Phosphatidylcholine
17 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from research
25 study groups in 19 studies say how much Phosphatidylcholine participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 2.5 g to 5 g, 32% of 25 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 3 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 5 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 4 |
| 2.5 g to 5 g | 8 |
| 5 g to 10 g | 2 |
| 10 g to 25 g | 2 |
| over 25 g | 1 |
Benefit Evidence
Choline deficiency: −30% PC
Liver fat improved +13.8
DHA/EPA enrichment: +4.7%
Improved memory/attention
Better cognition, 12.2%
Faster processing, +13.0
Digestive support improved
GI protection + recovery
IBD symptom reduction
Improved memory/attention
Better cognition, 12.2%
Faster processing, +13.0
Digestive support improved
GI protection + recovery
IBD symptom reduction
Research sources
Heart health (27)
- Alterations in serum phosphatidylcholine fatty acyl species by eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic ethyl esters in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia
PubMed ID: 9101424
n‑3 treatment increased EPA/DHA-containing PC species and lowered triglycerides substantially in severe hypertriglyceridemia—clinically relevant heart-risk improvement.
- Pharmacometabolomic profiles in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with liraglutide or glimepiride
PubMed ID: 34920733
Liraglutide versus glimepiride produced broader reductions in ceramides and PCs — supports roles of PC‑containing lipids in cardiometabolic improvement.
- CSL112 (Apolipoprotein A-I [Human]) Strongly Enhances Plasma Apoa-I and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A PK/PD Substudy of the AEGIS-I Trial
PubMed ID: 36282079
CSL112 (apoA‑I formulated with PC) rapidly increased apoA‑I, HDL‑C and ABCA1‑mediated cholesterol efflux — strong mechanistic cardiovascular benefit tied to PC formulation.
- Using a Metabotype Framework to Deliver Personalized Nutrition Improves Dietary Quality and Metabolic Health Parameters: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37038841
Personalized nutrition lowered LDL and several PC/LPC species alongside triglycerides — relevant to cardiovascular risk modification.
- Ceramide and phosphatidylcholine lipids-based risk score predicts major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure
PubMed ID: 39578928
Observational data: combinations of ceramides and PC species (CERT2) predict cardiovascular mortality — PC species are relevant biomarkers for heart risk.
- Vitaphospholip® (water-soluble phosphatidylcholine) in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 41211734
Randomized trial of oral water‑soluble PC (Vitaphosphol®) lowered non‑HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins — direct cardiovascular risk factor improvement.
- Lipid metabolic networks, Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease in the PREDIMED trial
PubMed ID: 30428039
PREDIMED metabolomics found PC‑containing lipid patterns associated with incident CVD risk—strong observational link between PCs and heart disease risk.
- Beneficial Effects of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (rHDL) on Circulating CD34+ Cells in Patients after an Acute Coronary Syndrome
PubMed ID: 28060837
CSL‑111 (contains PC) preserved CD34+ progenitors after ACS—clinical HDL product (PC‑containing) demonstrated cardioprotective surrogate effects.
- Effect of trans fatty acid intake on LC-MS and NMR plasma profiles
PubMed ID: 23922748
Trans‑fat intervention markedly increased certain PC/SM species and raised LDL/HDL ratio—shows PC species changes associate with adverse lipoprotein profile.
- Relationship between atheroma regression and change in lumen size after infusion of apolipoprotein A-I Milano
PubMed ID: 16516083
Reconstituted HDL infusions (phospholipid‑containing) produced focal plaque regression and reduced EEM volume (mechanistic/clinical vascular signal).
- Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 14600188
Intravenous ApoA‑I Milano/phospholipid complex (ETC‑216) produced measurable coronary atheroma regression—strong cardiovascular benefit tied to a phospholipid-containing therapeutic.
- [The effect of polyene phosphatidylcholine administration on lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia IIB]
PubMed ID: 8711365
Polyene phosphatidylcholine raised HDL and apoA‑I in hyperlipoproteinemia, favorable lipid changes relevant to heart risk.
- Influence of cholesterol-lowering on plasma membrane lipids and function
PubMed ID: 8740244
Pravastatin decreased plasma cholesterol/phospholipids and altered membrane cholesterol while increasing LCAT—links to phospholipid/cholesterol interplay important for heart health.
- Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol
PubMed ID: 12728215
Stanol–lecithin reduced LDL cholesterol by ~14% with regular use—a clinically meaningful effect for cardiovascular risk reduction.
- Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids into lipid pools when given as supplements providing doses equivalent to typical intakes of oily fish
PubMed ID: 22932281
Dose-dependent incorporation of EPA+DHA into plasma PC and RBC supports cardioprotective membrane remodeling; study provides quantitative biomarker changes linked to cardiac n‑3 status.
- Ceramides and phospholipids are downregulated with liraglutide treatment: results from the LiraFlame randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34518158
Liraglutide reduced multiple PC species and ceramides linked to CV risk — indirect but clinically relevant to cardiovascular lipid biology.
- Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans
PubMed ID: 15916468
Pooled trials show PC/betaine can raise TG/LDL — important cautionary effect for heart health.
- Hypoglycemic and Hypolipemic Effects of a New Lecithin Formulation of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 30501605
Lecithin‑phytosome bergamot improved glycemic and lipid markers including lowering LDL and TG — cardiometabolic benefit via PC formulation.
- Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women
PubMed ID: 22221492
Oily fish increased PC n‑3 and lowered triglycerides/inflammatory markers in women — beneficial cardiometabolic effects.
- MEDI6012: Recombinant Human Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Mediated Reverse Cholesterol Transport
PubMed ID: 34121413
Recombinant LCAT raised HDL‑C and improved efflux and LDL particle profile — direct impact on lipoprotein/PC metabolism relevant to heart health.
- A single infusion of MDCO-216 (ApoA-1 Milano/POPC) increases ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux and pre-beta 1 HDL in healthy volunteers and patients with stable coronary artery disease
PubMed ID: 27418968
MDCO‑216 (ApoA‑1 Milano/POPC) infusion dramatically increased ABCA1 efflux and altered HDL — strong cardio‑relevant PC intervention.
- CSL112 enhances biomarkers of reverse cholesterol transport after single and multiple infusions in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 24969776
CSL112 (apoA‑I) infusions strongly enhanced ABCA1‑mediated efflux and pre‑β1 HDL — improves reverse cholesterol transport.
- Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34548243
Dietary ALA/fish altered LDL PC species and associated LDL aggregation — PC composition linked to atherogenic properties.
- Effect of supplementation with flaxseed oil and different doses of fish oil for 2 weeks on plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acids in young women
PubMed ID: 29849178
Large dose‑response trial showed rapid incorporation of EPA/DHA into plasma PC with dose‑dependent triglyceride lowering — clinically relevant to heart health.
- Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans
PubMed ID: 2297349
Fish oil in mildly hypercholesterolemic men lowered triglycerides/VLDL substantially and affected lipoprotein metabolism.
- Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 33872583
Choline bitartrate (free choline) raised plasma TMAO and platelet reactivity while egg/PC did not — implies PC form may be safer for cardiometabolic risk markers.
- A multiple ascending dose study of CSL112, an infused formulation of ApoA-I
PubMed ID: 24122814
CSL112 (apoA‑I reconstituted with phosphatidylcholine) infusions produced large apoA‑I and PC increases, directly relevant to HDL biology and heart risk modulation.
Fat burn (27)
- Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism of a New Powdered Human Milk Fortifier Containing Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Preterm Infants
PubMed ID: 29843467
Fortifier with DHA/MCT increased RBC PC/PE DHA and other n‑3 metabolites, altering phospholipid pools tied to fat metabolism.
- Effect of supplementation with flaxseed oil and different doses of fish oil for 2 weeks on plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acids in young women
PubMed ID: 29849178
Dose‑dependent incorporation of EPA/DHA into plasma PC within 14 days and triglyceride lowering demonstrates rapid modulation of lipid metabolism by PC‑associated fatty acids.
- Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34548243
Dietary ALA and fish changed LDL PC species and lipid profiles, reflecting altered lipid metabolism.
- A comprehensive evaluation of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients using lipidomics
PubMed ID: 30414540
DHA‑enriched oil led to marked incorporation of DHA into PC and other lipid pools in CF patients — changes in lipid handling/metabolism.
- Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women
PubMed ID: 22221492
Oily fish increased PC n‑3 and lowered triglycerides — beneficial effects on fat metabolism.
- Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans
PubMed ID: 15916468
Pooled PC/betaine trials showed increases in TG and LDL — clear metabolic impact on fat handling (adverse).
- Biomarkers of Individual Foods, and Separation of Diets Using Untargeted LC-MS-based Plasma Metabolomics in a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 30094970
Diet trial showed diet‑dependent differences in circulating polyunsaturated PCs — diet influences PC species and fat metabolism.
- Changes in Circulating Metabolites during Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk
PubMed ID: 34959840
Weight‑loss study showed circulating PC and sphingomyelin falls coinciding with improved cholesterol during weight loss/regain.
- Changes in Plasma Metabolomic Profile Following Bariatric Surgery, Lifestyle Intervention or Diet Restriction-Insights from Human and Rat Studies
PubMed ID: 36768676
Bariatric surgery produced marked shifts in PC species and lowered branched‑chain amino acids, indicating metabolic lipid remodeling.
- Fish oil supplementation alters the plasma lipidomic profile and increases long-chain PUFAs of phospholipids and triglycerides in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 22952598
Fish oil strongly remodeled blood PC/lysoPC and TG species, demonstrating shifts in lipid metabolism toward long-chain n‑3 incorporation.
- Alterations in serum phosphatidylcholine fatty acyl species by eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic ethyl esters in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia
PubMed ID: 9101424
n‑3 treatment produced large increases in EPA/DHA PC species and lowered plasma triglycerides substantially—direct metabolic improvements.
- Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids into lipid pools when given as supplements providing doses equivalent to typical intakes of oily fish
PubMed ID: 22932281
Well-controlled trial showing dose-dependent incorporation of EPA/DHA into plasma PC/RBC/platelets—strong evidence for remodeling of phospholipid FA composition tied to fat metabolism.
- Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial of AYP-101 (Soybean Phosphatidylcholine) for Submental Fat Reduction in Asian Adults
PubMed ID: 40850886
Injected soybean phosphatidylcholine significantly reduced submental fat — direct, clinically meaningful effect on local fat reduction.
- Whole egg consumption improves lipoprotein profiles and insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than yolk-free egg substitute in individuals with metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 23021013
Whole‑egg (yolk) intake improved HDL and insulin sensitivity—dietary PC/choline influences lipid and metabolic parameters.
- Polyenylphosphatidylcholine improves the lipoprotein profile in diabetic patients
PubMed ID: 8004358
Polyenylphosphatidylcholine produced substantial improvements in LDL/HDL/total cholesterol in diabetics — strong metabolic effect.
- [The effect of polyene phosphatidylcholine administration on lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia IIB]
PubMed ID: 8711365
Polyene phosphatidylcholine increased HDL/apoA‑I in hyperlipoproteinemia, indicating favorable effects on lipid metabolism.
- Variations in serum cholesteryl ester transfer and phospholipid transfer activities in healthy women and men consuming diets enriched in lauric, palmitic or oleic acids
PubMed ID: 10030391
Dietary fat interventions altered CETP/PLTP activities (proteins that transfer phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl esters) and linked to HDL levels—mechanistic relevance to PC in lipid handling.
- Novel metabolic markers for the risk of diabetes development in American Indians
PubMed ID: 25468946
Prospective cohort: higher baseline specific PC species associated with substantially lower future diabetes risk—strong observational link to metabolic health.
- Changes in Circulating Metabolites During Weight Loss are Associated with Adiposity Improvement, and Body Weight and Adiposity Regain During Weight Loss Maintenance: The SATIN Study
PubMed ID: 34184401
Specific LPC and PC changes during weight loss predicted later fat regain — PC species meaningfully reflect fat metabolism dynamics.
- Using a Metabotype Framework to Deliver Personalized Nutrition Improves Dietary Quality and Metabolic Health Parameters: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37038841
Personalized nutrition reduced triglycerides, LDL and multiple PCs/LPCs — PC species changed with improved lipid profile.
- Responses of the Serum Lipid Profile to Exercise and Diet Interventions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed ID: 38247038
Exercise+diet in NAFLD changed PCs/PE/TGs and these lipid shifts associated with hepatic fat reductions — directly ties PC changes to improved fat metabolism.
- Vitaphospholip® (water-soluble phosphatidylcholine) in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 41211734
Oral PC improved non‑HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins in hyperlipidemia — strong evidence for favorable fat metabolism effects.
- Weight-independent effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio on metabolomic profiles: secondary outcomes of a 5-month randomized controlled feeding trial
PubMed ID: 41547934
Carbohydrate:fat ratio feeding altered PCs/plasmalogens and TGs—metabolites mapped to T2D risk, showing PCs link to whole‑body fat metabolism.
- Prenatal choline supplementation improves biomarkers of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status among pregnant participants consuming supplemental DHA: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35575618
Adding choline to DHA supplementation increased maternal RBC DHA and plasma PC‑DHA and PEMT markers — shows choline supports DHA incorporation into PC.
- Reproductive state and choline intake influence enrichment of plasma lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: a post hoc analysis of a controlled feeding trial
PubMed ID: 31782377
Controlled feeding + isotopic tracers: dietary choline markedly altered PEMT‑derived LPC‑DHA pools — direct metabolic evidence for choline in phospholipid/DHA metabolism.
- Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26465792
Choline-rich structured lipid improved fat absorption and choline status in CF children—strong effect on fat metabolism/absorption.
- Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline
PubMed ID: 17490963
Controlled choline depletion led to hepatic steatosis and muscle enzyme abnormalities — strong evidence that choline/PC supports normal fat metabolism.
Brain health (27)
- [The use of cereton in the rehabilitation of patients with hemorrhagic stroke]
PubMed ID: 19894302
Stroke rehab RCT: intramuscular choline alphoscerate improved cognition and cerebral perfusion.
- Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
PubMed ID: 8477148
Alpha‑GPC improved cognitive/behavioural tests in probable senile dementia — supports broader brain health effects.
- Comparative study of choline alfoscerate as a combination therapy with donepezil: A mixed double-blind randomized controlled and open-label observation trial
PubMed ID: 38875437
Choline alfoscerate + donepezil improved cognitive and behavioural scales in Alzheimer’s patients, indicating brain‑supportive action.
- Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine
PubMed ID: 2071257
L‑alpha‑GPC protected against scopolamine‑induced cognitive deficits in healthy volunteers (mechanistic brain support).
- A multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients with vascular dementia
PubMed ID: 1916007
Intramuscular alpha‑GPC produced symptomatic cognitive benefits in vascular dementia, supportive of brain health.
- Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12637119
Choline precursor improved cognition in Alzheimer patients — clinical brain‑health signal related to cholinergic pathways.
- The ASCOMALVA trial: association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results
PubMed ID: 22959283
Choline alfoscerate improved cognition and function in AD with cerebrovascular damage.
- Pregnancy alters choline dynamics: results of a randomized trial using stable isotope methodology in pregnant and nonpregnant women
PubMed ID: 24132975
Pregnancy shifts choline to PEMT-derived PC transferred to fetus—mechanistic relevance to fetal brain phospholipids.
- Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk
PubMed ID: 23318559
Perinatal PC supplementation normalized newborn sensory gating — strong early-life brain biomarker effect.
- Choline intake influences phosphatidylcholine DHA enrichment in nonpregnant women but not in pregnant women in the third trimester
PubMed ID: 23446897
Higher choline intake raised PC‑DHA in nonpregnant women, relevant to brain DHA/PC composition.
- The ASCOMALVA (Association between the Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil and the Cholinergic Precursor Choline Alphoscerate in Alzheimer's Disease) Trial: interim results after two years of treatment
PubMed ID: 24898643
24-month RCT: choline alfoscerate slowed decline across cognition, function and behavior.
- Apathy Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial
PubMed ID: 26402001
Combination therapy reduced apathy and distress, indicating broader brain/behavioral benefit.
- Reproductive state and choline intake influence enrichment of plasma lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: a post hoc analysis of a controlled feeding trial
PubMed ID: 31782377
Controlled feeding with isotopes: dietary choline alters LPC‑DHA pools derived from PEMT, relevant to brain DHA delivery/metabolism.
- Prenatal choline supplementation improves biomarkers of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status among pregnant participants consuming supplemental DHA: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35575618
Prenatal choline + DHA increased maternal RBC DHA and plasma PC‑DHA and PEMT markers — supports maternal brain‑relevant lipid supply (biomarker).
- Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 37340479
Older adults: egg‑yolk choline improved verbal memory and raised plasma choline — translational brain‑health signal.
- Efficacy and safety of choline alphoscerate for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39300341
RCT in amnestic MCI showing global and memory cognitive improvements with choline alphoscerate (clinically meaningful brain outcome).
- Effects of choline alfoscerate on cognitive function and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39703111
12‑month RCT in T2DM with mild cognitive decline showed MMSE improvement with choline alfoscerate.
- [Efficacy and safety of choline alfoscerate in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study]
PubMed ID: 38696157
Choline alfoscerate markedly reduced cognitive decline and dementia conversion over 3 years in elderly aMCI patients.
- Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of term infants receiving two levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
PubMed ID: 16540798
Infant formula with added DHA raised RBC‑PC DHA at 120 days — PC fatty‑acid composition relevant to brain development.
- Fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocytes in term infants fed human milk and formulae with and without docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from egg yolk lecithin
PubMed ID: 10102659
Egg‑yolk lecithin in formula normalized infant plasma/erythrocyte DHA/AA to levels similar to breast‑fed infants — substrates relevant to brain health.
- Phospholipid Species in Newborn and 4 Month Old Infants after Consumption of Different Formulas or Breast Milk
PubMed ID: 27571269
Infant AA+DHA formula strongly increased DHA‑containing PC species — DHA in PC supports brain development/function.
- Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28878181
Toddler DHA+ARA increased PC DHA/ARA and showed subgroup neurodevelopment associations.
- Effect of phosphatidylcholine on explicit memory
PubMed ID: 9377589
Acute phosphatidylcholine improved explicit memory in young adults, supporting short‑term cognitive/brain effects.
- A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group
PubMed ID: 9305321
Citicoline (a PC biosynthesis precursor) improved functional, neurologic and cognitive outcomes after ischemic stroke (RCT).
- Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers
PubMed ID: 24098072
Krill oil (PC-rich n‑3 form) increased prefrontal activation and improved P300 latency in elderly—direct neurophysiological evidence of brain-function benefit from phospholipid-bound n‑3s.
- Positive effects of soy lecithin-derived phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidic acid on memory, cognition, daily functioning, and mood in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia
PubMed ID: 25414047
PS+PA in a lecithin vehicle improved memory and daily function in elderly/dementia subjects — supportive of brain-related benefits (PC as carrier).
- [Improvement in quality of life in the elderly. Results of a placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and tolerability of lecithin fluid in patients with impaired cognitive functions]
PubMed ID: 15662899
Randomized trial of lecithin fluid in older adults produced improved cognitive responder rates—direct evidence for brain health effects.
Cell health (23)
- Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of term infants receiving two levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
PubMed ID: 16540798
DHA‑supplemented infant formula increased RBC‑PC DHA substantially at 120 days, reflecting direct modification of membrane PC pools.
- Choline supplementation for preterm infants: metabolism of four Deuterium-labeled choline compounds
PubMed ID: 36460779
Preterm infants: PC increased plasma PC more than water‑soluble forms — direct effect on circulating phosphatidylcholine (membrane component).
- Choline intake influences phosphatidylcholine DHA enrichment in nonpregnant women but not in pregnant women in the third trimester
PubMed ID: 23446897
Higher choline intake raised PC‑DHA in erythrocytes/plasma in nonpregnant women, directly altering membrane PC composition.
- Pregnancy alters choline dynamics: results of a randomized trial using stable isotope methodology in pregnant and nonpregnant women
PubMed ID: 24132975
Pregnancy diverts choline into PEMT-PC synthesis with transfer to fetus — relevant to membrane PC pools.
- Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation
PubMed ID: 20861172
PEMT genotype and choline availability determine PC synthesis necessary for membrane integrity and organ function.
- Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline
PubMed ID: 17490963
Dietary choline depletion markedly lowered plasma choline and produced organ dysfunction — strong evidence choline/PC needed for membrane integrity.
- Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism of a New Powdered Human Milk Fortifier Containing Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Preterm Infants
PubMed ID: 29843467
Fortifier containing DHA/MCT increased DHA in RBC phospholipids in preterm infants, changing PC/PE membrane composition.
- Effect of supplementation with flaxseed oil and different doses of fish oil for 2 weeks on plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acids in young women
PubMed ID: 29849178
Large dose‑response trial showed rapid, quantitative incorporation of EPA/DHA into plasma phosphatidylcholine, directly altering membrane phospholipid composition.
- Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34548243
Dietary ALA/fish changed LDL phosphatidylcholine molecular species, demonstrating diet‑driven membrane phospholipid remodeling.
- Metabolomic profiles impacted by brief mindfulness intervention with contributions to improved health
PubMed ID: 40707604
Mind training altered multiple serum PC/PE species (pilot RCT), indicating modifiable circulating membrane lipid signatures.
- Soybean oil, blackcurrant seed oil, medium-chain triglycerides, and plasma phospholipid fatty acids of stressed patients
PubMed ID: 8400591
Different enteral lipid formulations changed plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty‑acid profiles over 3 weeks in critically ill patients.
- Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formulas with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk lecithin
PubMed ID: 8726246
Egg‑yolk lecithin formula changed plasma PC DHA/AA and transiently affected vision; direct PC compositional effects.
- Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: a follow up study
PubMed ID: 9196357
Erythrocyte PC AA/DHA correlated with developmental outcomes, linking membrane PC composition to biological endpoints.
- Fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocytes in term infants fed human milk and formulae with and without docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from egg yolk lecithin
PubMed ID: 10102659
Egg‑yolk lecithin in formula normalized plasma/erythrocyte DHA/AA to breast‑fed levels — direct effect on phospholipid pools.
- [The influence of human milk and various artificial formulae commercially available in Spain on the fatty acid status of infants in the first two months of life]
PubMed ID: 12139873
Infant formulas lacking LCPUFAs produced lower red‑cell PC/PE AA and DHA vs breast milk, showing formula composition alters membrane phospholipids.
- Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid formula feeds on vitamin E status in preterm infants
PubMed ID: 14639802
LCP‑supplemented preterm formula affected erythrocyte PC/PE AA and DHA patterns and cellular tocopherol accumulation.
- Inverse association between trans isomeric and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant women and their newborns: data from three European countries
PubMed ID: 22142767
Maternal trans fats inversely correlated with PC/PE DHA in mothers and newborns, showing dietary impact on membrane phospholipids.
- Phospholipid Species in Newborn and 4 Month Old Infants after Consumption of Different Formulas or Breast Milk
PubMed ID: 27571269
Infant formula increased DHA/AA‑containing PC species — alters membrane PC species composition.
- Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28878181
Toddler DHA+ARA changed RBC/plasma phospholipid DHA and ARA — affects membrane phospholipid composition.
- Reduction of Arachidonate Is Associated With Increase in B-Cell Activation Marker in Infants: A Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 27276431
Infant formula and FADS genotype altered plasma/lymphocyte ARA‑containing PCs and B‑cell activation marker — demonstrates PC species impact on cells.
- A comprehensive evaluation of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients using lipidomics
PubMed ID: 30414540
DHA incorporation into PC measured by lipidomics — direct evidence of changing phospholipid membrane building blocks.
- Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids into lipid pools when given as supplements providing doses equivalent to typical intakes of oily fish
PubMed ID: 22932281
Dose-dependent incorporation of EPA+DHA into plasma PC and RBC demonstrates strong capacity to change membrane phospholipid composition.
- Exercise training improves mitochondrial respiration and is associated with an altered intramuscular phospholipid signature in women with obesity
PubMed ID: 33770195
Exercise remodeled muscle phospholipids including PC:PE ratio changes — direct evidence of membrane phospholipid remodeling.
Memory (21)
- [Improvement in quality of life in the elderly. Results of a placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and tolerability of lecithin fluid in patients with impaired cognitive functions]
PubMed ID: 15662899
Randomized trial of an oral lecithin fluid in older adults showed improved cognitive responder rates and several cognitive measures—direct memory/cognition signal.
- Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk
PubMed ID: 23318559
Perinatal PC supplementation normalized infant sensory gating (biomarker linked to later attentional/memory outcomes).
- The ASCOMALVA (Association between the Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil and the Cholinergic Precursor Choline Alphoscerate in Alzheimer's Disease) Trial: interim results after two years of treatment
PubMed ID: 24898643
Randomized trial: choline alfoscerate + donepezil slowed cognitive decline over 24 months.
- Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 37340479
Randomized trial in older adults: egg‑yolk choline (300 mg/day) significantly improved verbal memory with concordant plasma choline rise.
- Efficacy and safety of choline alphoscerate for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39300341
Large RCT in amnestic MCI: choline alphoscerate produced clinically meaningful ADAS‑cog memory improvements at 12 weeks.
- Effects of choline alfoscerate on cognitive function and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39703111
12‑month RCT in older adults with T2DM and mild cognitive decline: choline alfoscerate produced significant MMSE gains by 12 months.
- Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
PubMed ID: 8477148
Alpha‑GPC (choline compound related to PC metabolism) improved cognitive/neuropsychological scores in probable senile dementia.
- Comparative study of choline alfoscerate as a combination therapy with donepezil: A mixed double-blind randomized controlled and open-label observation trial
PubMed ID: 38875437
Choline alfoscerate added to donepezil yielded larger short‑term improvements in MMSE and ADAS‑Cog in Alzheimer’s patients.
- Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine
PubMed ID: 2071257
L‑alpha‑GPC antagonized scopolamine‑induced memory/attention deficits in healthy volunteers (pharmacologic model).
- [Efficacy and safety of choline alfoscerate in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study]
PubMed ID: 38696157
Three‑year open study of choline alfoscerate in elderly aMCI showed much lower cognitive progression and conversion to dementia versus no therapy.
- Phospholipid Species in Newborn and 4 Month Old Infants after Consumption of Different Formulas or Breast Milk
PubMed ID: 27571269
Infant AA+DHA formula markedly increased DHA/AA in plasma PC species — DHA in PC supports neurodevelopment/memory.
- Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28878181
Toddler DHA+ARA raised PC DHA/ARA with subgroup cognitive associations (boys) — modest relevance to memory.
- Effect of phosphatidylcholine on explicit memory
PubMed ID: 9377589
Single 25 g phosphatidylcholine dose acutely improved explicit memory in a controlled human trial.
- A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group
PubMed ID: 9305321
Citicoline (PC precursor) improved cognitive outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (large RCT), supporting PC‑related neuroprotection.
- A multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients with vascular dementia
PubMed ID: 1916007
Intramuscular alpha‑GPC improved cognitive scores in vascular dementia in a multicenter trial (symptomatic benefit).
- Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers
PubMed ID: 24098072
Krill oil (PC-rich DHA/EPA form) increased prefrontal activation and sped P300 latency in elderly men—neurophysiologic signs consistent with memory/processing benefits.
- Positive effects of soy lecithin-derived phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidic acid on memory, cognition, daily functioning, and mood in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia
PubMed ID: 25414047
PS+PA in a lecithin matrix produced small, statistically meaningful memory improvements in elderly/dementia subjects (PC as carrier).
- Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12637119
Choline alfoscerate (a choline precursor) improved cognitive scores in mild–moderate Alzheimer patients — strong cognitive/memory signal related to choline biology.
- [Efficacy and tolerability of choline alphoscerate (cereton) in patients with Parkinson's disease with cognitive disorders]
PubMed ID: 20032953
Short open study: IV choline alphoscerate produced greater short-term cognitive improvement in Parkinson’s patients.
- [The use of cereton in the rehabilitation of patients with hemorrhagic stroke]
PubMed ID: 19894302
Choline alphoscerate improved cognitive test scores in stroke rehabilitation (randomized, small sample).
- The ASCOMALVA trial: association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results
PubMed ID: 22959283
Adjunct choline alfoscerate improved cognition in AD patients vs donepezil alone.
Cholesterol (22)
- Polyenylphosphatidylcholine improves the lipoprotein profile in diabetic patients
PubMed ID: 8004358
Randomized double‑blind trial: polyenylphosphatidylcholine significantly lowered LDL/total cholesterol and raised HDL in diabetics — strong direct evidence.
- Changes in Circulating Metabolites during Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk
PubMed ID: 34959840
During weight loss, decreases in PCs/SMs paralleled significant total and LDL cholesterol reductions (associative human data).
- Tibolone lowers high density lipoprotein cholesterol by increasing hepatic lipase activity but does not impair cholesterol efflux
PubMed ID: 12519412
Tibolone reduced HDL-cholesterol and HDL-phosphatidylcholine while raising hepatic lipase—direct measurements linking PC content to HDL/cholesterol metrics.
- Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol
PubMed ID: 12728215
Stanol–lecithin delivered in lecithin vehicle reduced cholesterol absorption acutely and lowered LDL by ~14% chronically—a strong, direct cholesterol-modifying result.
- Influence of cholesterol-lowering on plasma membrane lipids and function
PubMed ID: 8740244
Pravastatin lowered plasma and membrane cholesterol and increased LCAT activity—shows phospholipid/cholesterol interactions, indirectly relevant to PC.
- Whole egg consumption improves lipoprotein profiles and insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than yolk-free egg substitute in individuals with metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 23021013
Egg yolk (PC source) increased HDL and LCAT activity and improved insulin sensitivity—dietary PC associated with favorable cholesterol handling.
- Recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in patients with atherosclerosis: phase 2a primary results and phase 2b design
PubMed ID: 33493256
Recombinant human LCAT produced large dose‑related HDL‑C and cholesteryl ester increases — mechanistic evidence linking PC/LCAT axis to cholesterol handling.
- [The effect of polyene phosphatidylcholine administration on lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia IIB]
PubMed ID: 8711365
Polyene phosphatidylcholine produced significant increases in HDL and apoA‑I versus placebo—directly relevant to cholesterol balance.
- Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 14600188
ApoA‑I/phospholipid infusions reduced coronary atheroma—consistent with improved reverse cholesterol transport and plaque regression.
- CSL112 (Apolipoprotein A-I [Human]) Strongly Enhances Plasma Apoa-I and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A PK/PD Substudy of the AEGIS-I Trial
PubMed ID: 36282079
CSL112 infusion (apoA‑I + PC) produced dose‑dependent increases in apoA‑I, HDL‑C and ABCA1‑dependent cholesterol efflux — direct, strong effect on cholesterol transport.
- Using a Metabotype Framework to Deliver Personalized Nutrition Improves Dietary Quality and Metabolic Health Parameters: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37038841
Personalized nutrition reduced LDL/total cholesterol and several PC species — shows modulation of cholesterol with concurrent PC changes.
- Vitaphospholip® (water-soluble phosphatidylcholine) in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 41211734
Oral water‑soluble PC (Vitaphosphol®) significantly lowered non‑HDL cholesterol and triglycerides versus placebo — randomized clinical evidence of cholesterol improvement.
- A multiple ascending dose study of CSL112, an infused formulation of ApoA-I
PubMed ID: 24122814
CSL112 (apoA‑I with PC) produced dose‑dependent increases in apoA‑I and HDL‑associated PC — directly relevant to cholesterol/HDL biology.
- The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects
PubMed ID: 9389897
Magnesium supplementation increased LCAT activity and HDL; LCAT uses phosphatidylcholine to esterify cholesterol — mechanistic link to cholesterol handling.
- Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans
PubMed ID: 2297349
Fish oil lowered triglycerides and altered lipoprotein metabolism (LCAT and transfer activity), with a modest LDL increase — relevant to cholesterol/lipoprotein balance.
- Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34548243
Dietary interventions altered LDL PC/CE species and were linked to LDL aggregation, implicating phospholipid composition in cholesterol handling.
- CSL112 enhances biomarkers of reverse cholesterol transport after single and multiple infusions in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 24969776
CSL112 (apoA‑I) infusions strongly enhanced ABCA1‑mediated cholesterol efflux — large effect on reverse cholesterol transport.
- A single infusion of MDCO-216 (ApoA-1 Milano/POPC) increases ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux and pre-beta 1 HDL in healthy volunteers and patients with stable coronary artery disease
PubMed ID: 27418968
MDCO‑216 (ApoA‑1 Milano/POPC) infusion massively increased ABCA1 efflux and pre‑β1 HDL — direct, strong effect on cholesterol balance.
- MEDI6012: Recombinant Human Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Mediated Reverse Cholesterol Transport
PubMed ID: 34121413
Recombinant LCAT infusion raised HDL‑C and improved efflux and LDL particle profile — potent pharmacologic modulation of cholesterol handling.
- Hypoglycemic and Hypolipemic Effects of a New Lecithin Formulation of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 30501605
Lecithin‑phytosome bergamot lowered LDL and TG and improved lipid profile — PC used as formulation but metabolic improvements observed.
- A randomised controlled trial of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with type 2 diabetes
PubMed ID: 24423117
High fruit & veg intake increased HDL‑associated enzymes (LCAT, PON‑1) — influences HDL function and cholesterol processing.
- Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans
PubMed ID: 15916468
Pooled trials show oral PC and betaine raised TG and LDL — important evidence that PC/choline interventions can adversely affect cholesterol/lipids.
Focus & concentration (16)
- Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
PubMed ID: 8477148
Alpha‑GPC trial reported overall cognitive/behavioral improvements suggesting improved attention/focus domains.
- Phospholipid Species in Newborn and 4 Month Old Infants after Consumption of Different Formulas or Breast Milk
PubMed ID: 27571269
Infant AA+DHA formula increased DHA‑PC species — DHA supports cognitive processing.
- [Efficacy and safety of choline alfoscerate in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study]
PubMed ID: 38696157
Long‑term choline alfoscerate use in aMCI improved multiple cognitive test outcomes over 3 years, supporting sustained cognitive function.
- Efficacy and safety of choline alphoscerate for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39300341
Alpha‑GPC improved global cognition/ memory in MCI; relevant to sustained cognitive focus in impaired populations.
- Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 37340479
Egg‑yolk choline improved verbal memory and processing speed measures in older adults — supports focused cognition.
- The ASCOMALVA (Association between the Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil and the Cholinergic Precursor Choline Alphoscerate in Alzheimer's Disease) Trial: interim results after two years of treatment
PubMed ID: 24898643
Slowed cognitive and functional decline in AD indicates benefit to cognitive function/focus.
- Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk
PubMed ID: 23318559
Perinatal PC normalized infant sensory gating (biomarker linked to attention/focus).
- The ASCOMALVA trial: association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results
PubMed ID: 22959283
Adjunct choline alfoscerate improved cognitive domains in AD, suggesting enhanced focus/executive aspects.
- [Efficacy and tolerability of choline alphoscerate (cereton) in patients with Parkinson's disease with cognitive disorders]
PubMed ID: 20032953
Short-term IV choline alphoscerate produced cognitive improvements in Parkinson’s disease (open study).
- Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12637119
Choline precursor improved cognitive test performance in Alzheimer patients — relevant to sustained cognition/focus.
- A multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients with vascular dementia
PubMed ID: 1916007
Alpha‑GPC improved psychometric scores in vascular dementia trial — supports cognitive performance including focus.
- Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine
PubMed ID: 2071257
L‑alpha‑GPC reduced scopolamine‑induced attention impairments in healthy volunteers.
- Comparative study of choline alfoscerate as a combination therapy with donepezil: A mixed double-blind randomized controlled and open-label observation trial
PubMed ID: 38875437
Choline alfoscerate plus donepezil produced larger short‑term cognitive improvements (MMSE/ADAS‑Cog) than donepezil alone.
- [Improvement in quality of life in the elderly. Results of a placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and tolerability of lecithin fluid in patients with impaired cognitive functions]
PubMed ID: 15662899
Oral lecithin fluid improved multiple cognitive measures and responder rates in older adults—supports improved cognitive focus/attention.
- Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers
PubMed ID: 24098072
Krill oil increased prefrontal activation and decreased P300 latency—direct neurophysiologic evidence of improved cognitive processing/focus.
- Effect of phosphatidylcholine on explicit memory
PubMed ID: 9377589
Acute PC dose improved explicit memory and could support short‑term cognitive focus (timing effect at 90 min).
Liver support (16)
- [Yiqi Huoxue Recipe combined with polyene phosphatidycholine capsule in treating 50 patients with non-alcoholic fatty hepatitis]
PubMed ID: 17343008
Polyene phosphatidylcholine as part of combination therapy improved liver enzymes, lipids and ultrasound in nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis (clinical but confounded by co‑intervention).
- Vitaphospholip® (water-soluble phosphatidylcholine) in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 41211734
Oral water‑soluble PC (Vitaphosphol®) improved atherogenic lipids — systemic lipid benefits that can positively affect liver lipid burden.
- Responses of the Serum Lipid Profile to Exercise and Diet Interventions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed ID: 38247038
Exercise and/or diet in NAFLD changed PCs and these lipid shifts associated with reductions in hepatic fat — direct liver relevance.
- Effects of Mediterranean diet supplemented with silybin-vitamin E-phospholipid complex in overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
PubMed ID: 25617046
In NAFLD patients adding a silybin‑phosphatidylcholine‑vitamin E complex improved metabolic markers and insulin resistance—direct hepatic benefit signal.
- Polyunsaturated phosphatidyl-choline and interferon alpha for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C: a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Leich Study Group
PubMed ID: 9684137
Large RCT: polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PPC) added to interferon increased biochemical ALT response in chronic hepatitis C.
- A Multicenter and Randomized Controlled Trial of Bicyclol in the Treatment of Statin-Induced Liver Injury
PubMed ID: 29200411
Statin‑induced liver injury trial: PPC produced ALT normalization (~46% at 4 weeks), showing clinically meaningful liver enzyme improvement.
- [Efficacy of probiotics on the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]
PubMed ID: 29397594
NAFLD study where standard therapy including PPC improved liver tests and inflammatory markers; PPC likely contributed to benefit.
- Efficacy and safety of bicyclol for treating patients with idiosyncratic acute drug-induced liver injury: A multicenter, randomized, phase II trial
PubMed ID: 35567757
Large randomized trial in idiosyncratic DILI: PPC reduced ALT though bicyclol was superior — supportive hepatoprotective signal.
- Analysis of the Efficacy of Polyenyl Phosphatidylcholine in Combination with Liraglutide in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Effect of Omentin-1 and Vaspin Expression
PubMed ID: 38814610
PPC monotherapy had moderate benefit in NAFLD; combination with liraglutide produced larger improvements.
- Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline
PubMed ID: 17490963
Controlled dietary choline depletion produced reversible hepatic steatosis and enzyme abnormalities — strong causal evidence linking choline/PC to liver health.
- Silybin treatment is associated with reduction in serum ferritin in patients with chronic hepatitis C
PubMed ID: 18458640
Silybin+soy PC complex in hepatitis C modestly lowered serum ferritin; small, indirect liver-related benefit.
- Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation
PubMed ID: 20861172
Feeding study: PEMT genotype/low-choline diet caused organ dysfunction prevented by estrogen—strong mechanistic link to choline/PC and liver function.
- Effects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30796508
Phytosomal curcumin (contains phospholipids) produced significant GOT/GPT reductions in overweight subjects (PC acted as excipient).
- Effect of Xuezhikang Capsule on serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 20473736
Polyene phosphatidylcholine treatment in NAFLD patients reduced TNF-α and IL-6 over 24 weeks—direct clinical evidence supporting hepatic anti-inflammatory/liver support effects of a PC preparation.
- [Comparative effectiveness hepatotropic activity remaxol and Essentiale N in chronic viral hepatitis]
PubMed ID: 25739188
Remaxol/Essentiale N (contains essential phospholipids/PC) reported hepatotropic clinical improvements in chronic viral hepatitis — supports liver benefit (limited reporting quality).
- Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22343419
Double‑blind trial of silybin formulated with PC and vitamin E improved liver enzymes, insulin resistance and histology in NAFLD (benefit but multi‑component product).
Digestive support (11)
- [Diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke]
PubMed ID: 30830119
Choline alfoscerate RCT in post‑stroke dysphagia produced substantial, clinically significant improvements in sip control and laryngeal movement (direct swallowing/digestive function evidence).
- Low-dose aspirin-induced ulceration is attenuated by aspirin-phosphatidylcholine: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 21081908
Large RCT: aspirin pre‑associated with PC substantially reduced aspirin‑induced gastroduodenal erosions/ulcers (strong evidence for mucosal protection / digestive comfort).
- Clinical trial: comparison of ibuprofen-phosphatidylcholine and ibuprofen on the gastrointestinal safety and analgesic efficacy in osteoarthritic patients
PubMed ID: 18549459
Ibuprofen formulated with PC preserved analgesia while markedly lowering NSAID‑related gastric injury (clinical evidence of GI mucosal protection).
- Oral administration of a lecithin-based delivery form of boswellic acids (Casperome®) for the prevention of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical study
PubMed ID: 30676012
Lecithin‑formulated Boswellia reduced IBS symptoms and rescue med use in a randomized 6‑month trial.
- Positive Effects of a Lecithin-Based Delivery Form of Boswellia serrata Extract in Acute Diarrhea of Adult Subjects
PubMed ID: 35565826
Sunflower‑lecithin Boswellia shortened acute diarrhea duration and stool frequency vs placebo (RCT).
- Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis
PubMed ID: 15951544
Randomized delayed‑release PC trial produced large clinical, endoscopic and histologic improvements in ulcerative colitis (direct, high-quality evidence).
- Health-related quality of life correlates with clinical and endoscopic activity indexes but not with demographic features in patients with ulcerative colitis
PubMed ID: 17075347
Secondary analysis: clinical/endoscopic improvement from PC therapy correlated with quality‑of‑life gains in UC patients (supports symptomatic benefit).
- Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26465792
LXS (choline-rich lipid) improved fat absorption and reduced suboptimal choline in CF patients, implying improved digestive fat handling.
- Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 17975182
Randomized double‑blind PC trial enabled steroid withdrawal and marked clinical improvement in steroid‑dependent UC (strong direct support for GI benefit).
- First multicenter study of modified release phosphatidylcholine "LT-02" in ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in mesalazine-refractory courses
PubMed ID: 24796768
Randomized trial of modified‑release PC (LT‑02) showed clinically meaningful improvement in ulcerative colitis disease activity—direct GI benefit.
- Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study
PubMed ID: 20048683
Dose‑finding RCT showed symptomatic and endoscopic improvement in chronic‑active ulcerative pancolitis at ≥1 g/day PC (direct clinical evidence).
Nerve health (9)
- Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12637119
Choline precursor improved cognition in Alzheimer patients — consistent with increased cholinergic neurotransmission.
- Apathy Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial
PubMed ID: 26402001
Reduction in apathy and behavioral symptoms supports a neurotransmitter-mediated effect.
- [Efficacy and safety of choline alfoscerate in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study]
PubMed ID: 38696157
Choline alfoscerate provides choline (acetylcholine precursor) and improved cognitive outcomes in aMCI, implying cholinergic/neurotransmitter support.
- Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans
PubMed ID: 15916468
Pooled trials included oral phosphatidylcholine supplementation (choline source) — directly increases choline availability (acetylcholine precursor).
- Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine
PubMed ID: 2071257
L‑alpha‑GPC (a choline donor) antagonized scopolamine‑induced cognitive deficits, consistent with cholinergic (acetylcholine) support.
- Comparative study of choline alfoscerate as a combination therapy with donepezil: A mixed double-blind randomized controlled and open-label observation trial
PubMed ID: 38875437
Choline alfoscerate adjunct to donepezil improved cognition and behavior in AD, indicating cholinergic pathway augmentation.
- Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
PubMed ID: 8477148
Alpha‑GPC improved neuropsychological parameters in dementia consistent with enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission.
- The ASCOMALVA trial: association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results
PubMed ID: 22959283
Clinical cognitive/behavioral benefits with choline alfoscerate suggest cholinergic neurotransmission modulation.
- The ASCOMALVA (Association between the Cholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil and the Cholinergic Precursor Choline Alphoscerate in Alzheimer's Disease) Trial: interim results after two years of treatment
PubMed ID: 24898643
Slower cognitive/behavioral decline on adjunct choline alfoscerate implies neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) support.
Healthy aging (5)
- Ceramide and phosphatidylcholine lipids-based risk score predicts major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure
PubMed ID: 39578928
CERT2 (ceramides + PC species) strongly predicts cardiovascular and all‑cause mortality — PC‑linked lipid signatures associate with aging/long‑term outcomes.
- Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 37340479
Older adults receiving egg‑yolk choline showed improved verbal memory over 6–12 weeks, suggesting support for cognitive aspects of healthy aging.
- [Efficacy and safety of choline alfoscerate in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study]
PubMed ID: 38696157
Longitudinal choline alfoscerate use in elderly aMCI reduced progression to dementia, suggesting benefit for cognitive aspects of healthy aging.
- [Improvement in quality of life in the elderly. Results of a placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and tolerability of lecithin fluid in patients with impaired cognitive functions]
PubMed ID: 15662899
Oral lecithin fluid improved some cognitive outcomes in older adults—supports a role in healthy cognitive aging.
- Diet-Related Lipidomic Signatures and Changed Type 2 Diabetes Risk in a Randomized Controlled Feeding Study With Mediterranean Diet and Traditional Chinese or Transitional Diets
PubMed ID: 37463495
Dietary patterns produced PC/plasmalogen lipid signatures associated with glucose metabolism and metabolic health over 6 months — relevant to aging trajectories.
Mood balance (6)
- The ASCOMALVA trial: association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results
PubMed ID: 22959283
Adjunct choline alfoscerate improved behavioral outcomes in AD with vascular damage (behavior/mood-related).
- Apathy Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial
PubMed ID: 26402001
Addition of choline alphoscerate reduced apathy and caregiver distress in AD patients.
- The Effect of the Association between Donepezil and Choline Alphoscerate on Behavioral Disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial
PubMed ID: 28035924
ASCOMALVA trial: choline alfoscerate + donepezil decreased BPSD, including mood disturbances, vs donepezil alone.
- Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress
PubMed ID: 15512856
Randomized trial: soy phospholipid complex reduced subjective distress and blunted cortisol/ACTH responses under acute stress.
- Can targeted metabolomics predict depression recovery? Results from the CO-MED trial
PubMed ID: 30664617
Blood PC and SM measures predicted antidepressant response—links PC‑related metabolism to mood treatment outcomes.
- Plasma lipid profile associates with the improvement of psychological well-being in individuals with perceived stress symptoms
PubMed ID: 32034255
Lifestyle intervention altered PC/plasmalogen species that correlated with improvements in psychological stress and well‑being.
Eye health (6)
- Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formulas with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk lecithin
PubMed ID: 8726246
Egg‑yolk lecithin formula raised plasma PC DHA/AA and produced a transient improvement in 2‑month visual acuity.
- [Centrally acting cholinomimetics in the complex therapy of progressive glaucomatous optic neuropathy]
PubMed ID: 27213795
Study reported improved tendencies in visual function with choline alfoscerate added to multimodal glaucoma therapy.
- Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia
PubMed ID: 8615350
Preterm infants receiving marine n‑3 LCPUFA formulas had higher early visual acuity and altered plasma PC arachidonic acid.
- Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of term infants receiving two levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
PubMed ID: 16540798
Term infants fed DHA‑supplemented formula had higher RBC‑PC DHA at 120 days; PC DHA is critical for retinal/visual development.
- Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism of a New Powdered Human Milk Fortifier Containing Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Preterm Infants
PubMed ID: 29843467
Human‑milk fortifier with DHA increased RBC‑PE DHA in preterm infants — relevant to retinal phospholipid composition and vision.
- Fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocytes in term infants fed human milk and formulae with and without docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from egg yolk lecithin
PubMed ID: 10102659
Lecithin‑supplemented formula restored infant plasma/erythrocyte DHA/AA, substrates important for visual development.
Exercise recovery (5)
- Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance
PubMed ID: 29042830
Acute A-GPC raised serum choline; some doses altered jump power (inconsistent effects).
- Exercise training improves mitochondrial respiration and is associated with an altered intramuscular phospholipid signature in women with obesity
PubMed ID: 33770195
Exercise altered muscle phospholipids (PC/PE ratio changes) and improved mitochondrial respiration — mechanistically relevant to recovery/adaptation.
- Double-blind, randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of a novel diclofenac epolamine gel formulated with lecithin for the treatment of sprains, strains and contusions
PubMed ID: 12866363
Large RCT: diclofenac gel with lecithin reduced pain faster/more than gel without lecithin—relevant to musculoskeletal recovery/rehabilitation.
- Effects of branched chain amino acids, l-citrulline, and alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine supplementation on exercise performance in trained cyclists: a randomized crossover trial
PubMed ID: 37229544
7‑day multi‑ingredient supplement including A‑GPC increased peak power and time‑to‑fatigue in trained cyclists (multi‑ingredient, but A‑GPC present).
- Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes
PubMed ID: 34959789
Krill‑oil (PC) in power athletes for 12 weeks improved RBC EPA/DHA and blunted exercise‑related antioxidant depletion and aided choline recovery post‑exercise.
Detoxification (4)
- CSL112 (Apolipoprotein A-I [Human]) Strongly Enhances Plasma Apoa-I and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A PK/PD Substudy of the AEGIS-I Trial
PubMed ID: 36282079
CSL112 (PC‑containing formulation) increases ABCA1‑mediated cholesterol efflux — mechanistically akin to promoting removal of cholesterol from tissues (detoxifying arterial lipid burden).
- Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 33872583
Large randomized trial: free choline salts caused large plasma/urinary TMAO increases and platelet reactivity while phosphatidylcholine/eggs did not — strong evidence PC avoids TMAO formation.
- Effect of Choline Forms and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Response in Healthy Men
PubMed ID: 32722424
Crossover study: free choline markedly increased plasma TMAO vs PC; gut microbiome predicted high‑TMAO producers — form and microbiome influence detoxification marker.
- Effects of probiotic supplementation on serum trimethylamine-N-oxide level and gut microbiota composition in young males: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32440731
PC challenge/TMAO study with probiotics directly measured TMAO (gut microbial metabolism of PC) — central to detox/TMAO pathways.
Skin hydration (3)
- Impact of supplemental essential phospholipids on treatment outcome and quality of life of patients with psoriasis with moderate severity
PubMed ID: 35088499
Essential phospholipids added to standard therapy improved psoriasis severity and skin‑related QoL in an RCT.
- Evaluation and efficacy of carbon dioxide therapy (carboxytherapy) versus mesolipolysis in the treatment of cellulite
PubMed ID: 29338476
Direct interventional study: injected phosphatidylcholine (mesolipolysis) improved cellulite grade and reduced thigh circumference—clear cosmetic/skin‑contour benefit.
- An innovative topical drug formulation for wound healing and infection treatment: in vitro and in vivo investigations of a povidone-iodine liposome hydrogel
PubMed ID: 11096195
A PC liposome hydrogel improved wound neo-epithelization and tolerability versus control, indicating benefits to skin repair/tolerance.
Energy & Fatigue (1)
- Exercise training improves mitochondrial respiration and is associated with an altered intramuscular phospholipid signature in women with obesity
PubMed ID: 33770195
Combined aerobic/resistance training increased mitochondrial respiration and changed muscle phospholipids (PC/PE and cardiolipins) — strong mechanistic link to cellular energy production.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Phosphatidylcholine
Search all2 products whose verified label declares Phosphatidylcholine — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.