Arachidonic Acid

PubMed ID: 25500337

Prenatal DHA produced large increases in RBC-DHA and genotype-linked ARA reductions at delivery — direct effects on membrane lipid composition.

PubMed ID: 25185754

High-purity EPA markedly lowered AA:EPA ratio and raised omega‑3 indices — large changes in membrane-relevant fatty acid balance.

PubMed ID: 24525115

Parenteral fish-oil in preterm infants raised DHA/EPA and lowered AA — direct changes in circulating LCPUFA composition relevant to membranes.

PubMed ID: 23715519

Maternal n‑3 supplementation altered breast‑milk n‑6/n‑3 ratio, directly affecting infant lipid exposure.

PubMed ID: 24528690

Multicentre ω‑3 FFA trial in very high TG patients substantially lowered TGs and plasma ARA, reflecting FA pool changes.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Large trial of ω‑3 FFAs reduced plasma ARA and changed lipid profiles, consistent with membrane/ circulating FA alterations.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Prescription ω‑3 altered lipoprotein FA composition (including AA reductions) in insulin‑resistant adults.

PubMed ID: 23478748

ω‑3 supplementation reduced inPLA2 activity and altered membrane ω‑3/ω‑6 levels (including AA) in youth, reflecting membrane remodeling.

PubMed ID: 25246692

ARA treatment cured schistosomiasis effectively without adverse biochemical changes, suggesting safe cellular-level activity and benefit in infection.

PubMed ID: 25091379

Dose–response fish-oil raised RBC EPA/DHA and increased n‑3:n‑6 ratio while baseline AA correlated with inflammation markers — relevant to membrane composition.

PubMed ID: 24863250

Randomized fortifier trial in preterm infants directly increased plasma phospholipid DHA and ARA — clear improvement in membrane LCPUFA status.

PubMed ID: 25222806

rhBSSL markedly improved growth velocity and increased DHA/ARA absorption coefficients — broad cellular/nutritional benefits from improved AA availability.

PubMed ID: 26424477

Higher AA:DHA formula raised plasma AA percentages in infants—supports membrane incorporation relevant to neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 26205427

Gestational age effect on AA/DHA concentrations highlights AA's role in neonatal membrane status.

PubMed ID: 26751068

Formula containing DHA+ARA increased erythrocyte ARA and DHA within one month in LBW infants (direct membrane effect).

PubMed ID: 27391868

RCT in infants: higher DHA+ARA formulas produced RBC fatty acid profiles closer to breastfed infants — direct membrane incorporation.

PubMed ID: 27571269

Infant formula with AA+DHA raised AA‑containing plasma phospholipids by 4 months—direct evidence that dietary AA alters membrane phospholipid composition.

PubMed ID: 28878181

Infant RCT: supplementation raised plasma and RBC ARA/DHA substantially, demonstrating membrane fatty acid status changes.

PubMed ID: 29072164

Preterm infant lipid emulsion study documented large AA loss and changing AA:DHA ratios—relevant to membrane fatty acid status in vulnerable infants.

PubMed ID: 28410612

Infant formula RCT: formulas without palm‑olein had higher absorption of ARA/DHA and better fat/calcium absorption — impacts on uptake into membranes.

PubMed ID: 27276431

Infant formula RCT: dietary ARA influenced lymphocyte/plasma ARA and immune activation markers, indicating effects on cellular lipid composition and function.

PubMed ID: 29423508

Lower early circulating ARA was associated with higher ROP risk in preterm infants, indicating ARA's importance for developing tissue/organ health.

PubMed ID: 30414540

Twelve‑month DHA supplementation produced large DHA incorporation into multiple plasma lipid pools and enabled DHA/ARA monitoring—direct membrane lipid effects.

PubMed ID: 29679529

Neonatal study showed mode/composition of lipid delivery strongly affected infant serum ARA/DHA, directly relevant to membrane lipid status.

PubMed ID: 30782617

Dietary fat altered faecal ARA and systemic inflammatory markers—implicates ARA in cellular inflammatory homeostasis.

PubMed ID: 31186150

Infant formula trials directly dosing ARA produced equivalent RBC ARA/DHA status—direct evidence on membrane fatty acid status.

PubMed ID: 31532795

Genotype‑stratified response to omega‑3 after MI shows FADS2/AA metabolism influences myocardial remodeling and cellular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 31006007

Large RCT showing shifts in oxylipin milieu away from ARA‑derived mediators toward n‑3 derived ones—broad cellular signaling implications.

PubMed ID: 30914500

EPA+DHA reduced RBC AA and proinflammatory n‑6 PUFAs and improved RDW—cell membrane and cellular health markers altered.

PubMed ID: 31024091

Maternal→infant tracking of AA/DHA shows maternal intake/status strongly influences infant membrane PUFAs.

PubMed ID: 31292301

Pravastatin benefit mediation by lipid ratio including an AA‑containing PC suggests AA‑containing lipids influence cellular therapeutic responses.

PubMed ID: 31371795

SQ‑LNS with AA+DHA changed infant plasma PUFA profile and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio—affects membrane composition.

PubMed ID: 30871048

Infant formula with AA+DHA increased circulating infant AA and DHA, directly changing fatty-acid composition relevant to membranes.

PubMed ID: 31009738

AA metabolism and AA-derived oxylipins were central biochemical differences in TB-IRIS, indicating AA's broad role in cellular lipid signaling and pathology.

PubMed ID: 32167131

Borage oil substantially raised GLA and DGLA and produced genotype-dependent, modest increases in ARA, showing dietary modulation of membrane n‑6 PUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 33159163

Large RCT showed maternal fish-oil markedly raised DHA/EPA in breastmilk and altered the AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio, demonstrating modulation of membrane LCPUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 32534376

Two‑year zinc supplementation increased RBC arachidonic acid and other long-chain PUFA and upregulated desaturase (FADS1), indicating effects on membrane PUFA content.

PubMed ID: 33266447

Fortified milk induced erythrocyte fatty‑acid remodeling (↓AA, ↑DHA), directly altering membrane PUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 33523106

Enteral AA+DHA increased serum AA and DHA in preterm infants—direct supplementation changing membrane-relevant pools.

PubMed ID: 33358843

Enteral AA+DHA supplementation in VLBW infants prevented declines and increased whole‑blood ARA & DHA—direct evidence of restoring membrane LCPUFA status.

PubMed ID: 33499257

Large cohort demonstrated diet and maternal factors predict blood AA and other HUFA levels (direct relevance to membrane HUFA composition).

PubMed ID: 36473425

ARA+DHA reduced days on respiratory support and oxygen requirement in extremely preterm infants—evidence of improved organ‑level cellular function.

PubMed ID: 35495419

ARA+DHA supplementation reduced severe ROP incidence in preterms, reflecting improved retinal cellular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 35247847

EPA/DHA supplementation increased EPA/DHA incorporation into adipose tissue lipids and altered oxylipins—affecting tissue lipid composition.

PubMed ID: 37856920

ARA+DHA improved preterm infant linear growth to term‑equivalent age—consistent with broad developmental/cellular health support.

PubMed ID: 38061271

ARA+DHA improved white‑matter microstructure in preterm infants, indicating cellular/neural structural benefits at the tissue/cellular level.

PubMed ID: 37120902

Detailed longitudinal data showing enteral AA:DHA and parenteral lipids substantially alter serum phospholipid AA/DHA, directly affecting membrane HUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 38603973

Longitudinal associations between AA/DHA levels and many inflammation proteins in preterms show AA’s broad role in cellular inflammatory signaling.

PubMed ID: 39702768

AA+DHA supplementation in extremely preterm infants reduced severe ROP and thrombocytopenia—clinically meaningful cellular/tissue protection.

PubMed ID: 38879016

FADS functional genotype identified individuals with higher AA synthesis and differential response to EPA supplementation—important for cellular PUFA biology and personalized risk.

PubMed ID: 39458515

FADS1 genotype modulated RBC incorporation of AA and other PUFAs after supplementation, directly affecting membrane FA composition.

PubMed ID: 38931260

Erythrocyte AA % rose markedly after supplement in malnourished patients — direct evidence of changing membrane AA content.

PubMed ID: 40415417

Parenteral lipid RCT directly measured ARA/mead acid/T:T showing ARA stability or shifts in EFA markers — strong direct relevance to membrane PUFA status.

PubMed ID: 40037774

ARA+DHA fortifier in VLBW infants supported non‑inferior weight gain and good tolerance — direct clinical evidence of nutritional/cellular support in infants.

PubMed ID: 41505112

Enteral ARA+DHA in extremely preterm infants reduced severe ROP and altered proteomic markers, indicating beneficial cellular/retinal effects in a vulnerable population.

PubMed ID: 8694015

Adult supplementation with fungal AA produced dose-dependent increases in plasma phospholipid AA, demonstrating incorporation into circulating lipid pools.

PubMed ID: 1972963

Dietary oil interventions changed serum/phospholipid fatty‑acid patterns including AA → evidence of membrane FA modulation.

PubMed ID: 24675168

Dietary n‑6 lowering + EPA/DHA produced marked changes in circulating AA/EPA/DHA across lipid pools—affects membrane FA composition.

PubMed ID: 23238616

α‑Lipoic acid increased ALDH2 activity and reduced an AA‑derived isoprostane (oxidative stress marker) after ACS — indicates cellular oxidative stress reduction.

PubMed ID: 8979282

Large randomized feeding study produced dose‑specific, sustained changes in RBC AA and DHA—strong membrane composition evidence (functional benefit not shown).

PubMed ID: 11528489

Direct measurement of AA net retention (~75%) in preterm infants — strong evidence AA becomes available for membrane incorporation.

PubMed ID: 11485158

Premature infant formulas produced lower plasma phospholipid AA than breastmilk — shows dietary influence on membrane AA.

PubMed ID: 15310527

Simvastatin changed relative PUFA percentages, increasing AA proportion in serum fatty-acid profile, thus altering membrane-relevant composition.

PubMed ID: 16020749

Simvastatin increased serum AA by 14.2% and shifted multiple fatty-acids — a pharmacologic effect on lipid composition relevant to membranes.

PubMed ID: 16240844

Plant-based diet for 18 weeks reduced serum AA and increased n‑3, altering circulating fatty-acid balance tied to membranes.

PubMed ID: 16540798

Higher-DHA+ARA infant formula produced significantly higher RBC DHA and ARA percentages—direct evidence that dietary ARA contributes to membrane fatty-acid composition.

PubMed ID: 23221573

Diet and FADS genotype influenced conversion to long‑chain PUFAs and were associated with plasma AA differences (membrane precursors).

PubMed ID: 22008957

Different DHA doses in preterm formulas altered plasma/erythrocyte DHA and showed lower AA in formula‑fed infants vs human milk (membrane composition).

PubMed ID: 23179200

Flaxseed (ALA) raised erythrocyte n-3 and prevented an increase in erythrocyte ARA seen in controls — demonstrates dietary modulation of membrane fatty-acid composition including ARA.

PubMed ID: 23332800

n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yogurt changed plasma/RBC PUFA profiles and improved AA/EPA ratio, reflecting alterations in membrane fatty-acid composition.

PubMed ID: 23328113

Controlled low‑n‑6 (±high‑n‑3) diet produced major erythrocyte fatty acid changes including AA reductions and large EPA/DHA rises—strong membrane composition evidence.

PubMed ID: 24229084

Linseed oil rapidly changed cheek‑cell n‑3 and lowered n‑6/n‑3 ratio (AA part of n‑6 pool), indicating membrane FA incorporation.

PubMed ID: 25633498

Changing RUTF fatty acids preserved/increased DHA/EPA and altered ARA—direct effects on plasma phospholipid composition (membranes).

PubMed ID: 26892399

Echium oil substantially changed circulating very‑long‑chain n‑3 and reduced AA/EPA ratio, affecting membrane fatty‑acid balance.

PubMed ID: 23299384

Fish‑oil increased RBC DHA and lowered AA, demonstrating membrane fatty‑acid composition shifts.

PubMed ID: 24022589

Diet×FADS genotype trial showed Mediterranean diet and genotype materially altered serum and colonic AA (including ~16% colonic AA reduction) — evidence of modifiable tissue AA levels.

PubMed ID: 24311515

High‑dose EPA RCT produced large shifts in RBC/dermal AA:EPA ratios and lowered dermal PGE2—clear tissue membrane/eicosanoid remodeling relevant to membrane health.

PubMed ID: 24281905

Perioperative ω‑3 IV lipid increased plasma/ cellular n‑3 and lowered granulocyte AA—clear incorporation into immune cell membranes.

PubMed ID: 22913248

Human feeding trial: consuming meat from linseed+rapeseed‑fed chickens raised serum EPA and lowered AA/EPA ratio—demonstrates diet‑driven membrane fatty acid shifts.

PubMed ID: 22805468

Large infant RCT: n‑3 supplementation raised n‑3 and lowered erythrocyte AA (direct change in membrane fatty acid composition).

PubMed ID: 27273350

FADS genotype strongly influenced erythrocyte AA and other membrane PUFAs in MCI patients—links genetics to membrane PUFA status.

PubMed ID: 33131909

DJBL reduced circulating essential fatty acids including AA—demonstrates how interventions affect membrane precursor availability.

PubMed ID: 36367234

FADS1 genotype dietary RCT showed diet alters plasma AA/EPA and HUFA metabolism—directly informs membrane PUFA composition regulation.

PubMed ID: 2375296

High‑dose fish oil increased EPA:AA ratio in plasma/RBC and lowered AA → robust membrane fatty‑acid shift.

PubMed ID: 2123355

Mackerel intake shifted platelet and eicosanoid profiles, demonstrating dietary FAs alter membrane-derived mediator production.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Two fish‑oil formulations lowered phospholipid AA—consistent displacement in membranes.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Different fish-oil formulations changed AA/EPA incorporation into plasma lipids (membrane incorporation data reported).

PubMed ID: 7958682

Fish oil lowered mucosal AA and abnormal cell proliferation in colonic polyps—functional tissue-level cellular health effect.

PubMed ID: 23260750

IV n‑3 rapidly raised blood n‑3 and lowered AA in ICU patients (membrane‑relevant changes).

PubMed ID: 21362575

Neonatal lipid emulsion RCT produced clear shifts in phospholipid EPA/DHA and decreased AA (direct membrane phospholipid effects).

PubMed ID: 21917191

Fish oil/enriched foods raised blood omega‑3 and EPA:AA ratios (biomarkers of membrane fatty‑acid composition).

PubMed ID: 21496264

Dietary interventions produced large, consistent shifts in erythrocyte/plasma n‑6 HUFA and omega‑3 incorporation (membrane composition data).

PubMed ID: 22142767

Maternal trans‑fat associations with lower DHA and altered LCPUFA patterns imply impacts on membrane fatty‑acid composition.

PubMed ID: 21295417

Higher MDI in term infants fed DHA with ARA present indicates beneficial effects on developing brain cells and cognitive outcomes.

PubMed ID: 22188761

ARA supplementation raised plasma phospholipid ARA substantially without increasing downstream eicosanoids, indicating membrane enrichment without pro-inflammatory mediator rise.

PubMed ID: 21816071

PUFA supplementation changed membrane fatty acids (including AA) and reduced clinical disease activity in inflammatory arthritis, reflecting cellular-level benefits.

PubMed ID: 20089730

Blood AA levels correlate with atrial tissue AA, supporting use of blood/tissue ARA measures as surrogates of membrane composition.

PubMed ID: 19765006

Infant developmental benefits after DHA+ARA feeding support the role of these LCPUFAs in healthy cellular (neural) development and function.

PubMed ID: 19846544

Dietary+supplement intervention produced robust triglyceride reductions and altered phospholipid ARA levels in HIV patients — evidence of systemic cellular/metabolic impact from modifying PUFA status.

PubMed ID: 19786646

Marked reductions in an ARA-derived metabolite (20-HETE) after sesame intervention demonstrates modifiable ARA metabolism with implications for cellular signalling and homeostasis.

PubMed ID: 19134240

Direct supplementation of infant formula with ARA increased circulating ARA — direct evidence that dietary ARA is incorporated into blood lipids and likely cell membranes.

PubMed ID: 18689564

Olive oil decreased LDL AA and oxidative stress markers—favors reduced lipid oxidation and cellular stress.

PubMed ID: 18534230

Infant formula containing ARA+DHA supported normal growth and was well tolerated, indicating dietary ARA is incorporated and compatible with healthy membrane/physiologic development.

PubMed ID: 17912568

DHA+ARA supplementation in infants raised circulating ARA/DHA, preserving membrane LCPUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 17678567

Combined fish oil and primrose oil increased DHA/GLA/DGLA without clinically relevant decreases in ARA, supporting maintained ARA status.

PubMed ID: 17240089

DHA+ARA formula produced cognitive and visual outcomes similar to breast‑fed children—functional evidence that maintaining LCPUFA supports development/cellular health.

PubMed ID: 16483397

Supplementation prevented large declines in erythrocyte DHA in infants—strong randomized evidence for maintaining membrane LC-PUFA status (including ARA-related balance).

PubMed ID: 16512939

Algal DHA/DPA supplementation led to increased blood ARA and altered lipids—demonstrates diet-induced changes in circulating ARA and membrane pools (biochemical evidence).

PubMed ID: 15817866

RBC DHA increased >2–3× with LCP‑supplemented formula indicating robust membrane incorporation; ARA co‑supplementation typical of human milk.

PubMed ID: 16269830

Topical safflower oil was absorbed through neonate skin and increased serum AA — direct evidence that exogenous fats alter tissue fatty acid composition (membrane relevance).

PubMed ID: 15718356

Infant formula with DHA+ARA produced healthier body composition by 12 months without growth compromise — systemic cellular/nutritional benefit.

PubMed ID: 15812447

DHA+ARA supplementation in preterm infants improved growth and neurodevelopment with no safety signal — strong evidence of cellular/organ benefits.

PubMed ID: 15159226

Twelve weeks of fish oil decreased platelet phospholipid AA while raising EPA/DHA, indicating membrane phospholipid remodeling.

PubMed ID: 15298564

Breast milk DHA/EPA markedly increased and AA modestly reduced after maternal fish oil — direct effect on infant membrane substrates.

PubMed ID: 15129731

Maternal fish oil reduced neonatal F2-isoprostanes (lipid oxidative damage) and altered AA/EPA balance — direct cellular-protection signal.

PubMed ID: 15239141

Postoperative parenteral omega‑3 improved organ-enzyme profiles and clinical recovery markers versus soybean oil, indicating better cellular resilience.

PubMed ID: 15531659

Fish oil incorporation into immune cells decreased AA and proinflammatory mediators, indicating improved cellular inflammatory phenotype.

PubMed ID: 14985680

Maternal fish oil from 20 weeks increased EPA/DHA and lowered neonatal/maternal AA in erythrocytes — clear remodeling of membrane PUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 15164103

Oral EPA/DHA/GLA supplement lowered blood AA and raised n‑3 levels — demonstrable changes to circulating fatty-acid pools relevant to membranes.

PubMed ID: 12838196

DHA+ARA formula preserved/increased RBC‑DHA and maintained membrane LCPUFA profiles vs unsupplemented formula — functional membrane outcomes.

PubMed ID: 14639802

LCP‑supplemented formula prevented decline in membrane AA/DHA fractions and increased tocopherols (antioxidant support) — membrane integrity preserved.

PubMed ID: 12139873

Infant formula trials produced clear changes in RBC membrane AA and DHA composition — direct evidence that dietary input alters membrane AA content.

PubMed ID: 12032520

DHA+ARA feeding increased RBC phospholipid ARA and this correlated with weight/length, demonstrating membrane incorporation of ARA.

PubMed ID: 10653329

Term infant formula with high DHA/low EPA led to significant RBC AA drop — demonstrates impact on membrane AA status.

PubMed ID: 10941962

AA+DHA supplementation in preterm infants raised phospholipid LCPUFA toward human‑milk levels — supports healthy membrane LCPUFA content.

PubMed ID: 11144440

LCPUFA-supplemented formulas produced RBC DHA/AA profiles similar to breast milk, directly restoring membrane lipid composition.

PubMed ID: 10426708

Observational tracking of postnatal DHA/AA changes links neonatal status to membrane fatty-acid composition.

PubMed ID: 10102659

Direct randomized feeding trial showing AA (with DHA) restores plasma and erythrocyte AA to levels similar to breast‑fed infants — strong direct evidence for membrane incorporation.

PubMed ID: 9552137

Formula modifications (DHA, GLA) produced predictable RBC AA/DHA shifts, demonstrating dietary control of membrane PUFA composition.

PubMed ID: 9675609

Fish oil supplementation substantially altered neutrophil membrane AA (decrease) and EPA/DHA (increase), showing membrane remodeling is achievable via diet.

PubMed ID: 9702915

Supplemented formulas changed RBC DHA/AA composition toward breast‑fed profiles, consistent with maintenance of membrane lipid composition.

PubMed ID: 9196357

Erythrocyte AA and AA/LA ratio strongly correlated with developmental outcomes—supporting AA's role in cellular physiology during development.

PubMed ID: 8958000

Direct supplementation with AA (and DHA) in preterm formula raised plasma and RBC AA—clear effect on membrane fatty‑acid composition.

PubMed ID: 8729141

Dietary fish intake associated with a measurable rise in serum AA—consistent with diet altering membrane/serum AA pools.

PubMed ID: 8939149

Long-term zileuton improved asthma control and multiple physiologic measures—demonstrates that modulating AA metabolism can produce durable, system-level cellular/organ benefits.

PubMed ID: 8239223

Zileuton reduced urinary LTE4 and improved FEV1/symptoms in asthma—clear clinical benefit via AA‑leukotriene pathway suppression.

PubMed ID: 38879016

FADS genotype study: higher endogenous AA availability modulated benefit from EPA — a precision signal in AA‑related inflammation and cancer prevention context.

PubMed ID: 38841856

High‑dose rosuvastatin altered plasma lipid mediators, lowering AA and pro‑platelet eicosanoids and raising anti‑inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 38603973

Longitudinal preterm infant study linked AA/DHA levels to numerous inflammation proteins across time.

PubMed ID: 38377640

AA+DHA supplementation in preterms: higher AA linked to less severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (inflammation‑related).

PubMed ID: 38873793

Large EPA trial in low EPA/AA patients reduced coronary events and is mechanistically linked to improving EPA:AA balance and inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 36609866

GDLI+aspirin reduced AA‑induced platelet aggregation and improved stroke outcomes, reflecting AA‑pathway inflammatory/platelet modulation.

PubMed ID: 37121228

ARA+DHA supplementation in very preterm infants lowered IL‑6 AUC and transiently reduced other proinflammatory cytokines.

PubMed ID: 35247847

EPA+DHA lowered inflammatory gene expression and increased anti‑inflammatory oxylipins in adipose tissue, demonstrating modulation of inflammation pathways tied to AA biology.

PubMed ID: 36309727

Fish oil blunted PM2.5‑associated rises in AA‑derived proinflammatory mediators, highlighting modulation of AA‑mediated inflammation.

PubMed ID: 36374769

Exercise acutely increases AA‑derived oxylipins; training reduces baseline omega‑6 oxylipins—evidence AA pathways modulate inflammation with physiologic stimuli.

PubMed ID: 33475876

EECP reduced AA-stimulated platelet aggregation in CHD patients—affecting pro-inflammatory/pro-thrombotic platelet responses.

PubMed ID: 32655007

Aspirin produced large dose‑dependent reductions in AA‑derived prostaglandins and broadly shifted AA metabolic products, directly implicating AA in inflammatory control.

PubMed ID: 33370633

Addition of Panax notoginseng saponins to aspirin reduced platelet COX-1 downstream AA oxylipids (TXB2, PGD2, PGE2), indicating modulation of AA-mediated inflammatory signalling.

PubMed ID: 33316626

Dose-dependent EPA increases raised pro-resolving mediators and decreased AA in chronically inflamed depressed patients, demonstrating impact on resolution of inflammation.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Three months ω‑3 after MI shifted eicosanoids away from ARA-derived proinflammatory mediators (PGJ2, LTB4) and improved markers, showing modifiable AA-driven inflammation.

PubMed ID: 30640206

Fish oil reduced urinary PGE‑M (systemic AA-derived PGE2 metabolite) transiently and decreased rectal mucosal PGE2 in NSAID non-users, linking n‑3 supplementation to lowered AA inflammatory output.

PubMed ID: 31009738

Metabolomic differences in AA-derived HETEs were central to TB-IRIS pathology, indicating AA metabolites shape inflammatory responses.

PubMed ID: 30914500

EPA+DHA reduced RBC AA and inflammatory n‑6 PUFAs and improved RDW—evidence of changing inflammatory substrate.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA added to rosuvastatin increased EPA/AA ratio and improved plaque stability (anti‑inflammatory plaque effects).

PubMed ID: 31006007

Robust randomized dose‑response trial showing increased anti‑inflammatory n‑3 oxylipins and decreased ARA‑derived oxylipins.

PubMed ID: 30782617

Higher‑fat diet enriched faecal AA and raised plasma proinflammatory markers—strong evidence AA availability links to proinflammatory state (negative for 'support' but mechanistically important).

PubMed ID: 30179727

Cocoa flavanols lowered AA/EPA ratio and oxidative stress markers (modulates inflammatory biology).

PubMed ID: 30217048

Lifestyle intervention lowered AA/EPA in RBCs concomitant with liver fat/BMI improvements—ties AA balance to inflammatory/metabolic response.

PubMed ID: 30402489

Simvastatin lowered multiple inflammatory markers and reduced AA‑stimulated platelet aggregation, showing anti‑inflammatory/antithrombotic actions.

PubMed ID: 29471285

DHA supplementation in treated HIV patients reduced hsCRP and decreased arachidonic‑acid levels, indicating anti‑inflammatory effects.

PubMed ID: 27276431

Infant formula RCT: absence of dietary ARA associated with higher B‑cell activation, suggesting ARA contributes to immune/inflammatory homeostasis.

PubMed ID: 28302406

DHA decreased AA‑derived proinflammatory mediator production and increased pro‑resolving DHA mediators with clinical improvement in RA—demonstrates ARA pathway's role in inflammation balance.

PubMed ID: 27304196

Aspirin nearly abolished AA‑driven platelet aggregation—demonstrates AA pathway’s central role in pro‑inflammatory/pro‑thrombotic signaling (pharmacodynamic evidence).

PubMed ID: 27637335

Fish‑oil infusion in septic patients lowered AA/(EPA+DHA) ratio and changed inflammatory lipid composition (clinical trend to benefit).

PubMed ID: 27865182

Adding EPA early after PCI markedly raised EPA/AA ratio and halved 1‑year major CV events—AA/EPA balance here relates to inflammatory/thrombotic pathways.

PubMed ID: 25957056

IV lysine‑aspirin produced rapid, large inhibition of AA‑induced platelet aggregation, directly demonstrating modulation of an AA inflammatory pathway (pharmacodynamic).

PubMed ID: 25649025

Febuxostat altered the EPA/AA ratio and reduced hs‑CRP in cardiac surgery patients, linking AA balance to inflammation (clinical RCT context).

PubMed ID: 24158248

EPA raised EPA/AA and reduced triglycerides with a small FMD improvement—favorable inflammatory/vascular marker changes.

PubMed ID: 24637411

EPA added to statin lowered an inflammation marker and altered plaque composition—anti‑inflammatory/anti‑atherosclerotic signal.

PubMed ID: 24828386

Children with migraine had markedly higher urinary leukotrienes and prostaglandins during attacks — clear clinical link between AA-derived eicosanoids and inflammatory/pain states.

PubMed ID: 24736647

EPA+DHA supplementation increased neutrophil electrophilic ω‑3 products that are anti-inflammatory/resolution mediators; strong mechanistic evidence linking AA pathway balance to inflammation resolution.

PubMed ID: 25091379

Baseline higher RBC AA associated with higher TNF‑α; fish-oil raised EPA/DHA and shifted EPA:AA ratio — supports AA balance relevance to inflammation.

PubMed ID: 24589090

Immunonutrition lowered PGE2 and reduced infections after surgery — supports modulation of prostaglandin-mediated inflammation (though multi-nutrient).

PubMed ID: 23464577

Aspirin desensitization in AERD (disease of AA metabolism) improved QoL and symptoms, implicating AA pathway modulation in inflammation control.

PubMed ID: 24528690

Large OM3‑FFA trial in very high TG patients reduced TGs and plasma ARA and atherogenic markers — consistent with improved inflammatory/metabolic milieu.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Omega‑3 free fatty acids added to statins reduced plasma ARA and improved lipid profile — ARA reduction linked to lower inflammatory substrate availability.

PubMed ID: 23682075

Pharmacologic blockade (zileuton ± celecoxib) produced large, opposing changes in LTE4 and PGE‑M and showed combined blockade prevents shunting — direct AA pathway manipulation.

PubMed ID: 23478748

ω‑3 reduced inPLA2 activity and shifted membrane PUFAs, decreasing availability of AA for inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 24311515

High‑dose EPA RCT shifted skin and blood eicosanoids away from AA‑derived pro‑inflammatory species (large reductions in PGE2 and 12‑HETE:12‑HEPE ratio).

PubMed ID: 24281905

Perioperative ω‑3 supplementation raised granulocyte EPA/DHA and lowered granulocyte AA (biochemical reduction of AA‑derived inflammatory potential).

PubMed ID: 22805468

Infant fish‑oil lowered erythrocyte AA and reduced Th2 cytokine responses while raising Th1 responses—indicates immune/inflammatory modulation via AA displacement.

PubMed ID: 23260750

IV n‑3 decreased AA and associated with improved gas exchange and survivor fatty‑acid profiles (inflammation/clinical outcomes).

PubMed ID: 21496264

Low n‑6 diets substantially reduced tissue n‑6 HUFA and thereby alter inflammatory substrate availability.

PubMed ID: 21990307

Ginger reduced specific AA‑derived inflammatory eicosanoids in colon tissue (direct modulation of AA inflammatory pathway).

PubMed ID: 21296957

ALOX5 genotype study shows variability in eicosanoid production and biochemical inflammatory responses to fish oil.

PubMed ID: 21816071

In inflammatory arthritis, n‑3 supplementation lowered erythrocyte AA and reduced disease activity (clinical anti-inflammatory effect tied to AA metabolism).

PubMed ID: 20228415

Leukotriene-synthesis (AA metabolite) blockade reduced LTE4 and produced protective cardiac autonomic effects; implicates AA-derived mediators in inflammation/response.

PubMed ID: 20639712

Dietary fatty-acid changes that altered ARA associated with decreased airway NO and inflammatory biomarkers in CF patients.

PubMed ID: 20227721

DHA+ARA infant feeding reduced risk of respiratory and allergic conditions through age 3—clinical evidence of altered inflammatory/immune outcomes with ARA exposure.

PubMed ID: 19390480

Maternal omega‑3 raised EPA/DHA, lowered AA and reduced LPS‑induced PGE2 (an AA‑derived proinflammatory prostaglandin).

PubMed ID: 19786646

Sesame supplementation markedly reduced 20-HETE (an ARA metabolite) in overweight adults, showing direct modulation of ARA inflammatory/vascular metabolites.

PubMed ID: 18807577

D‑003 reduced AA‑ and collagen‑driven platelet aggregation and improved lipids, consistent with reduced pro‑inflammatory platelet signaling.

PubMed ID: 18374458

Seal/cod oil decreased leukotriene B4 and inflammatory lipid ratios in IBD patients—strong signal for inflammation modulation via AA pathways.

PubMed ID: 18493214

Child LCPUFA trial altered T‑cell and monocyte markers and cytokine responses tied to AA/DHA levels—direct immune/inflammation effects.

PubMed ID: 17070997

COX-2 inhibition produced large gene-expression changes across AA and cytokine pathways—directly implicates AA metabolism in inflammatory signaling (drug perturbation evidence).

PubMed ID: 16293793

Low‑dose aspirin increased anti‑inflammatory 15‑epi‑lipoxin A4 derived from AA — demonstrates that AA metabolism can be shifted toward anti‑inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 16437657

Omega‑3 supplementation reduced Crohn's relapse and decreased RBC AA — strong clinical evidence of modulation of AA-derived inflammatory pathways.

PubMed ID: 15358033

NO-aspirin suppressed monocyte activation and cytokine release beyond COX inhibition, impacting inflammatory responses tied to AA pathway.

PubMed ID: 15129731

Maternal fish oil reduced neonatal lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) and linked AA/EPA to oxidative/inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 15239141

Postoperative IV omega‑3 improved inflammatory and clinical recovery parameters vs soybean oil, consistent with modulation of AA‑derived inflammation.

PubMed ID: 15689052

D-003 lowered thromboxane and increased prostacyclin while reducing AA-induced platelet aggregation — modulates AA-derived inflammatory/vascular mediators.

PubMed ID: 15531659

Fish-oil incorporation into PBMCs lowered AA and reduced PGE2 and IFN-γ production — direct reduction in proinflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 15041603

Classic NSAIDs reduced platelet P-selectin expression induced by AA/collagen — modulation of inflammatory/platelet activation markers.

PubMed ID: 12960371

COX‑2 inhibition study showed effects on aspirin‑triggered lipoxin (AA‑derived) formation and gastric injury — highlights AA eicosanoid roles in inflammation resolution.

PubMed ID: 12553951

Postoperative omega‑3 TPN increased LTB5/LTB4 ratio — a clear shift to less‑inflammatory leukotrienes implicating AA metabolism changes.

PubMed ID: 12852710

GLA+EPA emulsion reduced leukotriene biosynthesis; EPA addition prevented AA rises — demonstrates modulation of AA‑derived inflammatory mediators.

PubMed ID: 11171823

COX‑2–selective drug vs naproxen showed large differences in suppression of TxB2/platelet function, illustrating how AA→eicosanoid pathways drive inflammation (drug pathway evidence).

PubMed ID: 10856147

Indomethacin (COX inhibitor) significantly reduced asthma relapses by blocking AA‑derived mediators — strong link between AA pathway and inflammatory disease.

PubMed ID: 9555791

IV n‑3 lipids altered eicosanoid production consistent with competition with AA and produced clinically meaningful improvement in psoriasis (inflammation mediated).

PubMed ID: 9070471

Ibuprofen reduced urinary prostanoids and several physiologic stress markers in sepsis—AA metabolism modulation with physiologic effects but no survival benefit.

PubMed ID: 8720373

n‑3 supplementation displaced AA in membranes and reduced gingival inflammation—indirect evidence that altering AA pools modifies inflammation.

PubMed ID: 8977914

Calcium carbasalate reduced thromboxane production and aggregation while sparing prostacyclin—targeted AA‑pathway effect perioperatively.

PubMed ID: 8939149

Six-month zileuton trial produced sustained, clinically significant improvements in multiple asthma control measures via 5-LO inhibition.

PubMed ID: 8598621

Large RCT of zileuton significantly reduced asthma exacerbations and improved lung function by inhibiting 5-LO/LT synthesis—robust clinical evidence for modulating AA-mediated inflammation.

PubMed ID: 7958682

Fish oil lowered mucosal AA and normalized abnormal cell proliferation in colonic polyps—functional mucosal effect linked to AA metabolism and inflammation.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Fish oil reduced neutrophil LTB4 generation and platelet aggregation—relevant suppression of AA‑derived inflammatory responses.

PubMed ID: 15278644

Aspirin given perioperatively reduced shivering likely via prostaglandin/AA pathway inhibition—demonstrates AA‑mediator impact on inflammation/thermoregulation.

PubMed ID: 1952438

Ibuprofen rapidly reduced multiple AA‑derived eicosanoids and improved clinical sepsis parameters—clear impact on pathologic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Long‑term fish oil decreased phospholipid AA and triglycerides → consistent mediator and inflammatory risk marker changes.

PubMed ID: 2123355

Mackerel intake reduced multiple AA‑derived eicosanoids and increased n‑3 prostacyclin → favorable inflammatory mediator shifts.

PubMed ID: 2126584

High‑dose aspirin lowered prostacyclin metabolite and shortened fever—COX inhibition changed AA‑mediator profile and fever.

PubMed ID: 38081585

Two‑year walnut intervention reduced several AA‑derived pro‑inflammatory oxylipins in older adults.

PubMed ID: 36367234

Genotype‑dependent changes in AA and AA‑derived DiHETrEs show how AA metabolism affects inflammatory mediator profiles.

PubMed ID: 33548080

Dietary PUFA effects on plasma ARA and hs‑CRP depended on FADS1 genotype—evidence that AA status influences systemic inflammation markers.

PubMed ID: 32512364

Dietary fatty fish/Camelina oil increased anti-inflammatory n‑3 mediators and reduced an AA-derived proinflammatory isoprostane, demonstrating dietary modulation of AA inflammation.

PubMed ID: 28346333

Fish oil (± GLA) trial in RA reduced disease activity and pain while shifting plasma fatty acids (AA changes seen in combo), highlighting modulation of inflammatory response.

PubMed ID: 26892399

Echium oil reduced AA/EPA ratio—biochemical shift consistent with reduced pro‑inflammatory AA signaling.

PubMed ID: 24027184

Prospective observational data linking higher n‑3 and n‑6 intake (including AA) to lower odds of elevated CRP over 12 years.

PubMed ID: 24121184

ω‑3‑enriched IV lipid in infants post‑cardiac surgery raised EPA, lowered leukotriene B4 (AA‑derived) and reduced some inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 23328113

Low‑n‑6 (±high‑n‑3) dietary intervention lowered AA and raised EPA/DHA substantially—dietary approach to reduce AA‑driven inflammation.

PubMed ID: 17664057

AA-containing blend increased PGE2 and IL-10 ex vivo, directly altering eicosanoid and cytokine responses.

PubMed ID: 16240844

Plant-based diet reduced serum AA and reactive oxygen markers (ROMs), consistent with a less proinflammatory milieu.

PubMed ID: 12720588

Fish‑oil reduced IL‑6 production and decreased AA proportions in plasma phospholipids — shows AA availability influences inflammatory cytokine output.

PubMed ID: 12645832

1.8‑cineol enabled steroid‑sparing in asthma consistent with inhibition of AA‑derived mediator production — indirect evidence linking AA metabolism to inflammatory disease control.

PubMed ID: 28556061

Critically ill patients showed prevalent AA‑driven platelet reactivity and variable aspirin suppression—demonstrates ARA pathway's role in platelet function/flow (clinical, non‑supplement).

PubMed ID: 28715503

Continuing aspirin until off‑pump CABG attenuated ASPI (AA‑induced) aggregation without increasing bleeding — clinical demonstration of AA‑pathway impact on perioperative platelet function.

PubMed ID: 30402489

Simvastatin reduced AA‑stimulated platelet aggregation and platelet activation markers, consistent with improved antithrombotic/blood‑flow effects.

PubMed ID: 30143885

EPA addition raised soluble thrombomodulin and EPA/AA ratio correlated with sTM increases—evidence for endothelial modulation related to AA balance.

PubMed ID: 31334703

EPA added to rosuvastatin improved plaque stability and increased EPA/AA ratio—direct vascular benefit tied to AA balance.

PubMed ID: 31442298

Antiplatelet drug study showed aspirin nearly abolishes AA‑driven aggregation and TxB2—AA pathway central to platelet‑mediated blood flow effects.

PubMed ID: 30914500

Reduction in erythrocyte AA and RDW improvement after n‑3 supplementation—implies better rheology/vascular risk profile.

PubMed ID: 31543378

EPA increased EPA/AA and shifted HDL particles—lipoprotein and EPA/AA changes relate to vascular biology.

PubMed ID: 31390907

EPA/AA ratio stratified CV event benefit with ezetimibe+statin, tying AA balance to cardiovascular outcomes and blood-flow-related events.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Omega-3 decreased ARA-derived proinflammatory eicosanoids and increased nitric oxide, both improving endothelial function and blood flow.

PubMed ID: 33305660

In PCI patients, ticagrelor without aspirin left AA-mediated platelet responses higher than with aspirin, demonstrating the AA/TXA2 pathway's central role in platelet-driven blood flow/thrombosis.

PubMed ID: 33370633

Combining Panax notoginseng saponins with aspirin enhanced platelet inhibition and reduced AA-derived platelet eicosanoids, supporting modulation of AA pathway to influence clotting/blood flow.

PubMed ID: 33141921

Adding aspirin to clopidogrel produced much greater suppression of AA-driven platelet aggregation and reduced a coagulation marker, relevant to modulation of flow and thrombotic risk.

PubMed ID: 32057371

High-risk PCI substudy showed that removing aspirin increased AA- and collagen-triggered platelet reactivity, indicating AA pathway importance for thrombotic tendency and blood flow.

PubMed ID: 32196623

Two weeks of low-dose aspirin lowered AA-induced platelet aggregation (LTA-AA), demonstrating that AA-derived TXA2 signaling directly affects platelet-driven flow.

PubMed ID: 33475876

Enhanced external counterpulsation reduced AA‑induced platelet aggregation in CHD patients—directly relevant to thrombotic risk and blood flow/platelet function.

PubMed ID: 34331551

Study measured ARA‑induced platelet aggregation and TXB2 in coronary atherosclerosis patients—directly probing AA pathway effects on platelet function and thrombosis risk.

PubMed ID: 36036856

Phospholipid‑aspirin formulation showed greater inhibition of AA‑induced platelet aggregation vs enteric aspirin—AA pathway pharmacodynamics relevant to blood flow/thrombosis.

PubMed ID: 36480147

IV lysine‑acetylsalicylate produced faster, more consistent inhibition of AA‑pathway platelet aggregation in STEMI patients—clear AA‑pathway/flow relevance (though drug study).

PubMed ID: 36609866

GDLI+aspirin reduced AA‑induced platelet aggregation and improved 90‑day stroke outcomes, directly affecting thrombosis/flow.

PubMed ID: 38873793

High‑dose EPA (in low EPA/AA patients) reduced coronary events; trial centers on EPA:AA balance affecting cardiovascular outcomes.

PubMed ID: 39702768

AA+DHA supplementation reduced early thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusions in preterms—improves coagulation/vascular parameters relevant to blood flow.

PubMed ID: 38841856

Rosuvastatin trial lowered AA and pro‑platelet eicosanoids, impacting thrombotic/vascular signaling.

PubMed ID: 24158248

EPA added to statin raised EPA/AA and produced a small but significant improvement in endothelial function (FMD).

PubMed ID: 15143716

Panax notoginseng saponins altered thromboxane/prostacyclin and reduced platelet activation markers in hyperviscosity patients—vascular/platelet relevance.

PubMed ID: 23032083

High‑dose EPA after SAH reduced symptomatic vasospasm and infarction rates—interpreted via AA/EPA pathway competition affecting cerebral vasospasm (blood‑flow outcome).

PubMed ID: 12010583

Six g/day fish oil markedly raised platelet EPA/DHA and lowered platelet arachidonic acid and triglycerides, and altered platelet function — relevant to thrombotic risk and blood flow.

PubMed ID: 26396054

Higher walnut intake improved microvascular reactive hyperemia index correlated with rises in AA‑derived epoxides (14,15‑EET).

PubMed ID: 2375296

High‑dose fish oil lowered fibrinogen and triglycerides and increased EPA:AA ratio—favorable effects on blood rheology/clotting risk.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Fish‑oil formulations lowered triglycerides and plasma phospholipid AA—beneficial for vascular risk factors.

PubMed ID: 2073296

Long‑term aspirin abolished platelet AA‑response and prolonged bleeding time—direct effect on platelet function relevant to blood flow/clotting.

PubMed ID: 1952438

Ibuprofen in sepsis reduced eicosanoids and improved hemodynamic parameters → acute improvement in circulatory function.

PubMed ID: 1622907

Low‑dose aspirin produced marked inhibition of thromboxane and platelet aggregation—well‑established effect improving microvascular blood flow/thrombosis risk.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Fish oil reduced platelet aggregation in vascular disease patients—favorable to blood flow.

PubMed ID: 8404785

Fish-oil formulations altered AA/EPA incorporation and both reduced platelet aggregation/TxB2—relevant to thrombotic potential and flow.

PubMed ID: 8168879

Intramedullary nailing caused 5–7× rise in femoral-vein TxB2, implicating TXB2 in perioperative pulmonary/hemodynamic disturbances (blood‑flow relevance).

PubMed ID: 7986557

Pre-op aspirin lowered platelet response to AA and increased post-op bleeding—demonstrates AA pathway impact on hemostasis/flow in surgery.

PubMed ID: 7774110

Fish-oil supplementation in RA lowered fibrinogen and t-PA activity, indicating effects on coagulation/fibrinolytic factors that influence blood flow/hemostasis.

PubMed ID: 8729141

People eating lake fish had lower blood pressure and slightly higher serum AA—dietary modulation of fatty acids associated with better vascular parameters.

PubMed ID: 8977914

Calcium carbasalate reduced serum TXB2 and platelet aggregation postoperatively—relevant to thrombotic risk and microvascular flow.

PubMed ID: 9575601

Long‑term picotamide inhibited platelet aggregation ≈30–41% and reduced thrombotic events—thromboxane (AA product) pathway modulation with clinical vascular effects.

PubMed ID: 15512224

Aspirin + fish oil lowered platelet angiotensin II binding (not seen with either alone) — interaction affecting platelet function relevant to flow.

PubMed ID: 10468248

Cardiopulmonary bypass reduced AA‑induced platelet aggregation perioperatively — demonstrates AA pathway role in platelet function and flow.

PubMed ID: 12145002

EPA or DHA increased arterial elasticity and lowered triglycerides in dyslipidemic adults (improves vascular function indirectly tied to AA balance).

PubMed ID: 12612897

NO‑aspirin inhibited AA‑induced platelet aggregation like aspirin but with less GI injury — demonstrates importance of AA substrate in platelet activation and blood‑flow regulation.

PubMed ID: 15041603

Nonselective NSAIDs inhibited AA-induced platelet P-selectin expression; COX-2 selective (rofecoxib) did not — shows AA-pathway effects on platelets.

PubMed ID: 15689052

D-003 markedly lowered TxB2, increased prostacyclin and reduced AA-induced platelet aggregation—direct vascular/platelet benefits.

PubMed ID: 15358033

NO-aspirin inhibited AA-driven platelet aggregation and TXB2 generation similarly to aspirin while also reducing monocyte activation.

PubMed ID: 15159226

Fish oil lowered platelet phospholipid AA and TAGs—changes that can favorably affect platelet reactivity and vascular risk.

PubMed ID: 14977803

Rofecoxib disturbed AA-stimulated platelet function less than diclofenac and was associated with less surgical blood loss—clinical bleeding/flow implications.

PubMed ID: 15868655

D‑003 dose‑dependently reduced AA‑ and collagen‑induced platelet aggregation and lowered LDL — substantial relevance to platelet‑mediated blood flow/thrombosis.

PubMed ID: 16900233

Endurance training increased prostacyclin metabolite (vasoprotective eicosanoid) and HDL — favorable blood‑flow mediator changes.

PubMed ID: 17562955

Large trial showing aspirin strongly blocks AA‑driven platelet activation (directly affects platelet‑mediated blood flow/hemostasis).

PubMed ID: 18807577

D‑003 produced substantial reductions in AA‑ and collagen‑driven platelet aggregation and improved lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients.

PubMed ID: 20723034

Terutroban inhibited arachidonic-acid–induced platelet aggregation comparably to aspirin in PAD patients, demonstrating modulation of AA-driven platelet responses affecting flow.

PubMed ID: 21701167

Prescription n‑3 reduced multiple platelet activation biomarkers in CAD patients (antithrombotic relevance).

PubMed ID: 21499200

Low‑dose aspirin markedly reduced AA‑stimulated platelet aggregation perioperatively (strong AA‑pathway platelet data).

PubMed ID: 23067920

Twice‑daily aspirin vs once‑daily markedly reduced AA‑induced platelet reactivity and biological aspirin resistance—direct AA‑pathway platelet/blood flow effect.

PubMed ID: 22646157

Indobufen+clopidogrel strongly suppressed AA‑induced platelet aggregation and TXB2, showing modulation of AA‑driven platelet function relevant to microvascular flow/clotting.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Prescription ω‑3 lowered AA in lipoproteins of insulin‑resistant adults and some FA changes correlated with improved mean arterial/pulse pressures.

PubMed ID: 23497779

Higher DHA/AA ratio during pravastatin therapy correlated with less coronary plaque progression — relevance to vascular health and blood flow.

PubMed ID: 23963688

Increasing aspirin dose improved platelet inhibition via the AA pathway in CAD patients — demonstrates importance of AA-pathway in platelet-mediated flow.

PubMed ID: 24183037

Adding clopidogrel to aspirin substantially reduced arachidonic-acid–driven platelet activity and aspirin resistance post-CABG — clear relevance to platelet-mediated blood flow.

PubMed ID: 24637411

EPA with statin produced plaque stabilization features and lowered inflammation markers—favors vascular health.

PubMed ID: 24942407

Cilostazol+aspirin suppressed AA‑pathway platelet aggregation better than clopidogrel+aspirin in stented patients on PPI—improved AA‑pathway platelet profile.

PubMed ID: 25998572

Aspirin dose‑dependently suppressed AA‑derived thromboxane and platelet aggregation—demonstrates AA pathway relevance to thrombosis/flow.

PubMed ID: 25957056

IV lysine acetylsalicylate produced rapid, large inhibition of AA‑induced platelet aggregation — major effect on AA platelet pathway relevant to blood flow.

PubMed ID: 27865182

Addition of EPA post‑PCI raised EPA/AA ratio and halved 1‑year major cardiovascular events—strong cardiovascular outcome linked to AA/EPA balance.

PubMed ID: 27005817

Genetic variant associated with markedly higher AA‑induced platelet aggregation in diabetics—links AA responsiveness to thrombosis risk and blood flow.

PubMed ID: 27304196

Aspirin almost abolished AA‑driven platelet aggregation and prolonged bleeding time—clear demonstration that AA pathway drives platelet‑mediated haemostasis/blood flow.

PubMed ID: 27876806

Tomato extract (Fruitflow) and aspirin compared: both affected platelet aggregation including AA‑pathway measures—evidence AA pathway modifies primary haemostasis.

PubMed ID: 33159163

Maternal fish oil changed milk AA dominance (lowered) and increased DHA/EPA—implicates AA balance in neonatal brain nutrient supply.

PubMed ID: 32116250

DHA treatment altered DHA/AA and EPA/AA ratios and APOE-modified hippocampal volume change over 18 months, showing AA ratio relevance to brain structure.

PubMed ID: 30871048

Infant formula supplemented with AA+DHA raised infant AA and DHA levels — directly relevant to supplying long-chain PUFAs important for brain development and function.

PubMed ID: 31371795

Infant SQ‑LNS with AA+DHA increased plasma DHA and lowered n‑6:n‑3 ratio—relevant to neurodevelopment (AA context indirect).

PubMed ID: 31024091

Maternal→infant AA/DHA tracking study shows provision of LCPUFAs (including AA) influences infant PUFA status relevant to brain development.

PubMed ID: 31590924

FAAH inhibition increased anandamide (AA‑derived endocannabinoid) and improved fear‑extinction retention and stress responses—direct CNS signaling effects.

PubMed ID: 30311214

Infant DHA+ARA supplementation produced long‑term differences in brain activation, connectivity and neurochemistry at age ~9, indicating durable effects on brain function.

PubMed ID: 30392581

Maternal DHA+ARA supplementation increased multiple newborn brain‑volume measures, directly supporting an effect on brain development.

PubMed ID: 28410617

Dose–response RCT analysis showed cognitive outcomes varied with DHA:ARA ratio, supporting importance of ARA balance for brain outcomes.

PubMed ID: 28651697

Analysis showing DHA:ARA balance matters for cognitive outcomes (inverted‑U response), indicating ARA status relevance to brain function.

PubMed ID: 28878181

Toddler RCT of ARA+DHA raised blood ARA/DHA but produced largely null cognitive outcomes with small subgroup/language signals; shows brain uptake though limited clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 27747986

Randomized infant feeding with ARA+DHA produced larger ERP markers of stimulus evaluation/conflict monitoring at 5.5 years—direct neurophysiologic evidence.

PubMed ID: 27571269

Infant formula supplemented with AA+DHA increased plasma AA‑containing phospholipids: supports brain lipid composition important for brain function.

PubMed ID: 26205427

Premature infants have substantially lower AA/DHA—supports necessity of AA for neonatal brain development (observational).

PubMed ID: 25891115

LCPUFA (DHA/EPA/ARA) supplementation in elderly men shortened P300 latency and raised plasma ARA/DHA (cognitive ERP improvement).

PubMed ID: 26424477

Preterm infants fed higher AA:DHA ratio had higher plasma AA and better psychomotor development at 2 years (direct clinical benefit).

PubMed ID: 24605819

Child DHA supplementation increased sleep duration and continuity; blood DHA and DHA:AA ratio associated with better sleep — sleep is integral to brain function.

PubMed ID: 24958525

Omega‑3 (raising EPA/DHA, lowering AA) modestly improved working memory in children with ADHD, indicating cognitive/brain-function effects tied to AA balance.

PubMed ID: 23783296

Infant formula with DHA+AA produced faster processing speed at age 6 (objective cognitive benefit), directly linking AA-containing formulas to later brain function.

PubMed ID: 23715519

Breast‑milk AA/n‑3 balance influenced infant body composition and was linked to developmental outcomes — relevant to neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 23803884

Infant LCPUFA feeding that included ARA produced detectable cognitive benefits (rule‑learning, inhibition, IQ) in early childhood.

PubMed ID: 23478748

ω‑3 supplementation reduced intracellular PLA2 (liberates AA) and altered membrane PUFA in youth at ultra‑high psychosis risk, implicating AA signaling in brain function.

PubMed ID: 21295417

Term infants fed DHA formulas (all contained 0.64% ARA) scored ~5.7 MDI points higher at 18 months, supporting neurodevelopmental/brain function benefit in presence of ARA.

PubMed ID: 20624152

Very-low-birth-weight infants given DHA+ARA showed better attention at 20 months (specific brain function measure).

PubMed ID: 25633498

RUTF composition preserved DHA/EPA and altered ARA—biochemical changes relevant to neural PUFA status.

PubMed ID: 11483802

Term infant trial linking AA+DHA supplementation to improved visual measures and developmental outcomes.

PubMed ID: 37513559

VLBW infants: higher total PUFA (including AA) intake associated with better cognitive and motor development at 12 months.

PubMed ID: 37903861

COX‑2 inhibitor (AA‑pathway) improved schizophrenia symptoms in first‑episode patients, supporting AA‑pathway relevance to brain/psychiatric function.

PubMed ID: 37120902

Parenteral/enteral lipid administration and enteral AA:DHA supplementation markedly altered serum AA/DHA trajectories—relevant to brain LCPUFA supply and development.

PubMed ID: 37447152

Combined ARA/DHA + lutein/zeaxanthin trials improved episodic memory in older adults with baseline cognitive decline (direct cognitive benefit in LCPUFA containing ARA).

PubMed ID: 38061271

Enteral ARA+DHA in very preterm infants improved white‑matter microstructure on MRI—direct structural brain benefit.

PubMed ID: 36473425

ARA+DHA supplementation in preterm infants reduced respiratory days and is associated with improved organ/system development including brain maturation potential.

PubMed ID: 34280820

Moderate exercise after extinction raised anandamide (AA‑derived) and BDNF and improved extinction recall—mechanistic evidence linking AA‑derived endocannabinoids to brain plasticity.

PubMed ID: 33444934

Adjunctive fish oil raised omega‑3s, slightly lowered erythrocyte AA, and associated with improved social cognition in recent‑onset psychosis—shows PUFA balance impacts cognition.

PubMed ID: 33523106

Enteral AA+DHA in preterm infants increased circulating AA and DHA and produced major clinical benefit (affects neurodevelopment risk pathways).

PubMed ID: 32737350

Exercise+LCPUFA trial increased plasma ARA and was associated with modest attention/working‑memory improvements in a low‑muscle‑mass subgroup.

PubMed ID: 33396458

Maternal higher AA:DHA ratio at birth strongly associated with better processing‑speed performance in children up to age 9—direct link between perinatal AA balance and neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 19765006

Infant trials of formula containing DHA+ARA showed improved problem-solving performance — strong clinical evidence that inclusion of ARA (with DHA) supports early brain function.

PubMed ID: 19134240

Randomized infant formula with added DHA+ARA increased blood ARA and DHA and supported normal growth — direct supplementation evidence relevant to brain development/function.

PubMed ID: 20022733

Infants with mildly abnormal general movements had lower ARA and altered DHA/AA ratio — an observational link between ARA status and neurobehavior.

PubMed ID: 18519483

Randomized preterm infant trial of early AA+DHA showed better problem‑solving scores and ERP changes (direct cognitive/brain endpoints).

PubMed ID: 17912568

DHA+ARA in soy formula raised circulating ARA/DHA—biochemical support for brain tissue LCPUFA supply.

PubMed ID: 17240089

Randomized infant trial: DHA+ARA formula produced visual and cognitive outcomes comparable to breast‑fed children.

PubMed ID: 16483397

Infant LC-PUFA (DHA+ARA) supplementation strongly prevented decline in erythrocyte DHA and maintained LC-PUFA status—direct and relevant to brain/neuronal membrane composition and development.

PubMed ID: 15817866

Infant formula with DHA+ARA improved visual acuity and raised RBC DHA — supports neurodevelopmental/visual neural outcomes with ARA present.

PubMed ID: 15741051

Schoolgirls receiving fish-oil foods showed reduced aggression/impulsivity associated with EPA/ARA ratio changes — behavioral/cognitive relevance.

PubMed ID: 15812447

Large RCT in preterm infants: formulas with DHA+ARA improved Bayley developmental scores — direct evidence for brain/developmental benefit.

PubMed ID: 15298564

Breast milk DHA/EPA increased by maternal fish oil and n‑3 status correlated with immune markers; breast-milk PUFA composition supports neonatal brain substrate availability.

PubMed ID: 15069395

Preterm infants given GLA (AA precursor)+DHA showed higher Bayley MDI in boys — developmental/cognitive effect linked to n‑6 LCPUFA supply.

PubMed ID: 12838196

Postweaning formula with DHA+ARA preserved RBC‑DHA and produced more mature visual acuity at 1 year — functional CNS/visual development benefit with ARA present.

PubMed ID: 14669965

Child PUFA supplement including a small AA dose produced modest behavioral improvements — suggests AA (within PUFA mix) may affect neurobehavior.

PubMed ID: 11356585

EPA trials improved schizophrenia symptoms; relevance to AA is indirect but indicates PUFA effects on brain function.

PubMed ID: 11483801

Large randomized preterm infant trial: formulas with AA+DHA improved visual and motor development — supports neurodevelopmental roles of AA.

PubMed ID: 10941962

Preterm formula with AA+DHA raised tissue DHA to human‑milk levels and was safe — supports substrate availability for brain development.

PubMed ID: 11144440

LCPUFA‑supplemented infant formula produced blood profiles like breast milk and improved early visual/neurological development.

PubMed ID: 10755457

Infant formula containing DHA (with or without AA) produced a +7 point MDI at 18 months — supports LCPUFA role in cognitive development.

PubMed ID: 10426708

Birth DHA/AA predicted postnatal phospholipid declines; tissue AA status related to infant biochemical milieu relevant to brain development.

PubMed ID: 10454271

Breastfed preterm infants had higher plasma AA; neurophysiology measures were assessed (mixed effects) — moderate relevance to brain function.

PubMed ID: 10102659

AA supplementation in formula restored plasma/erythrocyte AA levels (membrane component of brain), a plausible mechanistic substrate for brain function though clinical endpoints limited.

PubMed ID: 9702915

Infant formula with AA (and DHA) produced RBC lipid profiles like breast‑fed infants and improved sweep VEP visual development—indirect evidence for neural development/function.

PubMed ID: 9196357

Strong observational correlation between erythrocyte AA (and AA/LA ratio) and developmental quotient at 24 months—supports AA relevance to neurodevelopment.

PubMed ID: 8958000

Supplementing infant formula with AA (and DHA) raised infant blood AA—biochemical substrate important for brain membranes.

PubMed ID: 8726246

Adding DHA+AA to infant formula raised blood levels and produced short-term improvement in grating visual acuity, supporting neural/visual development.

PubMed ID: 7478826

Infant formula with AA+DHA improved neurodevelopmental scores (Brunet-Lézine) and raised blood AA/DHA—direct clinical support for neural development.

PubMed ID: 37892412

Maternal fish consumption and breastfeeding associated with higher infant DHA and higher AA in breastfed infants—relevant to infant brain FA supply.

PubMed ID: 16540798

Infant formulas with higher DHA+ARA maintained higher RBC DHA and ARA—supports role of dietary ARA in neural membrane composition relevant to brain function.

PubMed ID: 37120902

Parenteral lipids and enteral AA:DHA supplementation altered serum AA/DHA trajectories—important for neonatal metabolic lipid handling and development.

PubMed ID: 35778620

UDCA after bile‑duct stone therapy lowered bile cholesterol/endotoxin and perturbed AA metabolism pathway—metabolic pathway modulation.

PubMed ID: 35490599

Atorvastatin increased circulating AA and induced FADS1/2 expression, indicating drug‑mediated shifts in fatty‑acid metabolism.

PubMed ID: 32534376

Two-year zinc in T2D raised membrane ARA and upregulated FADS1, showing nutritional modulation of AA metabolism and membrane PUFA that relate to metabolic regulation.

PubMed ID: 33041091

Omega-3 lowered ARA-derived proinflammatory mediators and improved triglycerides/ApoB/Lp(a), indicating metabolic improvements linked to AA pathway changes.

PubMed ID: 31292301

Statin lipidomics showed an AA‑containing PC species ratio predicted who benefited from pravastatin beyond LDL lowering—metabolic/therapeutic relevance.

PubMed ID: 31532795

FADS2 genotype (affecting AA metabolism) stratified response to high‑dose omega‑3 after MI with improvements in LV remodeling—metabolic/cardiac remodeling link to AA metabolism.

PubMed ID: 30782617

Higher‑fat diet increased faecal AA and systemic inflammatory markers—links dietary AA accrual to metabolic inflammation.

PubMed ID: 29362766

Calorie restriction + fish oil improved weight/metabolic markers though AA/DHA ratios changed unexpectedly—shows modulation of metabolic risk factors.

PubMed ID: 30217048

Lifestyle RCT lowered RBC AA/EPA ratio and associated with NAFLD and BMI improvements—direct link between AA balance and metabolic outcomes.

PubMed ID: 29471285

DHA supplements greatly reduced triglycerides and lowered inflammatory markers in treated HIV patients, consistent with improved metabolic markers.

PubMed ID: 28634822

EPA added to statin therapy raised EPA/AA and reduced non‑HDL cholesterol; demonstrates n‑6/n‑3 balance (including AA) can influence lipid metabolism markers.

PubMed ID: 27919362

12‑week omega‑3 carboxylic acid trial significantly lowered apoCIII and triglycerides while changing plasma AA—direct metabolic improvements with AA changes.

PubMed ID: 16020749

Simvastatin changed serum fatty-acid composition (AA up), a drug effect relevant to lipid metabolism though not a nutritional benefit.

PubMed ID: 27737722

Dietary swap to improve fat quality reduced total and LDL cholesterol ~9–11% without increasing inflammation—implicates dietary PUFA/SFA balance (including AA pathways) in metabolism.

PubMed ID: 26205427

Gestational age strongly predicted AA/DHA levels—important for neonatal metabolism and nutritional planning.

PubMed ID: 24824288

Enhanced nutrition increasing AA intake in VLBW infants was associated with markers of postnatal metabolic maturation.

PubMed ID: 24603562

Enteral fat and fish oil improved protein absorption and intestinal growth markers in premature infants — directly relevant to metabolic/nutritional function.

PubMed ID: 16240844

Plant-based diet reduced serum AA and ROMs and raised n‑3 FA, reflecting improved metabolic/inflammatory profile in postmenopausal women.

PubMed ID: 23332800

n-3 LC-PUFA–enriched yogurt raised EPA/DHA, improved TAG and HDL and improved the AA/EPA ratio in mildly hypertriglyceridemic adults — direct metabolic improvements related to PUFA balance.

PubMed ID: 23328113

Controlled low‑n‑6 (±high‑n‑3) diet induced large changes in erythrocyte FA including AA −14% and big EPA/DHA increases—dietary AA modulation relevant to metabolic biology.

PubMed ID: 36367234

Diet by FADS1 genotype interactions changed AA/EPA levels and downstream lipid mediators—genetic modulation of HUFA metabolism with metabolic implications.

PubMed ID: 40484934

Large cohorts/trial data linked circulating LA and downstream AA (modified by FADS1 genotype) with type 2 diabetes risk — direct metabolic relevance of AA pathways.

PubMed ID: 30311825

Combination supplementation (including ALA) lowered glucose and HbA1c in obese type‑2 diabetics and inhibited AA‑pathway platelet aggregation ex vivo.

PubMed ID: 2375296

Lowered fibrinogen/triglycerides and shifted EPA:AA—beneficial metabolic changes.

PubMed ID: 2239719

Large trials showed robust triglyceride lowering and decreased phospholipid AA—clear metabolic impact.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Fish oil significantly lowered triglycerides (−26%) in vascular patients—clear metabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 7958682

Fish oil lowered rectal mucosal AA and normalized abnormal cell proliferation in patients with colonic polyps—indicating beneficial local metabolic/cellular regulation.

PubMed ID: 15159226

Twelve-week fish oil lowered plasma triglycerides and reduced platelet AA while increasing EPA/DHA — robust metabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 16101670

AA/EPA ratio reduction correlated with lower insulin — indicates AA pathway modulation affects metabolic regulation.

PubMed ID: 16923694

Maternal cod-liver oil (n-3) increased maternal/infant DHA and improved maternal lipid profile changes vs n-6—shows dietary PUFA shifts impact systemic lipid metabolism (AA discussed as inverse correlate).

PubMed ID: 19013235

Metabolic syndrome linked with higher 20‑HETE (AA metabolite) and oxidative stress—AA metabolites associate with metabolic dysfunction.

PubMed ID: 25222806

Improved LCPUFA absorption and growth in preterms indicates improved nutrient handling and metabolism.

PubMed ID: 25185754

High-dose EPA drastically lowered AA:EPA ratio and substantially reduced triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemic patients — strong metabolic improvement linked to AA balance.

PubMed ID: 23811682

EPA enlarged LDL particle size and reduced triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; EPA/AA ratio predicted effects — metabolic lipid benefits tied to AA balance.

PubMed ID: 24528690

Multicenter randomized trial in very high TG patients showed substantial TG lowering and consistent reductions in ARA and atherogenic markers.

PubMed ID: 23998969

Large randomized trial: omega‑3 FFAs added to statins substantially lowered triglycerides and reduced plasma ARA — strong metabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 24378016

Prescription ω‑3 changed lipoprotein FA composition (lowered AA) in insulin‑resistant adults with some correlations to blood‑pressure measures — supportive of metabolic improvements.

PubMed ID: 23260750

IV n‑3 in elderly ICU patients improved gas exchange and changed AA (clinically relevant metabolic/physiologic outcomes).

PubMed ID: 21775562

Replacing soybean oil with fish‑oil lipid emulsion in PN markedly improved cholestasis, triglycerides and altered AA (clear metabolic effects).

PubMed ID: 19846544

Combined diet plus high-dose n-3 supplementation in HIV patients substantially lowered triglycerides and reduced ARA proportion in serum phospholipids — clear metabolic benefit tied to fatty-acid shifts.

PubMed ID: 18807577

D‑003 improved LDL and total cholesterol and reduced AA‑driven aggregation in hypercholesterolemic patients.

PubMed ID: 27529612

Prospective cohort in HIV patients: higher plasma n‑6 (including AA) associated with higher CD4 counts and lower hospitalization/mortality risk.

PubMed ID: 8239223

Zileuton reduced leukotriene production and improved asthma symptoms—modulates immune-driven airway inflammation.

PubMed ID: 38603973

Serial preterm infant data: AA/DHA levels associated with many inflammation proteins, reflecting immune pathway relevance.

PubMed ID: 37121228

ARA+DHA in very preterm infants lowered IL‑6 in first 4 weeks, indicating immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 35247847

EPA/DHA supplementation changed adipose inflammatory gene expression and oxylipins, demonstrating modulation of immune/inflammatory pathways linked to AA biology.

PubMed ID: 36473425

ARA+DHA in very preterm infants reduced respiratory support days, indicating improved organ/system resilience and likely immune/host-defense maturation.

PubMed ID: 32655007

Aspirin produced large perturbations in AA‑derived eicosanoids in colon tissue, implicating AA metabolism in immune/inflammatory signaling.

PubMed ID: 31009738

Metabolomics identified elevated AA-derived oxylipins (HETEs) that distinguish and predict TB-IRIS, demonstrating AA metabolism's role in immune/inflammatory responses.

PubMed ID: 30914500

EPA/DHA lowered erythrocyte AA and pro‑inflammatory n‑6 PUFAs (reduces inflammatory substrate).

PubMed ID: 31006007

Dose‑response RCT showing increased n‑3 oxylipins and reduced ARA‑derived proinflammatory oxylipins (direct immune/inflammation relevance).

PubMed ID: 30179727

Cocoa lowered AA/EPA ratio and oxidative stress markers (modulates inflammatory milieu).

PubMed ID: 30217048

Diet/exercise decreased RBC AA/EPA ratio associated with NAFLD improvements (inflammation/metabolic inflammation link).

PubMed ID: 27276431

Infant formula RCT: dietary ARA altered lymphocyte ARA and absence of ARA associated with higher B‑cell activation marker CD54 (immune effect).

PubMed ID: 28302406

DHA supplementation in RA shifted lipid mediators away from AA‑derived proinflammatory types and reduced joint counts—demonstrates ARA pathway relevance to immune outcomes.

PubMed ID: 27637335

Fish‑oil infusion in sepsis changed AA/(EPA+DHA) ratio and showed a trend to lower mortality — indicates AA balance affects host response to severe infection.

PubMed ID: 27255641

Lower PBMC ARA associated with allergy in children, linking ARA status to immune phenotype.

PubMed ID: 25246692

Direct RCT of arachidonic acid in children with Schistosoma showing high cure rates and safety — clear immune/anti-parasitic effect.

PubMed ID: 24589090

Preoperative immunonutrition (includes ω‑3) reduced infections and changed PGE2 and EPA/AA ratios; clinically relevant immune benefit though multi-nutrient.

PubMed ID: 24311515

High‑dose EPA altered skin eicosanoids away from AA‑derived pro‑inflammatory species, implying AA modulation affects local immune/inflammatory signaling.

PubMed ID: 24281905

Perioperative n‑3 increased granulocyte EPA/DHA and lowered granulocyte AA but produced no clinical benefit—clear biochemical immune/inflammatory signal.

PubMed ID: 22805468

Large RCT in infants: fish‑oil raised n‑3, lowered erythrocyte AA and shifted Th2→Th1 cytokine responses (direct immune modulation via AA displacement).

PubMed ID: 21296957

ALOX5 genotype study shows genotype-dependent eicosanoid production (immune signalling mediators).

PubMed ID: 20227721

Infants fed formula with DHA+ARA had substantially fewer URIs/allergic outcomes through age 3, directly supporting immune benefit from ARA-containing formulas.

PubMed ID: 19786646

Sesame lignans reduced the ARA-derived metabolite 20-HETE (proinflammatory/vasoactive) – direct modulation of ARA-derived inflammatory mediators relevant to immune/inflammatory regulation.

PubMed ID: 18493214

Randomized child LCPUFA trial produced reproducible immune‑phenotype shifts linked to AA/DHA incorporation.

PubMed ID: 16437657

Omega‑3 reduced Crohn's relapse and lowered RBC AA — demonstrates clinically meaningful modulation of immune/inflammatory disease.

PubMed ID: 15587331

Preoperative immunonutrition (including n‑3) sped immune recovery (NK/CD8) vs parenteral feeding.

PubMed ID: 15298564

Breast milk n‑3 enrichment correlated with IgA/sCD14 (immune markers) despite group-level nulls, linking fatty-acid changes to immune factors.

PubMed ID: 15358033

NO-aspirin inhibited monocyte activation and reduced cytokine release beyond COX inhibition, altering innate immune activation tied to AA-pathway.

PubMed ID: 15129731

Maternal fish oil reduced neonatal oxidative lipid damage; erythrocyte AA/EPA associated with neonatal markers relevant to cellular immune stress.

PubMed ID: 15239141

Postoperative IV omega‑3 improved immune/clinical recovery vs soybean oil, suggesting immune support via AA-pathway modulation.

PubMed ID: 15531659

Fish-oil+antioxidants lowered PBMC AA and reduced PGE2/IFN-γ, directly modulating immune cell inflammatory output.

PubMed ID: 12553951

Postoperative TPN: omega‑3 enrichment increased LTB5/LTB4 ratio (less inflammatory leukotriene) implicating AA pathway changes in immune response.

PubMed ID: 12852710

GLA+EPA emulsion reduced leukotriene production and modulated plasma AA when EPA included — shows AA pathway control of immune mediators.

PubMed ID: 9555791

Randomized trial in psoriasis (immune‑mediated) shows modulation of AA‑related eicosanoids and clinical improvement when AA pathway is competed by n‑3 lipids.

PubMed ID: 9675609

Dietary fish oil reduced neutrophil AA content (membrane composition change relevant to innate immunity), though functional readouts were largely unchanged.

PubMed ID: 8939149

Six-month zileuton RCT sustained improvements in asthma control via inhibition of AA 5-LO products, reflecting robust immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 8598621

Zileuton (5-LO inhibitor) produced clinically meaningful reductions in asthma exacerbations—strong evidence that blocking AA-derived leukotrienes improves immune-inflammatory outcomes.

PubMed ID: 1328817

Fish oil reduced neutrophil LTB4 generation (innate immune mediator) and platelet activity.

PubMed ID: 1952438

Ibuprofen decreased high levels of AA-derived mediators in sepsis with clinical improvement—demonstrates AA pathway's role in host response.

PubMed ID: 24027184

Large prospective study linking higher n‑3/n‑6 (including AA) intake to lower long‑term CRP — supports immune/inflammatory modulation.

PubMed ID: 17664057

AA-containing blend increased PGE2 and IL-10 ex vivo, indicating modulation of immune/eicosanoid responses.

PubMed ID: 12720588

Healthy men: fish‑oil lowered AA proportions and reduced IL‑6 at higher dose — demonstrates AA level modulation affects immune cytokines.

PubMed ID: 31931275

Pregnancy substudy linked higher unesterified AA and AA-derived oxylipins to spontaneous preterm birth risk, implicating AA in inflammatory/immune pathways.

PubMed ID: 30871048

Infant AA (with DHA) supplementation raised blood AA/DHA; AA and DHA support retinal/visual development in infants.

PubMed ID: 31186150

Infant formulas with varying ARA maintained RBC ARA/DHA status; AA/DHA status influences retinal development (biological plausibility).

PubMed ID: 29423508

Extremely preterm infants with lower circulating ARA in early life had markedly higher incidence/severity of retinopathy of prematurity—strong direct evidence of ARA's role in vision health.

PubMed ID: 20130095

Infant formulas containing DHA with 0.64% ARA improved visual acuity at 12 months vs unsupplemented formula (direct clinical vision outcome).

PubMed ID: 17912568

DHA+ARA increased circulating LCPUFAs in infants, substrates linked to retinal development and function.

PubMed ID: 17240089

DHA+ARA formula produced visual acuity outcomes comparable to breast‑fed children in randomized follow‑up.

PubMed ID: 16483397

LC-PUFA supplementation in infants with PKU strongly preserved erythrocyte DHA (and ARA by association), supporting substrates for visual maturation.

PubMed ID: 8615350

n-3 supplementation in preterm infants improved early vision for some infants but lowered AA status and was associated with modestly reduced growth measures.

PubMed ID: 11483802

Term infant trial reported improved visual measures with AA+DHA supplementation.

PubMed ID: 16540798

Infant higher-DHA+ARA formula maintained higher RBC DHA and ARA at 120 days—DHA/ARA status in infancy is linked to visual system development and retinal membrane composition.

PubMed ID: 7478826

Infants fed formula with AA+DHA scored better on a 4-month neurodevelopmental test and had higher blood AA/DHA—supports visual/neural maturation.

PubMed ID: 8726246

AA+DHA supplemented formula produced short-term improvements in grating visual acuity and raised plasma/RBC AA and DHA—direct evidence for infant visual benefit.

PubMed ID: 9702915

Supplementing infant formula with DHA and AA improved sweep VEP visual acuity measures — direct clinical evidence linking AA (with DHA) to visual development.

PubMed ID: 9552137

DHA‑supplemented formulas produced RBC DHA similar to breast‑fed infants and inclusion of GLA raised AA; visual acuity differences were small/ambiguous but show biochemical plausibility.

PubMed ID: 10102659

AA+DHA supplementation restored infant plasma/erythrocyte AA/DHA toward breast‑fed levels, supporting substrate availability for retinal/visual development.

PubMed ID: 11144440

LCPUFA‑supplemented infant formula produced RBC DHA/AA profiles like breast milk and improved visual maturation (ERG, acuity) — strong direct evidence.

PubMed ID: 10941962

Preterm AA+DHA formula raised tissue DHA to human‑milk levels (substrate necessary for retinal function) and showed safety.

PubMed ID: 11483801

Large randomized preterm infant trial: AA+DHA improved visual acuity (VEP) and motor outcomes — strong direct evidence for vision benefits.

PubMed ID: 12838196

Infants weaned to DHA+ARA formula had more mature VEP acuity at 1 year — direct functional improvement in visual development linked to ARA+DHA in diet.

PubMed ID: 15812447

DHA and ARA in preterm formulas improved developmental outcomes; DHA/ARA are substrates for retinal development, supporting vision health.

PubMed ID: 35495419

Enteral ARA+DHA in extremely preterm infants significantly reduced incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity (direct vision benefit).

PubMed ID: 15817866

Infant formula with DHA+ARA improved sweep VEP visual acuity at multiple timepoints — direct functional visual benefit with ARA present.

PubMed ID: 41505112

Randomized enteral ARA+DHA supplementation in extremely preterm infants was associated with a large, statistically significant reduction in severe ROP (direct clinical benefit for retinal/vision outcome).

PubMed ID: 39702768

Randomized trial in extremely preterm infants: AA+DHA supplementation markedly reduced severe retinopathy of prematurity.

PubMed ID: 33358843

High‑dose LCPUFA prevented declines and increased whole‑blood ARA and DHA in VLBW infants—biomarker support for retinal/visual development.

PubMed ID: 33523106

Randomized trial in extremely preterm infants: enteral AA:DHA (2:1) increased serum AA and DHA and halved risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity—strong, direct evidence for vision benefit.

PubMed ID: 33159163

Maternal fish oil changed milk PUFA profile; altered AA:DHA supply may affect infant visual development indirectly.

PubMed ID: 19134240

Increased blood ARA/DHA with supplemented formula supports substrates important for neuronal membranes and cognition (indirect evidence).

PubMed ID: 17240089

DHA+ARA formula supported cognitive (verbal IQ) outcomes comparable to breast‑fed children in randomized follow‑up.

PubMed ID: 16483397

Strong preservation of infant erythrocyte DHA/ARA with supplementation—relevant to neurodevelopmental substrates for learning and memory.

PubMed ID: 15812447

Improved Bayley mental scores in preterm infants receiving DHA+ARA indicates benefit for early cognitive/learning outcomes.

PubMed ID: 12838196

Improved VEP acuity with DHA+ARA implies better neural maturation that can support cognitive/learning outcomes.

PubMed ID: 11483801

Improved motor/developmental indices in preterm infants with AA+DHA suggests benefits for early neurodevelopment linked to learning capacity.

PubMed ID: 11144440

LCPUFA supplementation improved early visual/neural maturation; visual and neural maturation are linked to cognitive development.

PubMed ID: 26424477

Higher dietary AA:DHA ratio in preterms improved psychomotor development at 2 years (supports neurodevelopment).

PubMed ID: 24958525

Working memory improvement in ADHD kids after ω‑3 supplementation that lowered AA — direct memory/working-memory evidence.

PubMed ID: 10755457

DHA±AA formula increased 18‑month MDI — trial-level cognitive benefit supporting memory/learning development.

PubMed ID: 23783296

Faster processing speed in school-age children after infant LCPUFA (including AA) exposure suggests benefits to cognitive processing relevant to learning.

PubMed ID: 23803884

Longitudinal infant LCPUFA exposure (including ARA) associated with improvements in rule‑learning, inhibition and IQ at school age.

PubMed ID: 21295417

Higher Bayley MDI in infants fed formula containing DHA with ARA present supports improved early cognitive outcomes (memory/learning proxy).

PubMed ID: 19765006

DHA+ARA infant feeding trials showed better two-step problem-solving at 9 months — specific cognitive/learning benefit in supplemented infants.

PubMed ID: 18519483

Early AA+DHA improved problem‑solving scores and recognition‑memory ERP in very preterm infants.

PubMed ID: 16540798

Higher-LCPUFA formula preserved RBC DHA and ARA in infants—supports substrates for early learning/vision processing, though clinical cognition endpoints not primary.

PubMed ID: 8726246

Short-term visual-acuity/neuro outcomes with AA+DHA in infants imply support for neural function that can underlie learning processes.

PubMed ID: 9196357

Erythrocyte AA correlated strongly with developmental scores at 24 months, implicating AA in cognitive development.

PubMed ID: 37513559

Higher dietary PUFA (including AA and DHA) in VLBW infants linked to better cognitive and motor scores at 12 months.

PubMed ID: 37447152

Combined LCPUFA + lutein/zeaxanthin trials produced measurable episodic memory improvements in older adults with cognitive decline.

PubMed ID: 38061271

Improved white‑matter maturation with ARA+DHA suggests structural substrate for improved cognitive function (indirect but strong biologic plausibility).

PubMed ID: 33396458

Maternal AA:DHA ratio predicted better processing speed in children—evidence that perinatal AA balance influences aspects of cognitive processing longitudinally.

PubMed ID: 31590924

FAAH inhibitor boosted anandamide and improved recall of fear extinction (direct memory/learning outcome).

PubMed ID: 30311214

Longitudinal infant LCPUFA (DHA+ARA) supplementation associated with improved attention/executive‑function‑related brain activation at 9 years, relevant to learning/memory.

PubMed ID: 30392581

Neonatal brain‑volume increases after maternal DHA+ARA supplementation imply potential benefits for cognitive development supporting learning/memory.

PubMed ID: 28651697

Dose–response analysis found cognitive/executive outcomes depend on DHA:ARA ratio, implicating ARA balance in memory/learning endpoints.

PubMed ID: 27747986

ARA+DHA infant feeding produced ERP differences consistent with improved stimulus evaluation and conflict monitoring—cognitive processing relevant to learning.

PubMed ID: 25891115

Shortened P300 latency after LCPUFA including ARA suggests improved cognitive processing (ERP marker).

PubMed ID: 20022733

Lower ARA and altered DHA/AA ratio in infants with abnormal movements implicate ARA status in early motor/neural signalling.

PubMed ID: 23032083

High‑dose EPA reduced cerebral vasospasm and infarction after SAH; effect likely via AA/EPA pathway competition influencing neurovascular signaling and neuronal outcomes.

PubMed ID: 7478826

Neurodevelopmental score improvement with AA+DHA suggests contribution to neural maturation and signaling.

PubMed ID: 8726246

Supplementation increased DHA/AA and transiently improved grating acuity—implies effects on visual neural processing.

PubMed ID: 8958000

Supplementation raised infant AA status, providing substrate important for neuronal membranes and signaling.

PubMed ID: 9702915

Improved visual-evoked potentials with AA/DHA‑supplemented formula suggest effects on neural signaling pathways in infants.

PubMed ID: 10102659

Restoration of erythrocyte/plasma AA provides the membrane substrate relevant to neuronal signaling (indirect evidence).

PubMed ID: 10454271

Preterm infants fed breast milk had higher plasma AA and measured motor nerve conduction velocities — direct link between AA status and nerve maturation.

PubMed ID: 11144440

LCPUFA-enriched formula produced more mature ERG and better visual acuity — neural/retinal signaling improvements with AA+DHA in formula.

PubMed ID: 10941962

Preterm AA+DHA supplementation normalized tissue LCPUFA, supporting neuronal membrane composition for signalling.

PubMed ID: 11483801

AA+DHA supplementation improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants — consistent with roles in neural structure/function.

PubMed ID: 15812447

DHA+ARA in preterm formula improved neurodevelopmental scores; ARA/DHA are essential for neuronal membranes and signalling.

PubMed ID: 16483397

Infant LC-PUFA supplementation preserved DHA/ARA in erythrocytes—relevant to neuronal membrane composition and signaling substrates in early life.

PubMed ID: 17240089

Infant DHA+ARA formula preserved outcomes related to neurodevelopment, implying preservation of membrane lipids important for signaling.

PubMed ID: 19134240

Raising circulating ARA (and DHA) via supplemented formula supports substrates critical for neuronal membrane/axon function and signalling.

PubMed ID: 23478748

Reduction in intracellular PLA2 (enzyme that releases AA for signaling) and membrane PUFA changes directly affect AA‑mediated neuronal signaling.

PubMed ID: 26424477

Improved psychomotor development with higher AA:DHA implies better neural/neuromotor function (AA role in neural tissue).

PubMed ID: 28878181

Infant ARA+DHA supplementation increased circulating ARA/DHA (components of neuronal membranes) though cognition effects were limited.

PubMed ID: 30392581

Newborn brain volume increases after maternal DHA+ARA imply maturation of neural structures important for signaling.

PubMed ID: 30311214

Long‑term LCPUFA supplementation produced differences in brain activation/connectivity consistent with altered neuronal signaling.

PubMed ID: 31590924

Large anandamide increase (AA‑derived endocannabinoid) with FAAH inhibitor produced measurable CNS signaling and behavioral effects.

PubMed ID: 30871048

Raising infant AA/DHA via formula is directly relevant to neural membrane composition and signaling capacity in developing nervous system.

PubMed ID: 32116250

Links between DHA/AA ratios and hippocampal volume imply that AA balance influences neural structures involved in signaling and cognition.

PubMed ID: 34280820

AEA (arachidonate‑derived endocannabinoid) increased after exercise and mediated behavioral effects—direct connection between AA‑derived signaling and neural function.

PubMed ID: 38061271

Improved white‑matter microstructure with ARA+DHA supports better myelination/axonal integrity and nerve signaling.

PubMed ID: 37120902

Trajectories of serum AA/DHA influence availability of membrane HUFAs crucial for synaptic and neuronal signaling.

PubMed ID: 37513559

Higher PUFA intake in VLBW infants (including AA) associated with better cognitive/motor outcomes, implying effects on neural signaling/development.

PubMed ID: 15718356

Infant formula with DHA+ARA produced greater lean mass by 1 year — direct evidence linking ARA-containing formula to lean tissue accrual.

PubMed ID: 15812447

Preterm formula with DHA+ARA improved weight and length growth in infants — direct growth (including lean mass) signal.

PubMed ID: 12032520

Preterm infants fed formula with DHA+ARA gained weight faster; RBC ARA correlated with weight/length, supporting growth potential.

PubMed ID: 11045835

Topical soybean oil massage in preterm infants increased somatic growth over 30 days (clinical growth effect).

PubMed ID: 25222806

rhBSSL increased growth velocity and enhanced DHA/ARA absorption in preterm infants — robust, clinically meaningful growth support via improved AA absorption.

PubMed ID: 23715519

Maternal n‑3 supplementation and reduced AA intake changed breast‑milk AA and associated breast‑milk AA with early infant weight/lean mass measures.

PubMed ID: 23220477

Resistance‑training trial: COX (AA‑derived PG) modulation altered muscle prostaglandin/myokine expression and was associated with greater hypertrophy in older adults (mechanistic link to AA→PG effects).

PubMed ID: 16101670

Omega‑3 supplementation lowered AA/EPA ratio and associated with improved POMS mood scores — moderate evidence linking AA pathway modulation to mood.

PubMed ID: 23046564

Small RCT in elderly depressed women: EPA‑rich omega‑3 reduced AA/EPA ratio and significantly improved depression scores (direct mood benefit linked to AA balance).

PubMed ID: 28626140

LCPUFA supplement including ARA modestly increased positive mood (vigor) in elderly men with corresponding small plasma ARA rise.

PubMed ID: 31590924

FAAH inhibition reduced physiological and affective stress responses—relevant to mood regulation via endocannabinoids.

PubMed ID: 31269506

EPA-containing supplements raised endocannabinoid-like EPEA and were linked to higher remission rates in depressed patients, implicating PUFA metabolism (and indirectly AA balance) in mood.

PubMed ID: 33316626

EPA reduced AA and increased pro-resolving mediators in depressed, inflamed adults, supporting the idea that lowering AA-driven inflammation can aid depressive symptoms.

PubMed ID: 15741051

Weekly fish-oil foods prevented increased physical aggression and reduced impulsivity in girls, correlated with EPA/AA changes — robust behavioral/mood signal.

PubMed ID: 25585167

In ultra‑high‑risk youth omega‑3 treatment improved functional outcomes and reduced transition to psychosis (affects mental health/mood domain).

PubMed ID: 27132415

Piroxicam (inhibits prostaglandin synthesis from AA) given after IUI increased pregnancy rates—shows AA‑derived prostaglandins influence reproductive physiology.

PubMed ID: 25998572

Aspirin markedly inhibited ARA‑derived thromboxane synthesis (a hormone‑like eicosanoid) in a dose‑dependent manner.

PubMed ID: 15350182

Hormone therapy and high-dose raloxifene raised plasma AA and DHA and raloxifene increased testosterone in men — direct hormone–fatty-acid associations.

PubMed ID: 10828848

Perimenopausal study found HRT increased the AA/linoleic acid ratio and linked fatty‑acid patterns to insulin/adiposity — links sex hormones to AA metabolism.

PubMed ID: 31931275

Higher unesterified AA and AA-derived oxylipins at 24 weeks associated with increased spontaneous preterm birth risk, implicating AA metabolites in parturition/hormonal pathways.

PubMed ID: 33221700

DHA‑rich fish oil raised circulating testosterone in overweight/obese men, and testosterone changes correlated inversely with erythrocyte AA—linking AA status to sex‑hormone modulation.

PubMed ID: 15587331

Enteral immunonutrition accelerated immune recovery and reduced stress markers after surgery — potentially aiding wound/healing recovery.

PubMed ID: 33370633

PNS+aspirin potentiated platelet inhibition while decreasing certain AA oxylipids and increased protective PGs in rats, suggesting altered AA signaling that could affect tissue repair and mucosal protection.

PubMed ID: 23494053

Heparin caused a marked transient platelet activation linked to AA metabolites (12‑HETE), indicating AA metabolism's involvement in platelet responses important for repair.

PubMed ID: 22646157

In aspirin‑hypersensitive ACS patients, indobufen strongly suppressed AA‑induced platelet aggregation and TXB2—AA pathway is central to platelet function required for hemostasis and early wound repair.

PubMed ID: 15239141

Postoperative parenteral omega‑3 improved liver/pancreatic enzymes and some recovery markers versus soybean oil, supporting better postoperative healing physiology.

PubMed ID: 23067920

Twice‑daily aspirin significantly reduced AA‑induced platelet reactivity and biological aspirin resistance—demonstrates AA pathway's role in platelet function relevant to wound hemostasis.

PubMed ID: 10713746

Atopic mothers had lower breast‑milk AA and GLA supplementation raised precursors but not AA — demonstrates AA pathway differences in atopy/skin conditions.

PubMed ID: 9555791

Omega‑3 infusion improved psoriasis relative to omega‑6, demonstrating that altering AA-related eicosanoids affects inflammatory skin disease.

PubMed ID: 11045835

Topical soybean oil massage increased preterm infant growth; although blood AA fell, topical oil had clinical skin/nourishment effects.

PubMed ID: 16269830

Topical oils were absorbed and safflower oil increased serum AA; skin symptom relevance via altered cutaneous lipids is plausible.

PubMed ID: 24311515

Dermal and RBC AA:EPA ratios fell substantially and unexposed skin PGE2 was ~30% lower after EPA supplementation—direct skin eicosanoid and tissue effects.

PubMed ID: 23220477

COX‑inhibitor groups showed altered IL‑6/MuRF‑1 responses to training (markers linked to post‑exercise inflammation/proteolysis), reflecting AA‑pathway effects on recovery biology.

PubMed ID: 15587331

Enteral immunonutrition accelerated immune recovery and normalized stress markers sooner, indicating faster physiological recovery after insult.

PubMed ID: 15239141

Postoperative parenteral omega‑3 improved enzyme profiles and clinical recovery markers vs soybean oil — analogous anti-inflammatory/recovery effects.

PubMed ID: 15531659

Reduction in PGE2/IFN-γ from immune cells suggests a shift toward lower inflammatory tone that could speed recovery from exercise-induced inflammation.

PubMed ID: 36995411

OA synovial tissue AA‑metabolism genes were upregulated and associated with inflammation—directly relevant to joint pathology.

PubMed ID: 28346333

RA RCT: fish oil (± evening primrose oil) reduced DAS28, pain and tender/swollen joint counts—shows LCPUFA modulation (and AA shifts with combo) reduces joint symptoms.

PubMed ID: 28302406

DHA supplementation reduced tender/swollen joint counts and shifted lipid mediators away from AA‑derived proinflammatory molecules in RA patients.

PubMed ID: 21816071

n‑3 LC-PUFA supplementation altered membrane AA and produced clinically meaningful reductions in disease activity in inflammatory arthritis (improved joint symptoms).

PubMed ID: 11045840

LA‑rich energy drink increased daily energy intake (+544 kcal/day) and weight in CF patients — clear effect on energy intake/overall energy balance.

PubMed ID: 38931260

Malnourished cancer patients taking miraculin supplement ate more and showed large erythrocyte ARA increases; energy intake improved.

PubMed ID: 23299384

Older‑women trial: fish‑oil (which lowers AA) associated with a small but significant improvement in walking speed.

PubMed ID: 23220477

Same resistance‑training trial showed altered prostaglandin receptor/myokine expression with COX modulation and greater muscle gains, implying AA‑pathway involvement in strength adaptations.