ORIP data: omega‑3 supplementation reduced early preterm birth in women with low baseline n‑3 status — strong, clinically actionable pregnancy benefit.

PubMed ID: 37739459

Large pregnancy trial showed fewer preterm births among compliers — supportive clinical evidence for pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 40412614

Higher maternal DHA associated with improved infant EEG/ERP markers — supportive associative evidence for infant neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 1386065

Preterm infant diets lacking LC n‑3 impaired retinal function at term — evidence that early n‑3 is important for infant development.

PubMed ID: 11248877

Preterm formula ALA supplementation maintained RBC DHA comparable to human milk without harming growth — strong neonatal nutrient support evidence.

PubMed ID: 11483802

Large randomized term‑infant trial of AA+DHA in formula addressing growth and development — directly relevant.

PubMed ID: 11528489

Newborns retain supplemented AA (~75%) and DHA (~62%) — strong evidence of neonatal uptake/availability.

PubMed ID: 11972740

Lower early ALA associated with lower DHA and worse motor development at 1 year — important developmental finding.

PubMed ID: 14569405

Preterm infants fed LCP‑enriched formula had higher plasma DHA similar to breast milk without growth harm — direct neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 12509593

Randomized maternal cod liver oil during pregnancy/lactation produced ~4-point higher child cognitive score at age 4 (clinical benefit to offspring).

PubMed ID: 16540798

Term infants fed formula with higher preformed DHA had significantly higher blood DHA at 120 days—directly supports infant DHA status important for development.

PubMed ID: 18676533

Maternal cod liver oil vs corn oil RCT showed no group IQ difference at 7 years but maternal n‑3 levels correlated with one sequential processing measure — modest perinatal relevance.

PubMed ID: 19193660

Replacing corn oil with rapeseed oil in infant foods increased infants' plasma n‑3 and LC‑PUFA during complementary feeding—direct relevance to infant nutrient status.

PubMed ID: 21178076

Prenatal DHA (400 mg) increased breast‑milk DHA at 1 month postpartum — direct maternal/infant nutritional support.

PubMed ID: 22008957

Dose‑dependent increases in preterm infant DHA status without suppressing endogenous synthesis—relevant for neonatal nutrition.

PubMed ID: 24121184

Parenteral ω‑3 lipid around infant cardiac surgery increased EPA and reduced inflammatory markers post‑op — neonatal clinical relevance.

PubMed ID: 26169870

Adding salmon to complementary feeding significantly increased infant EPA and DHA—direct evidence supporting infant nutritional supply of long-chain n-3 for development.

PubMed ID: 26561301

Type of parenteral lipid in preterm infants markedly changed blood ALA/EPA/DHA profiles—clinical relevance to neonatal nutrition though outcomes were not strongly altered.

PubMed ID: 26247968

Chia oil in pregnancy/nursing raised maternal milk ALA and transiently increased milk DHA early in nursing and increased maternal erythrocyte EPA—supports maternal-infant n-3 transfer.

PubMed ID: 28237085

Lipid nutrient supplement in pregnancy/lactation modestly raised maternal and (site‑specific) breast‑milk ALA—relevant to infant PUFA exposure.

PubMed ID: 28418808

Short maternal ALA supplementation rapidly raised breast‑milk ALA and improved LA:ALA ratio (direct effect on infant milk FA profile).

PubMed ID: 29843467

Preterm infant fortifier with ALA and DHA increased infant plasma/RBC DHA and EPA within 3 weeks—directly relevant to neonatal nutrition.

PubMed ID: 30475967

Mixed‑nut intervention improved sperm count/motility and reduced DNA fragmentation—male fertility outcomes relevant to conception support.

PubMed ID: 31902378

In gestational diabetes, flaxseed ALA improved glycemia and inflammation — maternal metabolic benefits that can support pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 32725293

Two portions of fish/week in women of childbearing age raised serum EPA/DHA and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio — supports maternal stores relevant to pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 35853297

Higher early‑pregnancy maternal DHA and ALA associated with larger fetal growth trajectories across gestation.

PubMed ID: 37892462

Perilla supplementation associated with lower postpartum depressive symptoms and higher erythrocyte ALA, relevant to perinatal mental health and maternal status.

PubMed ID: 37892412

Breastfed infants of mothers eating fish had higher infant serum DHA/EPA than formula‑fed infants — direct nutrient transfer supporting infant status.

PubMed ID: 41270711

Large observational study found much lower blood n‑3 levels in pregnant Indian women vs Australian women — supports the need for omega‑3 to improve maternal n‑3 status with implications for pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 35745231

In gestational diabetes, higher AA/EPA and TG/CRP associated with need for pharmacologic therapy and heavier babies — implicates PUFA balance in pregnancy risk stratification.

PubMed ID: 8726246

Term‑infant DHA formula advanced early visual acuity and raised infant DHA — supports infant development.

PubMed ID: 8958000

DHA/AA‑fortified preterm formula raised infant blood and RBC DHA/AA to match breastfed preterm infants—strong neonatal support.

PubMed ID: 9702915

Infant formula DHA increased RBC DHA to breast‑fed levels and improved VEP acuity — supportive for infant development.

PubMed ID: 10755457

Early infant DHA (±AA) improved mental development at 18 months — important neurodevelopmental outcome in early life.

PubMed ID: 11144440

DHA-enriched formula produced breast-milk–like blood profiles and improved visual development in infants — supports infant supplementation.

PubMed ID: 10941962

Preterm formula with AA+DHA increased DHA long-term with no safety signals—useful neonatal supplementation evidence.

PubMed ID: 11483801

Preterm formula AA+DHA improved visual acuity and motor development — direct neonatal support evidence.

PubMed ID: 12032520

Preterm infants fed DHA+ARA gained weight faster with no adverse effects — supports infant growth.

PubMed ID: 15069395

Preterm infant LCPUFA trial improved growth and (in boys) mental development — direct infant developmental benefit relevant to early life support.

PubMed ID: 14985680

Pregnancy RCT: maternal fish oil increased maternal and neonatal EPA/DHA and decreased n‑6 PUFA — clear perinatal n‑3 transfer benefit.

PubMed ID: 15298564

Pregnancy RCT: fish oil markedly increased DHA/EPA in early breast milk and slightly lowered AA — strong neonatal/nursing nutrient support.

PubMed ID: 15812447

Large preterm formula RCT: DHA/ARA improved growth and developmental scores with no safety signals — strong infant support.

PubMed ID: 15817866

Term‑infant trial: DHA+ARA improved visual acuity and raised RBC DHA — supports infant visual/cerebral development.

PubMed ID: 17185423

Prenatal high‑dose fish oil modestly improved offspring eye–hand coordination at 2.5 years with cord‑blood DHA/EPA correlations — clear perinatal developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 16923694

Maternal cod‑liver n‑3 raised maternal/infant DHA and attenuated pregnancy triglyceride rise.

PubMed ID: 17240089

Infant LCPUFA produced visual/cognitive outcomes comparable to breastfeeding in some measures.

PubMed ID: 17912568

Soy formula DHA+ARA raised infant DHA/ARA and supported normal growth (safety + substrate).

PubMed ID: 19118992

Supplementation in pregnancy/lactation raised breastmilk DHA substantially (direct infant substrate).

PubMed ID: 18534230

Amino‑acid formula with DHA+ARA was safe and supported normal infant growth (safety evidence).

PubMed ID: 18842793

Preterm infants fed higher DHA had better visual acuity — neonatal developmental outcome.

PubMed ID: 18519483

Very preterm infants had improved recognition memory and problem‑solving with DHA+ARA.

PubMed ID: 20022733

Observational infant fatty‑acid ratios associated with movement quality (associative evidence).

PubMed ID: 19765006

Infant formula DHA+ARA improved early problem‑solving — developmental benefit for infants.

PubMed ID: 19390480

Late pregnancy omega‑3 increased maternal EPA/DHA and reduced ex vivo PGE2 (biochemical benefit).

PubMed ID: 20130095

RCT in formula-fed infants: DHA improved visual development at 12 months — strong infant developmental support.

PubMed ID: 20227721

Infants fed DHA/ARA‑supplemented formula had fewer URIs and allergic outcomes through age 3 in follow‑up of randomized trials—strong infant health signal.

PubMed ID: 20624152

DHA+AA in very low birth-weight infants improved attention at 20 months — neurodevelopmental support in vulnerable infants.

PubMed ID: 21295417

Infant formula DHA produced modest cognitive gains (MDI) at 18 months — developmental support for babies.

PubMed ID: 22047909

Eating farmed salmon during pregnancy increased maternal EPA/DHA and lowered AA — clear biochemical prenatal effect.

PubMed ID: 23340492

Large RCT in pregnancy reduced maternal/cord n‑6/n‑3 ratio and reported maternal DHA associations with larger birth size — direct pregnancy/offspring relevance.

PubMed ID: 23783296

Infant formula trial (DHA+ARA) produced faster processing speed at age 6 — some developmental benefit from early LC‑PUFA exposure.

PubMed ID: 24525115

Preterm infants given fish‑oil IV had higher DHA/EPA and lower AA but dose‑dependent lipid tolerance issues — relevant but with safety considerations.

PubMed ID: 25500337

600 mg/day maternal DHA markedly raised maternal RBC‑DHA at delivery—strong supportive evidence for prenatal DHA supplementation.

PubMed ID: 24863250

Liquid HMF containing DHA+ARA improved preterm infant plasma DHA/ARA compared with standard fortifier — supports neonatal nutrition.

PubMed ID: 25222806

rhBSSL increased DHA/ARA absorption and growth velocity in very preterm infants — clinically meaningful neonatal support.

PubMed ID: 26424477

Very preterm infants fed higher AA:DHA formula had better psychomotor scores at 2 years (randomized trial).

PubMed ID: 25997653

Enteral DHA in very preterm infants was dose‑responsive and well tolerated, increasing infant blood DHA.

PubMed ID: 26205427

Clear gestational‑age gradient showing very preterm infants are DHA/ARA deficient → strong rationale for perinatal supplementation.

PubMed ID: 25554072

Dietary counseling in pregnancy raised maternal fish intake and serum EPA/DHA—improves maternal LC‑PUFA status though no clinical gestational outcome changes were seen.

PubMed ID: 26751068

DHA+ARA formula increased erythrocyte ARA/DHA in low‑birth‑weight infants—biomarker support even without short‑term growth changes.

PubMed ID: 27391868

Formula higher in DHA/ARA raised RBC DHA to levels matching breastfed infants—biochemical support for infant nutritional status.

PubMed ID: 26912491

Prenatal DHA increased birthweight in infants of mothers with certain FADS genotypes (meaningful subgroup benefit).

PubMed ID: 27571269

Formula supplemented with AA+DHA raised infant plasma phospholipid species toward breastfed profiles—relevant to infant nutrition.

PubMed ID: 26970335

Maternal omega‑3 raised breast milk EPA/DHA and associated with fewer IgE‑related allergic outcomes in infants.

PubMed ID: 28651697

Infant formula DHA improved vision and cognitive outcomes at moderate doses—strong evidence for early‑life LCPUFA benefit.

PubMed ID: 29413361

Dose‑response data show ~750 mg/day DHA+EPA needed to raise maternal RBC DHA and ~1000 mg/day to reach target milk DHA—strong pregnancy/breastmilk evidence.

PubMed ID: 27276431

Moderate ARA in formula maintained lymphocyte ARA and reduced B‑cell activation markers—immunologic effects in infants.

PubMed ID: 30392581

Maternal supplementation with brain‑targeted fatty acids increased neonatal brain volumes—strong perinatal developmental evidence.

PubMed ID: 30311214

Infant LCPUFA supplementation produced long‑term brain structural/functional differences at age 9—robust developmental support.

PubMed ID: 29679529

In very preterm infants fish‑oil parenteral lipids increased infant serum EPA/DHA and showed intake‑serum correlations (infant exposure).

PubMed ID: 30518052

Large pregnancy RCT: omega‑3 supplementation raised maternal DHA+EPA but response was blunted by obesity (robust maternal effect).

PubMed ID: 31186150

Infant formula with DHA/ARA produced equivalent RBC DHA/ARA status at 120 days (relevant to infant nutrition).

PubMed ID: 31024091

Maternal breastmilk/plasma PUFA strongly predicts infant DHA/AA levels in Tanzanian infants (maternal→infant transfer observational).

PubMed ID: 30871048

Supplemented infant formula increased infant AA/DHA but FADS genotype modulated response (important for infant supplementation outcomes).

PubMed ID: 32887793

DHA+AA in preterm toddlers reduced the proportion screening at risk for ASD in this trial — promising infant developmental signal needing replication.

PubMed ID: 33159163

Maternal fish‑oil supplementation substantially raised breast‑milk DHA and EPA — directly relevant to infant nutritional supply.

PubMed ID: 33396458

Maternal FA balance and tHcy at birth predicted later child processing speed — suggests prenatal FA status influences later cognitive development.

PubMed ID: 33523106

Large multicenter RCT in extremely preterm infants: enteral AA+DHA halved sight‑threatening ROP and increased serum AA/DHA — very high clinical relevance to neonatal support.

PubMed ID: 33358843

High‑dose enteral DHA+ARA in VLBW infants prevented declines and raised blood DHA/ARA within 2 weeks — strong neonatal biomarker support.

PubMed ID: 34728723

Maternal algae‑DHA capsules markedly increased breast‑milk DHA in mothers of very preterm infants (strong infant exposure intervention).

PubMed ID: 33499257

Pregnancy cohort: fish intake and demographics linked to higher maternal EPA/DHA and lower n‑6/n‑3 (maternal status relevant to infant exposure).

PubMed ID: 36473425

Enteral ARA+DHA in very preterm infants reduced days on respiratory support and oxygen requirements (clinically meaningful neonatal benefit).

PubMed ID: 35495419

Preterm infant AA:DHA reduced severe ROP (important neonatal outcome relevant to infant health).

PubMed ID: 37856920

ARA+DHA improved linear growth to term equivalent in very preterm infants — clinically relevant growth benefit.

PubMed ID: 38061271

ARA+DHA improved white‑matter microstructural maturation in very preterm infants — robust neurodevelopmental biomarker relevant to infant brain support.

PubMed ID: 37120902

Enteral AA:DHA in preterm infants increased serum AA and DHA — good biomarker evidence for neonatal LCPUFA delivery.

PubMed ID: 37121228

ARA+DHA supplementation in extremely preterm infants lowered early IL‑6 and some proinflammatory cytokines—clinically relevant neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 37513559

VLBW infants with higher PUFA intake had substantially better 12‑month cognitive and motor outcomes — supportive developmental evidence.

PubMed ID: 38377640

AA+DHA supplementation did not increase pulmonary morbidity and higher AA associated with less severe BPD — neonatal relevance.

PubMed ID: 38603973

Higher postnatal DHA/AA levels associated with broad anti‑inflammatory proteome changes in preterm infants — relevant to neonatal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 39702768

AA+DHA in extremely preterm infants reduced severe ROP and early thrombocytopenia — strong neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 33339438

DHA supplementation in lactating women markedly increased breast‑milk DHA content—direct evidence of nutrient transfer to support infant development.

PubMed ID: 17596121

Maternal fish oil in late pregnancy reduced newborn neutrophil inflammatory mediators and associated neonatal inflammatory responses.

PubMed ID: 11694666

Maternal cod‑liver oil increased umbilical/infant DHA—demonstrates fetal DHA transfer supportive of fetal brain/eye development biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 27072591

Maternal omega‑3 supplementation during pregnancy/lactation reduced oxidative stress markers and increased antioxidant defenses in mothers and newborns—clear perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 25988553

Supplementation raised maternal and infant DHA in blood/milk though functional infant visual/cognitive benefits were inconsistent.

PubMed ID: 41045839

Low‑dose maternal DHA increased colostrum DHA and raised maternal/infant Lactobacillus at 6 weeks — short‑term neonatal/milk benefits.

PubMed ID: 8541278

Maternal supplementation in late pregnancy increased maternal and newborn DHA and lowered deficiency markers — direct neonatal biomarker benefit.

PubMed ID: 9306083

Dose‑dependent increase in infant plasma/erythrocyte DHA with higher breast‑milk DHA but no short‑term vision or developmental gains — biomarker support for infant DHA delivery.

PubMed ID: 11161546

Formula with added long‑chain n‑3/n‑6 LCP raised infant plasma DHA toward levels seen in human milk—supports neonatal nutritional status.

PubMed ID: 11768164

Maternal DHA‑rich tuna oil raised milk DHA content proportionally — increases infant DHA exposure via breast milk.

PubMed ID: 11864865

Term infants fed LCP (DHA) had better visual and stereoacuity and higher DHA — strong infant support.

PubMed ID: 12036817

Feeding infants n‑3 enriched eggs raised erythrocyte DHA by ~30–40% and improved some iron measures — nutritive infant benefit.

PubMed ID: 12636950

Well‑powered RCT: higher DHA in late pregnancy increased gestation by ~6 days — meaningful pregnancy/birth outcome.

PubMed ID: 12844385

Maternal DHA supplements raised maternal DHA status and limited late‑pregnancy decline — supportive maternal DHA restoration.

PubMed ID: 15333721

Infant RCT: DHA‑enriched baby food improved infant RBC DHA and visual acuity — strong infant development support.

PubMed ID: 17023713

Placental fatty acid transport protein expression correlated with DHA levels, supporting mechanisms for DHA transfer to the fetus.

PubMed ID: 17490978

Large RCT from mid‑pregnancy to delivery showed robust increases in maternal and cord DHA/EPA (clear fetal exposure), though no change in measured pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 17957152

RCT showed maternal fish oil increased breast‑milk DHA/EPA and related to better infant DHA status and some developmental scores — strong direct relevance.

PubMed ID: 17547539

Maternal DHA supplementation modestly lowered infant weight and BMI at 21 months — direct infant growth outcome linked to prenatal/postnatal DHA exposure.

PubMed ID: 17393217

Maternal DHA improved infant visual acuity at 4 months (statistically significant), a developmental benefit for infants.

PubMed ID: 17980419

Large RCT showed coherent immunologic shifts in maternal and cord blood (lower IL‑4/IL‑13, higher TGF‑β) — relevant to fetal immune development.

PubMed ID: 19056592

Infant DHA (20 mg/day) in first year led to sitting unaided about one week earlier—evidence for early developmental support.

PubMed ID: 18446020

200 mg DHA/day from mid‑pregnancy through lactation clearly raised maternal, breast‑milk, and infant DHA — strong support for perinatal DHA supply.

PubMed ID: 18326591

Maternal DHA modestly increased odds of better early infant visual acuity — clinical developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 19141765

High‑DHA feeds in preterm infants produced improved 18‑month cognitive scores in girls (direct neonatal support evidence).

PubMed ID: 19489765

Maternal omega‑3 lowered infant food allergy and IgE‑associated eczema in a randomized trial.

PubMed ID: 21219381

In infertile men, EPA+DHA substantially improved sperm count and concentration — relevant to conception.

PubMed ID: 21807696

Prenatal 400 mg/day DHA reduced several infant respiratory/illness symptom durations and time ill through 6 months — strong neonatal/infant support.

PubMed ID: 22136963

IV fish‑oil lipid emulsion in infants after cardiac surgery lowered TNF‑α and associated with shorter hospital stay — neonatal clinical benefit evidence.

PubMed ID: 21708809

In mothers of very preterm infants, higher DHA intake reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia in subgroups (boys, <1250 g) and lowered hay fever — clinically meaningful perinatal benefits.

PubMed ID: 22079797

In septic neonates, DHA increased leukocyte DHA, reduced IL‑1β and was associated with milder clinical course (direct neonatal clinical/immunologic benefit).

PubMed ID: 21849598

Provision of farmed salmon twice weekly in pregnancy produced clear, significant increases in maternal and cord EPA/DHA (biologic transfer evidence).

PubMed ID: 21508745

Low maternal fish intake/low erythrocyte EPA+DHA strongly associated with higher recurrent preterm birth risk; moderate intake linked with lowest risk.

PubMed ID: 21332799

Maternal fish-oil supplementation reduced infants developing IgE-associated allergic disease by age 2 and higher DHA/EPA linked to milder allergy.

PubMed ID: 21941411

Maternal DHA during pregnancy/lactation altered infant cellular immune markers (T‑cell subsets, IFN‑γ) though humoral antibody effects were unchanged overall.

PubMed ID: 21099447

Maternal ω‑3 shifted infant chemokine balance and increased vaccine antibody responses in infants of non‑allergic mothers (immune and developmental infant benefits).

PubMed ID: 21521543

Maternal DHA reduced newborn ponderal index and cord insulin—evidence of altered newborn adiposity/metabolism.

PubMed ID: 21593355

Intensive maternal counseling improved newborn essential fatty‑acid markers (randomized trial showing better FA status at birth).

PubMed ID: 23221579

In Gambian infants 3–9 months of fish oil raised blood omega‑3s and increased anthropometric/adiposity measures—evidence of effect on infant growth parameters.

PubMed ID: 22348468

High‑dose infant fish oil from birth raised infant DHA and produced modest improvements in early communicative gestures (neurodevelopmental benefit).

PubMed ID: 22269042

Maternal DHA intake produced fewer newborn sleep arousals in the first 48 hours, indicating an early neonatal neurobehavioral benefit.

PubMed ID: 22294737

Large prenatal RCT reduced infant egg sensitisation and tended to lower atopic eczema—meaningful child‑immunity/allergy benefit from prenatal omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 23426033

Large RCT: 600 mg/day DHA increased maternal/cord DHA, lengthened pregnancy (~3 days) and increased birth weight/length/head circumference — strong perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 23433688

Maternal DHA increased fetal HRV and improved newborn motor/autonomic neurobehavior—direct developmental support for fetus/newborn.

PubMed ID: 23531329

Prenatal EPA/DHA altered newborn cord blood chemokine ratios toward less Th2 bias—biologically plausible immune programming beneficial for infants.

PubMed ID: 23963690

IV fish‑oil lipid emulsion in very‑low‑birth‑weight infants reduced severe ROP and cholestasis and raised DHA — strong neonatal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 23761484

Maternal DHA supplementation in a large prenatal trial induced modest, context‑specific changes in newborn global DNA methylation (LINE1), indicating prenatal biological effects.

PubMed ID: 24045792

Dietary counselling in pregnancy raised maternal serum DHA modestly by late pregnancy—supports ability to increase maternal n‑3 status.

PubMed ID: 24925713

600 mg/day DHA in pregnant women with T2DM clearly increased maternal and neonatal RBC DHA—strong evidence of transfer and increased fetal DHA exposure.

PubMed ID: 25039804

DHA supplementation in infants markedly increased RBC DHA and produced modest reductions in some inflammatory markers (infant health support).

PubMed ID: 24048161

Fish‑oil containing parenteral lipid in very preterm infants reduced lipid peroxidation and increased EPA/vitamin E (neonatal oxidative stress reduction).

PubMed ID: 25123061

Large cohort showed maternal supplement dose and gestational age explained substantial variation in cord blood DHA—relevant to perinatal DHA status.

PubMed ID: 24667866

Very‑low‑birth‑weight infants given multicomponent fish‑oil lipid emulsion had better in‑hospital growth and higher plasma EPA/DHA (neonatal support).

PubMed ID: 25415158

RCT in low‑income pregnant women: omega‑3 reduced perceived stress and lowered baseline cortisol late in pregnancy — direct maternal benefit.

PubMed ID: 24427279

Randomized maternal 400 mg/d DHA increased maternal RBC DHA and influenced early infant language and visual outcomes (clinical maternal‑infant benefit).

PubMed ID: 24626819

Large prenatal DHA trial showed modest reductions in certain early respiratory symptoms in infants born to atopic mothers — direct infant outcome benefit in a subgroup.

PubMed ID: 26340264

In obese pregnant women omega‑3 raised maternal EPA/DHA and reduced adipose/placental inflammation and CRP—maternal health benefit with potential neonatal implications.

PubMed ID: 26413500

Maternal DHA (300–600 mg/day) modestly increased gestational length (~4 days) and reduced early preterm births—clinically relevant perinatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 27225316

Prenatal fish oil reduced house‑dust‑mite sensitization in children at age 6 (secondary outcome), supporting immune/allergy programming benefits from prenatal omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 27290652

Prenatal DHA increased birth weight, improved 1‑min Apgar, and lowered infant cortisol responses — clear perinatal benefits.

PubMed ID: 27792396

DHA increased seminal omega‑3 and reduced sperm DNA damage (fertility biomarker relevant to conception/pregnancy outcomes).

PubMed ID: 27499448

Prenatal DHA (600 mg/day) associated with substantially fewer very early preterm births and large per‑infant hospital cost savings in trial subset—strong direct pregnancy/baby benefit.

PubMed ID: 26846324

Enteral DHA in preterm infants safely raised blood DHA and improved linear growth trajectory—direct neonatal supplementation benefit.

PubMed ID: 27394149

Perioperative neonatal DHA improved inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes (less sepsis, shorter ICU stay)—direct neonatal clinical benefit evidence.

PubMed ID: 27884184

Maternal RBC DHA enrichment with supplementation and SES‑related adherence effects—demonstrates reliable maternal biomarker response relevant to pregnancy interventions.

PubMed ID: 27604770

Children whose mothers took prenatal DHA showed better sustained attention at age 5—developmental benefit for offspring tied to prenatal supplementation.

PubMed ID: 27011294

Daily fish oil during pregnancy modestly raised maternal serum DHA proportion by late pregnancy—biomarker evidence for supplementation efficacy in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 28029926

Large RCT: maternal 2.4 g/day fish oil in late pregnancy reduced persistent wheeze/asthma and LRTI in offspring (~30% relative risk reduction).

PubMed ID: 29031393

Maternal omega‑3 altered maternal/infant cytokines toward less pro‑inflammatory profiles — supportive pregnancy/infant immunomodulation (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 29173199

Prenatal n‑3 increased offspring SPM precursors at birth (mechanistic mediator increases relevant to neonatal immune/resolve pathways).

PubMed ID: 28502503

In gestational diabetes, combined vitamin D + omega‑3 improved glycemic control and insulin resistance—beneficial perinatal metabolic effects though attribution is mixed.

PubMed ID: 29385062

Gestational diabetes RCT: EPA/DHA changed maternal gene expression (↑PPAR‑γ, ↓IL‑1/TNF) and modestly improved fasting glucose and TGs — maternal metabolic benefits.

PubMed ID: 30392575

Secondary analysis across RCTs: higher maternal DHA dose associated with markedly lower early preterm birth and VLBW — strong clinical signal.

PubMed ID: 29940888

Prenatal EPA (vs DHA) lowered specific maternal inflammatory cytokines in RCT secondary analysis — relevant to maternal/fetal environment.

PubMed ID: 30177465

In very preterm infants, fish‑oil–containing parenteral emulsion reduced cholestasis — neonatal clinical benefit tied to perinatal care.

PubMed ID: 30614004

Enteral DHA in very low birth weight preterm infants reduced severe ROP — high‑impact neonatal clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 30794304

Prenatal DHA lowered later childhood BP in overweight/obese children — evidence for prenatal programming benefit.

PubMed ID: 31004139

Prenatal DHA (600 mg/day) reduced early preterm birth risk and improved infant visual attention (early outcome).

PubMed ID: 31184022

DHA improved sperm structure and viability in infertile men — relevant to conception/fertility support.

PubMed ID: 30776476

Prenatal EPA‑rich supplementation: rises in EPA and estradiol associated with reduced antenatal depressive symptoms.

PubMed ID: 32823606

Prenatal MMS including 200 mg DHA significantly raised maternal RBC DHA and omega-3 index (biomarker support for pregnancy supplementation).

PubMed ID: 32453396

DHA (465 mg/day) plus vitamin E improved sperm motility and count in asthenozoospermic men — could support conception and thus pregnancy outcomes indirectly.

PubMed ID: 33374975

PUFA‑fortified milk in young children increased blood DHA — supports postnatal nutritional status important for child development.

PubMed ID: 31963702

Microencapsulated tuna oil in toddler formula raised DHA and O3I quickly — supports infant/toddler DHA repletion relevant to early development.

PubMed ID: 33038832

DHA supplementation in pregnancy raised total DHA and several DHA‑derived oxylipins, attenuating normal gestational declines.

PubMed ID: 34552200

800 mg/day DHA substantially increased maternal and cord RBC‑DHA and maternal‑infant DHA equilibrium—strong biochemical support.

PubMed ID: 33671220

Enteral DHA given to preterm infants markedly reduced necrotizing enterocolitis — strong neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 34543890

Prenatal DHA improved specific child cognitive domains at age 5 in a maternal genotype subgroup (developmental benefit).

PubMed ID: 34494106

Prenatal DHA altered infant metabolome in a maternal genotype‑dependent manner — mechanistic/developmental relevance.

PubMed ID: 34959801

Large RCT: higher‑dose prenatal DHA (1000 mg) linked to immunologic changes plausibly explaining reduced preterm birth risk — robust pregnancy/baby evidence.

PubMed ID: 36074245

Prenatal DHA supplementation appeared to mitigate prenatal arsenic‑related increased risk of atopic dermatitis in offspring—protective effect for infant skin/immune outcome.

PubMed ID: 35413719

Maternal 1.2 g/day DHA while breastfeeding improved weight and weight velocity in very preterm female infants—sex‑specific neonatal growth support.

PubMed ID: 35652296

Maternal high‑dose DHA during breastfeeding showed no overall neurodevelopmental benefit at 18–22 months but possible language benefit in extremely preterm (<27 wk) infants—context‑limited support.

PubMed ID: 36657936

Large pooled trial dataset showed high‑dose DHA in pregnancy markedly lowered early preterm and preterm birth rates, especially in low‑intake women.

PubMed ID: 36014916

Daily algal DHA (200 mg) significantly increased DHA concentration and proportion in breast milk — direct lactation/infant nutrient support.

PubMed ID: 36682094

Antenatal DHA led to some early infant developmental improvements and fewer routine‑related behavior problems, though primary development scores did not differ.

PubMed ID: 36680919

High‑dose antenatal DHA was linked to marked reductions in early preterm birth and substantially raised maternal/infant DHA — strong pregnancy/baby outcome evidence.

PubMed ID: 38214544

Maternal DHA 450 mg/day in late pregnancy produced reassuring safety data (no fetal ductus constriction or PGE2 changes) — supports safety in pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 38680033

Neonatal RCT: DHA (100 mg/day) in newborns with severe jaundice reduced bilirubin, neuronal injury marker (NSE) and phototherapy duration — clinically meaningful neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 38552960

Large prenatal DHA dataset showed higher‑dose DHA and good baseline status reduced early preterm birth, especially in Black participants.

PubMed ID: 38922906

800 mg/day prenatal DHA limited early infant weight gain and adiposity markers versus 200 mg/day in mothers with overweight/obesity.

PubMed ID: 40126831

Maternal 400 mg/day DHA modestly reduced some early infant respiratory/other minor symptoms but no broad morbidity benefit.

PubMed ID: 40791013

Higher prenatal DHA improved infant visual learning and attention‑related heart‑rate patterns at 4–6 months.

PubMed ID: 40489675

Randomized neonatal trial: enteral DHA in term/preterm neonates with late‑onset sepsis improved linear growth, head circumference and fat‑free mass — direct neonatal benefit.

PubMed ID: 40072608

High‑dose neonatal DHA associated with lower odds of BPD in a biologically plausible subgroup (chorioamnionitis + vaginal birth) — promising neonatal outcome signal.

PubMed ID: 22527984

Case‑control: high maternal ω‑6/ω‑3 ratio associated with increased spontaneous preterm birth odds in white women — supports relevance of maternal ω‑3 balance for pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 2255573

Marine n‑3 in preterm formula increased infant blood LCPUFA and improved a measure of rod retinal function—benefit for infant visual development.

PubMed ID: 1349049

Large RCT showed third‑trimester fish oil slightly prolonged gestation and increased birthweight—strong perinatal outcome support.

PubMed ID: 8009754

Large RCT: third‑trimester fish oil modestly prolonged pregnancy (+4 days) and increased birth weight (+107 g), especially in low fish‑consumption women.

PubMed ID: 10650525

Pregnancy trial in women at risk of placental insufficiency showed decreased triglycerides and VLDL in the third trimester—relevant to pregnancy metabolic support.

PubMed ID: 14657879

Maternal fish‑oil supplementation raised neonatal erythrocyte n‑3 PUFA substantially and showed signals of reduced infant allergy/atopic outcomes (clear pregnancy/baby relevance).

PubMed ID: 12680858

Maternal fish‑oil increased infant n‑3 incorporation and reduced cord blood IL‑13 (direct neonatal immune marker and relevant to infant outcomes).

PubMed ID: 12532113

Large randomized trial in pregnancy reduced early infant wheeze (~9.8% absolute reduction) — clear benefit for early respiratory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 15736915

Maternal fish oil from week 30 through lactation greatly increased breast‑milk n‑3 LCPUFA and DHA — strong biochemical support for infant n‑3 supply.

PubMed ID: 15233397

Maternal fish oil during lactation raised milk and infant RBC‑DHA substantially; higher infant DHA associated with better visual acuity — strong infant nutritional/functional signal.

PubMed ID: 15480319

Prenatal/early-life omega-3 intervention modestly reduced cough in atopic children—positive early-life respiratory outcome.

PubMed ID: 15610365

Higher infant plasma omega-3 was associated with fewer wheeze symptoms at 18 months—supportive observational finding.

PubMed ID: 17565762

Maternal fortified milk (including omega-3) increased mean birth weight; attribution to omega-3 is limited by co-interventions.

PubMed ID: 18614738

Maternal fish oil in late pregnancy associated with markedly lower childhood asthma/allergic asthma up to age 16.

PubMed ID: 18370571

Pregnant women with major depression improved on high‑dose omega‑3, benefitting maternal mental health.

PubMed ID: 18692841

Omega‑3 improved uterine artery blood flow (reduced pulsatility index) in women with recurrent miscarriage due to poor uterine perfusion.

PubMed ID: 20551967

Randomized neonatal trial: preterm infants given omega‑3–rich parenteral lipids had higher antioxidant vitamin levels and total antioxidant capacity.

PubMed ID: 21691253

Infant supplementation from 9–18 months clearly increased erythrocyte n‑3 levels and produced a small change in skinfold distribution, evidencing biological incorporation and modest developmental/body‑composition effects.

PubMed ID: 22351892

Early‑life omega‑3 supplementation prevented the link between smaller birth size and thicker carotid IMT at age 8 — direct early‑life vascular support.

PubMed ID: 22218160

Randomized increase in oily fish intake during pregnancy altered newborn CBMC cytokine production—evidence of neonatal immune modulation, though clinical allergy outcomes unchanged.

PubMed ID: 24224882

Maternal dietary counseling increased infant cord blood n‑3 FA and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio — direct evidence of improved perinatal n‑3 status (relevant to infant support).

PubMed ID: 24973862

In women with gestational diabetes, omega‑3 improved insulin, HOMA‑IR and lowered hs‑CRP — beneficial maternal metabolic effects during pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 27055970

GDM RCT: ω‑3 + vitamin E improved maternal fasting glucose/insulin resistance and triglyceride/HDL profiles (direct pregnancy relevance).

PubMed ID: 25747955

GDM RCT reduced maternal hs‑CRP and MDA and was associated with fewer newborn hyperbilirubinemia episodes and hospitalizations (direct neonatal benefit signals).

PubMed ID: 27881297

Gestational diabetes RCT (omega‑3 + vit E) increased antioxidant capacity, lowered MDA and was associated with fewer neonates needing hyperbilirubinemia treatment—clinically relevant perinatal signals (co‑supplementation caveat).

PubMed ID: 27559716

Randomized trial: 4 weeks of omega‑3 supplementation increased amniotic fluid index and improved uterine artery blood flow in unexplained oligohydramnios (clinically relevant obstetric endpoints).

PubMed ID: 28068596

Omega‑3 added to aspirin in pregnancies with asymmetric IUGR improved estimated fetal weight, uteroplacental Doppler flow and birth weight vs aspirin alone (co‑intervention caveat).

PubMed ID: 28549983

Large trial subgroup analysis: ω‑3 markedly reduced recurrent spontaneous preterm delivery and low birth weight in smokers—subgroup/secondary but clinically important effect.

PubMed ID: 30181143

Maternal fish‑oil supplementation altered child BMI, lean/fat mass and bone through age 6—direct evidence for fetal/child growth effects.

PubMed ID: 30241686

Higher mid‑pregnancy n6:n3 ratio associated with smaller fetal growth, shorter gestation and higher neonatal respiratory morbidity—implicates n‑3 importance in pregnancy outcomes (observational within trial).

PubMed ID: 29433457

Infant formula with dairy lipids increased infant RBC DHA/DPA—biomarker evidence relevant to early development and infant support.

PubMed ID: 29852863

Neonatal omega‑3 in very preterm infants reduced ROP incidence/severity—relevant to neonatal/infant support.

PubMed ID: 29884682

Infant supplementation trial showed favorable metabolic effects at age 5 (waist, insulin) in boys — supports early‑life metabolic outcomes.

PubMed ID: 30418579

Large RCT in pregnancy showed slight prolongation of gestation and higher birth weight — clear clinical neonatal effects.

PubMed ID: 31870562

Pre‑IVF supplementation including omega‑3 altered embryo morphokinetics and improved day‑3 quality scores — promising preconception signal (co‑supplemented).

PubMed ID: 32312337

Large infant trial of fish oil from birth to 6 months showed no cognitive benefit and small increases in externalizing behaviours — directly relevant to infant/pediatric outcomes (negative signal).

PubMed ID: 33207743

Parenteral fish‑oil lipid in preterm infants raised EPA/ω‑3 and lowered ω‑6:ω‑3 ratio—relevant neonatal nutritional status.

PubMed ID: 31969566

Large prenatal n‑3 LCPUFA RCT changed infant airway microbiota and partly mediated reduced childhood asthma risk—strong perinatal finding.

PubMed ID: 36184023

Prenatal fish-oil supplementation (2.4 g) reduced physician-diagnosed croup in offspring over first 3 years—direct clinically meaningful benefit to children.

PubMed ID: 35172663

Improvements in sperm motility and morphology with omega-3+vitamin E may support male fertility, relevant to pregnancy support.

PubMed ID: 35854106

Daily 300 mg ω‑3 for 8 weeks in pregnant women improved sexual function and prevented an increase in gestational anxiety—direct pregnancy‑relevant benefit.

PubMed ID: 37642166

Pregnancy RCT demonstrated large maternal EPA/DHA increases across lipid pools and associations of fatty‑acid patterns with inflammation and GDM risk—strong biochemical and clinical relevance.

PubMed ID: 37696621

Large RCT of 2.4 g/day EPA+DHA in pregnancy markedly reduced childhood non‑atopic asthma (~73% reduction) and early infections (~16% fewer), with genotype‑stratified effects—strong direct evidence.

PubMed ID: 34927195

Same maternal fish‑oil RCT showed fewer days and episodes of gastroenteritis in offspring over first 3 years, a robust pediatric outcome.

PubMed ID: 37202530

Short neonatal trial in growth‑restricted infants found improved weight/length gain and favorable lipids after omega‑3 supplementation, supporting infant nutritional/ growth support.

PubMed ID: 39196551

Prenatal fish‑oil altered eicosanoid biology and reduced childhood eczema risk in offspring depending on maternal COX1 genotype — clear pregnancy/child health signal (genotype‑specific).

PubMed ID: 38469148

Flaxseed oil before IVF modestly increased mature oocyte yield, fertilization and implantation rates in women with decreased ovarian reserve—supports reproductive/pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 29415593

Large observational/biomarker study: higher fish intake/erythrocyte omega‑3 in early pregnancy associated with reduced recurrent preterm birth in lean women—strong pregnancy/baby relevance.

PubMed ID: 34107720

Vitamin D + omega-3 in gestational diabetes improved glycaemia and lipids—maternal metabolic benefits that can support pregnancy outcomes (combo trial).

PubMed ID: 33506965

Large randomized maternal fish-oil LCPUFA trial showed improved early language and behavioral outcomes in children (strong developmental/pregnancy support evidence).

PubMed ID: 33572368

DHA+EPA in overweight/obese pregnant women increased neonatal lean mass and birthweight and prolonged gestation by ~1 week (randomized pilot with clinically meaningful neonatal outcomes).

PubMed ID: 36841983

Oral omega‑3 in PCOS patients undergoing ovulation induction roughly doubled clinical pregnancy rates (particularly in overweight/obese)—support for fertility/pregnancy outcomes.

PubMed ID: 26103129

n‑3 supplementation lowered plasma F2‑isoprostanes and 20‑HETE (oxidative/inflammatory markers) in CKD—clear biochemical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 25926387

Cross‑sectional data: higher blood n‑3 associated with less prostate inflammation—observational but supportive of inflammation reduction.

PubMed ID: 28302406

DHA reduced AA‑derived 5‑LOX product capacity and increased DHA‑derived resolving mediators in RA; clinical joint count reduction supports anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 29471285

DHA produced large declines in hsCRP and down‑regulated proinflammatory genes in adipose tissue.

PubMed ID: 31006007

Dose‑response increases in EPA/DHA‑derived oxylipins and SPM precursors—direct biochemical anti‑inflammatory mechanism.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA+statin reduced plaque macrophage content and lipid index, indicating anti‑inflammatory plaque effects.

PubMed ID: 30914500

Omega‑3 supplementation lowered proinflammatory RBC n‑6 PUFAs and RDW in AAA patients.

PubMed ID: 33316626

Dose‑ranging trial in inflamed depressed patients: higher EPA produced dose‑dependent rises in EPA, anti‑inflammatory oxylipins and some SPMs — strong mechanistic inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 36309727

Fish oil prevented PM2.5‑associated rises in proinflammatory AA metabolites in an RCT.

PubMed ID: 35247847

12‑week RCT: EPA+DHA raised pro‑resolving mediators and lowered inflammatory gene expression in subcutaneous adipose (in normal‑weight subjects).

PubMed ID: 37121228

Randomized trial in extremely preterm infants showed ARA+DHA significantly reduced IL‑6 burden and some proinflammatory cytokines.

PubMed ID: 38603973

Large proteomics study in preterm infants: higher DHA/AA associated with widespread downregulation of inflammation-related proteins (observational but robust associations).

PubMed ID: 39702768

Enteral AA+DHA reduced severe ROP and early thrombocytopenia with platelet-protein changes consistent with anti‑inflammatory/platelet effects.

PubMed ID: 7539633

Demonstrated reductions in IL‑6 and TNF‑alpha postoperatively (direct inflammatory marker changes).

PubMed ID: 7726669

Showed higher omega‑3 ratios and marked reduction in PGE2 (a proinflammatory mediator) and lower infection rates.

PubMed ID: 8875537

Reported lower CRP and favorable inflammatory cell profiles vs IV feeding.

PubMed ID: 8639722

Faster recovery of acute‑phase proteins and milder infections, consistent with reduced inflammatory burden.

PubMed ID: 9366716

Reported improved recovery of inflammatory markers by POD8 in immunonutrition group.

PubMed ID: 9530643

Found significantly fewer SIRS days and lower CRP in trauma patients receiving the enriched diet.

PubMed ID: 9834924

Perioperative use lowered IL‑6 and preserved neutrophil function (reduced early inflammatory response).

PubMed ID: 10574478

Perioperative immunonutrition lowered IL‑6 and modified cytokine markers, indicating reduced inflammation.

PubMed ID: 11819790

Perioperative immune formula including omega‑3s lowered CRP and proinflammatory cytokines.

PubMed ID: 12464864

Preop arginine + n‑3 reduced infections and improved immune markers (multi‑nutrient intervention).

PubMed ID: 24274379

Enteral immunonutrition (including omega‑3) blunted CRP/TNF rises during chemoradiotherapy—anti‑inflammatory signal though multi‑nutrient.

PubMed ID: 27578110

DHA‑enriched fish oil lowered a macrophage activation marker (sCD163), indicating reduced immune activation/inflammation.

PubMed ID: 26965712

Preop immunonutrition with EPA increased resolvin E1 and lowered IL‑6—strong mechanistic and clinical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 30885012

Postoperative immunonutrition (contains ω‑3) lowered CRP and altered immune cell counts—multi‑nutrient but inflammation markers improved.

PubMed ID: 40671417

Krill oil during alternate‑day fasting reduced inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF‑α) versus placebo and attenuated muscle loss—clinically meaningful anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 19390588

Fatty‑fish diet lowered several bioactive lipids linked to inflammation (DGs, ceramides, lysoPC) in CHD patients.

PubMed ID: 20797476

Significant IL‑6 reduction after oily‑fish intervention—direct anti‑inflammatory marker change.

PubMed ID: 22221492

Oily fish lowered TNF‑α (and IL‑6 with salmon) and increased adiponectin—supports reduced systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 36014800

Anti‑inflammatory diet including fatty fish reduced subclinical intestinal inflammation (fecal calprotectin) in UC remission.

PubMed ID: 21870174

Dietary increase in EPA/DHA was associated with lower E‑selectin and CRP reductions in subgroups.

PubMed ID: 10470743

Large multicenter RCT: fish‑oil (EPA) enteral formula reduced lung neutrophils, improved oxygenation and clinical outcomes in ARDS — strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 23123043

Fish‑oil enriched medical food raised WBC EPA/DHA and significantly lowered serum PGE2 within 1 week — clear anti‑inflammatory biomarker change.

PubMed ID: 22227725

Surgical ICU RCT of fish‑oil PN reduced multiple inflammatory cytokines over the first postoperative week.

PubMed ID: 22751375

Critically ill patients fed fish‑oil formula had larger CRP decreases and less pressure‑ulcer worsening vs control.

PubMed ID: 22340541

Elderly post‑op patients on fish‑oil TPN had lower IL‑6/TNF‑α and fewer infections — strong clinical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 22313793

Fish oil raised adiponectin and NO in metabolic‑syndrome women, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 23034965

Randomized obese patient trial showed reduced adipose inflammatory gene expression and lower plasma IL‑6 after ω‑3 — direct anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 23010452

Randomized trial showed significant reductions in F2-isoprostanes (oxidative stress marker), indicating anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative effects.

PubMed ID: 22378736

Observational analysis: higher n-3 intake weakened the association between sICAM-1 (an inflammation/adhesion marker) and later cancer risk, implying modulation of inflammatory pathways.

PubMed ID: 23327958

IV fish-oil in severe pancreatitis reduced CRP and improved immune markers — clear anti-inflammatory biomarker and clinical-parameter effects.

PubMed ID: 22819432

Large RCT showed hs‑CRP decreased ~22% with high‑purity EPA, a strong anti‑inflammatory biomarker effect.

PubMed ID: 24169960

Low-fat plus fish-oil diet decreased pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (15(S)-HETE, LTB4) and lowered a tumor cell-cycle proliferation score — strong tissue biomarker anti-inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 23368915

Perioperative IV fish‑oil reduced procalcitonin and improved CD4+/CD8+ ratio by day 6—short‑term anti‑inflammatory/immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 23430672

Antioxidant+omega‑3 supplementation in dry‑eye patients lowered tear inflammatory cytokines and improved symptoms.

PubMed ID: 14652498

Multicomponent supplement including DHA attenuated post‑exercise IL‑6 and CRP rises — supports reduced inflammatory response.

PubMed ID: 32380746

n‑3 enriched goat cheese lowered CRP (−36%) in overweight/obese adults — direct inflammation biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 15808325

Fish‑oil supplementation produced oxLDL that caused less apoptosis in cultured cells — suggests reduced pro‑inflammatory/oxidative LDL activity.

PubMed ID: 15290734

SLE trial showed modest lowering of clinical disease activity (SLAM‑R) with fish oil, consistent with reduced inflammatory activity.

PubMed ID: 1459173

RA trial symptomatic improvements (morning stiffness/tenderness) likely reflecting anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 28541926

Omega‑3 (with/without CoQ10) added to statin reduced hsCRP and IL‑6 vs statin alone—supports anti‑inflammatory effects (confounded by co‑therapies).

PubMed ID: 25908532

RCT showed robust increases in specialized pro‑resolving mediators (18‑HEPE, 17‑HDHA, RvD1) — strong mechanistic anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 18362100

Cod‑liver oil allowed NSAID sparing in RA—clinical signal of reduced inflammatory symptoms despite no change in formal disease activity scores.

PubMed ID: 31928474

Chia seed (ALA) supplementation reduced fibrinogen and related inflammatory markers in obese children—evidence of reduced systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 40871692

Anti‑inflammatory diet including omega‑3 lowered IFN‑γ in children with ASD—direct immuno‑inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 39377412

Fibromyalgia trial with symptom and pain reductions consistent with anti‑inflammatory effects of high‑dose omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 32805184

EPA (±DHA) increased fibrous cap thickness in vulnerable plaques, consistent with reduced plaque inflammation.

PubMed ID: 32759543

EPA + statin lowered plaque inflammation markers and 18‑HEPE increased (anti‑inflammatory metabolite).

PubMed ID: 32860032

Purified EPA produced plaque regression and compositional changes consistent with reduced vascular inflammation.

PubMed ID: 29577973

RCT in CKD: ω‑3 robustly increased SPMs (resolvins) and lowered MPO—strong biochemical anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 17596121

Maternal fish oil reduced neonatal neutrophil inflammatory lipid mediators and correlated neonatal IL‑6 reductions.

PubMed ID: 9042869

TPN enriched with ω‑3 shifted leukotrienes to less‑inflammatory LTB5 and reduced TNF‑α postoperatively—clear anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 34618982

In NAFLD patients OM‑3CA increased EPA/DHA‑derived pro‑resolving lipids and decreased several proinflammatory eicosanoids—strong mechanistic anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 22640930

Large RCT in overweight older adults showed omega‑3 prevented increases and produced decreases in IL‑6 and TNF‑α — direct anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 37648997

Topical omega‑3 nanoemulgel reduced radiation‑induced oral mucositis and pain—evidence of local anti‑inflammatory/ protective effect.

PubMed ID: 34199645

Randomized oily‑fish (LCn3) diet modestly lowered hs‑CRP and inflammatory cytokines—direct RCT evidence for anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 33875799

Dose-dependent decreases in IL-6 and stress cortisol and preservation of telomerase activity indicate robust anti-inflammatory/stress-buffering effects.

PubMed ID: 34298398

Modulated TLR3/TLR4 and lowered inflammatory factor secretion in virus-related myocardial injury (direct anti-inflammatory signals).

PubMed ID: 33450081

IV omega-3 reduced endotoxin and systemic inflammation in ACLF patients (clinical-grade anti-inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 25365012

Functional meat containing ω‑3 + rosemary lowered PAI‑1, fibrinogen and oxidative markers in at‑risk adults (combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 34423525

Camelina (ω‑3 rich) oil improved systemic inflammation/oxidative stress markers in NAFLD (RCT, small sample).

PubMed ID: 41568898

Low‑dose fish oil decreased endothelial inflammatory markers (ICAM‑1, MCP‑1) in older adults — supports anti‑inflammatory endothelial effects.

PubMed ID: 40643182

IV omega‑3 in septic ICU patients reduced delirium and resource use; clinical benefit plausibly mediated by immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 40647193

Resistance‑training trial reported marked reductions in CRP, IL‑6, TNF alongside antioxidant improvements — supports exercise‑related anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 40058591

Crossover RCT in abdominal obesity showed consistent reductions in circulating inflammatory markers (TNF, RANTES, MIP‑1β) and adipose gene‑expression changes.

PubMed ID: 38777428

Exercise+omega‑3 lowered vascular adhesion molecules (markers of vascular inflammation) vs control.

PubMed ID: 39073419

Acute MI RCT: 30 days of omega‑3 produced a significantly larger drop in hs‑CRP vs placebo, supporting anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 39577691

Breast‑cancer patients receiving chemo: omega‑3 + vitamin D reduced hsCRP and TNF‑α and improved QoL over 9 weeks (inflammation reduced).

PubMed ID: 39672082

Multicenter PN lipid RCT in T2DM: n‑3 enriched emulsions produced rapid, consistent reductions in multiple proinflammatory cytokines vs comparators.

PubMed ID: 38892570

HF patients: adding EPA/DHA‑enriched supplement to Mediterranean diet lowered IL‑6 and IP‑10 vs diet alone (biomarker reduction).

PubMed ID: 38569774

Large randomized postoperative trial: parenteral n‑3 markedly lowered IL‑6 and other inflammatory markers and reduced complications/LOS.

PubMed ID: 39339646

ICU RCT in critically ill COVID‑19: added omega‑3 lowered CRP and IL‑6 and shortened ICU/hospital stay — strong anti‑inflammatory signal with clinical impact.

PubMed ID: 38499208

High‑dose EPA reduced monthly migraine days and severity; migraine improvement likely mediated in part by anti‑inflammatory mechanisms.

PubMed ID: 38484976

n‑3 PUFA reduced EV counts and EV‑dependent thrombin generation and enriched omega‑3 content of EVs, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/coagulation effects.

PubMed ID: 36674453

Duplicate entry: confirms lowered inflammatory markers and PBMC gene expression with added omega‑3 in older adults doing exercise + high‑protein diet.

PubMed ID: 37126739

RCT in episodic migraine raised anti‑inflammatory IL‑4 and lowered pro‑inflammatory IFN‑γ — clear cytokine shifts.

PubMed ID: 37124732

Children on leukemia therapy had reductions in inflammatory markers (IL‑6, TNF‑α) alongside large TG reductions after omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 36296958

Added ω‑3 with exercise/protein reduced IL‑6 and other inflammatory markers (and improved muscle power) in older adults (pilot RCT).

PubMed ID: 35500316

Perioperative nutrition enriched with omega-3s reduced CRP/IL-6/TNF-α and postoperative complications—good clinical inflammatory/immunologic evidence.

PubMed ID: 31935118

12-week RCT in hemodialysis patients showed significant decreases in CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α—strong direct evidence of anti-inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 32176565

Double‑blind trial in exposed workers showed marked decreases in pro‑inflammatory cytokines IFN‑γ and IL‑17.

PubMed ID: 32304881

Schizophrenia trial: omega‑3 lowered CRP alongside improved BDNF and memory, consistent with anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 32054543

NAFLD RCT (fish oil + phytosterols) reduced TNF‑α/TGF‑β and trended to lower liver fat and TAGs.

PubMed ID: 32194222

n‑3 PUFA increased NRF2 expression and plasma antioxidant capacity in T2D, supporting anti‑inflammatory/antioxidant effects.

PubMed ID: 32103495

Adjunctive ω‑3 + aspirin with debridement lowered local IL‑6 and improved periodontal inflammation and HbA1c (co‑intervention confounds).

PubMed ID: 31948661

High‑dose omega‑3 reduced hsCRP and myocardial fibrosis in patients with low insulin resistance (subgroup benefit).

PubMed ID: 31306043

Icosapent ethyl lowered hsCRP and other inflammatory markers in high‑risk CKD subgroup with large EPA incorporation.

PubMed ID: 31277790

Icosapent ethyl reduced hsCRP substantially in statin‑treated high‑risk patients, indicating anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 30803749

High‑dose ω‑3 attenuated rise in IL‑18 in CKD patients, a specific anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 31106659

ω‑3 (with vitamin D) reduced CRP and TNF‑α in colorectal cancer patients—direct anti‑inflammatory biomarker improvements.

PubMed ID: 30916121

Perioperative ω‑3 reduced CRP and preserved IL‑10 levels, showing clear anti‑inflammatory effects in surgical patients.

PubMed ID: 31309919

High‑dose n‑3 + vitamin D lowered hs‑CRP and improved carotid IMT in vitamin‑D‑deficient T2DM with CHD.

PubMed ID: 32441198

Combined vitamin D + omega‑3 during chemotherapy reduced TNF‑α and IL‑1β — clear short‑term anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 31190359

Trial in T2D+CHD showed decreased hs‑CRP and other inflammatory/antioxidant changes.

PubMed ID: 30175329

Adjunctive omega‑3 with SRP reduced periodontal inflammation and increased antioxidant enzyme activity.

PubMed ID: 29752009

In ischemic HF, short‑term omega‑3 reduced hsCRP and fibrosis/inflammation biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 30221912

Probiotic + omega‑3 RCT in T2DM with NAFLD markedly reduced inflammatory cytokines and liver fat index.

PubMed ID: 29381560

RCT in HIV/HHV‑8 co‑infected adults: omega‑3 raised EPA/DHA and prevented IL‑6 rise (anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 29859385

Vitamin D + omega‑3 RCT in PCOS reduced hs‑CRP and oxidative stress markers (combined product).

PubMed ID: 30097364

Perioperative omega‑3 reduced CRP at 24 h post‑op in small randomized trial.

PubMed ID: 29391271

Placebo‑controlled RCT in UC: EPA‑FFA markedly lowered fecal calprotectin and improved remission maintenance.

PubMed ID: 29697274

2 g/day EPA in head‑and‑neck cancer lowered inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6) and attenuated weight/lean‑mass loss.

PubMed ID: 30378203

Diet with two fatty‑fish meals/week lowered airway inflammation (FeNO) in children with mild asthma.

PubMed ID: 30125457

Marine n‑3 lowered hs‑CRP in renal transplant recipients (secondary outcomes).

PubMed ID: 30519766

In schizophrenia with MetS, ω‑3 reduced TNF‑alpha alongside triglyceride improvements.

PubMed ID: 30052315

Fish oil plus calorie restriction produced larger IL‑6 decreases vs diet alone (supports anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 29503145

Combined supplement reduced hs‑CRP (inflammation) though attribution to ω‑3 alone is uncertain.

PubMed ID: 29982544

High‑dose ω‑3 + vitamin D reduced hs‑CRP and improved oxidative‑stress markers in MS patients with clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 30554092

PBMC gene‑expression changes (↓TNF‑α, ↑PPAR‑γ) indicate anti‑inflammatory molecular effects in Parkinson’s patients.

PubMed ID: 30710885

30‑day RCT showed IL‑6 reduction and preserved nutritional status with ω‑3 in cancer outpatients.

PubMed ID: 30392424

Strong RCT evidence: fish‑oil PN lowered TNF‑α/other inflammatory markers and markedly reduced 90‑day mortality.

PubMed ID: 32921364

IV fish‑oil reduced CRP, IL‑8, ICAM‑1 and leukocytes and shortened ICU/hospital stays—strong clinical anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 29359480

PBMC gene expression showed↓IL‑1 and ↓IL‑8 and ↑PPAR‑γ—molecular anti‑inflammatory signatures in PCOS.

PubMed ID: 29781483

Dose‑dependent CRP reductions and adiponectin increases—clear anti‑inflammatory/metabolic biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 29324423

Omega‑3 during chemotherapy reduced oral mucositis severity and pain, consistent with reduced local inflammation.

PubMed ID: 29413356

4 g/day prescription ω‑3 partially normalized pro‑inflammatory lipoprotein oxylipin profiles in metabolic‑syndrome patients (mechanistic anti‑inflammatory change).

PubMed ID: 29017158

2.7 g/day n‑3PUFA lowered MCP‑1 in T2D (significant reduction)—direct inflammatory biomarker improvement.

PubMed ID: 28303758

Psoriatic arthritis RCT: 3 g/day n‑3 decreased leukotriene B4 formation (clear biochemical anti‑inflammatory shift) and increased LTB5.

PubMed ID: 29306057

Omega‑3 + vitamin E in PCOS downregulated inflammatory genes (IL‑8, TNF‑α) and improved mood scores (small RCT with co‑intervention).

PubMed ID: 28857425

Colorectal cancer patients receiving probiotics plus omega‑3 showed lower IL‑6 versus placebo (inflammation marker improvement; combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 28846009

Omega‑3 + vitamin E decreased hs‑CRP and improved insulin resistance in fibrocystic breast disease (biomarker improvement; co‑intervention caveat).

PubMed ID: 28342967

Omega‑3 + vitamin E reduced hs‑CRP in Parkinson’s patients—supports anti‑inflammatory action (confounded by vit E).

PubMed ID: 28716357

Flaxseed omega‑3 lowered hs‑CRP and improved oxidative markers in diabetic foot ulcer RCT—robust anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 28153504

Enteral fish‑oil supplementation in major burn patients significantly reduced severe sepsis and pyloric dysfunction and is consistent with anti‑inflammatory/immunomodulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 27356240

Omega‑3 + oleate produced a 32% CRP reduction in metabolic syndrome patients beyond exercise alone.

PubMed ID: 27622219

Randomized trial in recurrent aphthous stomatitis: omega‑3 reduced ulcer pain, size trend and reduced recurrence — consistent with local anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 27058904

Pre‑op EPA reduced plasma CCL2 (MCP‑1) and CCL2 reduction associated with better clinical outcomes—strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 26704762

Enteral n‑3 in pediatric sepsis markedly lowered CRP/IL‑6 and improved clinical outcomes (strong anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 29173690

12‑week omega‑3 in low‑activity SLE lowered CRP significantly—direct systemic inflammation reduction.

PubMed ID: 26667367

EPA reduced coronary sinus inflammatory marker (pentraxin‑3) and altered plaque composition—local anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 26211765

Postoperative PN with n‑3 PUFAs produced clear reductions in CRP, IL‑1, IL‑6 and increased IL‑10; SIRS incidence fell—strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 25893544

Consistent, clinically meaningful hsCRP reductions with 4 g/day EPA across phase‑3 trials indicate strong anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 25747955

GDM trial showed significant reductions in hs‑CRP and MDA (direct anti‑inflammatory/oxidative effects).

PubMed ID: 26925896

RA trial showed reductions in ESR and clinical inflammation markers with omega‑3 added to therapy.

PubMed ID: 26296857

Marked increases in EPA/DHA‑derived pro‑resolving mediators and TG lowering in PAD patients — supports inflammation resolution pathways.

PubMed ID: 26283629

High‑dose fish oil in SLE lowered ESR and physician global disease activity — clear anti‑inflammatory effect in autoimmune disease.

PubMed ID: 25394692

In metabolic‑syndrome postmenopausal women, omega‑3 reduced IL‑6 and improved metabolic/inflammatory markers vs diet alone.

PubMed ID: 24973862

In gestational diabetes, omega‑3 reduced hs‑CRP and improved insulin resistance — direct anti‑inflammatory biomarker change.

PubMed ID: 24408035

Parenteral ω‑3 reduced CRP and SOFA scores in septic ICU patients—clinical inflammation marker improvement.

PubMed ID: 23325450

4 g/day pure EPA reduced Ox‑LDL, Lp‑PLA2 and hsCRP in randomized trials — robust anti‑inflammatory / anti‑oxidative biomarker effects.

PubMed ID: 23683266

3.6 g/day ethyl‑esters lowered IL‑6 and TNF‑α in HIV patients — strong evidence of systemic anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 23372745

High‑dose n‑3 PUFA lowered IL‑6 in severely obese adults—RCT support for systemic inflammation reduction.

PubMed ID: 23835245

Icosapent ethyl lowered hsCRP and other inflammation markers in statin‑treated diabetics — clinical anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 21358504

Randomized trial (1.8 g/day) showed consistent reductions in TNF‑α, PGE2 and IL‑6 after eccentric exercise — strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 25029008

DHA reduced early IL‑6 (~32%) after eccentric exercise—moderate anti‑inflammatory biomarker effect.

PubMed ID: 34842343

Pediatric trial: ω‑3 reduced oxidative stress and cardiac injury markers during chemo—anti‑inflammatory/antioxidant protection.

PubMed ID: 28478481

Omega‑3 + nano‑curcumin reduced TNF‑α expression/levels in migraineers — combination shows anti‑inflammatory benefit (omega‑3 contribution probable).

PubMed ID: 29938621

Ω‑3 (with nano‑curcumin) lowered IL‑6 and hs‑CRP in migraine patients — significant systemic anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 29237386

Ω‑3 reduced circulating ICAM‑1 and (in combination) reduced migraine attacks — evidence of lowered vascular/inflammatory activation.

PubMed ID: 30760195

ω‑3 plus nano‑curcumin downregulated COX‑2 and iNOS mRNA and reduced serum levels with clinical migraine benefit — robust anti‑inflammatory change (combination).

PubMed ID: 32727335

Omega‑3 + nano‑curcumin reduced IL‑1β and migraine frequency—robust anti‑inflammatory signal in combination therapy.

PubMed ID: 34301320

Omega‑3 (and combo) lowered VCAM and reduced migraine frequency/severity—vascular/inflammatory marker improvements.

PubMed ID: 38589346

EPA (± nano‑curcumin) reduced hs‑CRP and triglycerides in T2D—strong anti‑inflammatory/metabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 2363736

RA trial showed reductions in leukotriene B4 and IL‑1 production—direct anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 1464864

RA symptom improvements suggest anti‑inflammatory action of omega‑3 in joint disease.

PubMed ID: 8220938

RA patients reduced NSAID use long‑term with unchanged disease activity — implies anti‑inflammatory clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 8050452

Reduced T‑cell activation marker (CD25) and increased serum EPA/DHA — evidence of immunomodulation/anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 8623866

Substantial reduction in menstrual symptom scores in adolescents — inflammatory symptom improvement.

PubMed ID: 14583341

Hypertensive diabetics: EPA or DHA reduced urinary F2‑isoprostanes ~19–20% (reduced oxidative/inflammatory stress marker).

PubMed ID: 15458276

RA dietary trial: low n‑6 diet + fish oil lowered CRP and sTNF‑R p55 and later reduced IL‑6/TNF‑α in both groups.

PubMed ID: 17720098

Hemodialysis patients given DHA+γ‑tocopherol had modest, significant reductions in IL‑6, WBC and neutrophils—evidence of reduced systemic inflammation (combination product).

PubMed ID: 17391558

Fish oil reduced neutrophil superoxide production (~19.5%) and correlated with erythrocyte DHA — supports cellular anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 17875549

Large RCT in SLE showed substantial decreases in disease activity and oxidative/vascular inflammation markers with 3 g/day.

PubMed ID: 17199721

Overweight women had lower CRP and IL‑6 after 12 weeks of LCn‑3, indicating systemic anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 17349088

Increases in erythrocyte EPA+DHA correlated negatively with CRP and urinary TXB2 — association with lower inflammation markers.

PubMed ID: 18685141

PUFA added to standard therapy markedly reduced proteinuria in IgA nephropathy, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/renal benefit.

PubMed ID: 19515734

26‑week RCT showed broad downregulation of inflammatory and atherogenic PBMC gene sets with 1.8 g/d EPA+DHA (strong anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 19756416

OA trial showed greater high‑threshold pain responders when EPA/DHA added, plausibly reflecting anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 19158225

High‑dose DHA RCT showed consistent, clinically relevant CRP and IL‑6 reductions.

PubMed ID: 19461006

6‑month EPA/DHA in ESRD reduced CRP substantially versus placebo.

PubMed ID: 19593941

Metabolic‑syndrome RCT lowered hs‑CRP and markers alongside weight/BP improvements.

PubMed ID: 20542512

Plaque mRNA and markers (MMPs, IL-6, ICAM1) were reduced and plaque inflammation inversely associated with EPA content.

PubMed ID: 20795425

Marked reduction in menstrual pain and analgesic use, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/antinociceptive effects.

PubMed ID: 20545703

EPA/Gamma‑linolenic acid formula in asthmatic children reduced exhaled NO and improved airway responsiveness — reduced airway inflammation.

PubMed ID: 20572767

Adjunctive fish oil + low‑dose aspirin improved periodontal clinical outcomes and lowered inflammatory biomarkers (RANKL, MMP‑8).

PubMed ID: 21807696

Prenatal DHA reduced infant illness durations (respiratory) — consistent with immunomodulation/less inflammation in offspring.

PubMed ID: 22136963

IV fish‑oil emulsion in infants produced large reductions in plasma TNF‑α — strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 22079797

Oral DHA in septic neonates lowered IL‑1β and raised leukocyte DHA—direct anti‑inflammatory biomarker change with clinical improvement.

PubMed ID: 22108152

Reduction in Lp-PLA2 and ApoCIII (inflammatory/pro-atherogenic proteins) when omega-3 added to statin.

PubMed ID: 21941411

Maternal DHA reduced IFN‑γ production and altered infant T‑cell subsets (modulation of inflammatory responses).

PubMed ID: 21099447

Maternal ω‑3 shifted infant chemokine balance toward Th1 and enhanced vaccine IgG in non‑allergic infants — evidence of immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 22114792

In advanced lung cancer patients omega-3 reduced CRP/IL-6 and oxidative stress markers versus placebo.

PubMed ID: 23023905

3 g/day omega‑3 for eight weeks significantly reduced TNF‑α and IL‑2 in type 2 diabetes patients.

PubMed ID: 23238663

Fish oil lowered platelet oxidative stress and 8‑isoprostane in diabetic/hypertensive patients — reduces oxidative/inflammatory platelet markers.

PubMed ID: 24568073

RCT in children with ADHD: EPA/DHA reduced CRP and IL‑6 and increased antioxidant enzymes — clear anti‑inflammatory signals.

PubMed ID: 24190860

High‑dose EPA+DHA modestly blunted febrile response to endotoxin and trended to lower inflammatory biomarkers in an evoked inflammation model.

PubMed ID: 23328126

Tissue biopsy RCT demonstrated clear reductions in adipose macrophages and MCP‑1 and increases in capillaries—strong local anti-inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 23861993

In MS patients, 4 g/day fish oil produced large, consistent reductions in TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6—robust systemic anti-inflammatory biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 24970858

DHA (with aspirin) reduced periodontal pocket depth and local inflammatory markers, showing local anti‑inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 24048161

Parenteral fish‑oil lipid in very preterm infants reduced F2‑isoprostanes (oxidative/inflammatory stress marker) and raised EPA.

PubMed ID: 25268838

Preop omega‑3 robustly shifted neutrophil eicosanoids from pro‑inflammatory LTB4 toward LTB5 (strong biochemical anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 25204316

12‑week omega‑3 in dialysis patients lowered stimulated endothelial chemokines (RANTES, MCP‑1) though systemic markers unchanged.

PubMed ID: 24643636

Omega‑3 in hemodialysis patients reduced depressive scores with associated reductions in CRP/favorable cytokine ratio.

PubMed ID: 24655407

Perioperative omega‑3 prevented post‑op rises in IL‑6/TNFα and greatly reduced infections — clear anti‑inflammatory/immune benefit in surgical patients.

PubMed ID: 25307169

In horses with chronic airway inflammation, omega‑3 plus low‑dust diet reduced airway neutrophils and respiratory symptoms — direct anti‑inflammatory effect in airways.

PubMed ID: 24746829

Observational association of higher LC‑n‑3 with lower hs‑CRP and improved vascular markers.

PubMed ID: 26074314

Randomized EPA/DHA dosing produced distinct downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors in PBMCs — strong mechanistic anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 26340264

Randomized obese pregnancy trial: robust reductions in adipose/placental IL6/IL8/TNFα mRNA and lower CRP—strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 26247967

RBC DPA inversely associated with CRP; dose‑dependent increases in RBC DPA with omega‑3 intake support anti‑inflammatory biology.

PubMed ID: 25976467

Omega‑3 supplementation in sickle‑cell patients raised DHA/EPA and reduced inflammatory markers and NF‑κB expression — direct clinical anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 27281302

DHA reduced IL‑18 and increased adiponectin versus EPA; clear anti‑inflammatory biomarker effects.

PubMed ID: 27394149

Perioperative neonatal DHA reduced pro‑inflammatory cell markers and was linked to fewer sepsis/organ dysfunctions—direct anti‑inflammatory and clinical immune benefits.

PubMed ID: 27554670

Improved malnutrition–inflammation score and increased total antioxidant capacity in hemodialysis patients — systemic anti‑inflammatory/oxidative stress benefits.

PubMed ID: 27817918

Krill/fish oil lowered tear osmolarity and krill reduced tear IL‑17A — clear reduction in ocular inflammation.

PubMed ID: 27442314

Re‑esterified omega‑3 reduced tear osmolarity, TBUT, OSDI and MMP‑9 positivity in dry eye — objective and symptomatic anti‑inflammatory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 27310371

18 months DHA reduced NAFLD inflammation/steatosis and shifted macrophage phenotype toward anti‑inflammatory.

PubMed ID: 29031393

Maternal omega‑3 shifted maternal cytokines toward a less pro‑inflammatory profile — immunomodulatory effect during pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 28075381

6‑month RCT in MCI lowered IL‑6/TNF‑α and improved cognition; clear anti‑inflammatory biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 28987470

Large RCT in Duchenne showed marked decreases in IL‑1β and IL‑6 and near doubling of IL‑10.

PubMed ID: 28758717

Reduced activated neutrophils and protease markers in wound fluid indicate clear local anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 29195133

Fish oil altered B‑cell cytokine secretion and lowered ex vivo IgM production; immune‑inflammatory modulation observed.

PubMed ID: 28112528

hs‑CRP significantly decreased in men with coronary disease after 8 weeks of omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 28778393

Robust increases in specialized pro‑resolving mediator precursors (dose–response) strongly support anti‑inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 29735019

RCT in older adults: 2.5 g/day EPA+DHA produced sizable reductions in IL‑6, IL‑1β and TNF‑α over 8 weeks.

PubMed ID: 29385062

Gestational diabetes RCT showed downregulation of inflammatory gene expression (IL‑1, TNF‑α) with EPA/DHA.

PubMed ID: 29940888

Prenatal EPA‑rich supplementation reduced several maternal proinflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, TNFα, IL‑15) in RCT analysis.

PubMed ID: 30097463

DHA formulation reduced vascular/inflammatory biomarkers (sE‑selectin, sVCAM) in sickle cell children — clinically relevant anti‑inflammatory signals.

PubMed ID: 31831363

Increased PPAR‑γ activity in PBMCs (anti‑inflammatory regulator) after DHA — mechanistic support for lowering inflammation.

PubMed ID: 32867199

RCT showed adjunctive EPA/DHA improved clinical periodontal inflammation (reduced BOP, improved CAL) and favorable changes in salivary cytokines.

PubMed ID: 32436902

Omega‑3 supplementation plus scaling/root‑planing produced consistent reductions in probing depth and attachment (local anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 32121236

Omega‑3 (±vitamin D) benefitted ASD behavioral outcomes in the subgroup with elevated IL‑1β—suggests inflammation‑linked effects.

PubMed ID: 33671220

Enteral DHA markedly reduced necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants — likely an anti‑inflammatory/protective effect in gut.

PubMed ID: 33812168

High‑dose EPA reduced circulating and vascular inflammatory markers in humans and animal models — strong mechanistic RCT evidence.

PubMed ID: 34684525

Salmon consumption lowered IL‑6 vs comparator — short‑term anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 34578993

Supplementation altered PBMC/T‑cell transcriptomes and immune pathways, showing direct immunomodulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 34516692

Small hospitalized COVID‑19 RCT showed reduced CRP/ESR and symptom improvement with added EPA+DHA.

PubMed ID: 36005883

EPA 4 g/day showed symptom improvement tied to reductions in inflammatory markers (hs‑CRP correlation) in MDD with high inflammation—direct anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 35849009

EPA+DHA reduced postabsorptive protein breakdown and improved prandial anabolism—suggests lowering of catabolic/inflammatory processes in COPD patients.

PubMed ID: 36414947

Omega‑3 added to scaling/root planing significantly improved PD/CAL — clinically meaningful anti‑inflammatory effects in periodontitis.

PubMed ID: 36904299

High‑DHA supplement lowered IL‑6 and MDA and raised total antioxidant capacity — clear anti‑inflammatory/antioxidant biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 36635595

Higher‑dose EPA responders had larger rises in pro‑resolving lipid mediators and reductions in hs‑CRP correlated with antidepressant response — inflammation‑modifying link.

PubMed ID: 37179297

High‑dose fish oil adjunct to periodontal therapy improved healing and reduced periopathogen counts — local anti‑inflammatory/microbiologic benefit.

PubMed ID: 39275147

Omega‑3/GLA/vit D syrup reduced eczema severity and topical steroid use in children with atopic dermatitis — clinical anti‑inflammatory skin benefit.

PubMed ID: 38518540

1 g/day marine omega‑3 for 1 year lowered pro‑inflammatory eicosanoids and increased some pro‑resolving mediators in older adults (RCT substudy).

PubMed ID: 38732601

Synbiotic markedly raised pro‑resolving lipid mediator precursors (SPM precursors) — direct anti‑inflammatory mechanism.

PubMed ID: 40405290

High‑dose DHA during chemo prevented rises in NLR and preserved HLA‑DR+ monocytes (reduced pro‑inflammatory shift).

PubMed ID: 41515121

High‑ω‑3 diet lowered pain interference in migraine with mediation by blood EPA — consistent with reduced nociceptive/inflammatory pathways.

PubMed ID: 40288580

Dose‑dependent increases in EPA/DHA‑derived oxylipins and DNAm changes consistent with downregulated lipid/inflammatory pathways.

PubMed ID: 35791734

Sustained reductions in platelet activation and secretion indicate lowered pro‑inflammatory platelet signalling.

PubMed ID: 12684358

2‑year Mediterranean‑style program (including improved n‑3 balance) lowered inflammatory markers (CRP) substantially.

PubMed ID: 30941800

Anti‑inflammatory diet rich in omega‑3 reduced gingival index and inflammation in gingivitis patients (clinically relevant anti‑inflammatory outcome).

PubMed ID: 30052800

n‑3 rich diet combined with resistance training produced local anti‑inflammatory signaling changes in muscle.

PubMed ID: 32055820

Anti‑inflammatory portfolio including n‑3 produced modest reductions in RA disease activity (inflammation reduction signal).

PubMed ID: 1353742

Rectal mucosal EPA increased and leukotriene B4 synthesis was suppressed by 53%, with steroid‑sparing in active UC—strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 1458789

RA trial showed a significant IL‑1β reduction accompanied by modest clinical improvement, supporting anti‑inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 8066866

n‑3 supplementation lowered CRP and modestly improved inflammatory RA measures.

PubMed ID: 7639807

High-dose fish oil reduced IL‑1β and improved inflammatory symptoms in RA.

PubMed ID: 7624736

Marked reductions in neutrophil oxidative burst and increased platelet EPA — strong cellular anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 8628335

Large double‑blind RCT showed substantial reduction in Crohn's relapse — clear clinical anti‑inflammatory effect in IBD.

PubMed ID: 9064671

Juvenile arthritis study showed CRP decrease with n‑3 supplementation.

PubMed ID: 9445198

Fish oil + vitamin E modulated immune markers (TNF, T-helper/T-suppressor ratio) in malnourished cancer patients.

PubMed ID: 9551739

Asthmatic children had reduced TNF-α production and increased blood omega-3 despite no clinical symptom change.

PubMed ID: 9863281

EPA added to etretinate improved psoriasis faster—consistent with anti-inflammatory skin effects.

PubMed ID: 10505695

Large reductions in remnant lipoproteins and ox-LDL in dialysis patients imply diminished inflammatory/atherogenic burden.

PubMed ID: 11036827

RA trial demonstrated clinical improvement consistent with anti-inflammatory effects and increased EPA incorporation.

PubMed ID: 11838000

Reduced PDGF and MCP‑1 mRNA expression and reported reduction in angiographic atherosclerosis — strong anti‑inflammatory/anti‑atherosclerotic signal.

PubMed ID: 11981081

Kidney transplant trial found a borderline/locus reduction in TNF‑α expression during rejection—some anti‑inflammatory biomarker evidence though no clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 12852711

GLA+EPA emulsion significantly reduced stimulated leukotriene biosynthesis (direct reduction of proinflammatory pathway).

PubMed ID: 15250255

hsCRP was substantially reduced when omega-3 was added to simvastatin—marker of systemic inflammation decrease.

PubMed ID: 16354850

Two-year study in COPD showed reduced sputum/serum inflammatory mediators and symptomatic improvement.

PubMed ID: 16487912

Combination product with n‑3s decreased IL‑1β and TNF‑α in dyslipidemic subjects — direct inflammatory marker reductions (combo uncertainty).

PubMed ID: 16305726

Omega-3 enteral feeding blunted increases in proinflammatory cytokines in Crohn's patients versus omega-6.

PubMed ID: 15638820

Eating salmon rich in marine n‑3 lowered IL‑6 and VCAM‑1—markers of systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 16850002

Enteral EPA/GLA/antioxidant diet in severe sepsis lowered 28-day mortality and improved ICU/ventilator-free days—major clinical benefit likely from immuno/inflammation modulation.

PubMed ID: 16484911

EPA+GLA enteral diet improved lung mechanics and reduced ventilation time in acute lung injury—consistent with anti-inflammatory effects in lung.

PubMed ID: 18443134

Parenteral omega‑3 in severe pancreatitis reduced CRP and improved organ‑support measures.

PubMed ID: 18416476

Post‑colorectal surgery parenteral omega‑3 lowered IL‑6 and improved immune cell ratios.

PubMed ID: 19154523

Supplementation including omega-3 improved asthma control and airway inflammation in children (combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 18977480

Randomized trial showed marked reductions in hs-CRP and TNF-α and increased adiponectin with omega-3 + plant sterols.

PubMed ID: 18400718

EPA incorporation into Barrett's tissue reduced COX‑2 protein, a pro‑inflammatory enzyme.

PubMed ID: 19394939

Reduced TNF‑α and other inflammatory markers with improved endothelial function.

PubMed ID: 19224159

IV fish oil shortened SIRS duration and reduced TNF‑α in severe pancreatitis—strong anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 20032491

Dietary fish intake modestly lowered systemic CRP (marker of inflammation).

PubMed ID: 19397392

Lowered inflammatory and coagulation markers (hsCRP, PAI‑1) in dyslipidemic patients.

PubMed ID: 19541503

Supplementation in dialysis patients lowered CRP, indicating reduced systemic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 20146881

HF trial: significant decreases in TNF, IL‑6 and other inflammatory markers after 3 months of n‑3.

PubMed ID: 19763135

EPA reduced CRP, SAA‑LDL and other inflammatory/metabolic markers in metabolic‑syndrome patients.

PubMed ID: 20551965

Salmon intake during calorie restriction produced substantial reductions in hsCRP and IL‑6.

PubMed ID: 20303788

Fish oil markedly reduced triglycerides and markers of lipid peroxidation while boosting antioxidant enzymes—anti‑inflammatory/antioxidant effects.

PubMed ID: 21138533

Perioperative omega‑3 + vitamins C/E reduced hs‑CRP and oxidative damage; combined intervention shows anti‑inflammatory biomarker changes (omega‑3 contribution plausible but not isolated).

PubMed ID: 21784145

12‑week RCT showed lowered stimulated IL‑6 and trend for TNF‑α — direct reduction in inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 22113064

Postoperative fish‑oil enriched IV nutrition decreased IL‑6, TNF‑α and NF‑κB and improved bilirubin, consistent with reduced inflammatory responses.

PubMed ID: 21834921

Oral omega‑3/omega‑6 supplement reduced conjunctival HLA‑DR (an ocular inflammatory biomarker) though symptoms did not significantly change.

PubMed ID: 22205554

Parenteral fish oil in ICU lowered TNF‑α/IL‑6/IL‑1 and raised IL‑10 — clear anti‑inflammatory signals in patients.

PubMed ID: 21530211

Shift in neutrophil eicosanoids (LTB4↓, LTB5↑) in CKD indicates reduced proinflammatory mediator production.

PubMed ID: 21261621

Adjunctive omega‑3 plus low‑dose aspirin improved periodontal clinical endpoints and lowered IL‑1β, reflecting anti‑inflammatory effects (combination therapy).

PubMed ID: 21800004

Dose‑dependent reductions in hs‑IL‑6 and platelet/monocyte activation markers indicate robust anti‑inflammatory and proresolving effects.

PubMed ID: 21888765

12‑month ω‑3 treatment in Rett syndrome lowered oxidative‑stress markers (F2‑IsoPs) consistent with reduced inflammatory/oxidative burden.

PubMed ID: 22411387

Small RCT in cancer patients found INF‑γ decreased (~34%), supporting anti‑inflammatory action though sample small.

PubMed ID: 23155344

Post‑transplant parenteral ω‑3 reduced liver injury markers, consistent with anti‑inflammatory/hepatoprotective effects.

PubMed ID: 22421017

ω‑3 PN after liver transplant lowered ALT and improved nutrition markers—compatible with reduced inflammation/injury.

PubMed ID: 26226139

4 g/day fish oil lowered inflammatory mediators and NAFLD biomarkers in adults—supports reduced inflammation.

PubMed ID: 26078579

PUFA therapy in NASH decreased CRP and other inflammation markers alongside histologic improvements.

PubMed ID: 27644137

ω‑3–enriched enteral nutrition during chemotherapy reduced stomatitis and AST/ALT rises—reduced mucosal and hepatic inflammation in peri‑chemo setting.

PubMed ID: 27322311

Post‑hepatectomy ω‑3 PN reduced WBC/CRP and postoperative complications—clear perioperative anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 29941233

IV fish‑oil lipid in very preterm infants reduced IL‑1β/IL‑6 and clinically lowered BPD incidence—strong anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 31679359

Combined fish+walnut diet reduced hsCRP, TNF‑α and IL‑6 during weight loss—anti‑inflammatory within a dietary program.

PubMed ID: 35067753

RCT in NAFLD showed reductions in TNF-α and IL-1β — clear anti-inflammatory biochemical effect.

PubMed ID: 23886520

Dietary increase in n‑3 reduced headache frequency and impact vs lowering n‑6 alone — clinical benefit likely via reduced inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 25790451

Targeted increase in EPA/DHA with lower n‑6 reduced headache burden and psychological distress; clinical improvements linked to DHA increases—consistent with reduced inflammatory signalling.

PubMed ID: 38100748

Controlled feeding: adding EPA/DHA decreased plasma arachidonic acid and shifted endocannabinoid/ethanolamide balance toward DHA‑derived species — plausible anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 40600308

n‑3/enriched, n‑6 reduced diet lowered headache frequency/intensity and raised anti‑pain DHA marker (17‑HDHA) — anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 12818406

Randomized ALA (linseed) produced large, significant reductions in CRP, SAA and IL‑6.

PubMed ID: 12720588

Dose‑response trial: higher fish‑oil intakes reduced IL‑6 production by mononuclear cells—direct anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 12576957

EPA+GLA formula reduced pulmonary inflammatory mediators (BALF IL‑8) and improved oxygenation in ARDS.

PubMed ID: 15220952

2-year higher dietary ALA modestly lowered CRP (systemic inflammation) though IMT unchanged.

PubMed ID: 15135261

Linseed oil significantly decreased sVCAM-1 (inflammatory/endothelial activation marker).

PubMed ID: 16240844

Plant-based n‑3–rich diet raised DHA and lowered oxidative stress markers (inflammation- related).

PubMed ID: 17664057

Two‑week PUFA blends changed plasma ALA/EPA and decreased proinflammatory eicosanoid (PGE1/LTB4) release ex vivo.

PubMed ID: 19234585

Flax‑derived ALA reduced IL‑6 by ~62% in older men undertaking resistance training — significant anti‑inflammatory effect (sex‑specific).

PubMed ID: 23332800

n‑3 supplementation shifted eicosanoid profiles toward EPA‑derived mediators and improved AA:EPA ratios—mechanistic anti‑inflammatory change.

PubMed ID: 24121184

Parenteral ω‑3 lipid in infants raised EPA and reduced LTB4 and PCT post‑op → anti‑inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 24027184

Large cohort: higher long‑term n‑3 intake associated with lower odds of elevated CRP.

PubMed ID: 24553997

Ten weeks of EPA+DHA reduced inflammatory acne lesions and local IL-8 staining in a double-blind trial—clinically meaningful local anti-inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 25180479

High-ALA diet decreased YKL-40 beyond weight-loss effects—supports an anti-inflammatory mechanism though overall changes were dominated by weight loss.

PubMed ID: 25240692

DHA-enriched canola oil increased adiponectin and decreased IL1B expression and hsCRP relative to other plant oils—strong RCT evidence of anti-inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 26378118

ω-3–enriched IV emulsions in preterm neonates lowered IL-6/IL-8 versus soybean oil—robust cytokine reductions indicating anti-inflammatory action.

PubMed ID: 26047766

NASH trial: omega‑3 increased plasma ALA/EPA and TG reductions correlated with histologic stabilization (anti‑inflammatory signal).

PubMed ID: 28346333

RA RCT: fish oil increased plasma n‑3 and reduced disease activity and pain (clinical anti‑inflammatory effect).

PubMed ID: 28287415

Dose‑dependent EPA/DPA increases and substantial rise in anti‑inflammatory IL‑10 (LPS‑stimulated).

PubMed ID: 30900815

EPA+DHA supplementation reduced PBMC IL‑6 production, demonstrating an anti‑inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 31902378

Flaxseed oil lowered hsCRP and other inflammation markers in gestational diabetes.

PubMed ID: 34071714

Dietary n‑3 increased resolvins and decreased IL‑6 and pro‑inflammatory prostaglandin ratios—direct anti‑inflammatory signals.

PubMed ID: 36367234

FADS1 genotype altered PUFA conversion and downstream oxylipins, showing mechanistic impact on inflammation pathways.

PubMed ID: 38081585

Walnut intake raised ALA/EPA oxylipins and reduced several AA‑derived oxylipins — biochemical shift toward lower proinflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 41373925

Marine EPA/DHA supplementation decreased TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑18 and increased IL‑10 in people with obesity — clear anti‑inflammatory cytokine changes.

PubMed ID: 1656517

Omega‑3 reduced PBMC proliferation and intracellular IL‑1β content — mechanistic immunomodulation consistent with lowered inflammation.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Fish oil lowered neutrophil LTB4 generation and platelet aggregation — direct reductions in inflammatory/leukotriene pathways.

PubMed ID: 7958682

Dose study in patients with colonic adenomas lowered rectal proliferative indices and shifted mucosal n‑3/n‑6 balance—anti‑inflammatory biomarker evidence.

PubMed ID: 8720373

RCT showed reduced gingival inflammation and membrane EPA incorporation—direct anti‑inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 9675609

Rapid neutrophil membrane fatty-acid changes (EPA/DHA increase, AA decrease) — relevant to lowering inflammatory potential.

PubMed ID: 9555791

Double‑blind RCT showed clinically meaningful psoriasis improvement and changes in inflammatory eicosanoids.

PubMed ID: 12852710

GLA+EPA emulsion reduced stimulated leukotriene biosynthesis — direct reduction of inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 12553951

Postoperative randomized study: omega‑3 TPN increased less‑potent LTB5 vs LTB4 — biochemical shift to lower inflammatory eicosanoids.

PubMed ID: 16437657

Pediatric Crohn's RCT: lower relapse rate with enteric-coated omega‑3 — clear clinical anti-inflammatory effect.

PubMed ID: 18374458

Short trial of marine oils lowered leukotriene B4 and reduced n-6:n-3 ratios with trends toward less joint pain (small study).

PubMed ID: 19390480

Pregnancy RCT showed increased EPA/DHA and reduced LPS‑induced PGE2 production ex vivo.

PubMed ID: 20639712

In cystic fibrosis patients, omega‑3–focused diet altered FA profile and reduced some inflammatory markers (ESR, IL‑8).

PubMed ID: 21816071

RCT in inflammatory arthritis demonstrating large biochemical incorporation and clinically meaningful reductions in disease activity and pain.

PubMed ID: 21296957

Fish oil raised EPA/DHA-derived eicosanoids and altered inflammatory metabolite profiles (genotype-dependent) — biochemical anti-inflammatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 24311515

High‑EPA supplementation shifted skin eicosanoid profiles toward less pro‑inflammatory mediators (robust tissue biochemical evidence).

PubMed ID: 24589090

PGE2 decreased and EPA rose in immunonutrition arm — anti‑inflammatory biochemical effect though product multi‑component.

PubMed ID: 25091379

No change in IL‑6/CRP and only borderline TNF‑α decrease at high dose — modest anti‑inflammatory signal in healthy adults.

PubMed ID: 24736647

Dose‑relevant increases in neutrophil electrophilic ω‑3 ketone derivatives (anti‑inflammatory mediators).

PubMed ID: 24637411

EPA + statin lowered plaque lipid burden and inflammatory marker (PTX3) and macrophage accumulation.

PubMed ID: 36364828

Combined ω‑3/leucine/probiotic product reduced CRP and improved function in sarcopenic older adults—anti‑inflammatory effect though multinutrient.

PubMed ID: 26679763

Symptom, mood and functioning improvements in first‑episode schizophrenia indicate clinically meaningful central nervous system effects.

PubMed ID: 20335550

Dose‑dependent increases of EPA/DHA in serum and adipose demonstrate biochemical incorporation—mechanistic support for DHA availability to brain/neurons.

PubMed ID: 21318452

Antidepressant effect in elderly supports central nervous system benefit of ω‑3 (DHA/EPA).

PubMed ID: 23032083

EPA reduced vasospasm and infarction after SAH, directly protecting brain tissue from ischemic injury.

PubMed ID: 24475144

Multinutrient medical food including DHA/EPA preserved EEG network organisation in mild Alzheimer's over 24 weeks.

PubMed ID: 28747210

Souvenaid (DHA/EPA + precursors) altered brain phospholipid MRS markers (PME/PDE) in mild AD—mechanistic brain effect.

PubMed ID: 37806075

Large prenatal RCT: 1000 mg/d DHA increased maternal DHA status and reduced preterm birth — strong relevance for fetal brain development and later outcomes.

PubMed ID: 40412614

Higher maternal DHA associated with multiple infant EEG/ERP markers of brain responsiveness — supportive observational/associative evidence for early brain development.

PubMed ID: 1386065

VLBW diets lacking LC n‑3 impaired rod photoreceptor function at term — shows developmental neural/retinal impact of n‑3 deficiency.

PubMed ID: 10443966

Cheek-cell DHA tracked dietary DHA in preterm infants and correlated with visual-evoked responses (neuro-visual indicator).

PubMed ID: 11483802

Term infant AA+DHA formulas studied for growth and development; mixed but directly relevant to brain/visual development.

PubMed ID: 11972740

Infant groups with lower ALA/DHA had worse motor development at 1 year — strong developmental evidence.

PubMed ID: 14569405

LCP‑enriched formula raised plasma DHA in preterms to levels similar to breast milk — supports brain/retinal substrate supply.

PubMed ID: 12509593

Maternal cod liver oil supplementation led to ~4-point higher cognitive score in children at age 4 (randomized trial).

PubMed ID: 16540798

Infant formula with higher preformed DHA produced significantly higher infant RBC/plasma DHA—directly relevant to infant brain/visual development.

PubMed ID: 17383013

Higher EPA/DHA associated with lower depressive symptoms and better impulse control/personality traits (observational link to brain function).

PubMed ID: 19193660

Replacing corn oil with rapeseed oil in infant foods increased plasma n‑3 LC‑PUFA during complementary feeding—direct biomarker support pertinent to neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 22008957

Preterm infant trial showed dose‑dependent increases in DHA status without blocking endogenous synthesis—supports DHA availability for brain development.

PubMed ID: 24342530

In older adults with MCI, higher DHA correlated with less telomere shortening over 6 months — preliminary neuroprotective signal.

PubMed ID: 26169870

Adding salmon to complementary infant foods robustly increased infant DHA and EPA—direct and strong evidence for nutrients important to brain development.

PubMed ID: 26247968

Maternal chia (ALA) raised milk ALA and transiently increased breast-milk DHA early in nursing and increased maternal erythrocyte EPA—supports DHA supply to nursing infants.

PubMed ID: 25585167

Reduced psychosis transition and improved functioning in UHR youth indicates neuroprotective/brain‑health effects.

PubMed ID: 35171190

12‑month RCT of perilla oil + nobiletin improved cognition and increased RBC DHA/ALA and serum BDNF vs perilla alone (combined product).

PubMed ID: 39317299

12‑month RCT with phosphatidylserine + ALA improved several cognitive tests and raised serum n‑3 PUFAs in MCI patients (multi‑ingredient supplement).

PubMed ID: 40674673

Higher serum ALA at MS onset associated with lower progression to definite MS and fewer relapses — relevant to CNS disease progression.

PubMed ID: 24077434

ω‑3 combined with α‑lipoic acid slowed MMSE decline and preserved IADL in mild–moderate Alzheimer’s over 12 months (pilot RCT signal).

PubMed ID: 29458842

24 weeks of fish oil in older adults raised RBC EPA+DHA and reduced self‑reported cognitive problems (subjective cognitive benefit).

PubMed ID: 8726246

Term‑infant DHA formula produced earlier RBC/plasma DHA rises and transient improvement in visual acuity—supporting neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 8958000

Adding DHA/AA to preterm formula raised infant plasma/RBC DHA to levels of breastfed infants—relevant to neurodevelopmental substrate.

PubMed ID: 9702915

Term infant DHA supplementation raised RBC DHA and improved objective visual acuity (neurovisual development).

PubMed ID: 10755457

Randomized infant trial: early DHA (±AA) produced ~+7 points on Bayley MDI at 18 months — robust clinical cognitive benefit in early development.

PubMed ID: 11144440

Infant formula with DHA produced blood profiles like breast milk and improved visual development — supports neurodevelopmental/brain benefits.

PubMed ID: 11483801

Large RCT in preterm infants: AA+DHA improved visual-evoked acuity and Bayley motor index — direct neurodevelopmental and sensory benefits.

PubMed ID: 12139873

Type of feeding markedly altered infant RBC DHA/AA by 60 days — strong biochemical support for brain LCPUFA supply.

PubMed ID: 15069395

Preterm infants: added LCPUFAs improved growth and mental development scores (Bayley) in subgroup — direct developmental/brain benefit.

PubMed ID: 15812447

Large RCT in preterm infants: DHA/ARA formula improved growth and Bayley developmental scores — strong brain development data.

PubMed ID: 15817866

Term-infant trial with DHA+ARA improved visual acuity and markedly raised RBC DHA — supports early brain/visual development.

PubMed ID: 17185423

High‑dose maternal fish oil in pregnancy improved children's eye–hand coordination at 2.5 years with cord‑blood correlations.

PubMed ID: 17240089

Infant LCPUFA supported some cognitive measures comparable to breastfeeding.

PubMed ID: 18519483

Very preterm infants receiving DHA+ARA had better recognition memory and problem‑solving.

PubMed ID: 19765006

Pooled RCTs: infant formula DHA+ARA improved problem‑solving at 9 months (direct cognitive benefit).

PubMed ID: 19201180

School‑age RCT showed improved verbal learning, memory and spelling with increased blood n‑3.

PubMed ID: 20130095

Randomized trial: DHA-supplemented formula improved visual development (VEP) at 12 months — evidence for early neuro/visual development.

PubMed ID: 20624152

Very low birth-weight infants given DHA+AA showed better attention at 20 months — targeted neurodevelopmental benefit (attention).

PubMed ID: 21295417

Infants fed formula with DHA scored modestly higher on cognitive MDI at 18 months (RCT) — direct brain development effect.

PubMed ID: 23478748

ω‑3 supplementation reduced inPLA2 and altered membrane PUFAs in youth at ultra‑high psychosis risk — mechanistic and clinically relevant to brain health.

PubMed ID: 23756346

Large school‑based RCT in Indigenous children: ~750 mg DHA+EPA/day improved a non‑verbal cognitive score (Draw‑A‑Person) over 20 weeks.

PubMed ID: 23710566

Observational infant study linked higher RBC DHA at 3 months with better early motor pattern measures (developmental association).

PubMed ID: 23783296

Infant formula with DHA+ARA produced faster processing speed at age 6 (no IQ/attention change) — domain‑specific cognitive support.

PubMed ID: 24958525

Children with ADHD showed improved working memory with EPA+DHA and biochemical incorporation — cognitive benefit in a clinical population.

PubMed ID: 25500337

600 mg/day maternal DHA substantially raised maternal DHA at delivery — strong nutritional support for fetal brain development.

PubMed ID: 26424477

Higher AA:DHA in preterm formula improved psychomotor scores at 2 years in a randomized trial.

PubMed ID: 25891115

Low‑dose LCPUFA improved P300 latency (objective cognitive ERP) in older men after 4 weeks.

PubMed ID: 27552592

EPA rises associated with lower PTSD symptoms—neuromodulatory/brain‑health relevance (correlational).

PubMed ID: 27502791

In very‑preterm children, current DHA status associated with higher IQ at age 8 despite no direct long‑term RCT IQ effect—supports DHA status relevance to cognitive outcome.

PubMed ID: 28651697

Infant formula with DHA improved cognitive measures at moderate doses and altered RBC DHA/ARA—supports developmental brain benefits when balanced.

PubMed ID: 30392581

Maternal brain‑targeted fatty acid supplementation increased newborn brain volumes on MRI (strong developmental signal).

PubMed ID: 30311214

Duplicate entry (same PMID) — strong long‑term neuroimaging evidence; kept for emphasis.

PubMed ID: 29679529

Fish‑oil parenteral lipids increased infant serum DHA/EPA in very preterm infants—relevant to neurodevelopmental exposure.

PubMed ID: 32116250

APOE‑stratified RCT substudy: APOE genotype modulated DHA incorporation and hippocampal atrophy — strong mechanistic/structural brain relevance.

PubMed ID: 33159163

Maternal fish‑oil raised DHA/EPA in breast milk substantially — supports infant brain DHA supply though clinical outcomes not shown here.

PubMed ID: 33396458

Maternal fatty‑acid balance and homocysteine at birth linked to later child processing speed — prenatal FA markers associated with later cognitive processing.

PubMed ID: 33444934

Higher erythrocyte n‑3 correlated with better social cognition and fish‑oil augmented social cognition in psychosis trial.

PubMed ID: 34728723

Maternal algae‑DHA substantially raised milk DHA (increasing infant DHA exposure relevant to brain development).

PubMed ID: 37856920

ARA+DHA in very preterm infants improved linear growth to term equivalent — supportive of early developmental benefits (indirect brain relevance).

PubMed ID: 38061271

RCT in very preterm infants: enteral ARA+DHA improved white‑matter microstructural maturation at term‑equivalent age — robust neurodevelopmental biomarker.

PubMed ID: 37447152

Combined RCTs found episodic memory improvements in older adults with baseline cognitive decline when given LCPUFAs + lutein/zeaxanthin — clinical cognitive benefit in at‑risk subgroup.

PubMed ID: 37513559

Prospective VLBW cohort: higher PUFA (DHA/AA) intake during first year associated with substantially better 12‑month cognitive and motor scores.

PubMed ID: 40044083

12‑month DHA (±MCT) RCT in MCI improved cognition and reduced Alzheimer‑related biomarkers — strong brain benefit.

PubMed ID: 31616139

Fortasyn Connect slowed clinical decline (CDR‑SB) and reduced hippocampal atrophy in prodromal AD—strong disease‑relevant brain‑protective evidence.

PubMed ID: 26333890

Attenuation of thalamic GSH change related to mood suggests a neuroprotective/brain‑health signal.

PubMed ID: 33097947

In overweight older adults fish oil modestly improved cerebrovascular response during a processing‑speed task and improved processing speed in men — direct brain/cognitive benefit.

PubMed ID: 8541278

Maternal DHA supplementation raised neonatal DHA in umbilical tissues — directly supports brain/neuronal building blocks in newborns.

PubMed ID: 11161546

Low‑birth‑weight infants fed LCP formula achieved plasma DHA toward human‑milk levels—supports neonatal brain lipid status.

PubMed ID: 11864865

Term infants given LCP (DHA) had improved visual/stereoacuity and higher DHA — neonatal neural benefit.

PubMed ID: 15333721

Infant RCT: DHA‑enriched food raised RBC DHA +34% and improved visual development — developmental brain/visual benefit.

PubMed ID: 17490978

Large trial showed robust increases in maternal and cord DHA/EPA (biomarker support for fetal brain exposure) though no clinical pregnancy outcome differences.

PubMed ID: 17957152

Maternal fish oil increased breast milk and infant DHA and correlated with some developmental scores — supports early brain DHA delivery and development.

PubMed ID: 17267927

Mood and suicidality improvements are relevant to brain/mental health support in a clinical psychiatric population.

PubMed ID: 18510807

DHA (± lutein) improved verbal fluency and some memory measures in older women (cognitive benefit).

PubMed ID: 18446020

Pregnancy supplementation (200 mg DHA) raised maternal/infant DHA — relevant to early brain development.

PubMed ID: 18469236

Children receiving EPA/DHA (especially phospholipid form) showed better sustained attention — supports cognitive/brain benefit.

PubMed ID: 19141765

High‑DHA feeds in preterm infants improved 18‑month cognitive scores in girls (sex‑specific neurodevelopment benefit).

PubMed ID: 20434961

24‑week DHA RCT in age‑related cognitive decline improved episodic and recognition memory.

PubMed ID: 20130094

DHA increased RBC DHA and altered cortical activation during attention tasks in boys.

PubMed ID: 21063431

Re‑esterified TAG form raised red‑cell EPA+DHA index faster/higher — improved tissue delivery relevant to brain supply.

PubMed ID: 22020134

DHA increased prefrontal oxyhemoglobin during cognitive tasks (physiologic evidence for brain perfusion/activation).

PubMed ID: 22970149

600 mg/day DHA for 16 weeks improved reading in poorer readers and reduced ADHD‑type behaviours (RCT evidence for cognitive/learning benefits in children).

PubMed ID: 22932777

12‑month concentrated DHA improved multiple memory measures in older adults with MCI (randomized placebo‑controlled trial).

PubMed ID: 22348468

High‑dose infant fish oil increased infant DHA and produced modest gains in early communicative gestures (neurodevelopmental outcome).

PubMed ID: 22198441

Omega‑3 augmentation improved depressive symptoms — relevant to brain/mental‑health support.

PubMed ID: 24214970

In children with ADHD, higher erythrocyte EPA+DHA correlated with better attention/behavior and spelling — biomarker‑linked cognitive/brain benefits.

PubMed ID: 23433688

Maternal DHA increased fetal heart‑rate variability and improved newborn motor/autonomic neurobehavior—physiologic brain development support.

PubMed ID: 23515006

Six‑month DHA RCT in young adults improved memory reaction times with sex‑specific cognitive benefits—direct cognitive/brain support evidence.

PubMed ID: 24098072

Small randomized study showed increased prefrontal activation and shorter P300 latency with krill/sardine oil—physiologic evidence of improved brain function.

PubMed ID: 24410954

High‑DHA fish oil raised CSF DHA/EPA and greater CSF DHA increases correlated with favorable changes in tau biomarkers in mild AD.

PubMed ID: 24508294

RCT in malnourished 8–12‑year‑olds improved processing speed, attention and executive function after 3 months of omega‑3 — direct cognitive benefits.

PubMed ID: 24453077

Prospective cohort: higher RBC EPA+DHA associated with larger total brain and hippocampal volumes about 8 years later — strong observational support for brain preservation.

PubMed ID: 24427279

Maternal 400 mg/d DHA raised maternal RBC DHA and influenced early infant language/visual outcomes (developmental/brain effect).

PubMed ID: 24577097

Open‑label extension: PS enriched with DHA (100 mg/day) improved sustained attention and recognition memory in elderly with memory complaints (low‑quality evidence).

PubMed ID: 25877495

High baseline combined EPA+DHA strongly potentiated B‑vitamin treatment effect to slow brain atrophy (~40% reduction) — compelling interaction for brain‑health relevance.

PubMed ID: 25790022

EPA+DHA margarine reduced parent‑rated attention problems in boys over 16 weeks and increased DHA status—relevant to cognitive/brain support.

PubMed ID: 25322923

Souvenaid (contains omega‑3 among other nutrients) showed exploratory memory improvement in larger open‑label exposure, supporting brain‑targeted formulation effects.

PubMed ID: 27362506

Prenatal DHA supported maintained sustained visual attention in infants — developmental brain function evidence.

PubMed ID: 26846324

Enteral DHA in preterm infants raised blood DHA and improved growth trajectory—supports neonatal DHA repletion relevant to brain development.

PubMed ID: 26765633

Dose‑dependent plasma DHA increases in college football players with likely attenuation of serum NFL (axonal injury marker) across a season—supports neuroprotection.

PubMed ID: 27604770

Maternal prenatal DHA produced better sustained attention in children at age 5—support for developmental brain outcomes.

PubMed ID: 26757190

Higher baseline omega‑3 levels potentiated B‑vitamin cognitive benefits in older adults with MCI (interaction, supportive of omega‑3 importance).

PubMed ID: 26890759

26‑week supplementation in healthy older adults improved object‑location memory and raised blood omega‑3 levels.

PubMed ID: 27716665

12 months of 2 g/day DHA in MCI raised serum DHA, improved cognition and slowed hippocampal atrophy — strong brain‑support evidence.

PubMed ID: 28075381

6‑month EPA+DHA RCT in elderly with MCI improved multiple cognitive domains and lowered proinflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 29097166

Fortasyn (multinutrient including DHA/EPA) RCT slowed clinical decline and hippocampal atrophy in prodromal Alzheimer’s (attribution limited).

PubMed ID: 28651701

Symptom and oxidative‑stress improvements in first‑episode schizophrenia support neurological/brain health effects.

PubMed ID: 29142143

Large 24‑month RCT: 2 g/day DHA improved cognitive scores and modulated Aβ/autophagy biomarkers in MCI.

PubMed ID: 30170260

Large RCT in drug‑resistant epilepsy showed ~40% seizure reductions with EPA or DHA—strong evidence for neurological benefit.

PubMed ID: 31204771

Isotopic evidence that EPA converts substantially to DHA in humans—important metabolic basis for brain‑targeted DHA formation from EPA supplementation.

PubMed ID: 31004139

Prenatal DHA improved infant visual attention (early brain function) though long‑term cognition confounded by SES.

PubMed ID: 30958356

Omega-3 improved some cognitive scores in Alzheimer's patients with good B-vitamin status (post-hoc subgroup benefit).

PubMed ID: 32690472

High-dose DHA increased CSF and plasma DHA/EPA in cognitively unimpaired adults, directly demonstrating brain delivery.

PubMed ID: 32856190

DHA ± folic acid in MCI improved some cognitive test scores (combination strongest), but DHA-specific contribution uncertain.

PubMed ID: 33221631

Adjunct fish oil during recent‑onset psychosis attenuated white‑matter deterioration on diffusion MRI — mechanistic protection of brain structure.

PubMed ID: 31991898

Multinutrient formula including omega‑3 improved global cognition (ACE‑R/MMSE) and functional measures in older adults with MCI — clinical cognitive benefit where omega‑3 likely contributed.

PubMed ID: 32529206

Oily‑fish intake in 8–9‑year‑olds raised blood n‑3 and modestly improved attention and cognitive flexibility.

PubMed ID: 34999335

24 months of combined DHA/EPA + carotenoids produced modest working memory improvements in older adults.

PubMed ID: 33675344

High‑dose EPA+DHA over 30 months improved several cognitive domains in older adults with coronary disease.

PubMed ID: 34113957

EPA‑rich supplementation improved global cognitive accuracy, processing speed and memory accuracy in healthy young adults.

PubMed ID: 33749643

Folic acid plus DHA improved select cognitive tests and reduced amyloid‑related blood markers in MCI patients.

PubMed ID: 34543890

Prenatal DHA improved specific cognitive domains at age 5 in genotype‑defined subgroup — RCT follow‑up with meaningful effect sizes in that subgroup.

PubMed ID: 34214231

fMRI connectivity changes tied to symptom improvements and increased erythrocyte EPA/DHA — mechanistic brain‑health evidence.

PubMed ID: 34139404

Changes in brain network efficiency with fish oil in depressed adolescents support neural network benefits relevant to brain health.

PubMed ID: 37651975

DHA added to piracetam substantially reduced breath‑holding spells in young children — a pediatric neurologic/behavioral improvement.

PubMed ID: 36682094

Antenatal DHA produced some early infant developmental gains and fewer routine‑related behavior problems over first 6 months.

PubMed ID: 37294565

Neonatal high‑dose DHA in very preterm infants produced a modest IQ increase by age 5 — direct cognitive benefit.

PubMed ID: 38680033

Neonatal DHA reduced bilirubin, neuronal injury marker, and shortened phototherapy in newborns with severe jaundice — neuroprotective/brain‑sparing neonatal evidence.

PubMed ID: 38952108

One‑year folic acid±DHA RCT in older adults with MCI showed modest but significant cognitive improvements with DHA+FA (n=280) and supportive biomarker changes.

PubMed ID: 39306009

Omega‑3 reduced depressive relapse in older adults—supports brain/affective stability and resilience.

PubMed ID: 38244783

Adjunct omega‑3 produced a small improvement in immediate memory in depressed, drug‑naïve adults (cognitive benefit).

PubMed ID: 40791013

Higher prenatal DHA improved infant visual habituation and maturation of attention markers — direct early brain development benefit.

PubMed ID: 40489675

Enteral DHA in neonates increased head circumference and growth markers — supportive of early brain development (infant outcome).

PubMed ID: 33564824

Post‑hoc of large RCT: folic acid slowed cognitive decline more in participants with lower baseline ω‑3 — indicates ω‑3 status modifies cognitive outcomes.

PubMed ID: 10232294

Prolonged remission in bipolar disorder suggests neurologic/psychiatric benefits consistent with brain health support.

PubMed ID: 12202284

E‑EPA reduced schizophrenia symptom severity and dyskinesia as adjunctive therapy—evidence of CNS benefit in psychiatric illness.

PubMed ID: 12505817

Ethyl‑EPA produced neuropsychiatric symptom improvement (affective/behavioral domain relevant to brain health).

PubMed ID: 15736915

Maternal fish oil substantially increased breast‑milk DHA — supports infant brain DHA supply (biochemical evidence).

PubMed ID: 15233397

Maternal supplementation raised infant RBC‑DHA and higher RBC‑DHA correlated with better visual acuity — indirect functional brain/visual development signal.

PubMed ID: 15465995

MRI whole-brain relaxation time change after omega-3 suggests brain tissue/membrane effects (small study, uncertain clinical significance).

PubMed ID: 15867048

Improvements in reading, spelling and behavior in children after fatty acid supplementation — cognitive/behavioral benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 18162017

E‑EPA accelerated clinical response in first‑episode psychosis—direct CNS/psychiatric outcome.

PubMed ID: 18448859

Children/adolescents with ADHD: a subgroup (esp. inattentive type) improved after months of omega‑3/6.

PubMed ID: 18485485

Improved depression in Parkinson's patients may reflect central/brain effects of omega-3.

PubMed ID: 18573585

Pilot RCT in MCI reported cognitive benefits (ADAS-cog improvement in MCI subgroup) and RBC EPA correlated with better outcomes.

PubMed ID: 18831882

Ethyl‑EPA associated with reduced regional brain atrophy in Huntington's disease—morphologic neuroprotection signal.

PubMed ID: 20124114

Omega‑3 markedly reduced transition to psychosis and improved symptoms/functioning over 12 months (strong protective CNS effect).

PubMed ID: 20523044

Phosphatidylserine with attached omega‑3s improved immediate verbal memory in older adults with complaints—direct cognitive/brain benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 21784145

Reduced anxiety and lowered stimulated inflammatory cytokines in healthy students — supportive for brain/psychological health.

PubMed ID: 21807480

Large double‑blind RCT of phosphatidylserine with attached omega‑3 showed reduced ADHD symptoms—direct behavioral/neurological benefit albeit combination product confounds isolate omega‑3 effect.

PubMed ID: 23173831

Placebo‑controlled crossover in older adults: 3 g/day ω‑3 improved working memory and lowered BP/TG — direct cognitive benefit.

PubMed ID: 22894640

Oral omega-3 during paclitaxel chemotherapy substantially reduced peripheral neuropathy incidence and preserved nerve amplitudes — evidence of neuroprotective effect.

PubMed ID: 23796946

26‑week randomized trial in healthy older adults showed improved executive function and white/gray matter integrity with high‑dose fish oil.

PubMed ID: 23778032

Symptom and functioning improvements in at‑risk youth indicate CNS/psychiatric benefit.

PubMed ID: 25264972

Higher‑dose omega‑3 slowed loneliness‑related decline in verbal episodic memory over 4 months in an RCT subgroup — direct cognitive protection signal.

PubMed ID: 26263244

Robust randomized trial showed substantial, sustained reduction in conversion to psychosis and long‑term symptomatic/functional benefits after a short omega‑3 course—strong brain/mental health signal.

PubMed ID: 26402079

In mild–moderate Alzheimer's, higher plasma ω‑3 after supplementation associated with less decline on ADAS‑cog (dose–response), supporting cognitive/brain benefit signal.

PubMed ID: 28969711

Fatty‑fish meals improved processing speed in adolescents vs meat or supplements—cognitive performance benefit relevant to brain health.

PubMed ID: 28935269

Children/adolescents with autism: omega‑3 raised erythrocyte n‑3 and showed within‑subject improvements in social domains (behavioral signals but inconclusive).

PubMed ID: 29241838

n‑3PUFA treatment in first‑episode schizophrenia correlated with biomarker and symptom improvement—supports brain‑relevant effects.

PubMed ID: 28823721

Blood EPA increases after ω‑3 associated with lower long‑term transition to psychosis—supports neuroprotective/brain health role.

PubMed ID: 29063592

EPA‑rich ω‑3 improved parent‑rated executive function in youth with mood disorders—direct cognitive/brain function benefit in an RCT context (secondary outcome).

PubMed ID: 28748334

Increased DHA/EPA and improved communicative gestures in preterm toddlers—direct developmental/brain outcome.

PubMed ID: 29083439

Large RCT subgroup (low baseline omega‑3) showed modest executive function preservation (COWAT) over 36 months.

PubMed ID: 29982544

MS trial showed clinical disability improvement (EDSS) with ω‑3+vitamin D, supporting CNS benefit.

PubMed ID: 30241990

Adjunct ω‑3 improved global psychiatric symptoms (including affective domains) in recent‑onset psychosis—neuropsychiatric benefit.

PubMed ID: 29433457

Infant formula with dairy lipids raised infant RBC DHA/DPA (biomarker linked to neurodevelopment/brain support).

PubMed ID: 30279397

DHA‑rich supplementation improved cerebrovascular responsiveness and neurovascular coupling (physiologic neuro benefit).

PubMed ID: 31098654

EPA+DHA increased plasma BDNF in first‑episode schizophrenia with linkage to symptom improvement—a neurotrophic signal supportive of brain effects.

PubMed ID: 31950156

Multicenter RCT found omega‑3 substantially reduced persistent olfactory loss after endonasal surgery — a meaningful neurologic recovery outcome.

PubMed ID: 32304881

Schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome: omega‑3 increased BDNF and improved delayed memory—direct CNS biomarker and cognition signal.

PubMed ID: 35166302

12‑week food‑based ω‑3 intervention in low‑income elderly raised RBC EPA/DPA and produced modest but significant cognitive test improvements (CASI).

PubMed ID: 35718871

MAPT secondary analysis: omega‑3 or higher RBC n‑3 associated with modest cognitive benefits in older adults with low baseline homocysteine—biomarker‑dependent cognitive support.

PubMed ID: 38039650

In bipolar patients omega‑3 reduced depressive relapse/severity — supports mental‑health/brain‑function benefits.

PubMed ID: 38300759

Child RCT: omega‑3 supplementation reduced schizotypal personality traits with moderate effect sizes and some persistence, indicating neurodevelopmental/psychiatric benefit.

PubMed ID: 39316026

Anxiety symptom reductions in trial combining dietary change + omega‑3 suggest CNS/brain‑related benefit, albeit multi‑component.

PubMed ID: 39221580

Chronic migraine RCT: high‑dose EPA reduced monthly migraine days and attack frequency — meaningful neurological benefit.

PubMed ID: 38758363

Adjunctive supplementation in depressed patients produced biomarker‑linked symptom improvements, supporting central nervous system/mental‑health effects.

PubMed ID: 40485144

Bipolar trial increased BDNF and reduced depression scores, indicating neurobiological benefits relevant to brain health.

PubMed ID: 40647193

Resistance‑training trial showed increased BDNF and neurotransmitters with omega‑3, supporting neurotrophic/brain benefit signals.

PubMed ID: 40643182

IV omega‑3 reduced delirium days in septic ICU patients — clinically meaningful short‑term brain function benefit.

PubMed ID: 32699176

Large randomized multinutrient (including ~426 mg DHA+EPA) improved working memory and cerebral blood flow in undernourished children—supportive but not attributable solely to omega‑3.

PubMed ID: 33599431

Improved autism severity, stereotyped behaviours and social communication in children after 8 weeks suggests neurodevelopmental/brain effects (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 33801688

Increased BDNF and symptom improvements in depressed youth indicate neurotrophic/brain-supporting action.

PubMed ID: 33506965

Large maternal LCPUFA trial showed improved early language and behavior in children—strong developmental brain-support evidence.

PubMed ID: 34684661

24-month PUFA/antioxidant trial in MS improved gait and functional capacity, reflecting neurofunctional benefits (chronic CNS disease setting).

PubMed ID: 27322311

Post‑hepatectomy ω‑3 PN reduced infections and complications alongside lower inflammatory markers—suggests perioperative immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 38388302

Randomized trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys showed omega‑3 LCPUFA reduced CD49d+ CD8+ T‑cells and altered FOXP3 associations—direct immunomodulatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 37648997

Topical omega‑3 altered oral microbiome and reduced mucositis severity—local mucosal immune/microbiome modulation consistent with protective immune effects.

PubMed ID: 34298398

Omega-3 altered innate immune receptor expression (TLR3/TLR4) and lowered inflammatory factor secretion in virus-related myocardial injury—direct immunomodulatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 30145365

Higher early‑childhood PUFA (including omega‑3) associated with lower odds of asthma/wheeze and allergic sensitization—evidence of immune modulation in children.

PubMed ID: 40643182

IV omega‑3 in sepsis reduced delirium and shortened ICU/ventilation time — suggests clinically meaningful immunomodulatory effects in severe infection.

PubMed ID: 38272846

Long‑term VITAL follow‑up showed marine omega‑3 supplementation modestly and persistently reduced incident autoimmune disease — meaningful immune‑modulation benefit.

PubMed ID: 34927195

Maternal fish oil decreased gastroenteritis days/episodes in children, consistent with improved infection resilience.

PubMed ID: 37696621

Maternal fish oil reduced early childhood infections and non‑atopic asthma incidence, indicating modulation of offspring immune outcomes.

PubMed ID: 35467300

Postoperative ω‑3 immunonutrition increased NK cell activity and altered TNF‑α promoter methylation—evidence of immune enhancement.

PubMed ID: 35500316

Perioperative omega-3 enriched nutrition increased immune cell markers (CD3+, CD4+) and reduced inflammatory cytokines and postoperative complications—strong perioperative immune support evidence.

PubMed ID: 35082139

Large trial showed a modest reduction in incident autoimmune disease composite (significant when probable cases included), consistent with immune-modulating effects.

PubMed ID: 28716357

Flaxseed omega‑3 improved wound healing and reduced inflammatory markers in diabetic foot ulcers—supports improved local immune/healing response.

PubMed ID: 28153504

Fish‑oil enriched enteral nutrition in burn patients reduced severe sepsis/septic shock incidence, indicating an immunomodulatory/clinical infection benefit.

PubMed ID: 27058904

Preoperative EPA reduced plasma CCL2 and patients whose CCL2 fell had better surgical outcomes—immune/inflammatory modulation linked to better recovery.

PubMed ID: 26704762

Enteral omega‑3 in pediatric sepsis improved inflammatory markers, shortened PICU stay and lowered mortality—strong evidence of beneficial immunomodulation in sepsis.

PubMed ID: 25226273

ICU RCT with fish‑oil–enriched emulsion reduced nosocomial infections and increased infection‑free days (clear immune/clinical benefit).

PubMed ID: 24614142

Growing‑up milk with prebiotics + n‑3 LCPUFA reduced infections in toddlers vs control (combined product limits attribution to n‑3 alone).

PubMed ID: 23325450

High‑dose EPA lowered inflammatory markers (hsCRP, Lp‑PLA2) — shows influence on systemic inflammatory/immune biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 23683266

High‑dose omega‑3 decreased systemic IL‑6 and TNF‑α in HIV patients — indicates immune modulation (reduction of proinflammatory cytokines).

PubMed ID: 23364005

EPA reduced UV‑induced skin immunosuppression (improved local cell‑mediated immunity) — evidence of enhanced skin immune responsiveness.

PubMed ID: 23368915

Perioperative IV fish‑oil reduced procalcitonin and improved CD4+/CD8+ ratios—evidence of short‑term immune modulation after surgery.

PubMed ID: 22218160

Pregnancy fish consumption altered neonatal immune cell cytokine responses—supports immune modulation in offspring.

PubMed ID: 23327958

IV fish-oil in severe pancreatitis improved immune markers (CD4+, CD4/CD8) and decreased CRP, indicating enhanced/modified immune response.

PubMed ID: 23034965

Obese patients experienced lower adipose inflammatory gene expression and plasma IL‑6 after ω‑3, consistent with modulating immune/inflammatory status.

PubMed ID: 22340541

Fish‑oil enriched TPN in elderly post‑op patients reduced IL‑6/TNF‑α, infectious complications and shortened length of stay — strong clinical immune/anti‑infective signal.

PubMed ID: 22751375

Critically ill patients on fish‑oil formula showed larger CRP reductions and less ulcer progression — supportive of immune/inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 22040465

Fish oil + micronutrient enteral formula preserved immune adhesion markers and prevented pressure‑ulcer worsening in critically ill patients.

PubMed ID: 21658240

Early enteral EPA/GLA + antioxidants reduced progression to severe sepsis and shortened ICU stay — strong clinical immune/inflammatory benefit for this multi‑component formula.

PubMed ID: 22205554

Parenteral fish oil raised IL‑10 and lowered proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis/SIRS patients — immunomodulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 18416476

Post‑colorectal surgery IV omega‑3 improved CD4+/CD8+ ratios and decreased IL‑6—immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 18443134

Severe pancreatitis: omega‑3 increased EPA, reduced CRP, and reduced organ‑support days—immune/inflammatory benefit.

PubMed ID: 17374672

Infant fish oil raised erythrocyte n‑3 and increased L. paracasei‑induced IFN‑γ, indicating altered/accelerated immune maturation.

PubMed ID: 17261965

Postoperative parenteral fish oil shortened hospital stay and altered leukotriene profiles, consistent with beneficial modulation of host response to surgery.

PubMed ID: 16850002

Enteral diet enriched with EPA/GLA and antioxidants in severe sepsis markedly lowered 28-day mortality and increased ventilator/ICU-free days—strong clinical immunomodulatory effect in critical illness.

PubMed ID: 15906909

Postoperative parenteral nutrition containing omega‑3 was associated with fewer infectious complications and faster rises in nutritional/immune markers (reduced infections = immune benefit).

PubMed ID: 11781670

n‑3‑enriched enteral formula in HIV patients was associated with a statistically significant CD4 count increase — evidence of immune benefit in this setting.

PubMed ID: 9551739

Pediatric asthma dietary n-3 increased blood omega-3 and reduced stimulated TNF-α production (biochemical immune modulation).

PubMed ID: 9445198

Fish-oil + vitamin E in cancer patients improved some immune parameters (T-helper/T-suppressor ratio, TNF) and associated with longer survival in malnourished subgroup.

PubMed ID: 40651709

DHA increased plasma IFN‑γ, TNF‑α and certain oxylipins during chemo, indicating immune activation/modulation.

PubMed ID: 40405290

High‑dose DHA during neoadjuvant chemo preserved HLA‑DR+ monocytes and prevented NLR rise; cytokine responses were also maintained (immune‑preserving effect).

PubMed ID: 34516692

Small COVID‑19 RCT reported reductions in inflammatory markers (CRP/ESR) and symptom improvements with EPA+DHA — immune‑relevant clinical signals.

PubMed ID: 34578993

Human supplementation raised EPA/DHA in immune cells and produced large, differential effects on T‑cell activation transcriptomes — direct immunomodulatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 34959801

Higher‑dose prenatal DHA altered sRAGE/IL‑6 trajectories in ways that plausibly mediate reduced preterm birth — immune biomarker effects.

PubMed ID: 33671220

Enteral DHA reduced NEC in preterm infants, an effect likely involving immune/resolution pathways.

PubMed ID: 29195133

Fish oil altered B‑cell cytokine secretion and reduced ex vivo IgM — direct immune‑cell functional changes in humans.

PubMed ID: 28987470

Dramatic increases in anti‑inflammatory IL‑10 and large drops in IL‑1β/IL‑6 in Duchenne trial indicate immune modulation/ resolution.

PubMed ID: 29061183

30‑day EPA+DHA in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients preserved CD4+% and kept CRP stable vs increases in placebo (immune/inflammatory preservation).

PubMed ID: 28029926

Maternal fish oil reduced offspring LRTI and wheeze/asthma — indicates immune modulation and reduced respiratory infections.

PubMed ID: 27394149

Perioperative DHA shifted inflammatory cell markers toward anti‑inflammatory and was associated with fewer sepsis events—direct immune/clinical infection benefit in neonates.

PubMed ID: 26407095

Krill oil increased NK cytotoxicity and PBMC IL‑2 after exercise, indicating enhancement of certain immune responses post‑exercise.

PubMed ID: 25976467

In sickle‑cell patients, omega‑3 raised DHA/EPA and lowered NF‑κB expression and WBC count — clinical immunomodulatory effects.

PubMed ID: 26074314

EPA/DHA produced reproducible immune cell gene‑expression changes including downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors — immunomodulatory evidence.

PubMed ID: 25733652

Large randomized trial in iron‑deficient children: DHA/EPA reduced days ill at school and prevented iron‑related increases in respiratory illness—clear clinical immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 24655407

Perioperative omega‑3 in PN greatly reduced postoperative infectious complications (30%→3.8%) and blunted inflammatory rises — strong clinical immune/anti‑infective signal.

PubMed ID: 21099447

Maternal ω‑3 increased vaccine‑specific IgG titers in infants of non‑allergic mothers—direct evidence of enhanced humoral vaccine response.

PubMed ID: 21941411

DHA altered infant cellular immune markers (lower IFN‑γ, changed T‑cell subsets) indicating immune modulation (not uniformly 'boosting' but biologic effect).

PubMed ID: 21332799

Maternal fish-oil reduced IgE-associated allergy incidence in infants and higher maternal/infant DHA/EPA were linked to reduced allergic severity, indicating immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 22160495

Low-dose fish oil during chemotherapy preserved neutrophil counts and function (phagocytosis, superoxide) versus control—direct immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 22079797

DHA in septic neonates lowered proinflammatory IL‑1β and was associated with milder clinical course—clinical immunologic benefit in infection context.

PubMed ID: 22136963

IV fish oil produced large TNF‑α reductions in infants and correlated with clinical outcomes — immune/inflammatory modulation relevant to recovery.

PubMed ID: 21807696

Prenatal DHA reduced infant illness incidence/duration and percent time ill early in life — indicates improved infant resistance/immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 20572767

Adjunctive fish oil + low‑dose aspirin improved periodontal disease and lowered local inflammatory markers — suggests modulation of local immune/inflammatory response.

PubMed ID: 20545703

EPA/GLA formula in asthmatic children lowered FeNO and improved airway responsiveness — immunomodulatory effect in airway disease.

PubMed ID: 19489765

Prenatal supplementation reduced IgE‑associated eczema and food allergy — immune modulation evidence.

PubMed ID: 19515734

1.8 g/d EPA+DHA produced coherent downregulation of inflammatory and atherogenic gene pathways in PBMCs (modulation of immune gene expression).

PubMed ID: 18930251

Large 6‑month randomized trial in schoolchildren found fewer and shorter mainly respiratory illnesses and lowered plasma TGF‑β1—strong evidence of beneficial effects on infection susceptibility/disease course.

PubMed ID: 17980419

Prenatal fish‑oil caused maternal/cord immune mRNA changes (lower Th2 cytokines, higher TGF‑β) indicating immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 17875549

SLE RCT reduced disease activity and altered oxidative/vascular markers — shows immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune disease.

PubMed ID: 17391558

Omega‑3 reduced neutrophil oxidative burst and, with exercise, helped preserve bactericidal activity — indicates immune‑modulating (preserving) effects.

PubMed ID: 33781275

ICU COVID randomized study found better 1‑month survival and improved clinical/biochemical measures with omega‑3 added to enteral feeds—suggests improved host response in severe infection.

PubMed ID: 29577973

ω‑3 increased neutrophil SPMs (resolvins) and decreased MPO—evidence of modulation toward resolution and reduced inflammatory oxidative activity.

PubMed ID: 9042869

TPN enriched with ω‑3 shifted leukotriene production toward less inflammatory species and lowered systemic TNF‑α—clear immune modulation.

PubMed ID: 10470743

Fish‑oil enriched enteral nutrition reduced lung neutrophils and new organ failure in ARDS patients — immunomodulatory clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 26920136

Fortified milk with DHA and other immune actives reduced allergic episodes in children — indicates immune modulation though attribution to DHA alone is limited.

PubMed ID: 30885012

Postoperative immunonutrition (contains ω‑3) improved immune cell counts and lowered inflammation markers in gastrectomy patients.

PubMed ID: 28162818

Preop immunonutrition (with ω‑3s) before pancreatic IRE reduced complications and LOS—supports improved perioperative resilience/immune outcomes (confounded).

PubMed ID: 26782276

Preoperative immune‑nutrient (includes ω‑3) reduced complications and albumin loss after NSCLC surgery—clinical immune/recovery signal though multi‑nutrient.

PubMed ID: 26965712

Preop EPA‑containing immunonutrition raised resolvin E1, lowered IL‑6 and reduced postoperative infections—mechanistic and clinical immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 23838912

Early postoperative immunonutrition lowered infections/leaks and shortened stay—consistent immune support though formula included multiple agents.

PubMed ID: 21058198

Perioperative enteral feeding including ω‑3s lowered complication rates after major head/neck cancer surgery—clinical benefit though formula multi‑component.

PubMed ID: 19629583

Preoperative immunonutrition including ω‑3s significantly reduced postoperative infectious complications and shortened SIRS duration—strong clinical immune outcome.

PubMed ID: 18816238

Observational link between higher RBC omega‑3 and fewer kidney‑transplant rejection events and less calcineurin toxicity—immune‑related association.

PubMed ID: 18449445

Immuno-enhanced feeds including omega-3s were associated with fewer postoperative infections after head and neck surgery (small sample, multi-component).

PubMed ID: 15681102

Postoperative immunonutrition increased collagen deposition and markedly reduced wound-healing complications — implies improved host defense/wound response.

PubMed ID: 15851366

Immunonutrition containing omega-3s improved CD4 counts/ratios and reduced inflammatory cytokines in gastric cancer surgery patients.

PubMed ID: 15729173

Renal transplant patients receiving arginine plus canola oil had fewer rejection episodes and less sepsis; canola provides omega-3/omega-9 — multi-factorial but immune outcomes improved.

PubMed ID: 11822956

Perioperative immunonutrition including omega‑3 lowered postoperative complications and shortened hospital stay in malnourished surgical patients—immunomodulatory signal.

PubMed ID: 12464864

Preop arginine + n‑3 improved immune function and cut infection rates after colorectal surgery.

PubMed ID: 12055582

Preoperative/perioperative immune formula (with n‑3) reduced postoperative infections and LOS.