Vitamin B12
15 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
20,396 products in our catalogue print how much Vitamin B12 a serving holds.
Most common: 5 mcg to 10 mcg, 16% of 20,396 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 1 mcg or less | 665 |
| 1 mcg to 2.5 mcg | 3,169 |
| 2.5 mcg to 5 mcg | 1,806 |
| 5 mcg to 10 mcg | 3,262 |
| 10 mcg to 25 mcg | 2,349 |
| 25 mcg to 50 mcg | 1,591 |
| 50 mcg to 100 mcg | 1,849 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 1,294 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 1,295 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 1,283 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 721 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 515 |
| over 5 mg | 597 |
Dose per serving from research
363 study groups in 259 studies say how much Vitamin B12 participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 250 mcg to 500 mcg, 30% of 363 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 1 mcg or less | 6 |
| 1 mcg to 2.5 mcg | 30 |
| 2.5 mcg to 5 mcg | 25 |
| 5 mcg to 10 mcg | 28 |
| 10 mcg to 25 mcg | 9 |
| 25 mcg to 50 mcg | 15 |
| 50 mcg to 100 mcg | 10 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 7 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 108 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 80 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 27 |
| over 2.5 mg | 18 |
Commonly used together
273 of 363 study groups took Vitamin B12 with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave. The 10 most common of 31.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Folic Acid | 211 |
| Vitamin B6 | 156 |
| Iron | 29 |
| Vitamin D | 28 |
| Riboflavin | 25 |
| Vitamin E | 24 |
| Thiamine | 23 |
| Zinc | 22 |
| Vitamin C | 20 |
| Vitamin A | 17 |
Benefit Evidence
B12 status + homocysteine
Anemia/toxicity reduction +MMA
B12 intake/absorption changes
Pregnancy support: B12, folate
+23.8% pregnancies
Maternal status, lower anemia
Mood balance: lower symptoms
Mood balance: +4 HDRS / 34% tHcy
Mood balance: less relapse
B12 status + homocysteine
Anemia/toxicity reduction +MMA
B12 intake/absorption changes
Pregnancy support: B12, folate
+23.8% pregnancies
Maternal status, lower anemia
Mood balance: lower symptoms
Mood balance: +4 HDRS / 34% tHcy
Mood balance: less relapse
Research sources
Nutrition source (94)
- Weekly iron as a safe alternative to daily supplementation for nonanemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 16740440
Daily or weekly antenatal iron+folate+B12 prevented major anemia in pregnant women — supports maternal RBC status.
- A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of adding vitamin B12 and folate to erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of prematurity
PubMed ID: 16818564
Adding B12 and folate to standard therapy in preterm infants improved erythropoiesis and preserved hemoglobin/hematocrit versus control.
- Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15741530
Trial included mecobalamin (B12) with large systemic effects and increased serum cobalamin; B12 is essential for RBC production though anemia outcomes were not primary.
- Breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 increases vitamin concentrations and reduces homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 15113718
Fortified cereal including B12 raised B‑vitamin levels and reduced homocysteine in older adults — supports hematologic health and fewer high‑tHcy cases.
- A micronutrient-fortified beverage prevents iron deficiency, reduces anemia and improves the hemoglobin concentration of pregnant Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 12730420
Multi‑micronutrient (including B12) drink in pregnancy significantly raised hemoglobin and reduced anemia risk — strong RBC/hematologic benefit for mothers.
- Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 14576756
Four months of B‑vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine and methylmalonate in elderly—restores B12‑dependent hematologic biochemistry.
- Trial using multiple micronutrient food supplement and its effect on cognition
PubMed ID: 18716734
Year of multiple‑micronutrient food in schools improved hemoglobin and other blood counts — B12 included among beneficial nutrients.
- Impact of a multiple-micronutrient food supplement on the nutritional status of schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 17542110
Food‑based multiple‑micronutrient supplement raised serum B12 substantially and improved hemoglobin in schoolchildren over 9 months — robust effect on red‑cell status.
- Nutritional efficacy of a fortified weaning rusk in a rural area near Beijing
PubMed ID: 8460605
Micronutrient‑fortified weaning rusk (including B12) prevented hemoglobin decline in infants — strong hematologic outcome though multi‑micronutrient.
- Maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during, and after pregnancy and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy: Prespecified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38051700
Large randomized preconception/pregnancy trial: supplement (includes B12) substantially raised maternal B12 and reduced depletion prevalence—directly relevant to RBC/hematologic health.
- Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants
PubMed ID: 16280435
Fortified maize porridge (multiple vitamins/minerals including B12) reduced anemia and improved infant motor development — direct evidence of improved red‑cell parameters in a supplementation program.
- Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation
PubMed ID: 14559932
24‑ingredient multivitamin raised plasma B12 and reduced homocysteine — improved B12 status supports healthy erythropoiesis.
- Nutritional and health benefits of a partial substitution of red and processed meat with non-soy legumes: a 6-week randomized controlled trial in healthy working-age men
PubMed ID: 40828321
Randomized diet study found that replacing meat with legumes lowered dietary B12 and reduced holo‑transcobalamin — shows dietary B12 affects status markers important for red‑cell health.
- Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years
PubMed ID: 15309436
Six‑month multivitamin including B12 raised serum cobalamin and reduced MMA (marker of B12 deficiency), directly reflecting improved B12‑dependent erythropoiesis biomarkers.
- Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B(2), vitamin B(12), vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41417236
Multinutrient supplement including B12 significantly raised holoTC and cB12 while lowering deficiency markers—directly supports RBC health via B12 status.
- A phase I study of pemetrexed (LY231514) supplemented with folate and vitamin B12 in Japanese patients with solid tumours
PubMed ID: 16940981
Routine folate+B12 with pemetrexed reduced severe hematologic toxicity (supports RBC/hematologic protection) though not B12‑only.
- Serum cobalamin in children with moderate acute malnutrition in Burkina Faso: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 35263343
Large supplementation trial in malnourished children raised serum cobalamin and linked very low B12 to lower hemoglobin — direct tie to red‑cell health.
- Phase II Study of a Multi-center Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Oral Vitamin B12 Treatment for Vitamin B12 Deficiency After Total Gastrectomy in Gastric Cancer Patients
PubMed ID: 35896261
After total gastrectomy, daily oral B12 (500 µg) normalized serum B12 in most patients — strong evidence of biochemical correction relevant to RBC health.
- Three-Year Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Obesity and Hypertension : A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 32805133
Roux‑en‑Y gastric bypass substantially increased occurrences of B12 deficiency by 3 years — shows clinical relevance of B12 to longterm hematologic status.
- Wolffia globosa-Mankai Plant-Based Protein Contains Bioactive Vitamin B(12) and Is Well Absorbed in Humans
PubMed ID: 33049929
Dietary inclusion of Mankai raised serum B12 over 18 months — supports dietary correction of B12 for RBC health.
- Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency in primary care: a pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority clinical trial (OB12)
PubMed ID: 32819927
Large RCT: oral high‑dose B12 largely normalized serum B12 similar to injections in older adults — direct evidence for restoring B12 status relevant to erythropoiesis.
- Cyano-B12 or Whey Powder with Endogenous Hydroxo-B12 for Supplementation in B12 Deficient Lactovegetarians
PubMed ID: 31590426
In B12-deficient lactovegetarians both capsule and food-source B12 improved holoTC and lowered MMA/Hcy—supports erythropoietic/metabolic correction.
- Vitamin B12-fortified toothpaste improves vitamin status in elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 30680547
Elderly toothpaste trial raised serum B12 and holoTC and lowered homocysteine—strong biomarker evidence for improved B12 status relevant to RBC health.
- Efficacy of oral compared with intramuscular vitamin B-12 supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29931179
Randomized RYGB trial: oral methylcobalamin normalized serum B12 and reduced MMA/Hcy in all participants—direct evidence for restoring B12-dependent erythropoiesis/biomarkers.
- Vitamin B-12-fortified toothpaste improves vitamin status in vegans: a 12-wk randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 28052884
Toothpaste RCT increased serum B12 and holoTC, reduced MMA in vegans—direct biochemical correction relevant to red blood cell health.
- Effect of Vitamin B12 supplementation on serum homocysteine in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26997378
IV B12 in hemodialysis patients significantly lowered homocysteine and raised hemoglobin/hematocrit over 8 weeks—direct RBC/hematologic benefit.
- Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
PubMed ID: 26900641
Metformin users had higher rates of biochemical B12 deficiency and more anemia—evidence linking B12 status to red‑cell health.
- Effects of vitamin B-12 supplementation on neurologic and cognitive function in older people: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26135351
One year of 1 mg/day oral B12 produced large increases in serum B12 and holoTC and lowered homocysteine—biochemical evidence supporting RBC substrate availability (though RBC outcomes not improved).
- A vitamin B-12 supplement of 500 μg/d for eight weeks does not normalize urinary methylmalonic acid or other biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status in elderly people with moderately poor vitamin B-12 status
PubMed ID: 23236022
Dose‑response trial in elderly improved biochemical markers of B12 status (plasma B12, holoTC, uMMA) though some participants remained metabolically deficient at lower doses.
- Comparing the efficacy and tolerability of a new daily oral vitamin B12 formulation and intermittent intramuscular vitamin B12 in normalizing low cobalamin levels: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 21600388
Randomized open‑label trial: daily 1000 μg oral B12 was as effective as IM injections in normalizing serum cobalamin and active B12 markers within 2 months (direct hematologic repletion marker evidence).
- Oral vitamin B12 for patients suspected of subtle cobalamin deficiency: a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21232119
Oral 1000 μg B12 in borderline B12 patients raised serum B12 and reduced MMA after 1 month (direct metabolic marker improvement related to erythropoiesis).
- Locally made ready to use therapeutic food for treatment of malnutrition a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20972285
Micronutrient‑fortified ready‑to‑use therapeutic food improved plasma B12 and haemoglobin in malnourished preschool children (direct RBC/hemoglobin improvements reported).
- Effect of different anesthesia techniques on red blood cell endogenous recovery in hip arthroplasty
PubMed ID: 15809124
Anesthesia study showed nitrous oxide impairs B12-dependent erythropoiesis; patients without N2O recovered RBC mass faster, supporting B12's role in RBC production.
- Proximal gastrectomy reconstructed by jejunal pouch interposition for upper third gastric cancer: prospective randomized study
PubMed ID: 16311849
Surgical reconstruction affecting B12 absorption produced different postoperative serum B12 and hemoglobin outcomes, showing B12's role in RBCs.
- Effect of supplementation with cobalamin carried either by a milk product or a capsule in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons
PubMed ID: 16155269
Crystalline B12 (1000 µg) substantially raised serum cobalamin and lowered MMA/tHcy in deficient older adults — strong support for erythropoietic benefit.
- Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial
PubMed ID: 15911731
Dose-finding RCT demonstrated biochemical normalization (MMA) at higher oral doses, supportive of restoring B12-dependent erythropoiesis.
- Oral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia: a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label study
PubMed ID: 14749150
Randomized trial: high-dose oral cyanocobalamin corrected megaloblastic anemia with full hematologic recovery and increased serum B12.
- Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route
PubMed ID: 14616423
Oral or sublingual 500 μg cobalamin corrected low serum B12 within 4 weeks — direct evidence of restoring B12 status linked to RBC health.
- Vitamin B12 treatment normalizes metabolic markers but has limited clinical effect: a randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 11468228
B12 injections corrected P‑MMA and lowered homocysteine, clear biochemical evidence of restored B12 metabolic function important for erythropoiesis.
- Correlations between Maternal, Breast Milk, and Infant Vitamin B12 Concentrations among Mother-Infant Dyads in Vancouver, Canada and Prey Veng, Cambodia: An Exploratory Analysis
PubMed ID: 28287490
Direct measurement: maternal and infant serum B12 levels reported, with Canadian dyads having higher B12 and infants more often adequate — directly relevant to RBC/hematologic status.
- An optimized multivitamin supplement lowers the number of vitamin and mineral deficiencies three years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study
PubMed ID: 26947791
Optimized post‑RYGB multivitamin substantially reduced incidence of B12 deficiency and anemia compared with standard supplement—strong clinical evidence.
- A review of 20 years of jejunoileal bypass
PubMed ID: 9140155
Long‑term surgical follow‑up showed frequent B12 deficiency and need for regular B12 injections after jejunoileal bypass — clear link to RBC health.
- Effect of two different sublingual dosages of vitamin B(12) on cobalamin nutritional status in vegans and vegetarians with a marginal deficiency: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29499976
Weekly sublingual B12 in deficient vegans restored serum B12 and corrected metabolic markers that underlie megaloblastic anemia risk.
- Elevated serum S-adenosylhomocysteine in cobalamin-deficient elderly and response to treatment
PubMed ID: 17158426
High‑dose oral B12 lowered MMA and related metabolites in elderly with low B12, addressing biochemical causes of anemia.
- Effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements and infant and young child feeding counseling with or without improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on anemia and micronutrient status: results from 2 cluster-randomized trials in Kenya and Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 30624600
Large cluster‑RCTs showed LNS + counseling raised hemoglobin and increased vitamin B12 ~18–21% — strong direct support for RBC health.
- An Animal-Source Food Supplement Increases Micronutrient Intakes and Iron Status among Reproductive-Age Women in Rural Vietnam
PubMed ID: 28424257
Daily animal‑source snack eliminated inadequate iron and B12 intakes in reproductive‑age women — strong improvement in anemia‑relevant intakes.
- Multiple micronutrient-fortified rice affects physical performance and plasma vitamin B-12 and homocysteine concentrations of Indian school children
PubMed ID: 22437556
Duplicate entry (fortified rice): strong direct effect on B12 and related hematologic markers.
- A randomized controlled trial in young women of the effects of consuming pork meat or iron supplements on nutritional status and feeling of well-being
PubMed ID: 23204154
Pork intake maintained/increased hemoglobin and tended to raise B12 — moderate direct evidence for RBC support.
- Efficacy of a multi micronutrient-fortified drink in improving iron and micronutrient status among schoolchildren with low iron stores in India: a randomised, double-masked placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23232585
Multi‑micronutrient drink reduced vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence and iron deficiency in schoolchildren — direct benefit to RBC health.
- Helicobacter pylori infection does not influence the efficacy of iron and vitamin B(12) fortification in marginally nourished Indian children
PubMed ID: 20683455
Large fortification trial in children showed B12 fortification efficacy unaffected by H. pylori — supports effective RBC‑supporting fortification programs.
- Prevalence & etiology of nutritional anaemias in early childhood in an urban slum
PubMed ID: 9701895
High prevalence of B12 deficiency among preschool children (reported anemia/B12 deficiency) — underscores B12's role in RBC health (observational).
- Effect of micronutrient pack on micronutrient status and antioxidant capacities among institutional older adults in Shanghai, China
PubMed ID: 31464392
Micronutrient pack raised serum B12 substantially in institutionalized elders—supports RBC health via corrected B12 status.
- Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise
PubMed ID: 10539780
Fortified foods corrected common B12 deficiency in frail elderly—restoration of hematologic status.
- Improving Micronutrient Status of Children and Women in Rural Communities in India Using Crystal Salt Enriched with Multiple Micronutrients
PubMed ID: 33952731
Multi-micronutrient fortified salt (including B12) markedly reduced anemia and increased hemoglobin—direct RBC benefit.
- Vitamin B-12 supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation increases maternal, breast milk, and infant measures of vitamin B-12 status
PubMed ID: 24598885
Daily 50 μg B12 in pregnancy substantially raised maternal and infant B12 biomarkers (important for erythropoiesis and preventing deficiency‑related anemia).
- Once a week (200 mg) elemental iron: an effective option for prophylaxis in non-anaemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 22480099
Iron+folic acid+B12 supplementation in pregnancy increased hemoglobin and PCV (clinical hematologic improvement though B12 was part of a combo).
- Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma
PubMed ID: 12860938
Adding folic acid and B12 to pemetrexed significantly reduced hematologic toxicities, indicating protection of blood cell parameters during treatment.
- Holo-transcobalamin is an early marker of changes in cobalamin homeostasis. A randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 12324494
Oral B12 produced rapid increases in holo‑transcobalamin and total cobalamin—biomarker evidence for improved B12 availability required for normal erythropoiesis.
- Effect of lipid-based nutrient supplements on micronutrient status and hemoglobin among children with stunting: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda
PubMed ID: 38278366
Large RCT in stunted children: B12‑containing LNS raised plasma cobalamin, lowered MMA, and modestly increased hemoglobin—improves red‑cell related biomarkers.
- Parenteral vs Oral Vitamin B12 in Children With Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35642923
RCT in children with macrocytic anemia: intramuscular B12 produced markedly greater rises in serum B12 and hemoglobin than high‑dose oral B12—direct RBC/hematologic benefit.
- Efficacy of B(12) Fortified Nutrient Bar and Yogurt in Improving Plasma B12 Concentrations-Results From 2 Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trials
PubMed ID: 34189981
B12‑fortified foods substantially raised plasma B12 and lowered homocysteine in trials — supports RBC health by correcting deficiency.
- Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Addition to Folic Acid and Iron Improves Hematological and Biochemical Markers in Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32302504
Adding low‑dose B12 to routine iron+folate in pregnancy improved some blood markers and appeared to reduce anemia risk.
- Effect of ultra-short-term treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective randomised trial
PubMed ID: 31036337
Preoperative IV iron/EPO/B12/folic acid regimen reduced transfusion requirements and improved hemoglobin and reticulocyte responses — strong hematologic effect (multi‑agent).
- Impact of weekly iron folic acid supplementation with and without vitamin B12 on anaemic adolescent girls: a randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 26695724
Addition of cyanocobalamin to weekly iron–folic acid substantially corrected B12 deficiency and improved ferritin and hemoglobin outcomes in anaemic adolescent girls.
- Positive Association of Vitamin E Supplementation with Hemoglobin Levels in Mildly Anemic Healthy Pakistani Adults
PubMed ID: 26780276
In mildly anemic adults, higher serum B12 predicted higher hemoglobin after 3 months (association within trial).
- Motor development related to duration of exclusive breastfeeding, B vitamin status and B12 supplementation in infants with a birth weight between 2000-3000 g, results from a randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 26678525
Injection produced a marked rise in serum cobalamin and major tHcy reduction—strong biochemical evidence for restoring erythropoietic substrate in deficient infants.
- Neuroprotective impact of a vitamin trace element composition - a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial with healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 25789594
Multivitamin/trace‑element supplement raised cobalamin and lowered homocysteine in healthy adults (improved RBC supporting nutrients).
- Effect of supplementation with a lipid-based nutrient supplement on the micronutrient status of children aged 6-18 months living in the rural region of Intibucá, Honduras
PubMed ID: 24628577
Lipid‑based nutrient supplement modestly improved infant/toddler B12 biomarkers (direct status improvement relevant to RBC function).
- Optimization of vitamin suppletion after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery can lower postoperative deficiencies: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25437032
High‑dose RYGB multivitamin increased B12 and preserved ferritin vs standard supplement, reducing risk of post‑surgical deficiency/anemia.
- Addition of cobalamin to iron and folic acid improves hemoglobin rise in nutritional anemia
PubMed ID: 22415494
Adding cobalamin to iron+folate produced greater hemoglobin recovery in anaemic children → direct RBC/hematologic benefit.
- Effects of Prolonged Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training on Biomarkers of Vitamin B12 Status: A 1-Year Randomized Intervention in Healthy Older Adults (the CALM Study)
PubMed ID: 32645934
One‑year whey raised plasma B12 and holoTC and modestly lowered MMA — improves B12 status affecting RBCs.
- Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
PubMed ID: 29562612
Comprehensive supplement increased plasma B12 markedly in children — biochemical support for RBC health.
- Effects of nutritional supplementation on fatigue, and autonomic and immune dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 25746727
In hemodialysis patients, a nutrient drink increased serum B12 and reticulocyte measures — direct hematologic improvement.
- Effects of Oral Nutritional Supplement with β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on Biochemical and Hematological Indices in Community-Dwelling Older Adults at Risk of Malnutrition: Findings from the SHIELD Study
PubMed ID: 39125374
Large ONS RCT raised serum B12 in malnourished older adults — supports RBC formation/status indirectly.
- A Combined Nutrition and Exercise Intervention Influences Serum Vitamin B-12 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Bone Turnover of Healthy Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults
PubMed ID: 32588047
Fortified milk increased serum B12 in middle‑aged/older adults — improves B12 status relevant to RBC health.
- Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation has limited impact on micronutrient status of Bangladeshi infants compared with standard iron and folic acid supplementation
PubMed ID: 20053938
Maternal MMS including B12 reduced infant B12 deficiency prevalence — directly relevant to preventing B12‑deficiency anaemia and healthy RBCs in infants.
- Community-level micronutrient fortification of school lunch meals improved vitamin A, folate, and iron status of schoolchildren in Himalayan villages of India
PubMed ID: 20410083
School meal fortification mitigated the magnitude of B12 decline in children (supports prevention of deficiency‑related hematologic problems).
- [Effect of healthy school meal on selection of blood parameters]
PubMed ID: 19671398
School‑meal intervention significantly changed cobalamin and hemoglobin in adolescents — supports RBC health.
- Impact of a multiple-micronutrient fortified salt on the nutritional status and memory of schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 20533221
Fortified salt increased serum B12 and produced a measurable hemoglobin increase in children — supports RBC health/iron status interplay.
- Oral vitamin B12 supplementation reduces plasma total homocysteine concentration in women in India
PubMed ID: 17215186
Oral B12 in vegetarian women substantially increased plasma B12, lowered homocysteine and produced a small but measurable hemoglobin increase and resolution of macrocytosis cases.
- Kenyan school children have multiple micronutrient deficiencies, but increased plasma vitamin B-12 is the only detectable micronutrient response to meat or milk supplementation
PubMed ID: 14672298
Meat/milk supplementation substantially reduced prevalence of B12 deficiency in children.
- Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 25648738
Maternal B12 supplementation increased maternal/infant B12 and lowered MMA — relevant to RBC health.
- Impact of Regular Intake of Microalgae on Nutrient Supply and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Results from the NovAL Intervention Study
PubMed ID: 37049486
Chlorella raised serum B12 — directly relevant to RBC health by correcting B12 insufficiency.
- Vitamin B12 Status before and after Outpatient Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 6-59 Months: A Sub-Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Burkina Faso
PubMed ID: 37630687
Treatment of severe acute malnutrition with RUTF improved B12 biomarkers and reduced severe deficiency prevalence — supports restoration of B12‑dependent hematologic pathways.
- Intranasal vitamin B(12) administration in elderly patients: A randomized controlled comparison of two dosage regimens
PubMed ID: 38747399
Intranasal 1000 µg B12 rapidly raised B12/holoTC and normalized MMA/tHcy in deficient elderly — direct biochemical correction supporting RBC function.
- Effect of roasted purple laver (nori) on vitamin B(12) nutritional status of vegetarians: a dose-response trial
PubMed ID: 39352476
Randomized trial in vegetarians showed 5 g/day nori significantly increased serum B12 and holoTC and decreased MMA/Hcy—strong biochemical evidence of restoring B12 status relevant to erythropoiesis.
- Effects of a Novel Dispersible Supplement Containing 2500 IU of Vitamin D and 1000 µg of B12 in Restoring Vitamin D and B12 Insufficiency: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39940277
12‑week randomized trial of a 1000 μg B12 dispersible tablet produced large increases in serum B12 — direct evidence for correcting B12 status relevant to red blood cells.
- Improving HbA1c Levels by Methylcobalamin Vitamin in Diabetic Volunteers, Combined with Dapagliflozin as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Routine Treatment: A Controlled Randomized, Double-blind Trial
PubMed ID: 40433181
Methylcobalamin co‑treatment produced large rises in serum B12 over 12 months, supporting correction of deficiency relevant to RBCs.
- Homocyst(e)ine metabolism in hemodialysis patients treated with vitamins B6, B12 and folate
PubMed ID: 11426667
IV cobalamin raised serum cobalamin dramatically and lowered homocysteine in dialysis patients—supports hematologic correction.
- Oral vitamin B(12) and high-dose folic acid in hemodialysis patients with hyper-homocyst(e)inemia
PubMed ID: 11231366
Adding 1 mg oral B12 to folate + multivitamin further reduced tHcy in hemodialysis patients—shows B12 contributes to correcting one‑carbon metabolism relevant to erythropoiesis.
- Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin
PubMed ID: 9694707
Randomized trial: high‑dose oral cyanocobalamin corrected deficiency and normalized MMA/homocysteine and hematologic markers as well as IM therapy.
- Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations
PubMed ID: 7603218
Injection regimen normalized MMA and homocysteine and would be expected to correct B12‑related megaloblastic changes affecting red cells (biochemical evidence).
- Premature infants require additional folate and vitamin B-12 to reduce the severity of the anemia of prematurity
PubMed ID: 7985636
Randomized trial in premature infants: monthly B12 (alone or with folate) raised hemoglobin and reduced anemia severity—strong direct evidence for RBC benefit.
- Thiamine, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin B12 status of low birth weight infants receiving parenteral and enteral nutrition
PubMed ID: 1501354
Parenteral multivitamin in low‑birth‑weight infants produced substantially higher plasma B12 compared with enteral feeding — direct laboratory evidence supporting RBC/hematologic B12 repletion.
Heart health (65)
- A Randomized Pilot Trial to Evaluate the Bioavailability of Natural versus Synthetic Vitamin B Complexes in Healthy Humans and Their Effects on Homocysteine, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Levels
PubMed ID: 31915511
Natural-source B-complex lowered total homocysteine (~−13%) which is linked to CV risk.
- Folic acid and vitamin B12 are more effective than vitamin B6 in lowering fasting plasma homocysteine concentration in patients with coronary artery disease
PubMed ID: 14985687
Folic acid + B12 in coronary disease patients reduced fasting homocysteine ~32% (homocysteine is a CV risk biomarker).
- The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people
PubMed ID: 17537289
B12+folic acid produced a large (36%) homocysteine reduction — surrogate CV risk marker though no clinical CV outcomes tested.
- Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide following supplementation with vitamin D or D plus B vitamins
PubMed ID: 27569255
B‑vitamin (incl. B12) arm lowered homocysteine and TMAO vs vitamin D alone—both relevant to cardiovascular risk.
- Twelve-Week Daily Consumption of ad hoc Fortified Milk with ω-3, D, and Group B Vitamins Has a Positive Impact on Inflammaging Parameters: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial
PubMed ID: 33266447
Fortified milk in older adults increased B12 and markedly lowered homocysteine, a risk factor for CVD.
- Hyperhomocysteinaemia is not associated with increased levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with ischaemic heart disease
PubMed ID: 12814389
B‑vitamin (including B12) supplementation lowered homocysteine in ischemic heart disease patients (direct CVD biomarker effect).
- Randomized controlled trial of the effect of short-term coadministration of methylcobalamin and folate on serum ADMA concentration in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis
PubMed ID: 20430500
Methylcobalamin + folate normalized homocysteine and improved arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients—direct vascular benefit from added B12.
- [Impact of adding folic acid, vitamin B(12) and probucol to standard antihypertensive medication on plasma homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels of essential hypertension patients]
PubMed ID: 23363713
Folic acid + B12 substantially lowered homocysteine and improved NO/eNOS markers in hypertensive patients (beneficial for vascular health).
- L-Arginine and B vitamins improve endothelial function in subjects with mild to moderate blood pressure elevation
PubMed ID: 27817128
L‑arginine + B‑vitamin supplement (includes B12) improved endothelial function and lowered homocysteine and blood pressure in mildly hypertensive adults.
- Nutraceutical approaches to homocysteine lowering in hypertensive subjects at low cardiovascular risk: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 27655522
Combined nutraceutical (contains B12) produced greater homocysteine lowering than folic acid alone in hypertensive patients—relevant to heart risk.
- A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia
PubMed ID: 31408467
Tailored drink with B‑vitamins (including B12) significantly lowered homocysteine vs standard multivitamin in Gambian women—supports cardio‑relevant biomarker improvement.
- Additive effect of homocysteine- and cholesterol-lowering therapy on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cardiovascular disease
PubMed ID: 21884007
RCT showed B‑vitamins (including B12) lowered homocysteine and, when combined with statin, improved endothelial FMD — direct vascular benefit.
- Metanx in type 2 diabetes with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 23218892
B‑vitamin formulation including methylcobalamin lowered homocysteine in diabetics — homocysteine is a cardiovascular risk marker.
- B-vitamin Treatment Modifies the Mortality Risk Associated with Calcium Channel Blockers in Patients with Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris: A Prospective Cohort Study
PubMed ID: 37121550
Large cohort: B‑vitamin therapy (folate/B12/B6) attenuated excess long‑term mortality associated with CCB use — observational but cardiovascularly relevant.
- Vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia
PubMed ID: 8416664
B6/B12/folate normalized high homocysteine, a cardiovascular risk marker; meaningful biochemical surrogate evidence.
- Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations
PubMed ID: 7603218
Large RCT: B12/folate/B6 injections produced major homocysteine reductions, a plausible heart‑health mechanism.
- Vitamin supplementation reduces blood homocysteine levels: a controlled trial in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 9514403
High‑dose folate+B12+B6 reliably lowered homocysteine in patients and volunteers (strong biochemical effect).
- Effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women
PubMed ID: 9808229
Adding B12 to folate produced additional homocysteine lowering in young women, supporting an additive cardioprotective biomarker effect.
- Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine status and DNA damage in young Australian adults
PubMed ID: 9683174
Folate+B12 reduced homocysteine (up to ~37% in high baseline) and DNA‑damage markers, consistent with vascular risk marker improvement.
- Increased dietary micronutrients decrease serum homocysteine concentrations in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease
PubMed ID: 10539749
Fortified diet increased serum B12 and lowered homocysteine in high‑CVD‑risk population (multi‑nutrient intervention).
- Enhanced reduction of fasting total homocysteine levels with supraphysiological versus standard multivitamin dose folic acid supplementation in renal transplant recipients
PubMed ID: 10591669
Dose‑dependent homocysteine reductions seen when folate was increased alongside B12/B6, supporting biomarker relevance to heart health.
- A pilot study with simvastatin and folic acid/vitamin B12 in preparation for the Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH)
PubMed ID: 11079257
Folate + B12 produced ~23–25% homocysteine reductions without affecting statin response—clear biochemical impact relevant to cardiovascular risk.
- Improved vascular endothelial function after oral B vitamins: An effect mediated through reduced concentrations of free plasma homocysteine
PubMed ID: 11076820
Combined B12+folate improved endothelial function and markedly lowered homocysteine—direct vascular benefit supporting heart health.
- Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels
PubMed ID: 11757505
Post‑angioplasty folate+B12+B6 reduced restenosis and cardiac events—clinical cardiovascular benefit though multi‑vitamin regimen.
- Oral vitamin B(12) and high-dose folic acid in hemodialysis patients with hyper-homocyst(e)inemia
PubMed ID: 11231366
Adding oral B12 further lowered homocysteine in dialysis patients, a risk marker for vascular disease.
- Homocyst(e)ine metabolism in hemodialysis patients treated with vitamins B6, B12 and folate
PubMed ID: 11426667
IV cobalamin markedly raised B12 and substantially lowered homocysteine—biochemical changes relevant to cardiovascular risk.
- Effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention: the Swiss Heart study: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12190367
Large RCT of folate+B12+B6 after angioplasty reduced major adverse cardiac events—supports heart outcomes (combination therapy).
- Vitamin supplementation reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemic renal-transplant recipients
PubMed ID: 12792513
B‑vitamin combo (including B12) greatly lowered homocysteine and produced substantial carotid IMT regression — structural vascular benefit.
- Changes in basal and postmethionine load concentrations of total homocysteine and cystathionine after B vitamin intervention
PubMed ID: 15321804
Combined folate+B12+B6 substantially lowered fasting and post‑load homocysteine in coronary‑suspect patients — plausible CVD risk reduction mechanism.
- Insulin resistance and endothelial function are improved after folate and vitamin B12 therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome: relationship between homocysteine levels and hyperinsulinemia
PubMed ID: 15476449
Folate+B12 trial in metabolic‑syndrome patients lowered homocysteine and improved endothelial function (direct vascular outcome; B12 was part of active regimen).
- Preliminary results of the effect of treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia and its relationship with inflammation, coagulation status, and endothelial function after renal transplantation
PubMed ID: 16386537
B‑vitamin (including B12) lowered tHcy and was associated with improved endothelial function and reduced prothrombotic markers in transplant patients.
- [Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction in renal-transplant recipients with vitamin B]
PubMed ID: 16083628
B‑vitamin therapy including B12 improved endothelial function and lowered homocysteine in renal‑transplant patients — vascular benefit relevant to heart health.
- Decrease of carotid intima-media thickness in patients at risk to cerebral ischemia after supplementation with folic acid, Vitamins B6 and B12
PubMed ID: 15939064
Combined B‑vitamins (incl. B12) lowered homocysteine and produced a small reduction in carotid IMT — surrogate for cardiovascular risk.
- Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease
PubMed ID: 16531613
Large trial of folate+B6+B12 lowered homocysteine and showed a reduction in stroke, a key CV outcome.
- Homocysteine-lowering vitamin B treatment decreases cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients
PubMed ID: 16755160
Observational/treated hemodialysis cohort receiving folate/B‑vitamins (incl. B12) had fewer CV events versus untreated patients.
- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and homocysteine-lowering effect of vitamin therapy in Singaporean stroke patients
PubMed ID: 16397167
Daily B‑vitamin therapy including B12 lowered tHcy substantially in stroke patients — relevant to vascular/heart risk.
- Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction in renal transplant recipients with B vitamins in the Chinese population
PubMed ID: 18206175
B‑vitamin therapy (including B12) substantially lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium‑dependent vasodilation in transplant patients — direct vascular benefit.
- Homocysteine-lowering therapy and stroke risk, severity, and disability: additional findings from the HOPE 2 trial
PubMed ID: 19228852
Large RCT of folic acid/B6/B12 lowered homocysteine and modestly reduced stroke incidence (~25%) — supports vascular/heart outcomes (combination therapy).
- Ethnicity does not affect the homocysteine-lowering effect of B-vitamin therapy in Singaporean stroke patients
PubMed ID: 19372453
B‑vitamin therapy consistently lowered homocysteine across ethnic groups in ischemic stroke patients — biochemical support for vascular risk modification.
- Folic Acid and vitamin B12 supplementation improves coronary flow reserve in elderly subjects with vitamin B12 deficiency
PubMed ID: 20851295
RCT in B12‑deficient elderly showed improved coronary flow reserve after folate+B12 (clinically meaningful microvascular benefit).
- Coronary blood flow in patients with stable coronary artery disease treated long term with folic acid and vitamin B12
PubMed ID: 21389855
Small randomized substudy reported increased basal and adenosine‑induced coronary blood flow with folate+B12 vs placebo.
- Low-dose B vitamins supplementation ameliorates cardiovascular risk: a double-blind randomized controlled trial in healthy Chinese elderly
PubMed ID: 24916013
12 months of low‑dose B vitamins modestly reduced Framingham Risk Score and raised HDL.
- B vitamin treatments modify the risk of myocardial infarction associated with a MTHFD1 polymorphism in patients with stable angina pectoris
PubMed ID: 26803590
Large RCT showing a genotype-modified AMI risk depending on B‑vitamin regimen — directly relevant to heart outcomes (complex/conditional effect).
- Effects of folic acid combined with vitamin B12 on DVT in patients with homocysteine cerebral infarction
PubMed ID: 28617530
Folic acid + B12 markedly lowered homocysteine and greatly reduced DVT recurrence — relevant to thrombotic/vascular risk.
- Urinary excretion of homocysteine thiolactone and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in coronary artery disease patients: the WENBIT trial
PubMed ID: 30193001
In CAD patients higher a homocysteine metabolite predicted AMI; folic acid+B12 lowered plasma tHcy though not the metabolite — indirect cardiovascular relevance.
- Effect of Vitamin B(12) Levels on the Association Between Folic Acid Treatment and CKD Progression: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Folic Acid Interventional Trial
PubMed ID: 31629573
Post‑hoc: folic acid reduced CKD progression only when baseline B12 was adequate — B12 status modifies vascular/renal outcomes.
- Interaction of serum vitamin B(12) and folate with MTHFR genotypes on risk of ischemic stroke
PubMed ID: 31932513
Large RCT: folic acid reduced first ischemic stroke notably in low folate/B12 subgroups — implies B12 status matters for stroke risk.
- Homocysteine thiolactone contributes to the prognostic value of fibrin clot structure/function in coronary artery disease
PubMed ID: 36301961
Links homocysteine-related metabolites and prothrombotic clot properties to AMI; B12 lowers homocysteine in other trials—plausible cardiovascular benefit.
- Use of Hydroxycobolamin in the Prevention of Vasoplegic Syndrome in Adult Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Controlled Prospective Trial
PubMed ID: 40055025
IV hydroxocobalamin in cardiac surgery raised MAP and reduced vasoplegia/vasopressor need—direct cardiovascular benefit in perioperative setting.
- Vitamin B12 decreases, but does not normalize, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in end-stage renal disease: a link with glycine metabolism and possible explanation of hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease
PubMed ID: 12601627
Addition of 1 mg B12 to folate in hemodialysis patients produced further homocysteine reductions—homocysteine is a cardiovascular risk biomarker (moderate biochemical evidence).
- Effect of vitamin B-12 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma homocysteine, ferritin, C-reaction protein, and other cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26420180
B12 supplementation (± fish oil) substantially lowered homocysteine and inflammation markers (CRP), which are linked to cardiovascular risk (direct biochemical evidence).
- Homocysteine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in relation to inflammation and B-vitamin treatment
PubMed ID: 14626626
B-vitamin therapy (including B12) significantly lowered homocysteine in RA patients, a marker linked to vascular risk.
- Effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy on arterial elasticity and metabolic parameters in metformin-treated diabetic patients
PubMed ID: 18206891
B12-containing B-vitamin supplementation raised B12, lowered homocysteine and improved small-artery elasticity (a vascular surrogate).
- Pharmacological dose of vitamin B12 is as effective as low-dose folinic acid in correcting hyperhomocysteinemia of hemodialysis patients
PubMed ID: 19462276
Weekly IV B12 markedly lowered homocysteine in hemodialysis patients, supporting a mechanistic cardiovascular risk reduction.
- Effect of Methylfolate, Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate, and Methylcobalamin (Soloways(TM)) Supplementation on Homocysteine and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase, Methionine Synthase, and Methionine Synthase Reductase Polymorphisms: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 38892484
Methylcobalamin+methylfolate produced large homocysteine and modest LDL reductions—direct CV risk marker improvements.
- Relationships of B12 and Homocysteine with Outcomes in the SURE-PD, SURE-PD3, and STEADY-PDIII Trials
PubMed ID: 39240650
Multivitamin/multi-B use raised B12 and modestly lowered tHcy, a cardiovascular risk marker.
- Efficacy of L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin in treating resistant hypertension associated with elevated serum homocysteine in hemodialysis patients
PubMed ID: 41580678
Methylcobalamin + methylfolate RCT produced large BP reductions and homocysteine lowering in dialysis patients (B12 likely contributory but combined therapy).
- Improved blood biomarkers but no cognitive effects from 16 weeks of multivitamin supplementation in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25996285
Multivitamin raised B12 and reduced homocysteine (men) and lowered CRP (women)—favorable CV/inflammatory profile.
- Multiple micronutrient-fortified rice affects physical performance and plasma vitamin B-12 and homocysteine concentrations of Indian school children
PubMed ID: 22437556
Fortified rice raised B12 and lowered homocysteine (a CVD risk marker) — plausible modest CVD benefit.
- Plasma homocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine in erythrocytes as determinants of carotid intima-media thickness: different effects in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. The Hoorn Study
PubMed ID: 12921985
Observational link between elevated homocysteine (B‑vitamin related) and greater carotid IMT, implying B12 status may affect vascular risk.
- Vitamin B complex supplementation as a homocysteine-lowering therapy for early stage diabetic nephropathy in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30704890
B‑complex (incl. B12) lowered homocysteine in adolescents and improved metabolic markers linked to CV risk.
- MTHFR 677C → T genotype modulates the effect of a 5-year supplementation with B-vitamins on homocysteine concentration: The SU.FOL.OM3 randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29813097
Large RCT showing marked homocysteine lowering (major CV biomarker) with B‑vitamin supplementation.
- Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial
PubMed ID: 15911731
Dose-finding RCT showed oral B12 substantially lowers MMA and (indirectly) homocysteine, a cardiovascular risk marker.
- Vitamin B-12 supplementation improves arterial function in vegetarians with subnormal vitamin B-12 status
PubMed ID: 22659999
Randomized trial in vegetarians: oral B12 raised serum B12, lowered homocysteine and produced measurable improvements in endothelial function (FMD) and reduced carotid IMT.
- Mecobalamin and early functional outcomes of ischemic stroke patients with H-type hypertension
PubMed ID: 30304141
Mecobalamin reduced homocysteine, hs-CRP and carotid plaque burden in ischemic stroke patients—mechanistically and clinically relevant to vascular/heart health.
Wellbeing (68)
- Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B(2), vitamin B(12), vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41417236
In vegans, B12‑containing supplement corrected B12 biomarkers — maintaining B12 status supports general wellbeing in populations at risk.
- Twelve-Week Daily Consumption of ad hoc Fortified Milk with ω-3, D, and Group B Vitamins Has a Positive Impact on Inflammaging Parameters: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial
PubMed ID: 33266447
Fortified milk increased B‑vitamins, lowered homocysteine and improved erythrocyte ω‑3 index—broad cardiometabolic/nutritional wellbeing effects.
- Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years
PubMed ID: 15309436
Multivitamin raised B12 and lowered MMA/homocysteine in elderly women—improved nutritional status supports overall wellbeing.
- High-nutrition biscuits to increase animal protein in diets of HIV-infected Kenyan women and their children: a study in progress
PubMed ID: 25639139
Feeding program delivering meat biscuits provided meaningful extra B12 with high adherence — directly supports improved B12 intake and general nutritional wellbeing.
- Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation
PubMed ID: 14559932
Multivitamin raised plasma B12 and improved oxidative markers and homocysteine — demonstrates improved biochemical nutritional status tied to overall wellbeing.
- Effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on plasma levels of nutrients. Report No. 4 of the Italian-American clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract
PubMed ID: 19636163
Long‑term multivitamin increased circulating B12 over years — supports sustained nutritional wellbeing.
- Maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during, and after pregnancy and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy: Prespecified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38051700
Large trial showing correction of maternal B12 deficiency—maintaining adequate B12 is central to overall health in reproductive‑age women.
- Effects of Oral Nutritional Supplement with β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on Biochemical and Hematological Indices in Community-Dwelling Older Adults at Risk of Malnutrition: Findings from the SHIELD Study
PubMed ID: 39125374
Large RCT of ONS containing B12 increased B12 and nutritional markers in at‑risk older adults — supports general wellbeing.
- The effect of 12-weeks Nutritional supplementation on Nutritional Intake and Status among Indonesian Older Outpatients with Malnutrition Risk, the Prolansia study: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40154078
Nutrient‑dense drink substantially increased B12, vitamin D and protein intake in malnourished outpatients — broad wellbeing benefit.
- Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
PubMed ID: 29562612
Comprehensive nutritional program increased B12 (+44%) and was associated with cognitive/behavior improvements — overall wellbeing effect.
- Effects of Souvenaid on plasma micronutrient levels and fatty acid profiles in mild and mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease
PubMed ID: 26213579
Fortasyn Connect reliably increased plasma B12 in large RCTs — supports systemic nutrient status.
- Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 25648738
Maternal/infant B12 improvements and enhanced vaccine responses imply population wellbeing benefits.
- Kenyan school children have multiple micronutrient deficiencies, but increased plasma vitamin B-12 is the only detectable micronutrient response to meat or milk supplementation
PubMed ID: 14672298
Meat/milk feeding markedly reduced B12 deficiency in children, improving population wellbeing.
- Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin
PubMed ID: 9694707
High‑quality trial showing oral B12 corrects deficiency and metabolic markers; correcting deficiency underpins overall wellbeing improvements.
- Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15741530
Mecobalamin + folate produced dramatic homocysteine reduction and strong clinical benefit (hip fracture reduction), supporting important aspects of overall health in elderly stroke survivors.
- Efficacy of B vitamins in lowering homocysteine in older men: maximal effects for those with B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia
PubMed ID: 16373648
Large randomized trial showing marked biochemical correction of tHcy and greater effect in B12‑deficient men, supporting general wellness via correcting deficiency.
- Oral vitamin B12 supplementation reduces plasma total homocysteine concentration in women in India
PubMed ID: 17215186
Included again due to strong direct evidence B12 supplementation corrects deficiency markers rapidly — clear implication for maintained wellbeing in deficient individuals.
- Cobalamin and folate status in infants and young children in a low-to-middle income community in India
PubMed ID: 17991639
Population evidence of widespread deficiency in children implies a public‑health need for B12 to maintain wellbeing in early life.
- Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten-free diet
PubMed ID: 19154566
B‑vitamin supplementation in coeliac patients produced a significant and clinically meaningful improvement in general well‑being (PGWB).
- Impact of a multiple-micronutrient fortified salt on the nutritional status and memory of schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 20533221
Multi‑micronutrient fortified salt improved biochemical status (including B12), hemoglobin and memory in children — supports overall health/wellbeing.
- Micronutrient supplementation may reduce symptoms of depression in Guatemalan women
PubMed ID: 19886513
Large trial of micronutrient supplementation (including B12) showed modest reductions in depressive symptoms and improved wellbeing measures.
- Vitamin B-12 supplementation of rural Mexican women changes biochemical vitamin B-12 status indicators but does not affect hematology or a bone turnover marker
PubMed ID: 22915298
High‑dose B12 produced clear biochemical normalization of cobalamin markers — supports restoration of processes underlying general wellbeing.
- Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22711385
Short multivitamin RCT including B12 improved an episodic memory measure and biomarkers — modest wellbeing benefit.
- Addition of cobalamin to iron and folic acid improves hemoglobin rise in nutritional anemia
PubMed ID: 22415494
Functional hematologic improvement in children (Hb rise) has broad positive implications for wellbeing.
- Cobalamin supplementation improves motor development and regurgitations in infants: results from a randomized intervention study
PubMed ID: 24025626
Robust biochemical correction and clinically meaningful motor/feed improvements in infants indicate strong overall health benefit in deficient individuals.
- Randomized multicenter investigation of folate plus vitamin B12 supplementation in schizophrenia
PubMed ID: 23467813
Adjunctive B12+folate improved negative symptoms in schizophrenia in a genotype‑dependent manner — clinically relevant wellbeing effect for some.
- Neuroprotective impact of a vitamin trace element composition - a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial with healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 25789594
Multivitamin raised B12/folate and lowered homocysteine/oxidative stress in healthy adults—broad support for nutrient status and wellbeing.
- Vitamin B-12, folic acid, and growth in 6- to 30-month-old children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25802345
B12 supplementation in children improved growth indices (WAZ/HAZ in vulnerable subgroups) and B12 status—general wellbeing benefit.
- Motor development related to duration of exclusive breastfeeding, B vitamin status and B12 supplementation in infants with a birth weight between 2000-3000 g, results from a randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 26678525
Marked biochemical and motor benefits in deficient infants indicate substantial wellbeing gains from correcting B12 deficiency.
- Antenatal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation Compared to Iron-Folic Acid Affects Micronutrient Status but Does Not Eliminate Deficiencies in a Randomized Controlled Trial Among Pregnant Women of Rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 31006806
Antenatal MM improving maternal B12 status supports maternal wellbeing during pregnancy.
- Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33513879
Correction of deficiency with methylcobalamin produced clinical improvements in neuropathy, pain and QoL — important to overall wellbeing.
- Efficacy of B(12) Fortified Nutrient Bar and Yogurt in Improving Plasma B12 Concentrations-Results From 2 Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trials
PubMed ID: 34189981
Two RCTs of B12‑fortified foods raised plasma B12 and lowered homocysteine with good adherence — population‑level wellbeing benefits from correcting deficiency.
- Parenteral vs Oral Vitamin B12 in Children With Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35642923
Treatment of macrocytic anemia with IM B12 produced marked hematologic and B12 improvements—restoration of health in deficient children.
- A micronutrient supplement modulates homocysteine levels regardless of vitamin B biostatus in elderly subjects
PubMed ID: 36715360
12‑week micronutrient with cobalamin increased serum B12 and lowered homocysteine in older adults—biochemical improvements that support general health.
- Effect of lipid-based nutrient supplements on micronutrient status and hemoglobin among children with stunting: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda
PubMed ID: 38278366
LNS with B12 improved cobalamin biomarkers and lowered MMA in children—clear nutritional benefit likely contributing to overall wellbeing.
- Effects of quintuply-fortified salt on the micronutrient status of females of reproductive age in Punjab, India: a randomized, community-based trial
PubMed ID: 40610127
Large community RCT: fortified salt produced strong, sustained improvements in B12 and folate status—supports population wellbeing via improved micronutrient status.
- Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise
PubMed ID: 10539780
Fortified foods corrected prevalent B12 deficiency in frail elderly—clear contribution to overall nutritional wellbeing.
- Effect of micronutrient pack on micronutrient status and antioxidant capacities among institutional older adults in Shanghai, China
PubMed ID: 31464392
Micronutrient pack raised B12 and improved antioxidant markers in institutionalized older adults—supports overall health.
- Multiple micronutrient-fortified rice affects physical performance and plasma vitamin B-12 and homocysteine concentrations of Indian school children
PubMed ID: 22437556
Fortified rice increased B12 and improved functional performance and homocysteine — supports general wellbeing improvements.
- Effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements and infant and young child feeding counseling with or without improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on anemia and micronutrient status: results from 2 cluster-randomized trials in Kenya and Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 30624600
Large cluster‑RCTs showing improved hemoglobin and increased B12 in young children—strong evidence that supplements maintain nutritional wellbeing.
- Chronically increased vitamin intake and vitamin status of healthy men
PubMed ID: 8467105
Supplementation in healthy men produced clear increases in plasma B12 and other B‑vitamin markers — biochemical maintenance of nutrient status.
- Thiamine, cobalamin, locally injected alone or combination for herpetic itching: a single-center randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23887347
Local B12 injections reduced pain and improved daily function in herpetic pain — clear clinical effect on patient wellbeing.
- The Utility of Oral Vitamin B1 and Mecobalamin to Improve Corneal Nerves in Dry Eye Disease: An In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study
PubMed ID: 36145126
Oral thiamine+mecobalamin improved corneal nerve structure and symptoms; objective improvements indicate meaningful benefit to patient wellbeing.
- Local Administration of Methylcobalamin and Lidocaine for Acute Ophthalmic Herpetic Neuralgia: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26200815
Large pain reductions and faster healing with local methylcobalamin in ophthalmic zoster translate to substantial wellbeing improvements.
- Effect of supplementation with cobalamin carried either by a milk product or a capsule in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons
PubMed ID: 16155269
Robust RCT in mildly deficient older adults showed significant biochemical improvement and some QoL-related implications from normalization.
- Locally made ready to use therapeutic food for treatment of malnutrition a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20972285
Therapeutic food increased B12 and haemoglobin in malnourished children, which supports overall child health and wellbeing.
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in combination with cobalamin injection for postherpetic neuralgia: a single-center randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24196971
TENS plus local cobalamin injections reduced pain and improved activities of daily living and QoL in older adults with postherpetic neuralgia (clinical wellbeing benefit).
- Vitamin B-12-fortified toothpaste improves vitamin status in vegans: a 12-wk randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 28052884
Randomized vegan tooth-paste trial corrected B12 biomarkers—improving biochemical status contributes to overall wellbeing in populations at risk of deficiency.
- Efficacy of oral compared with intramuscular vitamin B-12 supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29931179
Oral methylcobalamin restored biochemical status after RYGB—correcting deficiency supports multiple aspects of wellbeing.
- Vitamin B12-fortified toothpaste improves vitamin status in elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 30680547
Elderly trial showed robust biochemical improvement with B12 toothpaste—improving deficiency-related health domains and overall wellbeing.
- Effects of dietary intervention on vitamin B(12) status and cognitive level of 18-month-old toddlers in high-poverty areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31519167
Fortified cereal/meat raised toddlers' B12 status and modestly improved cognition—supports early-life wellbeing.
- Effect of Maternal Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Outcomes in South Indian Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 30003521
Maternal supplementation improved child expressive language—supports developmental wellbeing outcomes.
- Cyano-B12 or Whey Powder with Endogenous Hydroxo-B12 for Supplementation in B12 Deficient Lactovegetarians
PubMed ID: 31590426
Correcting deficiency in lactovegetarians improved metabolic markers—likely to improve wellbeing in deficient individuals.
- Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency in primary care: a pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority clinical trial (OB12)
PubMed ID: 32819927
Large non‑inferiority RCT showing oral high‑dose B12 largely normalized serum levels comparable to injections — strong support for maintaining B12 status.
- Wolffia globosa-Mankai Plant-Based Protein Contains Bioactive Vitamin B(12) and Is Well Absorbed in Humans
PubMed ID: 33049929
Inclusion of Wolffia (Mankai) in diets raised serum B12 over 18 months — demonstrates a dietary route to maintain B12 and related wellbeing.
- Local Administration of Methylcobalamin for Subacute Ophthalmic Herpetic Neuralgia: A Randomized, Phase III Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 32372561
Phase III RCT: local methylcobalamin injections substantially improved neuropathic pain and reduced analgesic use — strong clinical benefit attributable to a B12 formulation.
- Efficacy and Safety of Ultrahigh-Dose Methylcobalamin in Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35532908
Ultrahigh‑dose methylcobalamin slowed ALS functional decline with acceptable safety, a meaningful wellbeing outcome in that population.
- A Randomized, Controlled, Noninferiority Trial Comparing Vitamin B12 Monotherapy Versus Combination Multinutrient Therapy with Vitamin B12 for Efficacy in Treatment of Infantile Tremor Syndrome
PubMed ID: 36048348
B12 monotherapy produced noninferior clinical improvement in infantile tremor syndrome and improved social maturity scores — strong evidence of benefit when deficiency underlies illness.
- Phase II Study of a Multi-center Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Oral Vitamin B12 Treatment for Vitamin B12 Deficiency After Total Gastrectomy in Gastric Cancer Patients
PubMed ID: 35896261
Oral B12 after total gastrectomy normalized serum B12 in most patients — supports practical maintenance of B12 status and related wellbeing.
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging Evaluates Effects of Acupoint Injection at Zusanli (ST36) for Type 2 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
PubMed ID: 35765223
Mecobalamin injected into ST36 improved nerve imaging metrics and symptoms in DPN vs IM injection — suggests a clinical neural benefit contributing to wellbeing.
- Serum cobalamin in children with moderate acute malnutrition in Burkina Faso: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 35263343
Supplementation raised serum B12 in malnourished children and very low B12 was associated with lower hemoglobin and motor function — strong relevance for overall child wellbeing.
- Vitamin B12 supplementation improves cognitive function in middle aged and elderly patients with cognitive impairment
PubMed ID: 37334792
In cognitively impaired adults, B12 improved several cognitive subdomains over 6 months — meaningful wellbeing/cognitive benefit in that population.
- Vitamin B12 Status before and after Outpatient Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 6-59 Months: A Sub-Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Burkina Faso
PubMed ID: 37630687
RUTF therapy in severe acute malnutrition improved B12 biomarkers and decreased severe deficiency prevalence — supports recovery and wellbeing in malnourished children.
- The effects of prenatal and postnatal high-dose vitamin B-12 supplementation on human milk vitamin B-12: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 38432714
High‑dose maternal B12 raised breastmilk B12 at key postpartum timepoints — tangible benefit for maternal/infant nutritional wellbeing.
- Effect of Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy With Double-Tract Reconstruction vs Total Gastrectomy on Hemoglobin Level and Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Upper-Third Early Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 36790808
Surgical trial showed patients with stomach remnant required far less B12 replacement than total gastrectomy — clinically important for long‑term wellbeing and supplement needs.
- Intranasal vitamin B(12) administration in elderly patients: A randomized controlled comparison of two dosage regimens
PubMed ID: 38747399
Intranasal high‑dose B12 quickly normalized biochemical deficiency markers in elderly — a practical and effective route to restore B12 and support wellbeing.
- Effect of roasted purple laver (nori) on vitamin B(12) nutritional status of vegetarians: a dose-response trial
PubMed ID: 39352476
Randomized dietary intervention corrected active B12 markers and functional metabolites in vegetarians—strong evidence for maintaining B12‑related wellbeing.
- Effects of a Novel Dispersible Supplement Containing 2500 IU of Vitamin D and 1000 µg of B12 in Restoring Vitamin D and B12 Insufficiency: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39940277
12‑week randomized supplementation produced large increases in serum B12 and D (combo), supporting overall nutritional repletion and wellbeing.
Nerve health (75)
- Benfotiamine in treatment of alcoholic polyneuropathy: an 8-week randomized controlled study (BAP I Study)
PubMed ID: 9872352
Benfotiamine ± B6/B12 RCT improved vibration sense and motor function in alcoholic polyneuropathy (B12 included in combination arm).
- Common metabolic profile in infants indicating impaired cobalamin status responds to cobalamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 18595990
Single IM B12 in infants produced large reductions in MMA and homocysteine (functional markers of B12 status) — biochemical normalization relevant to nerve health.
- Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20488910
Long‑term metformin substantially reduced B12 and increased risk of deficiency — clear mechanistic link to neuropathy and nerve health risk.
- Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21780182
B‑vitamin treatment including B12 slowed cognitive decline in MCI (central nervous system benefit consistent with nerve health).
- Vitamin B-12 supplementation of rural Mexican women changes biochemical vitamin B-12 status indicators but does not affect hematology or a bone turnover marker
PubMed ID: 22915298
High‑dose B12 normalized MMA/holoTC and tHcy — directly reflects improved cobalamin‑dependent neural metabolism.
- Biochemical signs of impaired cobalamin function do not affect hematological parameters in young infants: results from a double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23770919
Newborn B12 injection corrected biochemical markers of cobalamin function (no hematologic change) — supports neural metabolic restoration.
- Cobalamin supplementation improves motor development and regurgitations in infants: results from a randomized intervention study
PubMed ID: 24025626
Single IM B12 in infants produced large biochemical correction and clinically meaningful motor improvements → strong neurofunctional evidence.
- Motor development related to duration of exclusive breastfeeding, B vitamin status and B12 supplementation in infants with a birth weight between 2000-3000 g, results from a randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 26678525
Single hydroxycobalamin injection in B12‑deficient low‑birthweight infants produced large biochemical repletion and clear motor improvement in 1 month.
- Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33513879
Double‑blind RCT in B12‑deficient diabetic neuropathy: methylcobalamin normalized B12 and produced significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain, and QoL over 12 months.
- Parenteral vs Oral Vitamin B12 in Children With Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35642923
Parenteral B12 produced large rises in serum B12 and hemoglobin in macrocytic anemia—restoring cobalamin in deficiency is strongly linked to nerve health (clinical plausibility).
- Effect of lipid-based nutrient supplements on micronutrient status and hemoglobin among children with stunting: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda
PubMed ID: 38278366
Large trial showed clear improvements in cobalamin biomarkers in children—better B12 status is mechanistically relevant to nerve maintenance.
- A randomised placebo controlled exploratory study of vitamin B-12, lofepramine, and L-phenylalanine (the "Cari Loder regime") in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
PubMed ID: 12185153
Weekly intramuscular B12 in MS patients was associated with modest improvements in neurological disability scores in a randomized trial context (clinical neurological benefit).
- Using corneal confocal microscopy to compare Mecobalamin intramuscular injections vs oral tablets in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a RCT
PubMed ID: 34282267
Randomized study: intramuscular mecobalamin produced clear, clinically relevant corneal small‑fiber nerve regeneration and autonomic symptom improvement vs oral dosing (strong, specific neural evidence).
- Very low oral doses of vitamin B-12 increase serum concentrations in elderly subjects with food-bound vitamin B-12 malabsorption
PubMed ID: 17237314
Very low oral B12 doses produced reliable serum B12 increases in elderly with food-bound B12 malabsorption—repletion is the primary intervention to prevent/treat B12-related neuropathy.
- [Preventive effect of mecobalamin combined with glutathione on neurotoxicity induced by FOLFOX4 chemotherapy]
PubMed ID: 27531486
Randomized trial: mecobalamin plus glutathione substantially reduced incidence and severity of chemotherapy‑induced neuropathy (strong, direct evidence for nerve protection).
- Elevated serum S-adenosylhomocysteine in cobalamin-deficient elderly and response to treatment
PubMed ID: 17158426
High‑dose B12 in elderly with low markers reduced MMA and other methylation metabolites linked to neuropathy risk—supportive biochemical evidence.
- Thiamine, cobalamin, locally injected alone or combination for herpetic itching: a single-center randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23887347
Randomized controlled trial: local cobalamin injections reduced herpetic pain and improved activities of daily living, indicating robust nerve pain/repair effects.
- [Evaluation of efficiency and safety of adding neuromultivit to basic therapy of vertebrogenic radiculopathy]
PubMed ID: 29171487
Open clinical trial: adding a multivitamin injection product (including B12) improved pain and disability in lumbar radiculopathy; effect may reflect support for nerve recovery though B12 not isolated.
- The Utility of Oral Vitamin B1 and Mecobalamin to Improve Corneal Nerves in Dry Eye Disease: An In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study
PubMed ID: 36145126
Randomized double‑blind trial: oral mecobalamin+thiamine improved corneal nerve morphology and symptoms, indicating nerve‑repair effects.
- Local Administration of Methylcobalamin and Lidocaine for Acute Ophthalmic Herpetic Neuralgia: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26200815
Randomized trial of local methylcobalamin in ophthalmic herpes zoster showed large, clinically meaningful pain reduction and faster healing — strong direct evidence for nerve support/neuropathic pain benefit.
- Methylcobalamin treatment of Bell's palsy
PubMed ID: 8749227
Methylcobalamin markedly shortened recovery time and improved facial nerve scores in Bell's palsy.
- [Effect of mecobalamin on diabetic neuropathies. Beijing Methycobal Clinical Trial Collaborative Group]
PubMed ID: 11798619
Randomized trial where mecobalamin greatly reduced neuropathic pain/numbness and improved nerve function in diabetic neuropathy.
- Oral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia: a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label study
PubMed ID: 14749150
Oral B12 corrected anemia and improved neurologic symptoms in B12-deficient megaloblastic anemia (~75% improvement).
- Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial
PubMed ID: 15911731
Dose-dependent biochemical normalization implies improved B12-dependent nerve function at sufficient doses.
- Amelioration by mecobalamin of subclinical carpal tunnel syndrome involving unaffected limbs in stroke patients
PubMed ID: 15792815
Two-year mecobalamin improved nerve conduction and carpal tunnel symptoms in stroke patients — strong direct evidence for nerve benefit.
- [Clinical observation on acupoint injection of VitB12 for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia]
PubMed ID: 17926620
High-dose acupoint vitamin B12 injections produced substantially better pain relief for trigeminal neuralgia than carbamazepine — strong neuropathic benefit.
- Vitamin B12 may be more effective than nortriptyline in improving painful diabetic neuropathy
PubMed ID: 19212856
Randomized single‑blind trial: parenteral B12 substantially reduced pain, paresthesia and tingling vs nortriptyline in painful diabetic neuropathy (direct nerve symptom benefit).
- Comparison of two modes of vitamin B12 supplementation on neuroconduction and cognitive function among older people living in Santiago, Chile: a cluster randomized controlled trial. a study protocol [ISRCTN 02694183]
PubMed ID: 21952034
Protocol planned to assess nerve conduction and cognition after B12 supplementation in older adults — trial design supports potential nerve benefit being tested (no outcomes yet).
- A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on neurological function in healthy older people: the Older People and Enhanced Neurological function (OPEN) study protocol [ISRCTN54195799]
PubMed ID: 21396086
OPEN protocol aims to test peripheral and central neurophysiological measures with B12 in older people (no results yet).
- The efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of methylcobalamin in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22159928
Double‑blind RCT: IM methylcobalamin three times/week for two weeks improved pain and disability in chronic nonspecific low back pain (neuropathic component).
- A single-center randomized controlled trial of local methylcobalamin injection for subacute herpetic neuralgia
PubMed ID: 23566267
RCT showed local methylcobalamin injections relieved postherpetic neuralgia pain and improved QoL (direct peripheral nerve pain benefit).
- Vitamin B12 status does not influence central motor conduction time in asymptomatic elderly people: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
PubMed ID: 24694205
Older adults with low B12 showed modest peripheral conduction delays—direct evidence B12 status affects peripheral nerve function.
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in combination with cobalamin injection for postherpetic neuralgia: a single-center randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24196971
Local cobalamin injections plus TENS reduced pain and improved ADLs in postherpetic neuralgia—clinical nerve‑pain benefit in an RCT.
- [Treatment of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients of qi-yin deficiency complicated phlegm-dampness blocking collaterals syndrome by internal application of qigui mixture and external application of qigui huoxue lotion: a clinical study]
PubMed ID: 25335327
Mecobalamin combined with adjunctive herbal therapy improved neuropathy symptom scores and antioxidant markers in diabetic neuropathy patients (multi‑component trial).
- Local Injection of Methylcobalamin Combined with Lidocaine for Acute Herpetic Neuralgia
PubMed ID: 26814241
Local methylcobalamin+lidocaine produced faster pain relief and better QoL in acute herpetic neuralgia—strong RCT evidence for nerve‑related symptom improvement.
- Clinical efficacy of different doses of lipo-prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy
PubMed ID: 26355026
Adding lipo‑PGE1 to mecobalamin improved diabetic neuropathy response rates; all groups got mecobalamin so nerve benefit is plausible but attribution uncertain.
- Effect of mecobalamin treatment on the recovery of patients with posterior communicating artery aneurysm inducing oculomotor nerve palsy after operation
PubMed ID: 26221889
Mecobalamin given after aneurysm treatment was associated with higher complete oculomotor nerve recovery at one year (moderate‑quality clinical outcome).
- Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
PubMed ID: 26900641
Long‑term metformin use was associated with more biochemical B12 deficiency and more neuropathy, implying B12 plays a role in nerve health.
- Therapeutic role of Vitamin B12 in patients of chronic tinnitus: A pilot study
PubMed ID: 26960786
Weekly IM B12 improved tinnitus scores moderately in B12‑deficient patients, indicating a nerve/sensory benefit limited to deficiency.
- Vitamin B-12-fortified toothpaste improves vitamin status in vegans: a 12-wk randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 28052884
Toothpaste RCT corrected biochemical deficiency markers in vegans—biochemical repletion supports nerve health in deficiency-prone populations.
- Acupuncture combined with methylcobalamin for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with multiple myeloma
PubMed ID: 28068938
Mecobalamin plus acupuncture improved pain, QoL and nerve conduction in myeloma neuropathy—consistent with nerve function benefit (though combined therapy).
- Efficacy of oral compared with intramuscular vitamin B-12 supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29931179
After RYGB oral methylcobalamin normalized B12 markers and lowered MMA/Hcy—restoration of B12 is central to preventing/treating neuropathy from deficiency.
- Ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long-term phase II/III randomised controlled study
PubMed ID: 30636701
High-dose methylcobalamin slowed functional decline and delayed respiratory failure in early ALS subgroup—strong neuroprotective signal in early disease.
- Cyano-B12 or Whey Powder with Endogenous Hydroxo-B12 for Supplementation in B12 Deficient Lactovegetarians
PubMed ID: 31590426
Supplementation in deficient lactovegetarians improved metabolic markers (MMA/holoTC) tied to nerve function recovery.
- Local Administration of Methylcobalamin for Subacute Ophthalmic Herpetic Neuralgia: A Randomized, Phase III Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 32372561
Randomized phase III trial: local methylcobalamin injections produced substantially greater pain relief in herpetic neuralgia vs systemic B12 — strong, direct neural benefit.
- Efficacy and Safety of Ultrahigh-Dose Methylcobalamin in Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35532908
Ultrahigh‑dose methylcobalamin slowed functional decline in early ALS (neurological disease) — supports neuroprotective/nerve benefit in that context.
- A Randomized, Controlled, Noninferiority Trial Comparing Vitamin B12 Monotherapy Versus Combination Multinutrient Therapy with Vitamin B12 for Efficacy in Treatment of Infantile Tremor Syndrome
PubMed ID: 36048348
In infantile tremor syndrome, injectable B12 monotherapy was noninferior and improved social maturity — supports a causal role of B12 deficiency in a neurodevelopmental disorder.
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging Evaluates Effects of Acupoint Injection at Zusanli (ST36) for Type 2 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
PubMed ID: 35765223
Small study: mecobalamin injected at ST36 improved DTI nerve metrics and neuropathy symptoms more than IM injection — supports peripheral nerve benefit.
- Efficacy of Danzhixiaoyao tablets combined with methylcobalamin tablets in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: an open-label, randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38789997
Burning mouth syndrome trial including methylcobalamin reported better pain relief versus methylcobalamin alone when combined with herbs, indicating methylcobalamin is used for neuropathic pain contexts and contributed to symptom management.
- Effects of a Novel Dispersible Supplement Containing 2500 IU of Vitamin D and 1000 µg of B12 in Restoring Vitamin D and B12 Insufficiency: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39940277
High‑dose oral B12 tablet restored serum B12 substantially—correcting deficiency is directly relevant to nerve health; trial showed effective biochemical repletion.
- TangBi Formula for Painful Diabetic Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled and Parallel-Group Trial
PubMed ID: 39757352
Large RCT in diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy used methylcobalamin as routine background therapy and demonstrated clinically meaningful neuropathy improvements with the tested add‑on—supports that methylcobalamin is part of neuropathy management in these trials (B12 present as routine therapy).
- Electroacupuncture frequency for chemotherapy-induced neuropathy in breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40828899
Electroacupuncture outperformed oral mecobalamin on some sensory outcomes; mecobalamin served as an active comparator, indicating mecobalamin has measurable effects on chemotherapy‑induced neuropathy.
- Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 27180954
Large RCT: methylcobalamin improved neuropathic symptoms and some nerve conduction measures in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (direct B12 form tested).
- Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Superoxide Dismutase, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, and Carnitine for 12 Months in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy
PubMed ID: 33114210
12‑month placebo‑controlled trial of SOD+ALA+ALC+B12 in metformin users raised B12 and improved nerve conduction and pain (B12 part of active mix with supporting effects).
- Treatment of alcoholic polyneuropathy with vitamin B complex: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16926172
12‑week randomized trial: B‑complex (including B12) improved sensory symptoms in alcoholic polyneuropathy vs placebo.
- Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Palmitoylethanolamide, Superoxide Dismutase, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamins B12, B1, B6, E, Mg, Zn and Nicotinamide for 6 Months in People with Diabetic Neuropathy
PubMed ID: 39339645
Combination tablet including B12 reduced neuropathic pain (~33%) and modestly improved nerve function; B12 levels rose — supportive but multi‑ingredient.
- Differential efficacy of methylcobalamin and alpha-lipoic acid treatment on symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy
PubMed ID: 27901334
Randomized trial found methylcobalamin (active B12) improved neuropathic symptoms and some sensory measures in diabetic neuropathy—direct, high‑relevance evidence.
- Therapeutic efficacy of "Milgamma" in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy
PubMed ID: 9575643
Milgamma (benfotiamine+cyanocobalamin) produced symptomatic and sensory threshold improvements in diabetic neuropathy — supports nerve health (combination product).
- [Clinical studies on fifty-seven Chinese patients with combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocysteinemia]
PubMed ID: 17953808
In patients with methylmalonic aciduria/homocysteinemia, B12‑containing therapy was associated with neurological improvement in some cases.
- Improving neuropathy scores in type 2 diabetic patients using micronutrients supplementation
PubMed ID: 21496936
Multinutrient (including B12) improved neuropathy symptom scores in T2D patients over 4 months, a direct clinical nerve‑related outcome (subjective improvement).
- [Prophylaxis of Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Multiple Myeloma by High-Dose Intravenous Mecobalamin]
PubMed ID: 28446297
High‑dose IV mecobalamin (B12) reduced incidence of bortezomib‑induced peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma patients — strong, direct evidence.
- The Effect of Pregabalin and Methylcobalamin Combination on the Chronic Postthoracotomy Pain Syndrome
PubMed ID: 27916242
Pregabalin + methylcobalamin improved chronic postthoracotomy pain vs diclofenac — B12 contributed within combination therapy for neuropathic pain.
- Clinical Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Gabapentin Plus B Complex (B1/B12) versus Pregabalin for Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
PubMed ID: 26885528
Gabapentin + B1/B12 was non‑inferior to pregabalin for diabetic neuropathic pain — B12 included and part of effective neuropathy regimen.
- PainVision® Apparatus for Assessment of Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency Combined with Pharmacological Therapy in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia and Correlations with Measurements
PubMed ID: 28357404
Postherpetic neuralgia study used cobamamide (B12) as part of pharmacotherapy; added pulsed radiofrequency produced faster pain improvements — B12 part of multimodal regimen.
- A randomized comparative study of methylcobalamin, methylcobalamin plus pregabalin and methylcobalamin plus duloxetine in patients of painful diabetic neuropathy
PubMed ID: 34854403
Methylcobalamin combined with pregabalin/duloxetine markedly improved neuropathic pain and sensory measures vs methylcobalamin alone — robust neuropathy evidence (combination therapy).
- Metanx in type 2 diabetes with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 23218892
Well‑powered RCT: methylcobalamin‑containing B‑vitamin formulation reduced diabetic neuropathy symptoms (NTSS‑6) and lowered homocysteine.
- Topical citicoline and vitamin B12 versus placebo in the treatment of diabetes-related corneal nerve damage: a randomized double-blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32738875
Topical citicoline + B12 produced large improvements in corneal nerve density and sensitivity.
- Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations
PubMed ID: 7603218
Large trial normalized MMA (marker of B12 deficiency linked to neuropathy) in most treated elderly subjects—supports nerve health via correction of deficiency.
- [Effect of the Nucleus CMP forte in 46 patients with progressive spastic paraparesis. Randomized and blind study]
PubMed ID: 9035511
Hydroxycobalamin‑containing therapy produced modest improvements in gait and spasticity in a neurologic disorder—direct clinical neurologic benefit linked to B12 presence in regimen.
- Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin
PubMed ID: 9694707
Oral high‑dose B12 corrected deficiency and metabolic markers; B12 repletion strongly linked to prevention/reversal of deficiency‑related neuropathy.
- Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 14576756
Oral B‑vitamin therapy in elderly lowered methylmalonic acid (a specific B12 deficiency marker) — supports restoration of B12‑dependent neural biochemistry.
- Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15741530
Mecobalamin (B12) was used in a trial with robust biochemical effects; mecobalamin is a form often used for neuropathy support (though nerve outcomes here were not primary).
- Significant correlations of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonic acid with movement and cognitive performance in elderly subjects but no improvement from short-term vitamin therapy: a placebo-controlled randomized study
PubMed ID: 15883442
B‑vitamin treatment lowered MMA (a direct marker of B12 deficiency and nerve risk) and tHcy, indicating improved B12 status relevant to nerve health.
- Efficacy of B vitamins in lowering homocysteine in older men: maximal effects for those with B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia
PubMed ID: 16373648
Daily B‑vitamins including B12 lowered tHcy substantially, with the biggest effects in B12‑deficient men — biochemical normalization relevant to neuropathy prevention/repair.
- Oral vitamin B12 supplementation reduces plasma total homocysteine concentration in women in India
PubMed ID: 17215186
Oral B12 rapidly corrected deficiency markers in vegetarians — direct relevance to preventing/treating B12‑deficiency neuropathy.
Pregnancy support (37)
- Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33339438
Maternal MMS including B12 raised maternal B12 and milk DHA and lowered homocysteine—direct maternal nutrient improvements relevant to pregnancy/lactation outcomes.
- Vitamin supplementation of HIV-infected women improves postnatal child growth
PubMed ID: 15817867
Maternal multivitamin (including B12) improved child weight and z‑scores at 24 months — strong evidence of benefit to offspring development associated with maternal supplementation.
- Multivitamin supplementation of HIV-positive women during pregnancy reduces hypertension
PubMed ID: 15987864
Large RCT in HIV‑positive pregnant women: multivitamins (including B12) reduced pregnancy hypertension — clinically meaningful maternal outcome supportive of healthier pregnancy.
- Vitamin B-12 Status Differs among Pregnant, Lactating, and Control Women with Equivalent Nutrient Intakes
PubMed ID: 25995278
Controlled trial in pregnant/lactating women: supplemental B12 altered serum B12, holoTC and MMA — directly relevant to maternal B12 status during pregnancy.
- Dietary supplementation with a novel l-carnitine multi-micronutrient in idiopathic male subfertility involving oligo-, astheno-, teratozoospermia: A randomized clinical study
PubMed ID: 32330373
Randomized trial in men with idiopathic subfertility: multi‑micronutrient including cyanocobalamin improved semen parameters and increased spontaneous pregnancy rates.
- Weekly may be as efficacious as daily folic acid supplementation in improving folate status and lowering serum homocysteine concentrations in Guatemalan women
PubMed ID: 18641196
Large RCT in reproductive‑age women showed daily supplementation increased serum B12 (~20%) and lowered homocysteine — relevant to pregnancy outcomes and fetal development.
- The effect of vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy on infant growth and development in Nepal: a community-based, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 37031691
Large RCT: maternal high‑dose B12 improved maternal B12 status but did not change infant growth or neurodevelopment — supports maternal status correction though no infant outcome benefit shown.
- The effects of prenatal and postnatal high-dose vitamin B-12 supplementation on human milk vitamin B-12: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 38432714
Randomized, double‑blind trial: high‑dose maternal B12 increased breastmilk B12 at 6 weeks and 7 months — direct effect on infant nutritional supply during breastfeeding.
- Effect of Maternal Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Outcomes in South Indian Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 30003521
Maternal oral B12 supplementation during pregnancy improved offspring expressive language at 30 months—direct RCT evidence for developmental benefit.
- Vitamin B-12 Concentrations in Breast Milk Are Low and Are Not Associated with Reported Household Hunger, Recent Animal-Source Food, or Vitamin B-12 Intake in Women in Rural Kenya
PubMed ID: 27075905
High prevalence of low breast‑milk B12 in lactating Kenyan women highlights risk to infants and relevance of maternal B12 for early development (observational evidence).
- Preventing vitamin B12 deficiency in South Asian women of childbearing age: a randomised controlled trial comparing an oral vitamin B12 supplement with B12 dietary advice
PubMed ID: 24736677
Daily 6 μg oral cyanocobalamin for 6 months in women of childbearing age substantially improved B12 biomarkers—directly relevant to maternal B12 status before/during pregnancy.
- Correlations between Maternal, Breast Milk, and Infant Vitamin B12 Concentrations among Mother-Infant Dyads in Vancouver, Canada and Prey Veng, Cambodia: An Exploratory Analysis
PubMed ID: 28287490
Direct measurements of maternal and breast‑milk B12 and infant B12 adequacy — important evidence linking maternal B12 status to infant nutrient supply and development potential.
- Macro- and Micronutrients in Milk from Healthy Cambodian Mothers: Status and Interrelations
PubMed ID: 32211800
Descriptive study showing many Cambodian mothers' breast milk had B12 below infant AIs — indicates risk to infant development and relevance for pregnancy/postpartum supplementation.
- Antiretroviral therapy provided to HIV-infected Malawian women in a randomized trial diminishes the positive effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements on breast-milk B vitamins
PubMed ID: 26537941
LNS supplementation increased breast‑milk B12, but some antiretrovirals reduced vitamin transfer — useful evidence for maternal‑infant B12 nutrition.
- Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants
PubMed ID: 15956998
Large randomized trial: maternal multivitamins (including B12) substantially increased infant serum B12 at 6 weeks and 6 months — strong evidence for infant nutrient status.
- Plasma zinc, vitamin B(12) and α-tocopherol are positively and plasma γ-tocopherol is negatively associated with Hb concentration in early pregnancy in north-west Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23469947
Lower maternal B12 associated with lower hemoglobin early in pregnancy — supports importance of B12 for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes.
- Prevalence of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in early pregnancy in rural Bangladesh, the MINIMat trial
PubMed ID: 21275915
Large survey: many women in early pregnancy had low B12 and anemia was related to B12—strong observational signal of pregnancy relevance.
- Effect of Nutritional Interventions on Micronutrient Status in Pregnant Malawian Women with Moderate Malnutrition: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 29986492
Nutritional intervention in malnourished pregnant women better preserved maternal B12 (supporting maternal and fetal B12 status during pregnancy).
- Vitamin B(12) status in pregnant women and their infants in South India
PubMed ID: 28402324
Maternal B12 status strongly predicted infant B12 and related metabolites at 6 weeks; maternal deficiency greatly increased infant deficiency risk (prospective evidence).
- Vitamin B-12 supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation increases maternal, breast milk, and infant measures of vitamin B-12 status
PubMed ID: 24598885
Randomized placebo‑controlled trial: daily 50 μg B12 in pregnancy robustly increased maternal, milk and infant B12—strong direct evidence for supporting fetal/infant B12 status and development.
- Once a week (200 mg) elemental iron: an effective option for prophylaxis in non-anaemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 22480099
Iron+folic acid+B12 regimens increased maternal hemoglobin in pregnancy (beneficial maternal hematologic outcomes relevant to pregnancy health).
- Combined Vitamin B-12 and Balanced Protein-Energy Supplementation Affect Homocysteine Remethylation in the Methionine Cycle in Pregnant South Indian Women of Low Vitamin B-12 Status
PubMed ID: 28446631
In pregnant Indian women with low B12, B12 plus protein‑energy supplementation tended to increase homocysteine remethylation and remethylation percentage—biologically relevant and directly in pregnancy (moderate evidence).
- Differential expression of genes influencing mitotic processes in cord blood mononuclear cells after a pre-conceptional micronutrient-based randomised controlled trial: Pune Rural Intervention in Young Adolescents (PRIYA)
PubMed ID: 36632790
Preconceptional B12‑containing supplements altered cord‑blood gene expression (mitosis genes) and B12+MMN infants had higher ponderal index—direct prenatal developmental signal.
- Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Addition to Folic Acid and Iron Improves Hematological and Biochemical Markers in Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32302504
Adding 5 μg B12 to iron+folate in pregnancy modestly improved hematologic and biochemical markers and reduced anemia risk.
- Defining the plasma folate concentration associated with the red blood cell folate concentration threshold for optimal neural tube defects prevention: a population-based, randomized trial of folic acid supplementation
PubMed ID: 31005964
B12 deficiency raised needed plasma folate thresholds for NTD prevention — implies B12 status affects folate‑dependent fetal neural development.
- Antenatal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation Compared to Iron-Folic Acid Affects Micronutrient Status but Does Not Eliminate Deficiencies in a Randomized Controlled Trial Among Pregnant Women of Rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 31006806
Large antenatal MM RCT (including B12) raised maternal B12 and reduced deficiency prevalence — strong support for maternal B12 status improvement.
- A Prenatal Multiple Micronutrient Supplement Produces Higher Maternal Vitamin B-12 Concentrations and Similar Folate, Ferritin, and Zinc Concentrations as the Standard 60-mg Iron Plus 400-μg Folic Acid Supplement in Rural Bangladeshi Women
PubMed ID: 27798335
Pregnancy MMN capsule that included B12 produced modestly higher maternal B12 at 30 weeks versus standard iron–folic acid — directly relevant to maternal B12 status in pregnancy.
- Low maternal vitamin B-12 status is associated with offspring insulin resistance regardless of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural Nepal
PubMed ID: 21865563
Observational analysis showed low maternal B12 in pregnancy associated with higher offspring insulin resistance at school age (important developmental association).
- Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation has limited impact on micronutrient status of Bangladeshi infants compared with standard iron and folic acid supplementation
PubMed ID: 20053938
Maternal MMS including B12 improved infant B12 status and lowered deficiency prevalence—direct evidence relevant to pregnancy/infant development.
- Supplementation with a multivitamin containing 800 microg of folic acid shortens the time to reach the preventive red blood cell folate concentration in healthy women
PubMed ID: 20108207
Daily multivitamin with folic acid (and B12 present) rapidly raised RBC folate above protective threshold in women — B12 included in product and relevant to pregnancy nutrition (indirect evidence).
- Cobalamin and folate status in infants and young children in a low-to-middle income community in India
PubMed ID: 17991639
Large study showing common B12 deficiency in breastfed infants and biochemical consequences—supports importance of maternal/infant B12 for development.
- Weekly iron as a safe alternative to daily supplementation for nonanemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 16740440
Trial of antenatal iron/folate/B12 showed prevention of major anemia in pregnant women — directly relevant to pregnancy health.
- A micronutrient-fortified beverage prevents iron deficiency, reduces anemia and improves the hemoglobin concentration of pregnant Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 12730420
Pregnant Tanzanian women receiving a multi‑micronutrient drink (including B12) had higher hemoglobin and lower anemia risk — clear maternal benefit though not B12‑specific.
- Antenatal supplementation with micronutrients and biochemical indicators of status and subclinical infection in rural Nepal
PubMed ID: 16600929
Antenatal multimicronutrient tablets improved B12 status in pregnant women in rural Nepal.
- Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 25648738
Maternal B12 improved maternal and infant B12 biomarkers and enhanced maternal vaccine IgA.
- Fortified mineral water improves folate status and decreases plasma homocysteine concentration in pregnant women
PubMed ID: 17302515
Fortified mineral water (incl. B12) in pregnant women raised folate and lowered homocysteine — favorable biochemical environment for pregnancy (B12 part of mix).
- Maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during, and after pregnancy and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy: Prespecified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38051700
Large double‑blind randomized trial started preconception: supplement (includes B12) produced robust, sustained increases in maternal B12 and large reductions in depletion—direct evidence for pregnancy relevance.
Mental clarity (22)
- Vitamin B12 supplementation improves cognitive function in middle aged and elderly patients with cognitive impairment
PubMed ID: 37334792
Demonstrated improvement in attention and calculation and some visuospatial domains after B12 treatment in cognitively impaired adults — supports clearer thinking.
- Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20838622
High‑dose B‑vitamin treatment (including B12) in MCI lowered homocysteine and markedly slowed whole‑brain atrophy—plausible benefit for 'brain fog', though multi‑vitamin design.
- Paraoxonase 1, B Vitamins Supplementation, and Mild Cognitive Impairment
PubMed ID: 33935094
B‑vitamin treatment lowered homocysteine and removed PON1‑associated cognitive decline in MCI—supports clearer cognition / reduced mental fog in vulnerable adults.
- Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Impairment and Inflammation in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34101780
Alzheimer trial showed modest cognitive gains and reduced inflammatory markers with folic acid+B12.
- Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12, Alone and in Combination on Cognitive Function and Inflammatory Factors in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-blind Experimental Design
PubMed ID: 31345146
In older adults with MCI, folic acid+B12 modestly improved some cognitive scores and lowered inflammatory markers — supports clearer cognition.
- B-Vitamin Therapy for Kidney Transplant Recipients Lowers Homocysteine and Improves Selective Cognitive Outcomes in the Randomized FAVORIT Ancillary Cognitive Trial
PubMed ID: 29182708
High‑dose B‑vitamin regimen (including B12) lowered homocysteine and produced modest improvements in processing speed and some memory tests in transplant recipients — supports clearer cognition/reduced brain fog.
- Vitamin B-12 concentration, memory performance, and hippocampal structure in patients with mild cognitive impairment
PubMed ID: 26912492
Lower-but-normal B12 was associated with worse memory and hippocampal microstructure — supports a role for B12 status in cognitive clarity.
- Effects of 6-Month Folic Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Blood Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial in China
PubMed ID: 26508298
Folic acid improved Full Scale IQ and some cognitive tests in MCI, supporting clearer thinking (measured cognition).
- Genotypes of the MTHFR C677T and MTRR A66G genes act independently to reduce migraine disability in response to vitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 22926161
B‑vitamin supplementation reduced migraine severity (and homocysteine), which can secondarily reduce cognitive impairment associated with migraine.
- Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22711385
Small RCT (multivitamin including B12) improved an episodic memory measure in older men — supports cognitive clarity.
- Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21780182
B‑vitamin regimen including B12 lowered tHcy and slowed cognitive/clinical decline in MCI, especially in those with elevated baseline tHcy (clinical cognitive benefit).
- Oral folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms--the Beyond Ageing Project: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22170358
Daily low‑dose B12+folate modestly improved memory scores in older adults with psychological distress (supports clearer cognition/reduced fog).
- Homocysteine-reducing strategies improve symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia
PubMed ID: 16412989
In schizophrenic patients with high homocysteine, folate/B12/B6 lowered tHcy and improved symptoms and some cognitive tests — suggests clearer cognition.
- Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin
PubMed ID: 9694707
Oral B12 corrected deficiency and metabolites—repletion is linked to cognitive clarity in deficient patients.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status Enhances the Prevention of Cognitive Decline by B Vitamins in Mild Cognitive Impairment
PubMed ID: 26757190
B‑vitamin treatment preserved episodic memory and reduced clinical decline in MCI patients with high ω‑3 — substantial subgroup cognitive benefit supports clearer thinking.
- A vitamin/nutriceutical formulation improves memory and cognitive performance in community-dwelling adults without dementia
PubMed ID: 20191258
Multinutrient RCT including B12 improved executive function and working memory tests (direct cognitive measures).
- Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
PubMed ID: 29562612
Supplement program increased B12 and improved nonverbal IQ and cognition in ASD — supports clearer thinking.
- Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25877495
B‑vitamin treatment slowed brain atrophy by ~40% in MCI patients — plausible mechanism for reducing 'brain fog' in at‑risk older adults (effect restricted to high ω‑3 subgroup).
- [Randomized Clinical Trial for Treatment of Patients with Acute Ischemic Cerebral Stroke by Acupoint Injection of Cobalamin or Gangliosides]
PubMed ID: 29071932
Cobalamin acupoint injections in acute ischemic stroke improved neurologic and ADL scores—consistent with improved cognitive/clearance of neurologic symptoms in that setting.
- Memory improvements in elderly women following 16 weeks treatment with a combined multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22006207
Working-memory improvement with multivitamin (raised B12) is relevant to clearer thinking.
- Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36501109
Attention improvement in multinutrient trial (incl. B12) supports clearer thinking in a subgroup with good diets.
- Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment
PubMed ID: 23690582
VITACOG neuroimaging found large regional protection against AD‑vulnerable atrophy with B‑vitamins (strong structural signal relevant to cognitive clarity in MCI subgroup).
Energy & Fatigue (22)
- Premature infants require additional folate and vitamin B-12 to reduce the severity of the anemia of prematurity
PubMed ID: 7985636
Monthly B12 in premature infants raised hemoglobin and reduced anemia severity—anemia improvement commonly reduces fatigue/weakness.
- Effects of a Novel Dispersible Supplement Containing 2500 IU of Vitamin D and 1000 µg of B12 in Restoring Vitamin D and B12 Insufficiency: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39940277
12‑week supplement restored serum B12 substantially — correcting deficiency commonly alleviates fatigue (indirect evidence from biomarker correction).
- Serum cobalamin in children with moderate acute malnutrition in Burkina Faso: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 35263343
In malnourished children, low B12 associated with lower hemoglobin and worse motor scores — mechanistic link to fatigue via anemia and functional impairment.
- Effect of supplementation with cobalamin carried either by a milk product or a capsule in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons
PubMed ID: 16155269
Large RCT in mildly deficient elders normalized B12 markers and lowered MMA/tHcy, biochemical changes that can relieve deficiency-related fatigue.
- Oral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia: a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label study
PubMed ID: 14749150
High-dose oral B12 corrected megaloblastic anemia (which commonly causes fatigue) and improved neurologic symptoms.
- Effect of two different sublingual dosages of vitamin B(12) on cobalamin nutritional status in vegans and vegetarians with a marginal deficiency: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29499976
In deficient vegans, B12 repletion corrected biochemical deficiency markers; correcting deficiency is commonly linked to reduced fatigue.
- Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise
PubMed ID: 10539780
Nutrient-dense fortified foods corrected common B12 deficiency in frail elderly—likely reduces deficiency-related fatigue.
- Improving Micronutrient Status of Children and Women in Rural Communities in India Using Crystal Salt Enriched with Multiple Micronutrients
PubMed ID: 33952731
Fortified salt (including B12) substantially reduced anemia and increased hemoglobin—direct mechanism to reduce fatigue.
- A functional evaluation of anti-fatigue and exercise performance improvement following vitamin B complex supplementation in healthy humans, a randomized double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 37786445
Substantial increase in endurance (time‑to‑exhaustion) and faster metabolic recovery after exercise—supports increased energy/stamina.
- Early biomarker response and patient preferences to oral and intramuscular vitamin B12 substitution in primary care: a randomised parallel-group trial
PubMed ID: 28421567
Oral and IM B12 corrected metabolic B12 markers and normalized MMA/Hcy — biochemical correction of deficiency likely to reduce fatigue in deficient patients.
- B vitamins to enhance treatment response to antidepressants in middle-aged and older adults: results from the B-VITAGE randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25257064
Adjunct B vitamins increased sustained recovery and reduced relapse in depressed older adults—likely to reduce fatigue as a symptom of depression.
- Cobalamin supplementation improves motor development and regurgitations in infants: results from a randomized intervention study
PubMed ID: 24025626
Single B12 injection in infants corrected markers and improved motor scores (clinical functional benefit that could reflect improved energy/motor capacity).
- Addition of cobalamin to iron and folic acid improves hemoglobin rise in nutritional anemia
PubMed ID: 22415494
Adding cobalamin to iron+folate accelerated hemoglobin recovery in children → strong mechanistic/clinical basis to reduce anaemia‑related fatigue.
- Vitamin B-12 supplementation of rural Mexican women changes biochemical vitamin B-12 status indicators but does not affect hematology or a bone turnover marker
PubMed ID: 22915298
High‑dose B12 normalized biochemical deficiency markers (MMA, holoTC, tHcy) — plausible reduction in deficiency‑related fatigue.
- Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten-free diet
PubMed ID: 19154566
B‑vitamin supplements in coeliac patients lowered homocysteine and significantly improved general well‑being (PGWB), including vitality/energy‑related domains.
- Oral vitamin B12 supplementation reduces plasma total homocysteine concentration in women in India
PubMed ID: 17215186
Oral B12 in vegetarian women quickly raised B12, lowered homocysteine and produced a small Hb rise — biologically plausible to reduce deficiency‑related fatigue.
- A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of adding vitamin B12 and folate to erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of prematurity
PubMed ID: 16818564
Adding B12 + folate to therapy in preterm infants improved erythropoiesis and maintained hemoglobin — anemia correction alleviates fatigue.
- Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin
PubMed ID: 9694707
High‑dose oral B12 corrected deficiency and normalized MMA/homocysteine; correction of deficiency is strongly linked to reduced fatigue clinically.
- Parenteral vs Oral Vitamin B12 in Children With Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35642923
IM B12 produced greater hemoglobin rises than oral B12 in children with macrocytic anemia—correcting anemia directly reduces fatigue.
- Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants
PubMed ID: 16280435
Fortified porridge (including B12) reduced anemia in infants — correcting anemia is strongly linked to reduced fatigue.
- Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33513879
Methylcobalamin in B12‑deficient diabetics normalized B12 and improved neuropathic symptoms and quality of life, which can reduce fatigue.
- Effect of ultra-short-term treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective randomised trial
PubMed ID: 31036337
Preoperative multi‑agent regimen including B12 reduced transfusions and improved hemoglobin/reticulocyte response — corrects anemia, which commonly reduces fatigue.
Endurance (21)
- Cobalamin supplementation improves motor development and regurgitations in infants: results from a randomized intervention study
PubMed ID: 24025626
Infant motor score improvements after B12 injection indicate enhanced neuromotor recovery/functional capacity.
- Motor development related to duration of exclusive breastfeeding, B vitamin status and B12 supplementation in infants with a birth weight between 2000-3000 g, results from a randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 26678525
Rapid biochemical repletion and motor development gains in deficient infants are consistent with better recovery/stamina.
- Effects of Low-Dose Dairy Protein Plus Micronutrient Supplementation during Resistance Exercise on Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 29300423
Resistance exercise plus protein/micronutrients (including B12) increased lean mass compared with exercise alone — supports recovery and functional stamina (multi-nutrient trial).
- Effects of dexamethasone combined with vitamin B12 on percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy early outcomes: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39506779
Epidural dexamethasone + methylcobalamin reduced early postoperative pain, inflammatory markers and shortened hospital stay—direct evidence of faster early recovery though B12 was co‑administered.
- Effect of ultra-short-term treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective randomised trial
PubMed ID: 31036337
Multi‑agent preop regimen (including B12) improved early hematologic recovery and reduced transfusions — supports recovery capacity.
- Parenteral vs Oral Vitamin B12 in Children With Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35642923
Correction of macrocytic anemia with parenteral B12 yielded large hemoglobin gains—supports improved stamina/recovery from anemia.
- Efficacy and Safety of Ultrahigh-Dose Methylcobalamin in Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35532908
Methylcobalamin slowed ALS functional decline over 16 weeks — suggests benefit for maintaining function/stamina in a degenerative condition.
- Ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long-term phase II/III randomised controlled study
PubMed ID: 30636701
Methylcobalamin slowed ALS progression in early-diagnosed patients, showing benefit for functional stamina/recovery in that subgroup.
- Local Administration of Methylcobalamin and Lidocaine for Acute Ophthalmic Herpetic Neuralgia: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26200815
Marked reductions in pain, faster lesion healing and low PHN incidence with local methylcobalamin indicate strong support for recovery from nerve injury/infection.
- Thiamine, cobalamin, locally injected alone or combination for herpetic itching: a single-center randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23887347
Local B12 injections reduced pain and improved daily function in herpetic neuralgia — supports faster recovery and functional stamina.
- Effect of methylcobalamin on capecitabine induced hand-foot syndrome in patients with HER2 negative early breast cancer: multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial
PubMed ID: 40935571
Methylcobalamin halved moderate‑to‑severe capecitabine hand‑foot syndrome, improving treatment tolerability and functional recovery during chemotherapy.
- Multiple micronutrient-fortified rice affects physical performance and plasma vitamin B-12 and homocysteine concentrations of Indian school children
PubMed ID: 22437556
Fortified rice improved physical performance along with B12 and homocysteine improvements — direct stamina/recovery signal.
- Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise
PubMed ID: 10539780
Correction of B12 deficiency in frail elders supports improved stamina/recovery through restored hematologic and nutritional status.
- Improving Micronutrient Status of Children and Women in Rural Communities in India Using Crystal Salt Enriched with Multiple Micronutrients
PubMed ID: 33952731
Anemia reduction from fortified salt implies better stamina and recovery potential.
- [Preventive effect of mecobalamin combined with glutathione on neurotoxicity induced by FOLFOX4 chemotherapy]
PubMed ID: 27531486
Mecobalamin reduced chemotherapy neuropathy severity (supports functional recovery and tolerability of treatment).
- Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma
PubMed ID: 12860938
B12 (with folic acid) reduced pemetrexed toxicity, which can speed recovery and lessen treatment burden.
- A functional evaluation of anti-fatigue and exercise performance improvement following vitamin B complex supplementation in healthy humans, a randomized double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 37786445
Vitamin‑B‑rich supplement increased time‑to‑exhaustion by ~25% and reduced exercise fatigue metabolites—strong trial evidence for improved stamina and recovery.
- A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of adding vitamin B12 and folate to erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of prematurity
PubMed ID: 16818564
Improved erythropoiesis in preterms supports recovery and physical resilience.
- Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin
PubMed ID: 9694707
Correction of biochemical B12 deficiency is likely to improve stamina/recovery in deficient individuals via restored metabolism.
- Effects of Mecobalamin on the Functional Outcomes of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 of the Foot and Ankle
PubMed ID: 39297877
Mecobalamin improved short‑term foot/ankle function in CRPS and reduced adjunct pregabalin use — functional recovery/stamina benefit (transient).
- Addition of cobalamin to iron and folic acid improves hemoglobin rise in nutritional anemia
PubMed ID: 22415494
Improved hemoglobin recovery suggests better physical stamina/recovery from anaemia in children.
Memory (17)
- Paraoxonase 1, B Vitamins Supplementation, and Mild Cognitive Impairment
PubMed ID: 33935094
Prevention of PON1‑associated cognitive decline with B‑vitamin therapy in MCI supports preservation of memory function.
- Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12, Alone and in Combination on Cognitive Function and Inflammatory Factors in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-blind Experimental Design
PubMed ID: 31345146
Small but significant improvements in cognitive test scores (including verbal/working memory subtests) with folic acid+B12.
- B-Vitamin Therapy for Kidney Transplant Recipients Lowers Homocysteine and Improves Selective Cognitive Outcomes in the Randomized FAVORIT Ancillary Cognitive Trial
PubMed ID: 29182708
Randomized trial in transplant recipients found modest improvements in specific memory measures with high‑dose B‑vitamin therapy (includes B12).
- Vitamin B-12 concentration, memory performance, and hippocampal structure in patients with mild cognitive impairment
PubMed ID: 26912492
Cross-sectional study linked lower-but-normal serum B12 to worse memory and hippocampal microstructure; strong observational support for B12–memory relationship.
- Effects of 6-Month Folic Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Blood Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial in China
PubMed ID: 26508298
Folic acid produced small improvements on cognitive subtests (memory/working memory components).
- Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22711385
Small RCT showed improved contextual recognition memory after multivitamin including B12 in older men.
- Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21780182
B‑vitamin regimen including B12 produced cognitive benefits in MCI participants (notably in those with higher baseline homocysteine).
- Vitamin B12 supplementation improves cognitive function in middle aged and elderly patients with cognitive impairment
PubMed ID: 37334792
Cognitive testing showed domain improvements with B12 in adults with cognitive impairment — supports potential memory benefits in some domains.
- Memory improvements in elderly women following 16 weeks treatment with a combined multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22006207
Elderly women on multivitamin had higher B12 and a modest improvement in a working-memory measure.
- Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment
PubMed ID: 23690582
VITACOG showed marked reduction in AD‑vulnerable regional atrophy with B‑vitamins in MCI (strong mechanistic evidence relevant to memory preservation in that subgroup).
- Oral folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms--the Beyond Ageing Project: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22170358
Large RCT: daily low‑dose B12+folic acid for 2 years modestly improved immediate and delayed memory scores (statistically significant small effect).
- Impact of a multiple-micronutrient fortified salt on the nutritional status and memory of schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 20533221
Multi‑micronutrient fortified salt (including B12) produced measurable memory improvements in children in a randomized comparison.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status Enhances the Prevention of Cognitive Decline by B Vitamins in Mild Cognitive Impairment
PubMed ID: 26757190
In MCI patients with good ω‑3 status, B‑vitamin treatment raised episodic memory scores and reduced clinical decline — strong subgroup evidence for preserved memory.
- Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25877495
Slower brain atrophy in MCI with B vitamins (high ω‑3 subgroup) supports structural preservation linked to memory maintenance.
- Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
PubMed ID: 29562612
Comprehensive supplement raised B12 and was associated with cognitive gains (nonverbal IQ) in children with ASD.
- A vitamin/nutriceutical formulation improves memory and cognitive performance in community-dwelling adults without dementia
PubMed ID: 20191258
Strongest direct evidence in dataset: multinutrient RCT (contains B12) improved verbal recall (CVLT-II) with notable effect size.
- Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20838622
High‑dose B‑vitamin treatment decreased whole‑brain atrophy in MCI (supports memory protection plausibly).
Focus & concentration (11)
- A vitamin/nutriceutical formulation improves memory and cognitive performance in community-dwelling adults without dementia
PubMed ID: 20191258
Improvements in executive function (Trail‑making) and Digit‑Memory in multinutrient RCT including B12.
- Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
PubMed ID: 29562612
Comprehensive supplementation including B12 associated with cognitive/behavioral improvements which may include concentration gains.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status Enhances the Prevention of Cognitive Decline by B Vitamins in Mild Cognitive Impairment
PubMed ID: 26757190
Preservation of global cognition and episodic memory in MCI high ω‑3 subgroup suggests improved/maintained concentration with B‑vitamin treatment in that subgroup.
- Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21780182
Stabilized executive function and cognitive tests in MCI after B‑vitamin treatment including B12 (supports concentration/executive control).
- Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment
PubMed ID: 23690582
Regional brain atrophy reduction with B‑vitamins in MCI suggests plausible benefit for concentration in at‑risk older adults (indirect, subgroup‑dependent).
- Effects of 6-Month Folic Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Blood Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial in China
PubMed ID: 26508298
Digit Span (attention/concentration) improved after folic acid in MCI patients.
- B-Vitamin Therapy for Kidney Transplant Recipients Lowers Homocysteine and Improves Selective Cognitive Outcomes in the Randomized FAVORIT Ancillary Cognitive Trial
PubMed ID: 29182708
Processing speed/attention (Digit Symbol) improved modestly with B‑vitamin supplementation including B12 — supports concentration benefits in that clinical group.
- The Vitamins in Psychosis Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effects of Vitamins B(12), B(6), and Folic Acid on Symptoms and Neurocognition in First-Episode Psychosis
PubMed ID: 30771856
Adjunctive B‑vitamin (including B12) preserved attention/vigilance in first‑episode psychosis — direct evidence for concentration benefit.
- Paraoxonase 1, B Vitamins Supplementation, and Mild Cognitive Impairment
PubMed ID: 33935094
B‑vitamin treatment prevented certain cognitive declines in MCI, which may include concentration/executive aspects.
- Memory improvements in elderly women following 16 weeks treatment with a combined multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22006207
Working-memory speed improvement implies better attentional processing after multivitamin with B12.
- Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36501109
Multinutrient supplement (containing B12) improved attention in those with good diets—strongest direct concentration-related finding.
Immune support (10)
- Plasma proteomic profiles reveal immune modulation by immunonutrition in GI cancer
PubMed ID: 41478212
Proteomics showed immune and repair protein increases with immunonutrition (includes B12) that matched clinical outcome improvements.
- Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 25648738
Maternal B12 improved vaccine‑specific IgA responses and increased maternal/infant B12 biomarkers.
- Vitamin B12 supplementation improves rates of sustained viral response in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus
PubMed ID: 22810757
Adjunctive vitamin B12 in HCV therapy markedly increased sustained virologic response — suggests an immune/antiviral supportive role in that context.
- Immunomodulatory enteral nutrition in post-surgical gastrointestinal cancer: Clinical, biochemical and nutritional impacts
PubMed ID: 40374110
Enteral immunonutrition containing B12 reduced serious postoperative complications and improved immune/nutritional markers—strong clinical immune benefit for the formula.
- Improved blood biomarkers but no cognitive effects from 16 weeks of multivitamin supplementation in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25996285
Multivitamin raised B12 and lowered CRP in women—favorable immune/inflammatory marker change.
- Effect of micronutrient pack on micronutrient status and antioxidant capacities among institutional older adults in Shanghai, China
PubMed ID: 31464392
Micronutrient pack increased antioxidant enzymes and reduced MDA in older adults—supports immune/oxidative defense.
- B-group vitamin supplementation mitigates oxidative damage after acute ischaemic stroke
PubMed ID: 15279619
B‑group vitamins after acute ischemic stroke lowered CRP and oxidative damage—direct anti‑inflammatory/immune‑related effects.
- Randomized Phase III Trial of Pemetrexed Versus Docetaxel in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Chemotherapy
PubMed ID: 37196429
Routine B12/folate given with pemetrexed markedly reduced grade 3–4 neutropenia—clear hematologic/immune toxicity mitigation.
- Effects of a nutritional supplement on the immune response and cytokine production in free-living Chilean elderly
PubMed ID: 15449576
Elderly given a multimicronutrient formula including B12 showed preserved NK activity, IL-2 production and fewer infections (but B12 not isolated).
- Randomized phase III trial of pemetrexed versus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy
PubMed ID: 15117980
Pemetrexed patients receiving mandatory B12 had much lower rates of severe neutropenia versus comparator, indicating less hematologic immune toxicity.
Mood balance (9)
- Homocysteine-reducing strategies improve symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia
PubMed ID: 16412989
Small randomized crossover in schizophrenia found folate/B12/B6 improved symptom severity (PANSS) — mood/mental state benefit.
- Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17662509
Hospitalized older patients given a nutritional supplement that increased B12 showed significant improvement in depressive symptoms.
- Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten-free diet
PubMed ID: 19154566
B‑vitamin supplementation improved general well‑being and specific mood subscales (Anxiety, Depressed Mood) in coeliac patients.
- Micronutrient supplementation may reduce symptoms of depression in Guatemalan women
PubMed ID: 19886513
Micronutrient supplementation including B12 modestly lowered depressive symptom scores in a large trial of women.
- Randomized multicenter investigation of folate plus vitamin B12 supplementation in schizophrenia
PubMed ID: 23467813
Folate + B12 adjunct improved negative symptoms in schizophrenia (genotype‑dependent) — relevant to some mood/affective domains.
- B vitamins to enhance treatment response to antidepressants in middle-aged and older adults: results from the B-VITAGE randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25257064
Adjunctive B vitamins with citalopram increased odds of remission over 52 weeks and lowered relapse—direct mood benefit.
- A randomized placebo-controlled trial of using B vitamins to prevent cognitive decline in older mild cognitive impairment patients
PubMed ID: 31787369
B12+folate transiently reduced depressive symptoms at 12 months in older MCI patients (statistically significant short‑term effect).
- B-vitamins reduce the long-term risk of depression after stroke: The VITATOPS-DEP trial
PubMed ID: 20976769
Randomized long‑term B‑vitamin treatment in stroke survivors halved the hazard of major depression (clinically meaningful mood benefit within the trial population).
- Efficacy of Danzhixiaoyao tablets combined with methylcobalamin tablets in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: an open-label, randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38789997
Trial combining Danzhi Xiaoyao with methylcobalamin showed larger BDI reductions vs methylcobalamin alone, indicating mood benefit in that combination (B12 present but co‑intervention limits attribution).
Bone health (6)
- Improved nutritional status and bone health after diet-induced weight loss in sedentary osteoarthritis patients: a prospective cohort study
PubMed ID: 22190136
An intensive diet using fortified products increased plasma B12 and preserved/increased bone mineral content over 16 weeks; effect is from fortified diet including B12 rather than isolated B12.
- Homocysteine-lowering therapy or antioxidant therapy for bone loss in Parkinson's disease
PubMed ID: 19938151
12‑month folate+B12 reduced homocysteine and was associated with modest, clinically relevant increases in BMD in levodopa users.
- A Combined Nutrition and Exercise Intervention Influences Serum Vitamin B-12 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Bone Turnover of Healthy Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults
PubMed ID: 32588047
Fortified milk + exercise raised serum B12 and produced favourable changes in bone turnover markers (PINP, CTX).
- Randomised Controlled Trial of Nutritional Supplement on Bone Turnover Markers in Indian Premenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 33530298
Multi‑micronutrient fortified beverage increased B12 and decreased bone resorption marker (s‑CTX) in premenopausal women.
- Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15741530
Randomized trial in elderly stroke survivors: folate + high‑dose mecobalamin (B12) produced dramatic reduction in hip fractures (~76% relative reduction); strongest direct bone outcome.
- A 2-Year Randomized Controlled Trial With Low-Dose B-Vitamin Supplementation Shows Benefits on Bone Mineral Density in Adults With Lower B12 Status
PubMed ID: 36128889
Two‑year B‑vitamin RCT showed no overall BMD benefit but supplementation slowed bone loss modestly in those with low baseline B12—subgroup signal for bone preservation.
Skin health (5)
- Topical vitamin B12--a new therapeutic approach in atopic dermatitis-evaluation of efficacy and tolerability in a randomized placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15149512
Topical vitamin B12 cream significantly reduced atopic dermatitis severity vs placebo in an RCT—strong direct skin benefit.
- The Effectiveness of Vitamin B12 for Relieving Pain in Aphthous Ulcers: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26025792
Topical vitamin B12 ointment markedly reduced pain from aphthous mouth ulcers vs placebo—direct skin/mucosal benefit demonstrated in an RCT.
- Effectiveness of vitamin B12 in treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19124628
Randomized double-blind trial: high-dose sublingual B12 significantly reduced recurrent aphthous stomatitis duration/number/pain — clear mucosal (skin-like) benefit.
- [Effect of vitamin B12 mixed solution inhalation for acute radiation-induced mucosal injury]
PubMed ID: 16624769
Inhaled vitamin B12 reportedly relieved radiation-induced oral mucositis and pain, allowing uninterrupted radiotherapy (clinical benefit for mucosal health).
- Effect of methylcobalamin on capecitabine induced hand-foot syndrome in patients with HER2 negative early breast cancer: multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial
PubMed ID: 40935571
Oral methylcobalamin halved moderate‑to‑severe capecitabine‑related hand‑foot syndrome (a skin toxicity), a strong dermatologic benefit in chemo patients.
Metabolism (3)
- Low maternal vitamin B-12 status is associated with offspring insulin resistance regardless of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural Nepal
PubMed ID: 21865563
Observational: low maternal B12 in pregnancy was linked to higher offspring insulin resistance at school age (relevant to metabolic programming).
- Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multi-arm randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33066869
RCT in type 2 diabetes: methylcobalamin improved HbA1c and insulin resistance over 8 weeks — direct metabolic benefit.
- A functional evaluation of anti-fatigue and exercise performance improvement following vitamin B complex supplementation in healthy humans, a randomized double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 37786445
Supplementation reduced exercise lactate and ammonia peaks and improved recovery—indicative of improved metabolic responses to exercise.
Similar by evidence
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Products with Vitamin B12
Search all24326 products whose verified label declares Vitamin B12 — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.