Multivitamin
18 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from research
20 study groups in 13 studies say how much Multivitamin participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 500 mg to 1 g, 40% of 20 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 250 mcg or less | 1 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 2 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 1 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 0 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 0 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 1 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 0 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 0 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 2 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 3 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 0 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 8 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 0 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 2 |
Commonly used together
22 of 27 study groups took Multivitamin with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Iron | 7 |
| Vitamin A | 7 |
| Selenium | 5 |
| Vitamin C | 5 |
| Vitamin D | 5 |
| Vitamin E | 5 |
| Folic Acid | 4 |
| Zinc | 3 |
Benefit Evidence
Attention/RT +0.07 SD
Alertness/fatigue improved
Executive function +0.06 SD
Attention/RT +0.07 SD
Alertness/fatigue improved
Executive function +0.06 SD
Research sources
Nutrition source (93)
- The True Story on Deficiencies After Sleeve Gastrectomy: Results of a Double-Blind RCT
PubMed ID: 31776782
Specialized multivitamin post‑sleeve gastrectomy raised folate/B1 and greatly reduced anemia vs standard product (clear nutrient repletion).
- Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36501109
Multinutrient supplement raised B‑vitamin biomarkers over 12 weeks (biochemical evidence of repletion).
- Biochemical indices and neuromuscular function tests in rural Gambian schoolchildren given a riboflavin, or multivitamin plus iron, supplement
PubMed ID: 7986790
Year‑long supplementation corrected riboflavin deficiency and improved iron/vitamin indices (direct nutrient correction).
- The effects of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status, antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older adults consuming a fortified diet
PubMed ID: 11022875
RCT in older adults showed consistent increases in multiple vitamin biomarkers and reduced prevalence of suboptimal status (strong evidence of nutrient balancing).
- Multivitamin and mineral supplementation modulates oxidative stress and antioxidant vitamin levels in serum and follicular fluid of women undergoing in vitro fertilization
PubMed ID: 20226443
Multivitamin/mineral supplementation increased antioxidant vitamins and glutathione/GPx in serum/follicular fluid (nutrient/antioxidant repletion).
- Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Illness Outcome in Adolescents with HIV on HAART: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35771346
Macronutrient plus multivitamin supplementation corrected weight/BMI and raised hemoglobin—clear improvements in nutritional status.
- The Role of Multimicronutrient Supplementation in Pediatric HIV Management in Nigeria: A Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32202619
Multimicronutrient supplements raised hemoglobin in children with HIV, showing correction of specific nutrient deficits.
- The Effect of a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement on Immune Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32823974
Multivitamin raised plasma vitamin C and zinc substantially in older adults, demonstrating improved nutrient status.
- Adequate Multivitamin Supplementation after Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass Results in a Decrease of National Health Care Costs: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
PubMed ID: 30725428
Tailored bariatric multivitamin markedly reduced post‑op vitamin/mineral deficiencies vs standard multivitamin—direct evidence for improving nutrient balance.
- Effect of maternal supplement beverage with and without probiotics during pregnancy and lactation on maternal and infant health: a randomized controlled trial in the Philippines
PubMed ID: 29855271
Maternal supplementation was associated with modestly higher infant weight and length at 12 months, consistent with improved nutrient provision in pregnancy/lactation.
- An optimized multivitamin supplement lowers the number of vitamin and mineral deficiencies three years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study
PubMed ID: 26947791
Optimized post‑bariatric multivitamin substantially reduced anemia, low ferritin and B12 deficiency compared with standard multivitamin — clear evidence of nutrient balance improvement.
- Effects of multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition in younger adults and the contribution of B group vitamins
PubMed ID: 24424708
Trial showed robust increases in B6, B12 and folate and decreased homocysteine with multivitamin — strong biomarker evidence of nutrient repletion.
- The effects of multivitamin supplementation on diurnal cortisol secretion and perceived stress
PubMed ID: 24284609
16‑week multivitamin raised B‑vitamin levels and lowered homocysteine — clear evidence of repleting micronutrient status.
- Multivitamin supplementation improves haematologic status in children born to HIV-positive women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 23948440
Infant multivitamin increased haemoglobin and reduced anaemia—strong evidence of correcting nutrient‑deficiency outcomes.
- Effect of antioxidants and B-group vitamins on risk of infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
PubMed ID: 23462586
B‑vitamin and antioxidant supplementation raised plasma vitamin levels (E, folate, B12) in diabetics (biochemical repletion).
- Effect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot study
PubMed ID: 20087376
Pilot RCT increased serum zinc with addition of zinc to multivitamin (nutrient biomarker change).
- Laboratory markers of cardiovascular risk in pediatric SLE: the APPLE baseline cohort
PubMed ID: 20861207
Observational data: multivitamin-with-folate use associated with lower homocysteine (marker of micronutrient status).
- Effect of oral zinc supplementation on the growth of preterm infants
PubMed ID: 20308765
Preterm infant RCT: zinc+multivitamin raised serum zinc and improved growth and morbidity (nutrient repletion demonstrated).
- A randomized trial to determine the optimal dosage of multivitamin supplements to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 19939985
Large trial showed single-RDA multivitamin was broadly effective; no extra benefit for multiple-RDA dosing (nutrient adequacy context).
- Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22711385
Multivitamin increased vitamin B12 and folate and lowered homocysteine in older men—strong biomarker evidence of nutrient repletion.
- Folate-status response to a controlled folate intake in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating women
PubMed ID: 22932279
Prenatal high-folate supplement produced supranutritional serum folate and increased breast‑milk folic acid—clear nutrient changes.
- Optimization of vitamin suppletion after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery can lower postoperative deficiencies: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25437032
Tailored RYGB multivitamin clearly reduced iron and B12 deficiency versus standard MVS—strong evidence of balancing post-op nutrients.
- Multivitamin and iron supplementation to prevent periconceptional anemia in rural tanzanian women: a randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25905863
Preconception iron-containing supplements substantially reduced markers of iron-deficiency anemia in a large RCT—clear nutrient effect.
- B-Vitamin Therapy for Kidney Transplant Recipients Lowers Homocysteine and Improves Selective Cognitive Outcomes in the Randomized FAVORIT Ancillary Cognitive Trial
PubMed ID: 29182708
High-dose B-vitamin multivitamin significantly lowered homocysteine and improved B-vitamin biomarkers.
- Lactating Canadian Women Consuming 1000 µg Folic Acid Daily Have High Circulating Serum Folic Acid Above a Threshold Concentration of Serum Total Folate
PubMed ID: 29901753
Daily 1000 µg folic acid in lactation produced very high serum/RBC folate and measurable unmetabolized folic acid—strong biomarker impact.
- A randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous iron supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 32402684
IV iron is highly effective to correct iron deficiency after RYGB, demonstrating correction of a key nutrient deficit.
- A micronutrient supplement modulates homocysteine levels regardless of vitamin B biostatus in elderly subjects
PubMed ID: 36715360
Combined micronutrient supplement raised B12/folate and lowered homocysteine in older adults—clear nutrient repletion.
- Maternal serum unmetabolized folic acid concentration following multivitamin and mineral supplementation with or without folic acid after 12 weeks gestation: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38783413
Removing FA from prenatal MVS reduced unmetabolized folic acid and lowered serum/RBC folate—clear biomarker shifts reflecting formulation changes.
- Vitamin Profile of the Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving a Novel Total Parenteral Nutrition Formula: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
PubMed ID: 40906605
CKD-targeted TPN formula containing an updated multivitamin produced higher thiamine, vitamin C and folate blood levels vs control.
- Feasibility of a randomized clinical trial comparing 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folic acid prenatal multivitamins in couples with recurrent pregnancy loss
PubMed ID: 41544303
Feasibility RCT found 5‑MTHF lowered unmetabolized folic acid vs folic acid (biomarker-focused trial).
- Vitamin B12 decreases, but does not normalize, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in end-stage renal disease: a link with glycine metabolism and possible explanation of hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease
PubMed ID: 12601627
Folate then B12 supplementation in hemodialysis patients substantially lowered homocysteine and MMA (clear biochemical improvements).
- A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 microg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults
PubMed ID: 17456248
Multivitamin and capsule delivering same vitamin D dose produced similar rises in 25(OH)D—evidence of effective vitamin delivery.
- Untitled
PubMed ID: 22811376
Multivitamin lowered homocysteine and hsCRP in RCT (strong biomarker effect); combined with omega‑3 produced complementary benefits.
- Influence of daily 10-85 μg vitamin D supplements during pregnancy and lactation on maternal vitamin D status and mature milk antirachitic activity
PubMed ID: 30526692
Pregnancy dose study demonstrated dose-dependent increases in maternal 25(OH)D and milk vitamin D activity—clear nutrient effects.
- Treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with aflibercept combined with pranoprofen eye drops or nutraceutical support with omega-3: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 30680768
Adjunct multivitamin+omega‑3 nutraceutical produced anatomical retinal benefits and fewer injections—nutrient-based adjunct effect.
- Prevention of congenital abnormalities by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 8324432
Large periconceptional trial showed strong reduction in neural-tube and other major congenital abnormalities with multivitamin supplementation (unequivocal nutrient effect).
- Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Final report
PubMed ID: 7979565
Large RCT showed increased conception rates and NTD prevention with periconceptional multivitamin use—clear nutrient-related outcomes.
- Plasma zinc concentration increases within 2 weeks in healthy Senegalese men given liquid supplemental zinc, but not zinc-fortified wheat bread
PubMed ID: 21562238
Liquid multivitamin containing zinc produced a short‑term plasma zinc rise (nutrient absorption/response demonstrated).
- Efficacy and Safety of Ferrous Bisglycinate and Folinic Acid in the Control of Iron Deficiency in Pregnant Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35276810
Iron formulation + multivitamin improved Hb, ferritin and iron absorption (clear nutrient status improvements).
- Nutritional supplementation and dietary advice in geriatric patients at risk of malnutrition
PubMed ID: 17275141
Supplementation with dietary advice improved IGF‑I and prevented weight loss, reflecting improved nutrient balance in frail elderly.
- Effect of zinc added to multi-vitamin supplementation containing low-dose vitamin A on plasma retinol level in children--a double-blind randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17615904
Adding zinc to multivitamin substantially raised plasma zinc (clear biochemical change supporting nutrient repletion).
- Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants
PubMed ID: 15956998
Randomized maternal supplementation produced clear, statistically significant increases in infants' serum vitamins A, B12 and E—direct evidence of nutrient repletion/transmission.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress
PubMed ID: 11234653
Multivitamin-mineral produced measurable psychometric improvements after 30 days—suggests beneficial nutrient supplementation.
- Association of dietary protein intake and coffee consumption with serum homocysteine concentrations in an older population
PubMed ID: 10075332
Observational evidence that supplemental B-vitamin use (often via multivitamins) lowers homocysteine, indicating nutritional correction.
- Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 9605804
Large RCT demonstrated clinical and immunologic benefit from multivitamin supplementation in HIV+ pregnant women, supporting correction of nutrient deficits.
- Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28876332
Large RCT in infants: daily multivitamin reduced iron deficiency and severe anemia and raised hemoglobin—clear evidence of correcting nutrient deficits.
- Iron in prenatal multivitamin/multimineral supplements. Bioavailability
PubMed ID: 9513875
Demonstrated that MVM formulation and taking with a meal materially affect iron bioavailability — practical nutrient-balance evidence.
- A randomized, double-blind study of iodine supplementation during pregnancy in Sweden: pilot evaluation of maternal iodine status and thyroid function
PubMed ID: 33620551
Prenatal MVM with 150 μg iodine markedly raised urinary iodine and lowered thyroglobulin vs no-iodine MVM — direct correction of a micronutrient deficit.
- Iodine status during pregnancy and lactation: a pilot study in the Netherlands
PubMed ID: 30019676
Showed that a 150 μg iodine prenatal MVM often failed to fully correct iodine status — important data about adequacy of MVM dosing/formulation.
- Improved blood biomarkers but no cognitive effects from 16 weeks of multivitamin supplementation in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 25996285
Robust increases in vitamin B6 and other biomarkers and some improvements in homocysteine/CRP/lipids demonstrate clear nutrient repletion effects.
- Effects of Four-Week Supplementation with a Multi-Vitamin/Mineral Preparation on Mood and Blood Biomarkers in Young Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26529011
Large, rapid increases in B‑vitamin levels and reduced homocysteine after 4 weeks show effective nutrient repletion.
- Plasma ubiquinone status and response to six-month supplementation combined with multivitamins in healthy elderly women--results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 12847998
Randomized trial showed large increases in plasma CoQ10 when co‑supplemented with MVM/selenium/magnesium—clear biomarker effect.
- Metabolomics in nutritional epidemiology: identifying metabolites associated with diet and quantifying their potential to uncover diet-disease relations in populations
PubMed ID: 24740205
Metabolomics identified serum metabolites strongly correlated with reported MVM use—supports measurable nutrient signatures.
- Vitamin B-12 Status Differs among Pregnant, Lactating, and Control Women with Equivalent Nutrient Intakes
PubMed ID: 25995278
Controlled feeding trial showed prenatal MVM meaningfully changed multiple B12 biomarkers—direct evidence of improving nutrient balance.
- Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years
PubMed ID: 15309436
Six months of multivitamin raised folate/B12 and lowered homocysteine/MMA in older women — clear improvement in B‑vitamin status.
- The Effect of a High-Dose Vitamin B Multivitamin Supplement on the Relationship between Brain Metabolism and Blood Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Control Trial
PubMed ID: 30513795
High‑dose B multivitamin produced robust rises in B vitamins and lowered homocysteine (strong nutrient repletion evidence).
- Prevention of "nitrosative stress" by a nutritional supplement (LaVita®) - a randomized placebo controlled double blind clinical trial with healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 28171220
Multivitamin/mineral increased ubiquinone and some mitochondrial biomarkers — supports improved nutrient‑related cellular function.
- Effects of supplementation with a combination of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements, at nutritional doses, on biochemical indicators and markers of the antioxidant system in adult subjects
PubMed ID: 9627910
Nutritional‑dose antioxidant vitamin/mineral supplement produced clear increases in serum vitamins/minerals and GPx activity — direct evidence of improved nutrient balance.
- Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation
PubMed ID: 14559932
Six‑month multivitamin improved vitamin biomarkers and antioxidant properties of LDL — consistent with nutrient repletion/functional effects.
- Effects of 6-month multivitamin supplementation on serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C in healthy elderly women
PubMed ID: 15255454
Six‑month multivitamin/mineral raised serum alpha‑tocopherol and beta‑carotene and prevented vitamin C decline in older women — direct nutrient status improvement.
- Daily intake of multivitamins during long-term intake of olestra in men prevents declines in serum vitamins A and E but not carotenoids
PubMed ID: 15930452
MV prevented olestra-induced declines in serum alpha-tocopherol and retinol—direct nutrient maintenance effect.
- A community randomized controlled clinical trial of mixed carotenoids and micronutrient supplementation of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
PubMed ID: 16721396
Adding carotenoids to MV doubled serum carotene—evidence of correcting a specific deficiency.
- Multivitamin supplementation improves hematologic status in HIV-infected women and their children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 17490971
Maternal MV increased maternal hemoglobin and lowered child anemia risk—clear nutritional impact.
- Effect of vitamin supplementation on breast milk concentrations of retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols in HIV-infected Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 17940544
Prenatal/postnatal supplementation doubled breast-milk retinol and greatly raised β-carotene/α-tocopherol—strong nutrient changes.
- Effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on plasma levels of nutrients. Report No. 4 of the Italian-American clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract
PubMed ID: 19636163
Long-term Centrum raised plasma vitamin E, β-carotene, folate and B12 vs placebo (strong biomarker evidence of repletion).
- A Randomized Trial of a Novel Chewable Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
PubMed ID: 29500675
Investigational chewable multivitamin post‑gastric bypass produced higher vitamin D, thiamine and β‑carotene vs standard — direct nutrient preservation evidence.
- Effects of an Antioxidant-enriched Multivitamin in Cystic Fibrosis. A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29688760
Antioxidant‑enriched MVM raised multiple antioxidant biomarkers (β‑carotene, CoQ10, γ‑tocopherol, lutein)—strong evidence of altering nutrient status.
- Effects of Multivitamin, Multimineral and Phytonutrient Supplementation on Nutrient Status and Biomarkers of Heart Health Risk in a Russian Population: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 29370120
MV/MM/phytonutrient raised RBC folate and vitamin C (direct nutrient repletion).
- Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplementation Prevents or Reverses Decline in Vitamin Biomarkers and Cellular Energy Metabolism in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 37375594
MV prevented declines and raised several vitamin biomarkers in older men (strong evidence of balanced nutrient effects).
- Postoperative Vitamin Profile after Receiving a Novel Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Solution: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
PubMed ID: 35439754
PPN containing MV maintained postoperative vitamin levels while PPN without vitamins led to declines.
- Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increases spinal BMD in healthy, postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 9797910
Calcium+D (with MV in some arms) increased spine BMD over 2 years—nutrient-based bone support.
- Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24210789
High‑dose vitamin D on top of prenatal multivitamin markedly raised maternal/neonatal 25(OH)D — demonstrates importance of adjusting multivitamin components to correct deficiencies.
- Effect of vitamin D administration in vitamin D-deficient pregnant women on maternal and neonatal serum calcium and vitamin D concentrations: a randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 23628132
High‑dose vitamin D treatment produced large increases in maternal/newborn vitamin D and calcium — highlights nutrient repletion beyond standard multivitamin dosing.
- Impact of vitamin D supplementation during lactation on vitamin D status and body composition of mother-infant pairs: a MAVID randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25232839
Extra vitamin D capsules on top of a multivitamin improved maternal 25(OH)D levels during lactation — evidence about nutrient sufficiency in supplementation strategies.
- Maintenance of Multivitamin Supplements After Sleeve Gastrectomy
PubMed ID: 26843085
Post‑bariatric trial assessed routine MVM extension; results showed little change in deficiency rates but focused on nutrient status.
- 25 hydroxy vitamin D is higher when a renal multivitamin is given with cholecalciferol at hemodialysis
PubMed ID: 27702718
RRT patient RCT: adding cholecalciferol to a multivitamin reliably repleted 25‑OH vitamin D to sufficient range.
- Vitamin D3 Supplementation Increases Spine Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents and Young Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Being Treated With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 29020329
Monthly high‑dose vitamin D added to daily MVM markedly increased serum 25‑OHD (trial evidence).
- Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Liposomal and Non-Liposomal Multivitamin/Mineral Formulations
PubMed ID: 37447400
PK crossover study demonstrated that liposomal formulation alters plasma profiles of multiple vitamins/minerals versus standard pill.
- Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 1307234
Large randomized trial showed periconception multivitamin (with folic acid) prevented first‑occurrence NTDs and reduced congenital malformations—demonstrates clinically important nutrient effects.
- [Prevention of the first occurrence of anencephaly and spina bifida with periconceptional multivitamin supplementation (conclusion)]
PubMed ID: 7970646
Large RCT confirming elimination of neural‑tube defects with multivitamin/folic acid—strong evidence for targeted nutrient balance in pregnancy.
- The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome
PubMed ID: 7629954
Adding zinc to prenatal multivitamin raised infant birth weight/head circumference and plasma zinc—evidence of mineral/nutrient effect.
- Randomized controlled phase I trial for a novel peripheral parenteral nutrition formula containing dextrose, amino acids, fat emulsion, electrolytes, and FDA2000 recommendation-based vitamins
PubMed ID: 35871950
All‑in‑one PN including multivitamins better maintained multiple vitamin blood levels versus control—evidence of balanced nutrient delivery.
- Vitamin supplementation reduces blood homocysteine levels: a controlled trial in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 9514403
High‑dose B‑vitamin multivitamin markedly lowered homocysteine and raised folate—strong biochemical nutrient repletion effect.
- Enhanced reduction of fasting total homocysteine levels with supraphysiological versus standard multivitamin dose folic acid supplementation in renal transplant recipients
PubMed ID: 10591669
High‑dose folic‑acid multivitamin produced dose‑dependent homocysteine lowering in transplant patients — demonstrates potent nutrient effect.
- Multivitamin/mineral supplementation improves plasma B-vitamin status and homocysteine concentration in healthy older adults consuming a folate-fortified diet
PubMed ID: 11110875
Multivitamin raised B‑vitamin biomarkers and modestly lowered homocysteine in older adults — solid evidence of nutrient balancing.
- Oral vitamin B(12) and high-dose folic acid in hemodialysis patients with hyper-homocyst(e)inemia
PubMed ID: 11231366
Daily multivitamin (1 mg folate) with added B12 lowered homocysteine meaningfully in hemodialysis patients — nutrient repletion effect.
- Fiber-multivitamin combination therapy: a beneficial influence on low-density lipoprotein and homocysteine
PubMed ID: 12200762
Fiber plus B‑vitamin supplement changed lipids and lowered homocysteine — demonstrates metabolic/nutrient effects.
- Hungarian cohort-controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation shows a reduction in certain congenital abnormalities
PubMed ID: 15523663
Periconceptional multivitamin with folic acid produced strong protective effects for NTDs and some congenital heart defects — effective nutrient intervention in pregnancy.
- Multivitamin supplementation improves nutritional status and bone quality in aged care residents
PubMed ID: 18043700
Daily multivitamin increased 25(OH)D, folate and B12 substantially in elderly — strong evidence of correcting multiple nutrient deficits.
- Preventing low birthweight through maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial in Indramayu, West Java
PubMed ID: 20120790
Prenatal multiple micronutrients improved perinatal outcomes in adherent women despite lower iron content — shows balanced prenatal nutrient provision.
- Supplementation with a multivitamin containing 800 microg of folic acid shortens the time to reach the preventive red blood cell folate concentration in healthy women
PubMed ID: 20108207
Daily multivitamin with 800 μg folic acid reliably and rapidly raised RBC folate above the protective threshold — clear proof of nutrient repletion.
- Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves vitamin B₁₂ and folate concentrations of HIV infected children in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21600005
Included again for strong MMS biomarker improvements (duplicate rationale).
- Homocysteine-lowering and cardiovascular disease outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: primary results from the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation trial
PubMed ID: 21482964
High‑dose folate/B6/B12 multivitamin produced substantial homocysteine lowering and clear changes in B-vitamin biomarkers.
Healthy aging (28)
- Multivitamin and mineral supplementation is associated with the reduction of fracture risk and hospitalization rate in Chinese adult males: a randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 24849736
Large Chinese RCT: 6 years of multivitamin/mineral supplementation reduced fractures and fracture‑related hospitalizations in men over long follow‑up — supports aspects of healthy aging (skeletal).
- Multivitamin Supplementation Improves Memory in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37244291
Small but significant preservation of episodic memory in older adults supports a healthy aging effect on cognition.
- Multivitamin and Mineral Supplementation Containing Phytonutrients Scavenges Reactive Oxygen Species in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 30621298
RCT showed reductions in ROS and DNA-damage biomarkers with a multivitamin/phytonutrient supplement—mechanistically relevant to cellular aging.
- Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23162860
Large long‑term RCT in older men showed a modest but significant reduction in total cancer incidence with daily multivitamin.
- A post-trial survey to assess the impact of dissemination of results and unmasking on participants in a 13-year randomised controlled trial on age-related cataract
PubMed ID: 21672204
Large long-term RCT showed mixed but meaningful effects on age-related cataract subtypes (nuclear decreased).
- A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3
PubMed ID: 18387406
Randomized trial found reduced nuclear cataract events but increased PSC—mixed aging-related eye effects.
- Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial
PubMed ID: 8651227
Large RCT in a nutrient‑poor population showed multivitamin/mineral supplementation reduced cerebrovascular mortality and hypertension (meaningful aging/vascular benefit).
- Effect of nutrition intervention on intermediate endpoints in esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis
PubMed ID: 7495241
Ancillary trial data in a deficient population showed reduced epithelial proliferation and increased reversion of precancerous lesions — plausible contribution to healthy aging.
- The effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on esophageal cytology: results from the Linxian Dysplasia Trial
PubMed ID: 8157352
Large trial showed higher rates of reversion from esophageal dysplasia with supplements (precancer prevention could support healthy aging).
- Memory improvements in elderly women following 16 weeks treatment with a combined multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22006207
Reduced homocysteine and raised B‑vitamins in elderly women — relevant biomarker support for aging-related risk reduction.
- The effects of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status, antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older adults consuming a fortified diet
PubMed ID: 11022875
Older adults showed increases in vitamin D, E and B12 and reduced suboptimal status—supports healthy aging nutrition.
- A micronutrient supplement modulates homocysteine levels regardless of vitamin B biostatus in elderly subjects
PubMed ID: 36715360
In older adults micronutrient supplementation improved B12/folate and lowered homocysteine—biomarkers relevant to aging-related risk.
- Multivitamin supplementation improves nutritional status and bone quality in aged care residents
PubMed ID: 18043700
Elderly care residents had large increases in 25(OH)D, B12, folate and a statistically significant improvement in heel QUS — clinically meaningful for aging bone health.
- Folate, vitamin B6, multivitamin supplements, and colorectal cancer risk in women
PubMed ID: 16339055
Observational link between higher dietary folate/B6 and lower colorectal cancer risk supports a potential healthy‑aging benefit (observational).
- Impact of multivitamin-mineral and cocoa extract on incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Results from the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study for the Mind (COSMOS-Mind)
PubMed ID: 37035889
Confirmed cognitive score improvements though no reduction in adjudicated MCI/dementia over 3 years.
- Effects of multivitamin supplementation on DNA damage in lymphocytes from elderly volunteers
PubMed ID: 17884137
Elderly volunteers had reduced oxidative DNA damage and greater resistance to peroxide‑induced breaks after multivitamin mixture.
- Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 35294969
Large RCT in older adults (Centrum Silver) assessed aging‑relevant outcomes; overall null for cancer/CVD but notable lung cancer reduction.
- Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36102337
Three‑year RCT: small but consistent cognitive benefits in older adults with daily MVM, relevant to brain healthy aging.
- Effects of cocoa extract supplementation and multivitamin/multimineral supplements on self-reported fractures in the Cocoa Supplement and Multivitamins Outcomes Study randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 39964350
Large RCT directly measured fractures (an aging outcome); relevant but showed small borderline increased fracture risk with MVM.
- The aging/precancerous gastric mucosa: a pilot nutraceutical trial
PubMed ID: 15247013
In older patients, antioxidant/multivitamin supplementation reduced oxidative stress markers and DNA‑damage biomarkers—mechanistically relevant to healthy aging.
- Plasma ubiquinone status and response to six-month supplementation combined with multivitamins in healthy elderly women--results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 12847998
Large increase in plasma CoQ10 when given with multivitamin/selenium—biomarker linked to mitochondrial health and aging.
- The Linxian cataract studies. Two nutrition intervention trials
PubMed ID: 8363468
Large randomized trials in nutritionally‑deficient Chinese populations substantially lowered nuclear cataract prevalence — strong aging/vision benefit.
- Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation
PubMed ID: 14559932
Six‑month multivitamin reduced homocysteine and decreased LDL oxidation (biomarkers linked to healthier aging/vascular protection).
- Evaluation of risk factors for cataract types in a competing risks framework
PubMed ID: 19353398
Prospective cohort: MV users had ~13% lower risk of age-related cataract (an aging outcome).
- Effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on plasma levels of nutrients. Report No. 4 of the Italian-American clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract
PubMed ID: 19636163
Long-term MV raised several vitamin biomarkers—supports nutritional status relevant to healthy aging.
- Effects of an Antioxidant-enriched Multivitamin in Cystic Fibrosis. A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29688760
Antioxidant‑enriched MVM raised systemic antioxidants—plausible mechanism for mitigating oxidative aging processes and reduced exacerbations in CF.
- Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplementation Prevents or Reverses Decline in Vitamin Biomarkers and Cellular Energy Metabolism in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 37375594
MV prevented declines in multiple vitamin biomarkers and preserved PBMC O2 consumption in older men (direct aging-relevant markers).
- Effects of supplementation with multivitamin and mineral on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in obese Chinese women with increased cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 19329405
Reduced BP and CRP in at‑risk adults — biomarkers relevant to cardiovascular aging.
Wellbeing (35)
- Effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on plasma levels of nutrients. Report No. 4 of the Italian-American clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract
PubMed ID: 19636163
Long-term Centrum supplementation raised multiple plasma vitamin biomarkers—broad nutritional benefit supporting wellbeing.
- Sex differences in the effects of maternal vitamin supplements on mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 20211040
Maternal B/C/E MV raised infant B12 and reduced mortality in daughters—important wellbeing and survival signal.
- Effects of an Antioxidant-enriched Multivitamin in Cystic Fibrosis. A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29688760
Clinically meaningful reduction in pulmonary exacerbations in CF and increases in antioxidants—translated into patient‑relevant benefit.
- Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplementation Prevents or Reverses Decline in Vitamin Biomarkers and Cellular Energy Metabolism in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 37375594
MV prevented declines in vitamin biomarkers and cellular O2 consumption in older men—supports functional wellbeing.
- The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10907676
RCT showed reductions in anxiety and perceived stress and trends to better concentration — overall psychological wellbeing improved.
- Effects of supplementation with multivitamin and mineral on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in obese Chinese women with increased cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 19329405
Reduced inflammation and BP in at‑risk adults can contribute to improved overall health/wellbeing.
- Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women
PubMed ID: 20142823
Multiple favorable changes in adiposity, energy expenditure and lipids suggest improved metabolic wellbeing.
- Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy
PubMed ID: 21751253
Large trial reported small subjective improvements in stamina, concentration and alertness — overall wellbeing signal.
- Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36102337
Large RCT with modest cognitive improvements suggests an overall small benefit to mental wellbeing in older adults.
- EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS OF A NEW MULTIVITAMIN ON CHRONIC METABOLIC SYNDROMES AND AGING
PubMed ID: 28331914
Small human trial reported reductions across many self‑reported chronic symptom categories after taking a novel multivitamin.
- The effects of multivitamin supplementation on mood and general well-being in healthy young adults. A laboratory and at-home mobile phone assessment
PubMed ID: 23727255
Consistent at-home reductions in stress, fatigue and anxiety after 16 weeks indicate improved day-to-day wellbeing.
- The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress
PubMed ID: 21905094
B‑complex reduced personal strain and negative mood domains (supports wellbeing).
- Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract
PubMed ID: 9034759
Large RCT showed multivitamin improved self‑reported quality‑of‑life over 12 weeks (direct subjective wellbeing benefit).
- Multivitamin Supplementation Is Associated with Greater Adequacy of Gestational Weight Gain among Pregnant Women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 34964890
Prenatal multivitamins improved adequacy of gestational weight gain—population‑level wellbeing benefit during pregnancy.
- Vitamins and perinatal outcomes among HIV-negative women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 17409323
Large prenatal trial showed reduced low birth weight/SGA and maternal anemia—substantial public‑health wellbeing benefits for mothers/infants.},{
- Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Final report
PubMed ID: 7979565
Large trial showed increased conception rates and reduced neural-tube defects with periconceptional multivitamin—important wellbeing effects.
- Prevention of congenital abnormalities by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 8324432
Periconceptional multivitamin substantially reduced major congenital anomalies—major overall health benefit for population of mothers/children.
- Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Illness Outcome in Adolescents with HIV on HAART: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35771346
Substantial improvements in weight/BMI, hemoglobin and elimination of intercurrent illnesses in adolescents with HIV imply marked overall wellbeing benefits.
- The effect of multivitamin supplements on continuation rate and side effects of combined oral contraceptives: A randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25676163
Multivitamin during pill‑free week reduced side effects and increased contraceptive continuation, improving user wellbeing and adherence.
- Maternal multivitamin supplementation reduces the risk of diarrhoea among HIV-exposed children through age 5 years
PubMed ID: 25173342
Maternal supplementation reduced child diarrhoea and lowered mortality in HIV‑negative children — meaningful wellbeing outcomes for offspring.
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on disease progression in asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected adults in Botswana: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24281460
Multivitamin+selenium slowed immunologic decline in ART‑naive HIV adults, improving clinical outcomes and likely overall wellbeing.
- Effects of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement on young males with physical overtraining: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial
PubMed ID: 23895706
Physiologic and psychological recovery benefits after intense training reflect improved short‑term wellbeing.
- Participant experiences from chronic administration of a multivitamin versus placebo on subjective health and wellbeing: a double-blind qualitative analysis of a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23241329
Participants reported improved energy, mood and some sleep benefits in 16‑week RCT, indicating overall wellbeing improvements.
- The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men
PubMed ID: 22095836
Older men had improved mood/stress and daily functioning with multivitamin/mineral/herbal supplement vs placebo.
- Multivitamin supplementation in HIV-positive pregnant women: impact on depression and quality of life in a resource-poor setting
PubMed ID: 17461847
Large RCT in HIV+ pregnant women: multivitamin reduced depressive symptoms and improved multiple QOL domains.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress
PubMed ID: 11234653
Multivitamin-mineral improved stress-related psychometric scores (wellbeing-related outcome) in an RCT.
- Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 9605804
Large RCT in HIV+ pregnant women: multivitamin supplementation substantially improved birth outcomes and maternal T-cell counts, supporting overall wellbeing in this population.
- Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial
PubMed ID: 8651227
Population RCT showed reductions in cerebrovascular deaths and hypertension (public‑health level wellbeing improvement) in a nutrient‑deficient cohort.
- Effects of multivitamin combined with magnesium sulfate versus magnesium sulfate alone on hemodynamics, coagulation, and maternal-infant outcomes in preeclampsia: a randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 41476304
Addition of multivitamin to standard preeclampsia therapy improved multiple maternal and neonatal outcomes — tangible wellbeing benefits.
- Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28876332
Reduced severe anemia and improved iron markers in infants likely improve general health and wellbeing.
- Effect of daily versus weekly home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on haemoglobin concentration of young children in a rural area, Lao People's Democratic Republic: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 22111770
Large anemia reductions and hemoglobin gains in children translate to improved health/wellbeing in that population.
- Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974
PubMed ID: 19718255
Naturopathic care including multivitamin improved anxiety scores and the SF‑36 mental component — direct improvement in reported wellbeing (multi‑component intervention).
- A randomized trial of multivitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality
PubMed ID: 15229304
Large HIV trial with slowed progression and improved immune/virologic markers is consistent with improved overall clinical wellbeing.
- Vitamin supplements, socioeconomic status, and morbidity events as predictors of wasting in HIV-infected women from Tanzania
PubMed ID: 16210717
MV reduced risk of wasting in HIV+ women—clinically meaningful improvement in health status.
- Effects of maternal vitamin supplements on malaria in children born to HIV-infected women
PubMed ID: 17556612
Maternal MV reduced childhood clinical malaria incidence—major wellbeing/health benefit in offspring.
Immune support (28)
- Effect of daily versus weekly home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on haemoglobin concentration of young children in a rural area, Lao People's Democratic Republic: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 22111770
Marked anemia reductions and improved hemoglobin in Lao children likely reduce infection susceptibility and support immunity indirectly.
- A randomized trial of multivitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality
PubMed ID: 15229304
Large randomized trial in HIV‑infected pregnant women: multivitamins slowed progression, increased CD4 counts and lowered viral load — strong direct immune benefit.
- A community randomized controlled clinical trial of mixed carotenoids and micronutrient supplementation of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
PubMed ID: 16721396
High-dose carotenoids added to MV increased serum carotene and associated with improved survival in advanced AIDS (immune-relevant context).
- Effects of maternal vitamin supplements on malaria in children born to HIV-infected women
PubMed ID: 17556612
Maternal B/C/E MV markedly reduced clinical malaria incidence in children (strong infection-related benefit).
- Sex differences in the effects of maternal vitamin supplements on mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 20211040
Maternal B/C/E MV raised infant B12 and reduced mortality in daughters—suggests improved infant resilience/immunity.
- Effects of an Antioxidant-enriched Multivitamin in Cystic Fibrosis. A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29688760
Antioxidant‑enriched MVM halved risk of first pulmonary exacerbation in CF—clinical signal consistent with improved host resilience/infection outcomes.
- Nutrient supplementation as adjunct therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis
PubMed ID: 15255451
Multivitamin–trace element supplement reduced persistent sputum positivity in pulmonary TB — indicates improved host response to infection as adjunct.
- Effect of daily cod liver oil and a multivitamin-mineral supplement with selenium on upper respiratory tract pediatric visits by young, inner-city, Latino children: randomized pediatric sites
PubMed ID: 15562899
Small pediatric study: cod liver oil + children's multivitamin associated with fewer URTI doctor visits during season.
- Effect of a mangosteen dietary supplement on human immune function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19697997
Xanthone‑rich product with multivitamins altered immune markers and reduced CRP after 30 days (direct immune biomarker changes).
- Regular vitamin C supplementation during pregnancy reduces hospitalization: outcomes of a Ugandan rural cohort study
PubMed ID: 21293742
Addition of vitamin C to prenatal MVM was associated with fewer hospitalizations — an indicator of improved resilience to illness in that cohort.
- Impact of zinc supplementation on subsequent morbidity and growth in Bangladeshi children with persistent diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 17615905
Zinc+multivitamin reduced diarrhoeal incidence/duration in children—consistent with immune-mediated benefits.
- Zinc supplementation in the management of shigellosis in malnourished children in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 17554249
Zinc in multivitamin reduced diarrhoea and sped recovery in shigellosis—immune support likely contributor.
- Effect of oral zinc supplementation on the growth of preterm infants
PubMed ID: 20308765
Preterm infants receiving zinc+multivitamin had higher serum zinc and reduced morbidity (infection-related).
- A randomized trial of multivitamin supplementation in children with tuberculosis in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 22039966
Multivitamin improved hemoglobin in children with TB and gave subgroup weight gains—some immune/nutritional improvements.
- Vitamin D status and its association with morbidity including wasting and opportunistic illnesses in HIV-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 21916603
Observational finding: low vitamin D predicted higher rates of respiratory infections and thrush in cohort nested in a multivitamin trial (vitamin D not supplied).
- Multiple micronutrient supplementation in Tanzanian infants born to HIV-infected mothers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 23134887
Multiple‑micronutrient supplementation in HIV‑exposed infants reduced fevers (fewer infections), indicating improved infection resistance.
- Effects of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement on young males with physical overtraining: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial
PubMed ID: 23895706
Immune cell parameters improved after multivitamin/mineral use in overtrained young men (randomized crossover).
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on disease progression in asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected adults in Botswana: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24281460
Multivitamin plus selenium significantly slowed CD4 decline and reduced progression to AIDS‑related outcomes in ART‑naive adults (robust immunologic benefit).
- Supplementation with multivitamins and vitamin A and incidence of malaria among HIV-infected Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 25436815
Maternal multivitamins reduced presumptive clinical malaria incidence in HIV‑infected pregnant women, indicating enhanced clinical protection.
- Maternal multivitamin supplementation reduces the risk of diarrhoea among HIV-exposed children through age 5 years
PubMed ID: 25173342
Maternal multivitamin supplementation lowered diarrhoea incidence and reduced mortality in HIV‑negative children — evidence of improved child health/infection outcomes.
- Role of multivitamins, micronutrients and probiotics supplementation in management of HIV infected children
PubMed ID: 24760382
Micronutrients delayed clinical progression and probiotics increased CD4 in HIV‑infected children — evidence for immune benefits (small study).
- The Effect of a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement on Immune Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32823974
Older-adult RCT showed large increases in vitamin C and zinc and a 64% reduction in self-reported days ill—strong evidence for improved resistance to minor infectious illness.
- Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Illness Outcome in Adolescents with HIV on HAART: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35771346
Adolescents with HIV experienced elimination of reported intercurrent illnesses and improved hematologic markers after macronutrient+multivitamin supplementation.
- Effect of providing vitamin supplements to human immunodeficiency virus-infected, lactating mothers on the child's morbidity and CD4+ cell counts
PubMed ID: 12684919
Maternal multivitamin supplementation reduced diarrhea in children and increased child CD4 counts — strong immune/clinical benefit in offspring.
- Iron supplementation in HIV-infected Malawian children with anemia: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23956164
In HIV‑infected anemic children adding iron with multivitamins increased CD4 percentage — direct immune marker improvement, though iron was co‑administered.
- Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 9605804
In HIV+ pregnant women, multivitamin supplementation increased maternal T-cell counts and improved infant birth outcomes—strong evidence of immune-related benefits in this context.
- Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality
PubMed ID: 12351954
Multivitamin (no vitamin A) reduced breastfeeding transmission and child deaths in immuno/nutritionally compromised mothers—conditional immune-related benefit.
- Effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on infection and quality of life. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12614088
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial showed large, significant reductions in self-reported infections and infection-related absenteeism with daily multivitamin (noted especially in diabetics), directly supporting immune benefits.
Heart health (15)
- Randomized controlled trial examining the effects of fish oil and multivitamin supplementation on the incorporation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids into red blood cells
PubMed ID: 24830830
Multivitamin plus high‑dose fish oil produced the largest increase in RBC long‑chain n‑3 index (cardio‑relevant biomarker).
- Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women
PubMed ID: 20142823
Multivitamin/mineral reduced weight/fat and improved lipid profile (TC, LDL↓, HDL↑) — beneficial for heart risk.
- Effects of supplementation with multivitamin and mineral on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in obese Chinese women with increased cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 19329405
RCT in obese Chinese women: multivitamin/mineral lowered systolic/diastolic blood pressure and CRP — direct cardiovascular risk factor improvements.
- Vitamin K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older men and women
PubMed ID: 19386744
Vitamin‑K containing multivitamin showed modest slowing of CAC progression in adherent subgroup — limited heart‑support signal.
- Effects of Multivitamin, Multimineral and Phytonutrient Supplementation on Nutrient Status and Biomarkers of Heart Health Risk in a Russian Population: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 29370120
MV/MM/phytonutrient supplement lowered homocysteine and improved folate/B-vitamin status (CVD risk biomarker improvement).
- Multivitamin supplementation of HIV-positive women during pregnancy reduces hypertension
PubMed ID: 15987864
Large trial showed maternal multivitamins reduced the risk of hypertension during pregnancy — direct blood‑pressure/vascular benefit.
- Mortality after multivitamin supplementation: Nearly 35-year follow-up of the randomized Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial
PubMed ID: 35670139
Large long-term RCT found reduced heart-disease mortality in older men (subgroup), suggesting potential cardiovascular benefit in that subgroup.
- Effect of high-dose oral multivitamins and minerals in participants not treated with statins in the randomized Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT)
PubMed ID: 29224648
High‑dose multivitamin/mineral regimen (post‑MI, not on statins) produced a substantial, significant reduction in composite cardiac events in a prespecified subgroup.
- EDTA chelation therapy alone and in combination with oral high-dose multivitamins and minerals for coronary disease: The factorial group results of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy
PubMed ID: 24952858
Large trial showed reduction in events only when vitamins were combined with EDTA chelation; vitamins alone non‑significant — partial/uncertain heart benefit.
- Periconceptional multivitamin use and the occurrence of conotruncal heart defects: results from a population-based, case-control study
PubMed ID: 8909485
Population data: periconceptional multivitamin use strongly associated with lower risk of conotruncal congenital heart defects in offspring (good support for developmental heart protection).
- Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial
PubMed ID: 8651227
Supplementation reduced cerebrovascular deaths and hypertension prevalence in men — supports vascular/heart health in nutrient‑deficient settings.
- Homocysteine in chronic kidney disease: Effect of low protein diet and repletion with B vitamins
PubMed ID: 15780109
B‑vitamin multivitamin corrected hyperhomocysteinemia in many CKD patients (homocysteine is a vascular risk marker).
- Fiber-multivitamin combination therapy: a beneficial influence on low-density lipoprotein and homocysteine
PubMed ID: 12200762
Fiber plus B‑vitamin combination produced clinically relevant LDL (~8%) and ApoB (~20% in subset) reductions — direct lipid/heart risk benefit.
- Vitamin supplementation reduces blood homocysteine levels: a controlled trial in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 9514403
High‑dose B‑vitamin multivitamin substantially lowered homocysteine, a biomarker associated with cardiovascular risk.
- The effects of long-chain omega-3 fish oils and multivitamins on cognitive and cardiovascular function: a randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25565485
Fish oil (with/without multivitamin) reduced aortic pulse/augmentation pressure and raised RBC omega‑3 markers—direct cardiovascular benefit signal.
Energy & Fatigue (21)
- The Role of Multimicronutrient Supplementation in Pediatric HIV Management in Nigeria: A Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32202619
Hemoglobin increases from multimicronutrient supplementation are directly linked to improved oxygen-carrying capacity and energy.
- Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation with Multivitamins Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37960157
Beta-glucan plus MV produced modest improvements in cognitive fatigue and daytime dysfunction in ME/CFS patients.
- The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10907676
Trial reported trends toward less tiredness after 28 days — supports reduced subjective fatigue.
- Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women
PubMed ID: 20142823
RCT showed higher resting energy expenditure and reductions in weight/fat with multivitamin/mineral — objective metabolic energy effects.
- Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy
PubMed ID: 21751253
Subjects reported small improvements in stamina/alertness — subjective energy increase.
- Milk folate secretion is not impaired during iron deficiency in humans
PubMed ID: 16988136
Iron supplementation in the regimen improved maternal hematologic indices — plausible reduction in anemia‑related fatigue and increased energy.
- Treatment response to iron and folic acid alone is the same as with multivitamins and/or anthelminthics in severely anemic 6- to 24-month-old children
PubMed ID: 19535425
Iron+folic acid cured many severely anemic toddlers — hematologic recovery typically alleviates fatigue/lethargy.
- Optimization of vitamin suppletion after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery can lower postoperative deficiencies: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25437032
Post‑RYGB tailored multivitamin markedly reduced new iron and B12 deficiencies—directly relevant to reducing anemia-related fatigue.
- Multivitamin and iron supplementation to prevent periconceptional anemia in rural tanzanian women: a randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25905863
Preconception iron-containing supplements reduced iron‑deficiency anemia indicators, a clear mechanism to reduce fatigue.
- A randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous iron supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 32402684
IV iron corrected iron deficiency rapidly after RYGB (direct correction of a major cause of fatigue).
- The True Story on Deficiencies After Sleeve Gastrectomy: Results of a Double-Blind RCT
PubMed ID: 31776782
Reduced anemia prevalence after specialized multivitamin post‑sleeve gastrectomy implies decreased fatigue.
- Efficacy and Safety of Ferrous Bisglycinate and Folinic Acid in the Control of Iron Deficiency in Pregnant Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35276810
Improved maternal hemoglobin/ferritin (less anemia) likely reduces fatigue postpartum.
- Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana)
PubMed ID: 18077056
Multivitamin+guaraná reduced mental fatigue acutely (strong direct effect on fatigue).
- The effects of multivitamin supplementation on mood and general well-being in healthy young adults. A laboratory and at-home mobile phone assessment
PubMed ID: 23727255
At‑home post-dose assessments reported reduced physical fatigue after 16 weeks — direct symptom reduction evidence.
- Iron supplementation in HIV-infected Malawian children with anemia: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23956164
In HIV‑infected anemic children adding iron with multivitamins raised hemoglobin; hemoglobin improvement supports reduced fatigue, though effect mainly due to iron.
- Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28876332
Large infant RCT: daily multivitamin reduced iron deficiency and severe anemia and modestly raised hemoglobin—directly relevant to reducing anemia‑related fatigue.
- Effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on infection and quality of life. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12614088
Multivitamin reduced infection-related absenteeism in this RCT (esp. in type 2 diabetes subgroup), which plausibly reflects less illness-related fatigue/functional loss.
- The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men
PubMed ID: 22095836
Improved alertness and day-to-day functioning reported vs placebo (supports increased energy/alertness).
- Participant experiences from chronic administration of a multivitamin versus placebo on subjective health and wellbeing: a double-blind qualitative analysis of a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23241329
Self‑reported increased energy/alertness substantially more often with multivitamin vs placebo in 16‑week RCT.
- Effects of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement on young males with physical overtraining: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial
PubMed ID: 23895706
Improved hormonal and psychological recovery after overtraining likely reduces fatigue in the short term (randomized crossover).
- Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Illness Outcome in Adolescents with HIV on HAART: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35771346
Macronutrient plus multivitamin supplementation in adolescents with HIV increased weight/BMI and hemoglobin—changes commonly translate to reduced fatigue/increased vitality.
Bone health (12)
- Effect of vitamin D administration in vitamin D-deficient pregnant women on maternal and neonatal serum calcium and vitamin D concentrations: a randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 23628132
High‑dose vitamin D in pregnancy greatly raised maternal/newborn vitamin D and calcium — supports bone‑relevant nutrient repletion.
- The effects of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status, antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older adults consuming a fortified diet
PubMed ID: 11022875
Vitamin D increased significantly in older adults (direct relevance to bone health and mineral metabolism).
- Multivitamin supplementation improves nutritional status and bone quality in aged care residents
PubMed ID: 18043700
Multivitamin raised 25(OH)D, B12, folate and produced a statistically significant improvement in heel QUS measure in elderly residents.
- Effects of cocoa extract supplementation and multivitamin/multimineral supplements on self-reported fractures in the Cocoa Supplement and Multivitamins Outcomes Study randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 39964350
Very large RCT directly measured incident fractures after daily MVM and found a small, borderline increase in fracture risk — highly relevant.
- Vitamin D3 Supplementation Increases Spine Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents and Young Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Being Treated With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 29020329
Adding high‑dose vitamin D to a multivitamin increased serum 25‑OHD and produced a small within‑group spine BMD rise (trial evidence).
- Multivitamin and mineral supplementation is associated with the reduction of fracture risk and hospitalization rate in Chinese adult males: a randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 24849736
Large randomized trial: 6 years of multivitamin/mineral reduced fracture incidence and hospitalizations in men — strong direct skeletal outcome.
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on height velocity of underprivileged girls in comparison with un-supplemented healthy controls
PubMed ID: 24150200
Micronutrient (multivitamin + zinc + Ca/D) supplementation increased height velocity and likely bone accrual in underprivileged girls.
- A Randomized Trial of a Novel Chewable Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
PubMed ID: 29500675
Post‑Roux‑en‑Y investigational multivitamin produced higher vitamin D and lower PTH versus standard regimen — biochemical evidence consistent with bone health benefit.
- Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increases spinal BMD in healthy, postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 9797910
In early postmenopausal women Ca+D (with MV in some arms) increased lumbar spine BMD by ~1.6% over 2 years (direct bone outcome).
- Bone mineral density in HIV-negative men participating in a tenofovir pre-exposure prophylaxis randomized clinical trial in San Francisco
PubMed ID: 21897852
Observational association of reported multivitamin/calcium/VitD use with lower odds of low BMD in PrEP cohort — indirect but supportive for bone health.
- School-based calcium-vitamin D with micronutrient supplementation enhances bone mass in underprivileged Indian premenarchal girls
PubMed ID: 22503722
Cluster‑RCT in premenarchal girls: calcium + vitamin D + micronutrients (including multivitamin/zinc) increased bone mass vs control — direct bone benefit.
- Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24210789
High‑dose vitamin D added to prenatal multivitamin increased neonatal size and maternal vitamin D — relevant to neonatal bone/nutrient status.
Mental clarity (12)
- Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine
PubMed ID: 21309695
Zinc adjunct produced objective neuropsychological improvements in ADHD-related tests, supporting clearer cognitive processing.
- Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22711385
RCT in older men showed improved episodic/contextual memory after multivitamin (direct cognitive benefit).
- Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana)
PubMed ID: 18077056
Acute multivitamin+guaraná improved sustained attention and reduced mental fatigue (direct cognitive benefit).
- The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men
PubMed ID: 22095836
RCT in older men showed improved alertness/day-to-day functioning vs placebo.
- Multivitamin Supplementation Improves Memory in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37244291
Large RCT in older adults showed small but significant improvement in episodic memory (ModRey), directly supporting cognitive/mental clarity.
- The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10907676
28‑day Berocca RCT showed reduced anxiety/perceived stress and trends toward better concentration — supports clearer cognition.
- Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy
PubMed ID: 21751253
Large trial of healthy working men reported modest improvements in concentration/alertness and mental stamina (subjective).
- Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36102337
Large RCT showed small but consistent improvement in global cognition after 3 years of daily MVM.
- Impact of multivitamin-mineral and cocoa extract on incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Results from the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study for the Mind (COSMOS-Mind)
PubMed ID: 37035889
Ancillary trial confirmed modest cognitive test score improvements with daily MVM (no effect on MCI incidence).
- Dose and Timing of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Maternal Nutritional Supplements: Developmental Effects on 6-Month-Old Infants
PubMed ID: 26164422
Prenatal MVM improved infant mental development index—supports cognitive/clarity effects post‑natal.
- The impact of micronutrient supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnancies on reaction time responses of preschoolers in Ukraine
PubMed ID: 34942330
Prenatal MVM produced faster/accurate reaction times in preschool boys—direct neurocognitive benefit signal.
- Heart rate variability and cognitive function following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplementation with added guarana (Paullinia cupana)
PubMed ID: 25558905
Acute MV+guaraná improved decision speed (short-term cognitive benefit).
Mood balance (14)
- The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10907676
Significant reductions in anxiety and perceived stress in a double‑blind RCT — strong mood benefit signal.
- The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress
PubMed ID: 21905094
High‑dose B‑complex reduced depressed/dejected mood and personal strain in a randomized trial (direct mood benefit).
- Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract
PubMed ID: 9034759
Multivitamin improved overall QoL and mood domains vs placebo (subjective mood improvement).
- Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy
PubMed ID: 21751253
Subjective improvements in alertness and concentration suggest modest mood/psychological benefits.
- Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974
PubMed ID: 19718255
Naturopathic care including a multivitamin reduced anxiety and improved mental QoL — direct mood/wellbeing improvement though multi‑component.
- The effect of multivitamins on anxiety and depression in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 37256965
In methadone-treated men 12 weeks of MV reduced depression scores (significant clinical effect).
- Improvements to mood, stress and loneliness following 12-week multivitamin supplementation in older adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, trial
PubMed ID: 39363110
MVM produced small but statistically significant improvements on select mood measures (POMS friendliness in females, reduced emotional loneliness in males).
- Acute mood but not cognitive improvements following administration of a single multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy women aged 50 and above: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25903286
Acute RCT found reductions in perceived stress and increased calmness after single multivitamin dose — direct mood effect.
- Effects of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement on young males with physical overtraining: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial
PubMed ID: 23895706
Psychological recovery measures improved after multivitamin/mineral use in overtrained men (randomized crossover).
- Participant experiences from chronic administration of a multivitamin versus placebo on subjective health and wellbeing: a double-blind qualitative analysis of a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23241329
RCT participants more often reported improved mood on multivitamin vs placebo over 16 weeks.
- The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men
PubMed ID: 22095836
Trial found reductions in negative mood and stress and improved daily wellbeing vs placebo.
- Effect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot study
PubMed ID: 20087376
Pilot RCT: zinc added to multivitamin improved anger-hostility and depression-dejection scores.
- Multivitamin supplementation in HIV-positive pregnant women: impact on depression and quality of life in a resource-poor setting
PubMed ID: 17461847
Multivitamin (B-complex, C, E) significantly lowered depressive-symptom incidence and improved QOL domains in pregnancy.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress
PubMed ID: 11234653
RCT reported reduced psychometric stress and improved mood-related scores with a multivitamin-mineral preparation.
Eye health (7)
- The influence of vitamins and trace element supplements on the stability of the pre-corneal tear film
PubMed ID: 8154260
MV+trace elements improved pre-corneal tear film stability—ocular surface/vision-related benefit.
- A post-trial survey to assess the impact of dissemination of results and unmasking on participants in a 13-year randomised controlled trial on age-related cataract
PubMed ID: 21672204
13-year RCT: multivitamin/mineral reduced nuclear cataract incidence but increased posterior subcapsular cataract (mixed vision effects).
- A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3
PubMed ID: 18387406
Large randomized trial reduced nuclear cataracts (HR 0.66) but doubled PSC risk—meaningful but mixed vision outcomes.
- The Association of Dietary Lutein plus Zeaxanthin and B Vitamins with Cataracts in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 37
PubMed ID: 25972257
Observational AREDS data: higher dietary intake of certain B vitamins associated with lower odds of some age‑related cataracts — supports a role for B vitamins in vision preservation.
- Treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with aflibercept combined with pranoprofen eye drops or nutraceutical support with omega-3: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 30680768
Adjunct multivitamin/omega‑3 nutraceutical with aflibercept led to fewer injections and greater retinal thinning (anatomical improvement) though visual acuity gains were similar.
- The Linxian cataract studies. Two nutrition intervention trials
PubMed ID: 8363468
Large RCTs in nutritionally‑deficient Chinese adults showed substantial reductions in nuclear cataract with multivitamin/mineral supplements — strong vision support.
- Evaluation of risk factors for cataract types in a competing risks framework
PubMed ID: 19353398
Large cohort: regular MV use associated with ~13% lower risk of age-related cataract (direct vision outcome).
Illness recovery (14)
- Impact of zinc supplementation on subsequent morbidity and growth in Bangladeshi children with persistent diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 17615905
Zinc added to multivitamin reduced diarrhoeal episodes and shortened duration in children (faster recovery from diarrhoea).
- Zinc supplementation in the management of shigellosis in malnourished children in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 17554249
Randomized trial in malnourished children with shigellosis: zinc+multivitamin markedly shortened time to recovery.
- Antioxidant treatment during liver resection for alleviation of ischemia-reperfusion injury
PubMed ID: 9684133
Perioperative IV multivitamin/antioxidant improved liver function and coagulation after ischemia—supports faster surgical recovery.
- Thiamin deficiency and uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Laos
PubMed ID: 17313507
Thiamin deficiency common on admission for malaria and transketolase activity improved by recovery with routine multivitamin (supports nutritional contribution to convalescence).
- Effect of oral zinc supplementation on the growth of preterm infants
PubMed ID: 20308765
Preterm infants: zinc+multivitamin raised serum zinc, improved early growth and reduced morbidity vs multivitamin alone.
- Postoperative Vitamin Profile after Receiving a Novel Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Solution: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
PubMed ID: 35439754
PPN solution with MV maintained postoperative vitamin levels vs PPN without vitamins (supports recovery milieu).
- Nutrient supplementation as adjunct therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis
PubMed ID: 15255451
Multivitamin–trace element supplement significantly reduced persistent sputum smear positivity at 2 months in pulmonary TB — indicates faster microbiological recovery as adjunct.
- A randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous iron supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 32402684
IV iron corrected post-RYGB iron deficiency far faster than oral iron (direct faster biochemical correction).
- The True Story on Deficiencies After Sleeve Gastrectomy: Results of a Double-Blind RCT
PubMed ID: 31776782
Post‑sleeve gastrectomy specialized multivitamin reduced anemia and raised key B‑vitamin levels (supports recovery).
- Daily multivitamins with iron to prevent anemia in infancy: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 11681821
Daily infant MVM with iron substantially reduced anemia prevalence — supports faster hematologic recovery in infants.
- Effect of daily versus weekly home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on haemoglobin concentration of young children in a rural area, Lao People's Democratic Republic: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 22111770
Home multiple-micronutrient fortification produced large hemoglobin increases and marked anemia reductions — strong recovery signal.
- Effects of multivitamin combined with magnesium sulfate versus magnesium sulfate alone on hemodynamics, coagulation, and maternal-infant outcomes in preeclampsia: a randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 41476304
Randomized trial: adding daily multivitamin to magnesium sulfate in preeclampsia improved proteinuria, coagulation, placental flow and reduced some maternal/neonatal adverse outcomes.
- A multivitamin infusion prevents lipid peroxidation and improves transplantation performance
PubMed ID: 8479129
Peri‑operative antioxidant (multivitamin‑containing) infusion attenuated lipid peroxidation and associated with better early renal transplant performance (small trial).
- Effects of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement on young males with physical overtraining: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial
PubMed ID: 23895706
Multivitamin/mineral aided hormonal, immune and psychological recovery after intense training in young men (randomized crossover).
Focus & concentration (10)
- Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy
PubMed ID: 21751253
Subjective reports of improved concentration/mental stamina in healthy working men on multivitamin/mineral.
- Effects of multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition in younger adults and the contribution of B group vitamins
PubMed ID: 24424708
Direct trial evidence of a selective attention (Stroop) performance trend in men after multivitamin supplementation.
- The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men
PubMed ID: 22095836
RCT reported improved alertness and related cognitive/day-to-day functioning vs placebo.
- Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana)
PubMed ID: 18077056
Acute improvements in sustained attention (RVIP) after multivitamin+guaraná (direct evidence).
- Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36501109
Attention improved in dietary‑optimal subgroup after 12 weeks (moderate evidence).
- Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine
PubMed ID: 21309695
Zinc (b.i.d.) reduced optimal stimulant dose and improved objective cognitive measures tied to attention/impulsivity in ADHD.
- Impact of multivitamin-mineral and cocoa extract on incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Results from the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study for the Mind (COSMOS-Mind)
PubMed ID: 37035889
Cognition ancillary trial demonstrated small benefit on cognitive domains including executive function.
- Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36102337
Large RCT showed modest improvements in executive function and memory composites with daily MVM over 3 years.
- Heart rate variability and cognitive function following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplementation with added guarana (Paullinia cupana)
PubMed ID: 25558905
MV+guaraná improved decision-making reaction time vs comparators (short-term).
- The impact of micronutrient supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnancies on reaction time responses of preschoolers in Ukraine
PubMed ID: 34942330
Prenatal MVM improved reaction‑time metrics (attention) in preschool males—direct focus‑related outcome.
Stress resilience (12)
- The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress
PubMed ID: 21905094
High‑dose B‑complex reduced personal strain and some negative mood symptoms in stressed workers (direct evidence).
- A double-blind trial of the effect of docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin and mineral supplementation on aggression, impulsivity, and stress
PubMed ID: 23625531
Multivitamin/mineral supplementation reduced perceived stress in a randomized study of healthy young men.
- Superiority of antagonic-stress composition versus nicergoline in gerontopsychiatry
PubMed ID: 8030850
Antagonic‑Stress multicomponent product (contains MVM) improved psychogeriatric indices, implying improved stress/psych resilience.
- The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10907676
Double‑blind RCT found significant reductions in anxiety and perceived stress after 28 days of multivitamin/mineral (Berocca).
- Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974
PubMed ID: 19718255
Workplace trial of naturopathic care that included an adult multivitamin produced substantial reductions in anxiety and improved mental component of QoL vs psychotherapy.
- Acute mood but not cognitive improvements following administration of a single multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy women aged 50 and above: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25903286
Single‑dose RCT in older women showed acute, significant reductions in perceived stress and increased calmness after a multivitamin.
- Effects of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement on young males with physical overtraining: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial
PubMed ID: 23895706
Multivitamin/multimineral aided psychological recovery after intense training, indicating improved resilience to physiological stressors.
- The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men
PubMed ID: 22095836
RCT found reductions in negative mood/stress and improved daily wellbeing vs placebo.
- Multivitamin supplementation in HIV-positive pregnant women: impact on depression and quality of life in a resource-poor setting
PubMed ID: 17461847
Multivitamin (B-complex, C, E) lowered depressive-symptom incidence and improved vitality/QOL domains in pregnant HIV+ women.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress
PubMed ID: 11234653
Double-blind RCT showed multivitamin-mineral significantly reduced psychometric stress scores over 30 days.
- The effects of multivitamin supplementation on mood and general well-being in healthy young adults. A laboratory and at-home mobile phone assessment
PubMed ID: 23727255
16‑week MVM produced consistent at‑home post‑dose reductions in stress and anxiety — direct evidence for stress resilience.
- Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana)
PubMed ID: 18077056
Acute multivitamin+guaraná attenuated mental fatigue during sustained tasks (supports resilience to cognitive stress).
Digestive support (9)
- Effect of oral zinc supplementation on the growth of preterm infants
PubMed ID: 20308765
Preterm infants: zinc+multivitamin raised serum zinc and reduced morbidity (improved GI-related outcomes).
- Effect of zinc added to multi-vitamin supplementation containing low-dose vitamin A on plasma retinol level in children--a double-blind randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17615904
Adding zinc to multivitamin raised plasma zinc (biomarker supporting digestive/immune benefits) though retinol unchanged.
- Zinc supplementation in the management of shigellosis in malnourished children in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 17554249
Zinc in multivitamin sped recovery and reduced later diarrhoea in malnourished children with shigellosis (strong effect).
- Impact of zinc supplementation on subsequent morbidity and growth in Bangladeshi children with persistent diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 17615905
Zinc+multivitamin reduced incidence and duration of diarrhoea in children vs multivitamin alone (strong digestive benefit).
- Adherence and tolerability of iron-containing prenatal multivitamins in pregnant women with pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions
PubMed ID: 19757261
Women with pre-existing GI conditions tolerated small low‑iron prenatal MVM similarly — supports GI tolerability.
- Effect of iron content on the tolerability of prenatal multivitamins in pregnancy
PubMed ID: 18482454
Low- vs high-iron prenatal tablets had similar GI side-effect rates and adherence — indicates acceptable GI tolerability.
- Iron in prenatal multivitamin/multimineral supplements. Bioavailability
PubMed ID: 9513875
Study showed iron bioavailability differs by prenatal MVM formulation and improves when taken with a meal — practical digestive/absorption guidance.
- Effect of providing vitamin supplements to human immunodeficiency virus-infected, lactating mothers on the child's morbidity and CD4+ cell counts
PubMed ID: 12684919
Large randomized trial: maternal multivitamins reduced child diarrhea incidence and improved child CD4 counts — direct digestive/enteric benefit in offspring.
- Efficacy of a Food Supplement Containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LA14, Peptides, and a Multivitamin Complex in Improving Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Related Outcomes and Quality of Life of Subjects Showing Mild-to-Moderate Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
PubMed ID: 38892690
Multi‑component product including probiotics, fermented soy peptides and MV reduced heartburn and improved GERD‑QoL; effect likely driven by non‑MV components but overall digestive benefit observed.
Metabolism (11)
- Effects of Postoperative Parenteral Nutrition Enhanced by Multivitamin on Metabolic Phenotype in Postoperative Gastric Cancer Patients
PubMed ID: 29710380
Multivitamin-enhanced parenteral nutrition shifted patients toward anabolic metabolism (TCA cycle/ketogenesis changes), a direct metabolic effect.
- Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years
PubMed ID: 15309436
B‑vitamin multivitamin raised folate/B12 and lowered homocysteine and MMA in older women — direct metabolic biomarker benefits.
- The Effect of a High-Dose Vitamin B Multivitamin Supplement on the Relationship between Brain Metabolism and Blood Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Control Trial
PubMed ID: 30513795
High‑dose B multivitamin raised B vitamins and lowered homocysteine (metabolic marker) with brain metabolite correlations.
- Prevention of "nitrosative stress" by a nutritional supplement (LaVita®) - a randomized placebo controlled double blind clinical trial with healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 28171220
Mitochondrial‑related biomarker and ubiquinone increases support improved cellular metabolic function (biomarker evidence).
- Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation
PubMed ID: 14559932
Six‑month multivitamin lowered homocysteine and made LDL less prone to oxidation — clear metabolic/cardiometabolic biomarker improvements.
- Effects of Multivitamin, Multimineral and Phytonutrient Supplementation on Nutrient Status and Biomarkers of Heart Health Risk in a Russian Population: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 29370120
MV/MM/phytonutrient raised folate, vitamin C and lowered homocysteine—direct metabolic biomarker improvements.
- Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplementation Prevents or Reverses Decline in Vitamin Biomarkers and Cellular Energy Metabolism in Healthy Older Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 37375594
MV increased multiple vitamin biomarkers including calcidiol and preserved PBMC respiration—supports metabolic function.
- Effects of supplementation with multivitamin and mineral on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in obese Chinese women with increased cardiovascular disease risk
PubMed ID: 19329405
Lowered CRP and BP and improved inflammatory profile — favorable metabolic/cardiometabolic effects.
- Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women
PubMed ID: 20142823
RCT in obese women: multivitamin/mineral reduced weight and fat, raised REE, and improved lipid profile — strong metabolic evidence.
- Nutritional supplementation and dietary advice in geriatric patients at risk of malnutrition
PubMed ID: 17275141
Frail elderly: multivitamin + dietary support increased IGF‑I and prevented weight loss—metabolic/anabolic signals.
- Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Illness Outcome in Adolescents with HIV on HAART: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35771346
Reduced triglycerides and improved BMI in adolescents with HIV indicate favorable metabolic effects.
Muscle maintenance (4)
- Vitamin supplements, socioeconomic status, and morbidity events as predictors of wasting in HIV-infected women from Tanzania
PubMed ID: 16210717
MV lowered risk of first mid-upper arm circumference <22 cm and BMI <18 in HIV+ women—direct effect preventing wasting/muscle loss.
- Biochemical indices and neuromuscular function tests in rural Gambian schoolchildren given a riboflavin, or multivitamin plus iron, supplement
PubMed ID: 7986790
Supplementation corrected riboflavin deficiency and produced modest functional neuromuscular improvement (reduced arm tremor in boys).
- Effect of maternal multivitamin supplementation on the mental and psychomotor development of children who are born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 16452331
Maternal multivitamin supplementation improved infants' Psychomotor Development Index and reduced motor developmental delay risk—direct evidence for improved early motor/muscle function.
- Nutritional supplementation and dietary advice in geriatric patients at risk of malnutrition
PubMed ID: 17275141
Frail elderly trial showed increased IGF‑I and maintained weight/ADLs with supplementation—supports muscle/anabolic function.
Endurance (3)
- A randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous iron supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 32402684
Rapid iron repletion after RYGB improves anemia-related exercise tolerance/endurance.
- Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy
PubMed ID: 21751253
Subjects reported improvements in physical stamina (stamina/alertness) on multivitamin/mineral supplement.
- Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women
PubMed ID: 20142823
Higher resting energy expenditure and reduced adiposity imply potential for greater exercise/endurance capacity (indirect).
Skin health (2)
- A prospective study of anti-aging topical therapies using a quantitative method of assessment
PubMed ID: 15793459
Topical multivitamin application RCT found no improvement in measured skin texture vs placebo — direct skin endpoint assessed.
- An antioxidant and multivitamin supplement reduced improvements in VO₂max
PubMed ID: 24445546
Supplement increased skin carotenoid scores significantly, a marker of skin antioxidant status.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Multivitamin
Search all12 products whose verified label declares Multivitamin — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.