Betaine
16 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
2,380 products in our catalogue print how much Betaine a serving holds.
Most common: 1 g to 2.5 g, 40% of 2,380 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 10 mg or less | 73 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 90 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 139 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 143 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 416 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 251 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 255 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 955 |
| over 2.5 g | 58 |
Dose per serving from research
37 study groups in 28 studies say how much Betaine participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 2.5 g to 5 g, 30% of 37 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 500 mg or less | 2 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 3 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 10 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 11 |
| 5 g to 10 g | 10 |
| over 10 g | 1 |
Commonly used together
14 of 39 study groups took Betaine with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Folic Acid | 10 |
| Vitamin B12 | 4 |
| Vitamin B6 | 3 |
Benefit Evidence
Saliva flow, dryness −
Choline, fat absorption +
Gastric acid/absorption +
Research sources
Cholesterol (19)
- Consumption of wheat aleurone-rich foods increases fasting plasma betaine and modestly decreases fasting homocysteine and LDL-cholesterol in adults
PubMed ID: 20980654
Dietary aleurone raised plasma betaine and modestly lowered homocysteine and LDL — favorable blood-marker changes.
- Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations
PubMed ID: 15941890
Large folic acid trial increased plasma betaine and confirmed inverse relation with homocysteine — supports betaine's beneficial blood marker effects.
- The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people
PubMed ID: 17537289
B12+folic acid markedly decreased tHcy and increased betaine; changes clustered with borderline cognitive signal — good evidence for blood marker modulation.
- Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 22172554
Choline supplementation increased plasma betaine and produced a modest (borderline) reduction in total homocysteine — clear biomarker changes.
- Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide following supplementation with vitamin D or D plus B vitamins
PubMed ID: 27569255
Randomized addition of B vitamins increased plasma betaine and lowered homocysteine and TMAO relative to control — intervention improved multiple blood markers.
- Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26465792
Choline-rich structured lipid in CF improved fat absorption (higher CFA) and related biomarkers — direct evidence of improved fat handling.
- Supplementation with Folic Acid, but Not Creatine, Increases Plasma Betaine, Decreases Plasma Dimethylglycine, and Prevents a Decrease in Plasma Choline in Arsenic-Exposed Bangladeshi Adults
PubMed ID: 27052531
Large RCT in arsenic-exposed adults: folic acid raised betaine and lowered DMG, preventing choline decline — robust changes in blood one‑carbon markers.
- Effect of Folic Acid, Betaine, Vitamin B₆, and Vitamin B12 on Homocysteine and Dimethylglycine Levels in Middle-Aged Men Drinking White Wine
PubMed ID: 26771632
Controlled study: betaine supplementation increased DMG and affected homocysteine during alcohol exposure — direct effects on blood metabolites.
- Plasma Metabolites From Choline Pathway and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED (Prevention With Mediterranean Diet) Study
PubMed ID: 29080862
Prospective cohort: choline-pathway metabolite levels predicted CVD events; betaine/choline ratio inversely associated with risk — blood marker predictive value.
- Nutritional supplementation alters associations between one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic risk profiles in older adults: a secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study
PubMed ID: 34240265
Associations between DMG/betaine and LDL observed in elderly subjects in a multi‑intervention context; suggests links to blood lipid markers though not definitive.
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39202647
Supplement cocktail including betaine reduced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis metrics (improved handling of fat in the liver; multi‑ingredient trial).
- Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure
PubMed ID: 11849459
Glycine betaine reduced post‑methionine load homocysteine (~18%) in chronic renal failure — moderate evidence for blood‑marker improvement.
- Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects
PubMed ID: 12399266
12‑week RCT in obese subjects: 6 g/day betaine modestly lowered plasma homocysteine (positive) but raised LDL/total cholesterol (adverse) — mixed effects on blood markers.
- Assessment of urinary betaine as a marker of diabetes mellitus in cardiovascular patients
PubMed ID: 23936331
High urinary betaine strongly correlated with HbA1c and diabetes risk in cardiovascular patients — strong association with clinical blood markers of glycemia.
- Metabolite Profiles of Diabetes Incidence and Intervention Response in the Diabetes Prevention Program
PubMed ID: 26861782
DPP metabolite study: higher baseline/increased betaine associated with lower incident diabetes (metabolic blood‑marker/clinical risk relevance).
- Nutraceutical approaches to homocysteine lowering in hypertensive subjects at low cardiovascular risk: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 27655522
Randomized multicenter comparison: a betaine‑containing nutraceutical reduced plasma homocysteine substantially more than high‑dose folic acid (strong biochemical effect).
- A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia
PubMed ID: 31408467
Large RCT: betaine‑containing drink produced a substantial ~24% geometric mean homocysteine reduction vs control — strong biomarker improvement.
- Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36717385
Large RCT: B‑vitamins + 1 g betaine lowered homocysteine by ≈10% in high‑homocysteine adults and raised plasma betaine.
- Integrated analysis of the association between methionine cycle and risk of moyamoya disease
PubMed ID: 37183324
Observed lower betaine and higher homocysteine in patients — direct association with blood one‑carbon marker (clear observational finding).
Metabolism (12)
- Metabolite Biomarkers Linking a High-Fiber Rye Intervention with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The RyeWeight Study
PubMed ID: 40838659
Rye feeding increased betainized metabolites that correlated with weight/fat‑loss markers and metabolic improvements (dietary intervention correlations).
- Diets rich in whole grains increase betainized compounds associated with glucose metabolism
PubMed ID: 30256894
Whole‑grain interventions increased several betainized plasma compounds that inversely correlated with postprandial glucose/insulin (controlled dietary intervention evidence).
- Nutritional supplementation alters associations between one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic risk profiles in older adults: a secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study
PubMed ID: 34240265
Correlations between betaine/DMG and cardiometabolic markers in elderly participants indicate metabolic ties, though confounded by multi‑nutrient/exercise interventions.
- Supplementation with Folic Acid, but Not Creatine, Increases Plasma Betaine, Decreases Plasma Dimethylglycine, and Prevents a Decrease in Plasma Choline in Arsenic-Exposed Bangladeshi Adults
PubMed ID: 27052531
Large randomized trial: folic acid supplementation increased plasma betaine and altered DMG and choline — clear intervention effects on one‑carbon metabolites.
- Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations
PubMed ID: 15941890
Folic acid supplementation raised plasma betaine (~15%) and showed inverse betaine–homocysteine associations — supports betaine's metabolic role.
- Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 14699020
Human data showing plasma betaine predicts attenuated homocysteine response to methionine — direct evidence of betaine's role in one‑carbon metabolic balance.
- Metabolomic Profiles Associated With Blood Pressure Reduction in Response to the DASH and DASH-Sodium Dietary Interventions
PubMed ID: 37161796
DASH diet metabolites including betaine‑related molecules linked to blood pressure reductions and broader cardiometabolic changes (controlled feeding trial evidence).
- Metabolite Profiles of Diabetes Incidence and Intervention Response in the Diabetes Prevention Program
PubMed ID: 26861782
DPP analysis: baseline/increased betaine associated with substantially lower diabetes incidence and lifestyle intervention raised betaine—strong human metabolic association.
- Trimethylamine-N-oxide and its biological variations in vegetarians
PubMed ID: 27562778
Vegetarian cohort measured stable plasma betaine over time and TMAO/choline metabolites—evidence about betaine as a steady metabolic biomarker.
- Assessment of urinary betaine as a marker of diabetes mellitus in cardiovascular patients
PubMed ID: 23936331
Large cohort: high urinary betaine strongly associated with prevalent/incident diabetes and tracked with HbA1c — major metabolic signal linking betaine metabolism to glycemic dysregulation.
- Consumption of wheat aleurone-rich foods increases fasting plasma betaine and modestly decreases fasting homocysteine and LDL-cholesterol in adults
PubMed ID: 20980654
Aleurone (high-betain) intake raised plasma betaine and modestly lowered homocysteine and LDL in overweight adults — direct metabolic benefits.
- Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure
PubMed ID: 11849459
Crossover trial in chronic renal failure: glycine betaine lowered post‑methionine load homocysteine (~18%) — supports metabolic homocysteine handling.
Detoxification (7)
- Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations
PubMed ID: 15941890
Folic acid supplementation raised betaine and decreased homocysteine, supporting improved detoxification capacity via one‑carbon metabolism.
- Polymorphisms in arsenic(+III oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) predict gene expression of AS3MT as well as arsenic metabolism
PubMed ID: 21247820
Genetic study on arsenic methylation implicates one‑carbon methylation pathways; betaine donates methyl groups relevant to arsenic detoxification (mechanistic relevance).
- Metabolic Signature of Arsenic Exposure and Metabolism: The Folic Acid and Creatine Trial
PubMed ID: 40668877
Large study showing higher circulating betaine strongly associated with more complete arsenic methylation (greater %DMA), a direct detoxification pathway (strong associative evidence).
- Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36717385
B‑vitamin + betaine trial increased plasma betaine and reduced homocysteine, supporting remethylation pathways used in detox biology.
- A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia
PubMed ID: 31408467
Homocysteine lowering via betaine/B‑vitamin drink improves methylation capacity (phase II methylation reactions relevant to detoxification).
- Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 14699020
Strong human evidence that plasma betaine attenuates homocysteine rises after methionine load — supports betaine's role in methylation‑dependent detoxification of homocysteine.
- Betaine and choline status modify the effects of folic acid and creatine supplementation on arsenic methylation in a randomized controlled trial of Bangladeshi adults
PubMed ID: 32918135
Large RCT in arsenic‑exposed adults: baseline low betaine/choline modified and often worsened arsenic methylation response to folic acid/creatine; shows betaine status is key to arsenic detox pathways.
Heart health (7)
- Nutritional supplementation alters associations between one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic risk profiles in older adults: a secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study
PubMed ID: 34240265
In elderly participants, betaine/DMG metabolites correlated with cardiometabolic markers (LDL etc.), but multi‑nutrient/exercise confounding limits causal inference.
- Plasma Metabolites From Choline Pathway and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED (Prevention With Mediterranean Diet) Study
PubMed ID: 29080862
Large prospective study (PREDIMED): choline-pathway metabolite profiles (including betaine ratio) associated with incident CVD; higher betaine/choline ratio linked to lower CVD risk.
- Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 14699020
Well‑powered human study: higher plasma betaine was linked to smaller homocysteine rises after methionine loading — mechanistically relevant to cardiovascular risk markers.
- Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations
PubMed ID: 15941890
Large folic acid trial showed folate raises plasma betaine (~15%) and confirmed inverse betaine–homocysteine relationships relevant to heart risk.
- Metabolomic Profiles Associated With Blood Pressure Reduction in Response to the DASH and DASH-Sodium Dietary Interventions
PubMed ID: 37161796
Betaine‑related metabolites that rise on the DASH diet were associated with reductions in systolic/diastolic blood pressure (direct link to cardiovascular risk).
- Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36717385
Large RCT of low‑dose B‑vitamins + 1 g betaine lowered homocysteine by ~10% in hyperhomocysteinemic adults (CV‑relevant biomarker improvement).
- A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia
PubMed ID: 31408467
Large RCT of a betaine+B‑vitamin drink substantially lowered plasma homocysteine (~24%), a cardiovascular risk biomarker.
Brain health (5)
- Eggs early in complementary feeding increase choline pathway biomarkers and DHA: a randomized controlled trial in Ecuador
PubMed ID: 29092879
Randomized infant trial: one egg/day for 6 months raised plasma choline/betaine and DHA and was associated with improved linear growth and less stunting — increased nutritional supply supporting development (strongest clinical link to development).
- Choline Pathway Nutrients and Metabolites and Cognitive Impairment After Acute Ischemic Stroke
PubMed ID: 33467878
In stroke patients higher plasma betaine and choline were strongly associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment (robust epidemiologic signal).
- The impact of micronutrient supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnancies on reaction time responses of preschoolers in Ukraine
PubMed ID: 34942330
Prospective cohort: higher maternal betaine levels associated with better reaction‑time metrics in children (sex‑specific effects on attention/neurodevelopment).
- The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people
PubMed ID: 17537289
B12+folic acid raised betaine and lowered homocysteine; participants with larger betaine increases had borderline memory improvement — suggestive for cognition.
- Maternal choline intake modulates maternal and fetal biomarkers of choline metabolism in humans
PubMed ID: 22418088
Higher maternal choline intake raised maternal and fetal choline-related metabolites (including betaine), supporting potential fetal/infant brain nutrient supply.
Cell health (4)
- Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36717385
B‑vitamins + betaine increased plasma betaine and reduced homocysteine (methylation pathway support) in an RCT.
- A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia
PubMed ID: 31408467
Betaine‑containing drink substantially lowered homocysteine and increased circulating betaine — supports enhanced methylation capacity and cellular biochemical function.
- Betaine and choline status modify the effects of folic acid and creatine supplementation on arsenic methylation in a randomized controlled trial of Bangladeshi adults
PubMed ID: 32918135
Baseline betaine/choline status modified response of arsenic methylation and other metabolites, indicating impact on methylation pathways and cellular detox functions.
- Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation
PubMed ID: 14699020
Plasma betaine predicted a reduced homocysteine response to methionine loading — indicates functional capacity of betaine‑dependent remethylation.
Weight management (3)
- Metabolite Profiles of Diabetes Incidence and Intervention Response in the Diabetes Prevention Program
PubMed ID: 26861782
DPP cohort: higher baseline betaine associated with lower incident diabetes and lifestyle raised betaine, implying metabolic/weight-control relevance.
- Metabolite Biomarkers Linking a High-Fiber Rye Intervention with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The RyeWeight Study
PubMed ID: 40838659
High‑rye diet raised betainized metabolites that correlated with weight and fat‑loss markers (associational dietary evidence).
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39202647
Multi‑nutrient trial including betaine reduced BMI and liver fat vs placebo (cannot isolate betaine).
Healthy aging (3)
- Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36717385
Homocysteine lowering in adults with high baseline levels could be protective across aging outcomes tied to methylation/CV risk.
- The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people
PubMed ID: 17537289
B12+folic acid trial: tHcy lowered and betaine rose ~38%; participants with greatest betaine increases had borderline memory improvements — suggests possible cognitive/aging relevance.
- A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia
PubMed ID: 31408467
Homocysteine reduction in a large trial is relevant to aging/CV risk pathways.
Illness recovery (3)
- Use of wet-to-moist cleansing with different irrigation solutions to reduce bacterial bioburden in chronic wounds
PubMed ID: 30307816
Large cohort: betaine+zinc+polihexanide irrigation produced the largest reduction in wound bacterial burden (supports faster wound recovery).
- Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34663363
14‑week betaine improved strength/jump/VO2 in athletes — performance gains often accompany better recovery; direct recovery markers not primary but relevant.
- Effect of a wound cleansing solution on wound bed preparation and inflammation in chronic wounds: a single-blind RCT
PubMed ID: 26947697
RCT: a propylbetaine‑containing wound cleanser improved inflammatory signs and wound healing measures vs saline (topical effect).
Muscle maintenance (3)
- The Effect of Choline and Resistance Training on Strength and Lean Mass in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 37764658
Older adults with low dietary choline (proxy for lower betaine) gained substantially less strength during 12 weeks of resistance training (direct functional association).
- Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34663363
14‑week 2 g/day betaine RCT showed consistent strength gains (bench/leg press) and jump improvements in youth athletes.
- Betaine supplementation improves CrossFit performance and increases testosterone levels, but has no influence on Wingate power: randomized crossover trial
PubMed ID: 37409757
CrossFit trial showed improved circuit performance and modest testosterone rise; performance gains include muscular components.
Workout performance (3)
- Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34663363
Well‑controlled RCT in youth soccer players: 14 weeks of 2 g/day betaine produced clear, sizable improvements in jump height, strength and VO2 estimates.
- Betaine supplementation improves CrossFit performance and increases testosterone levels, but has no influence on Wingate power: randomized crossover trial
PubMed ID: 37409757
CrossFit RCT (n=43) showed a reproducible improvement in a 17‑min functional workout and modest testosterone rise with betaine.
- The Effect of Choline and Resistance Training on Strength and Lean Mass in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 37764658
Lower dietary choline (and inferred lower betaine) associated with smaller strength gains in older adults doing resistance training (supports role in performance/adaptation).
Liver support (2)
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39202647
Randomized trial of a supplement mix that included betaine produced clinically meaningful reductions in liver steatosis and stiffness (effect cannot be attributed solely to betaine).
- Metabolic Signature of Arsenic Exposure and Metabolism: The Folic Acid and Creatine Trial
PubMed ID: 40668877
Higher circulating betaine associated with greater arsenic methylation (hepatic methylation processes), implying improved hepatic detox pathways (associational).
Body composition (2)
- Metabolite Biomarkers Linking a High-Fiber Rye Intervention with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The RyeWeight Study
PubMed ID: 40838659
Rye diet increased betainized metabolites that correlated inversely with weight/fat loss (dietary correlations with leaner composition).
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39202647
Supplement mix containing betaine reduced liver fat and BMI vs placebo in adults with obesity (clinical evidence but multi‑ingredient).
Digestive support (2)
- Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26465792
Randomized controlled trial in children with cystic fibrosis: a choline-rich structured lipid (increasing choline/betaine) improved fat absorption (CFA) and related biomarkers over 12 months.
- Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy-induced dry mouth
PubMed ID: 17824884
Topical oral products containing betaine (plus olive oil, xylitol) increased unstimulated salivary flow and reduced xerostomia symptoms in medicated patients — directly improves oral digestion/comfort.
Acne (2)
- Male tolerance study of 1% C31G
PubMed ID: 15325891
Daily application of 1% C31G (contains cetyl betaine) caused mild, acceptable penile symptoms in a minority — indicates reasonable tolerability.
- Effects of a betaine-containing toothpaste on subjective symptoms of dry mouth: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 12761586
Randomized crossover trial: betaine‑containing toothpaste reduced patient‑reported dry lips and eating problems vs other pastes.
Focus & concentration (2)
- Ketogenic diet is less effective in ameliorating depression and anxiety in obesity than Mediterranean diet: A pilot study for exploring the GUT-brain axis
PubMed ID: 41197688
Pilot diet trial with fecal transplant follow‑up: Mediterranean diet improved depressive symptoms and fecal transfers from KD subjects altered mouse behaviour and increased brain betaine — indirect evidence linking betaine‑related microbiota/metabolite changes to mood.
- Effects of a pre-workout supplement on lean mass, muscular performance, subjective workout experience and biomarkers of safety
PubMed ID: 24465156
Pre-workout containing betaine increased perceived energy and focus in a randomized trial (subjective improvement; multi-ingredient product).
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Betaine
Search all2781 products whose verified label declares Betaine — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.