Vitamin K
14 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
4,480 products in our catalogue print how much Vitamin K a serving holds.
Most common: 50 mcg to 100 mcg, 34% of 4,480 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 10 mcg or less | 206 |
| 10 mcg to 25 mcg | 675 |
| 25 mcg to 50 mcg | 950 |
| 50 mcg to 100 mcg | 1,528 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 708 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 122 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 131 |
| over 1 mg | 160 |
Dose per serving from research
168 study groups in 119 studies say how much Vitamin K participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 25 mg to 50 mg, 18% of 168 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 25 mcg or less | 8 |
| 25 mcg to 50 mcg | 9 |
| 50 mcg to 100 mcg | 24 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 28 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 24 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 21 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 11 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 5 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 4 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 4 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 30 |
Commonly used together
47 of 168 study groups took Vitamin K with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Vitamin D | 36 |
| Calcium | 26 |
| Vitamin D3 | 5 |
| Vitamin B12 | 3 |
| Zinc | 3 |
Benefit Evidence
Research sources
Heart health (88)
- Inter-individual differences in baseline coagulation activities and their implications for international normalized ratio control during warfarin initiation therapy
PubMed ID: 23018470
Study of prothrombin carboxylation predicting INR response — mechanistic, directly related to vitamin K‑dependent coagulation.
- Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of oral versus intravenous mixed-micellar phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in severe acute liver disease
PubMed ID: 15710219
IV vitamin K1 reliably corrected biochemical vitamin K deficiency in severe liver disease while oral formulation often failed — direct efficacy data.
- Individualized dosing regimen for prothrombin complex concentrate more effective than standard treatment in the reversal of oral anticoagulant therapy: an open, prospective randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16182346
PCC dosing study routinely co‑administered 10 mg vitamin K; vitamin K contributed to INR correction though PCC was primary driver.
- Oral vitamin K produces a normal INR within 24 hours of its administration in most patients discontinuing warfarin
PubMed ID: 15642685
Low‑dose oral vitamin K usually normalized INR within 24 hours when stopping warfarin — clear clinical effect on INR correction.
- Vitamin K prophylaxis for preterm infants: a randomized, controlled trial of 3 regimens
PubMed ID: 17101711
Newborn vitamin K dosing/routes produced predictable serum K1 and epoxide profiles; identifies regimens that maintain clotting factor status without epoxide buildup.
- The combined antenatal corticosteroids and vitamin K therapy for preventing periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns less than 35 weeks gestation
PubMed ID: 16751657
Maternal corticosteroid+vitamin K reduced newborn PIVH incidence compared with control — meaningful clinical clotting/bleeding outcome.
- Maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 results in increasing the activities of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in umbilical blood and in decreasing the incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants
PubMed ID: 16519625
Maternal vitamin K before preterm birth raised neonatal factor activities and lowered PIVH incidence/severity — strong direct evidence on clotting factors.
- Vitamin K supplementation can improve stability of anticoagulation for patients with unexplained variability in response to warfarin
PubMed ID: 17110451
Daily low‑dose vitamin K improved warfarin stability and percent time in therapeutic INR range — strong RCT evidence for INR stabilization.
- [Optimal cut-off value of PIVKA-II for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma--using ROC curve]
PubMed ID: 16998292
PIVKA‑II (des‑gamma‑carboxyprothrombin) reflects impaired vitamin K–dependent carboxylation and aids HCC diagnosis — directly tied to vitamin K biology.
- Vitamin K1 versus vitamin K3 for prevention of subclinical vitamin deficiency: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18057477
Newborn RCT comparing K1 vs K3 showed similar PIVKA‑II and counts — directly relevant to perinatal vitamin K prophylaxis and clotting status.
- Daily vitamin K supplementation improves anticoagulant stability
PubMed ID: 17666020
Daily low‑dose vitamin K improved INR stability (time in therapeutic range) in long‑term anticoagulated patients (double‑blind RCT).
- Oral vitamin K versus placebo to correct excessive anticoagulation in patients receiving warfarin: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 19258557
Low-dose oral K produced a clinically relevant faster INR reduction in overanticoagulated patients.
- Improved oral anticoagulation after a dietary vitamin k-guided strategy: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19738137
Dietary vitamin K adjustment increased proportion of patients in target INR at 90 days (meaningful effect on anticoagulation control).
- Ability of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to predict therapeutic warfarin dose during the initial weeks of therapy
PubMed ID: 19874474
Genetic variants in VK-cycle genes strongly affect warfarin dose and early INR control—direct vitamin K pathway relevance.
- Validation of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes on interindividual warfarin maintenance dose: a prospective study in Chinese patients
PubMed ID: 19177029
Pharmacogenetic algorithm for warfarin dosing improved time to stable dose—relevant to safe anticoagulation management.
- Vitamin K1 supplementation to improve the stability of anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K antagonists: a dose-finding study
PubMed ID: 21193422
Low-dose K1 during warfarin initiation modestly improved time-in-range and proportion achieving high TTR.
- Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on coagulation and fibrinolysis in severe obstructive cholestasis
PubMed ID: 20142756
Study directly showed cholestasis reduced vitamin K–dependent clotting factors II and VII, with reversal after biliary drainage—direct link to vitamin K–dependent coagulation.
- Results of the first randomized French study evaluating self-testing of the International Normalized Ratio
PubMed ID: 22066355
Randomized evidence that patient self‑testing of INR increased time in therapeutic range and reduced events — directly improves clinical vitamin K antagonist (clotting) control.
- Dietary vitamin K intake and stability of anticoagulation with coumarins: evidence derived from a clinical trial
PubMed ID: 23588449
Association between lower dietary vitamin K and INR stability in a subanalysis — indirect evidence linking vitamin K intake and anticoagulation control.
- PIVKA-II plasma levels as markers of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in term infants
PubMed ID: 22280352
Daily small oral vitamin K prevented subclinical vitamin K deficiency (PIVKA‑II rise) in breastfed infants — direct coagulation benefit.
- A randomized and clinical effectiveness trial comparing two pharmacogenetic algorithms and standard care for individualizing warfarin dosing (CoumaGen-II)
PubMed ID: 22431865
Pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing improved INR control metrics — directly pertains to vitamin K antagonist management and safer clotting control.
- Antenatal administration of vitamin K1: relationship to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants; Egyptian randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23998788
Maternal antenatal vitamin K1 increased neonatal vitamin K‑dependent clotting factors and reduced PIVH — strong perinatal hemostatic benefit.
- Effect of 200μG/day of vitamin K1 on the variability of anticoagulation control in patients on warfarin: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23953594
Low‑dose vitamin K1 reduced INR variability in unstable warfarin patients — clinically relevant stabilization of coagulation control.
- A French multicenter randomised trial comparing two dose-regimens of prothrombin complex concentrates in urgent anticoagulation reversal
PubMed ID: 23305460
Randomized trial showing higher‑dose 4‑factor PCC more rapidly normalized INR in VKA‑associated bleeding; PCC contains vitamin K‑dependent clotting factors — clinically relevant to K‑dependent coagulation management.
- Vitamin K1 in oral solution or tablets: a crossover trial and two randomized controlled trials to compare effects
PubMed ID: 25308231
Direct randomized crossover data: vitamin K1 solution has higher bioavailability and faster INR lowering versus tablets — strong evidence for clotting management.
- Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk
PubMed ID: 24647393
Observational data show higher phylloquinone/menaquinone intake associated with lower cardiovascular mortality.
- Clinical outcomes and management associated with major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with apixaban or warfarin: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial
PubMed ID: 25499871
In major bleeds among anticoagulated patients ~20% received vitamin K/reversal — documents clinical role of vitamin K in bleeding management.
- Reduced-dose warfarin or interrupted warfarin with heparin bridging for pacemaker or defibrillator implantation: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25127655
Warfarin dosing strategy trial reported frequent need for vitamin K correction — direct clinical use of vitamin K for INR management.
- Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25694037
MK‑7 improved vascular stiffness and reduced inactive MGP, mechanisms relevant to cardiac load and long‑term heart health.
- Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial
PubMed ID: 25728933
4‑factor PCC rapidly restored INR/haemostasis in VKA reversal; provides mechanistic/clinical evidence about vitamin K–dependent coagulation factor replacement.
- Oral anticoagulation with vitamin K inhibitors and determinants of successful self-management in primary care
PubMed ID: 27624485
Patient self-testing/self-management of warfarin produced substantially better TTR and more INR measurements in range.
- Biological Systems of Vitamin K: A Plasma Nutriproteomics Study of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency in 500 Nepalese Children
PubMed ID: 26913649
Proteomics linked subclinical VK deficiency (PIVKA‑II) to altered prothrombin and coagulation protein abundance (direct VK biology).
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant
PubMed ID: 28180234
Phase I PK/PD study of tecarfarin (a VKA) showing expected INR effects and suppression of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors—highly relevant to vitamin K biology and anticoagulation.
- Assessment of the efficacy of a novel tailored vitamin K dosing regimen in lowering the International Normalised Ratio in over-anticoagulated patients: a randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28771671
Randomized clinical trial: individualized oral vitamin K dosing restored over‑anticoagulated patients to target INR faster than fixed dosing—direct, high‑quality evidence for vitamin K's role in coagulation management.
- Genetics and clinical response to warfarin and edoxaban in patients with venous thromboembolism
PubMed ID: 28689179
Large pharmacogenetic analysis linking VKORC1/CYP2C9 genotypes to warfarin dosing, time over‑anticoagulation and early bleeding—strong evidence about vitamin K antagonist sensitivity and clotting outcomes.
- Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban in Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Observations From the ROCKET AF Trial
PubMed ID: 28615214
Procedural study: warfarin had worse postprocedure INR control and numerically more hematomas after device procedures—relates to clinical coagulation control around procedures.
- Pharmacist's interventions improve time in therapeutic range of elderly rural patients on warfarin therapy: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 30051222
Pharmacist intervention produced large, clinically important improvements in warfarin TTR — directly affects vitamin K antagonist clotting control.
- Prophylactic Vitamin K Administration in Neonates on Prolonged Antibiotic Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31278224
Neonates on prolonged antibiotics had biochemical vitamin K deficiency not corrected by single 1 mg dose — directly about vitamin K and clotting in newborns.
- Personalised Warfarin Dosing in Children Post-cardiac Surgery
PubMed ID: 31587090
Genotype‑informed warfarin dosing (VKORC1-related) improved INR control in children — directly relevant to vitamin K antagonist management and clotting control.
- Pharmacists' influence on adverse reactions to warfarin: a randomised controlled trial in elderly rural patients
PubMed ID: 31493209
Pharmacist intervention in warfarin patients reduced ADRs and showed dietary vitamin K changes predicted adverse events — directly relevant to vitamin K's role in coagulation management.
- CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping for the quality of long-standing warfarin treatment in Russian patients
PubMed ID: 32024944
Genotype‑guided warfarin dosing reduced early major bleeding and improved time to stable INR — directly about safer management of vitamin K antagonist therapy.
- Genotype-Guided Dosing of Warfarin in Chinese Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 32510984
See above — genotype‑guided initial dosing increased %TTR (duplicate entry for emphasis on INR control).
- Genotype-guided warfarin dosing may benefit patients with mechanical aortic valve replacements: randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 32332930
Genotype‑guided dosing improved early INR control in elderly mechanical valve patients — VKA management relevance.
- Effect of concomitant antiplatelet agents on clinical outcomes in the edoxaban vs warfarin in subjects undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (ENSURE-AF) randomized trial
PubMed ID: 32236718
Adding antiplatelets to anticoagulation substantially raised bleeding rates — relevant to bleeding/clotting management.
- Quality of oral anticoagulation control in Chinese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a prospective controlled study
PubMed ID: 32677855
Observational study in Chinese warfarin users identified factors linked to poorer INR control — relevant to VKA (vitamin K antagonist) outcomes.
- Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin K Antagonists versus Rivaroxaban in Hemodialysis Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33753537
Rivaroxaban+K2 arm had lowest composite CV events vs VKA in dialysis patients — direct cardiac outcome relevance where K2 accompanied DOAC.
- Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of orally administered vitamin K1 for warfarin-associated coagulopathy in Chinese patients with mechanical heart valves
PubMed ID: 33783553
Randomized trial: low‑dose oral vitamin K1 rapidly corrected excessive INR and reduced bleeding — direct and strong evidence for hemostasis support.
- Fixed Versus Variable Dosing of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Bleeding Complications of Vitamin K Antagonists-The PROPER3 Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34535300
PCC dosing study compares strategies to correct VKA‑related bleeding (reversal of vitamin K antagonist effect) — relevant to hemostasis management.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on dp-ucMGP, PIVKAII, inflammatory markers, and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 35365594
MK‑7 in T2DM reduced PIVKA‑II (vitamin K deficiency marker) → improved vitamin‑K–dependent clotting protein activation marker.
- Three Different Regimens for Vitamin K Birth Prophylaxis in Infants Born Preterm: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 36343740
Randomized neonatal IM vitamin K dosing trial showed dose‑dependent durable vitamin K sufficiency (PIVKA‑II) — direct, high‑quality evidence for clotting support.
- No Detectable Coagulation Activation After Vitamin K (MK-7) Supplementation in Patients on Dialysis With Functional Vitamin K Deficiency: A One-Year Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 38128853
MK‑7 lowered PIVKA‑II (marker of functional vitamin K deficiency) and showed no increase in coagulation activation, directly relevant to vitamin K's role in clotting.
- Clinical value of a tool for managing oral anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in primary health care. Randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 38056770
Primary‑care decision‑support for VKA patients reduced stroke admissions and mortality via improved anticoagulation management.
- Vitamin K Antagonist Reversal for Urgent Surgery Using 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrates: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39088218
RCT of 4‑factor PCCs for rapid reversal of VKA anticoagulation showed high hemostatic efficacy (direct to clotting management).
- Systematic vitamin K antagonist reversal with prothrombin complex concentrate in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40315031
PCC for early VKA reversal in TBI trended to fewer intracranial bleeds (clotting/bleeding outcomes).
- Pharmacogenetic guided versus standard warfarin dosing for routine clinical care with its pharmacoeconomic impact: a randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 38634917
Genotype‑guided warfarin dosing improved time in therapeutic INR and time to therapeutic INR (important for safe clotting control under VKAs).
- One Milligram Versus Two Milligram Intramuscular Vitamin K to Prevent Late-Onset Hemorrhagic Disease in Young Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39912270
Neonatal RCT showed 1 mg vs 2 mg IM vitamin K produced similar PIVKA‑II profiles; direct and high‑relevance evidence for vitamin K in preventing VKDB/subclinical deficiency.
- Withdrawal of aspirin in patients with left ventricular assist device treated with vitamin K antagonists: impact of anticoagulation quality in the randomized ARIES-HM3 trial
PubMed ID: 41206679
Clear, clinically meaningful association between quality of VKA anticoagulation (time in therapeutic range) and bleeding outcomes—directly relevant to coagulation management tied to the vitamin K pathway.
- Subgroup analysis of genotype guided vs traditional warfarin dosing in Asian patients from an open label randomized trial
PubMed ID: 41484425
Randomized trial shows genotype-guided warfarin dosing reduced early dose titrations and improved early PTTR in some groups, directly relevant to optimizing anticoagulation control.
- Plasma vitamin K1 and PIVKA-II after oral administration of mixed-micellar or cremophor EL-solubilized preparations of vitamin K1 to normal breast-fed newborns
PubMed ID: 9138173
Mixed-micellar oral K1 yielded higher plasma K1 and fewer PIVKA-II positives—better bioavailability and functional improvement.
- Anticoagulation Control in Warfarin-Treated Patients Undergoing Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation (from the Edoxaban Versus Enoxaparin-Warfarin in Patients Undergoing Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation Trial)
PubMed ID: 28709650
Observational study of INR control around cardioversion showing on‑target timing and association of better INR control with fewer bleeds—directly pertains to VKA (vitamin K antagonist) management and clotting risk.
- Assessment of the effect of esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG) on the status of fat-soluble vitamins and select water-soluble nutrients following dietary administration to humans for 8 weeks
PubMed ID: 25497998
Measured circulating phylloquinone and PIVKA‑II; demonstrates direct changes in vitamin K status and functional clotting marker.
- Postoperative Vitamin Profile after Receiving a Novel Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Solution: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
PubMed ID: 35439754
Postoperative PPN containing vitamin K preserved/elevated blood vitamin K levels vs standard PPN → supports clotting factor substrate availability.
- Association between circulating vitamin K1 and coronary calcium progression in community-dwelling adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
PubMed ID: 23719555
Low circulating K1 associated with greater coronary artery calcium progression; supplementation subgroup showed reduced CAC progression in medicated subgroup — relevant to coronary/heart support.
- The effect of vitamin K1 on arterial calcification activity in subjects with diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34637494
Vitamin K1 reduced new PET-detected calcifying lesions in coronary arteries and aorta — directly relevant to cardiac vascular health.
- Effect of vitamin K1 supplementation on coronary calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39680321
IV K1 reduced coronary calcification progression (cardiac vascular benefit).
- Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women
PubMed ID: 40077685
MK‑7 reduced arterial stiffness and BP in postmenopausal women, supporting cardiovascular function.
- A new mixed micellar preparation for oral vitamin K prophylaxis: randomised controlled comparison with an intramuscular formulation in breast fed infants
PubMed ID: 9875038
Multiple-dose oral mixed-micellar VK maintained blood K1 and clotting markers as well as IM in breastfed infants—practical haemostatic evidence.
- Total serum bilirubin predicts fat-soluble vitamin deficiency better than serum bile acids in infants with biliary atresia
PubMed ID: 25419594
In infants with biliary atresia, elevated INR and persistent vitamin K insufficiency despite supplementation — direct clinical clotting relevance.
- Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status
PubMed ID: 15213041
High-dose vitamin E raised PIVKA‑II (marker of poor K status) in adults with normal coagulation — demonstrates influence on K-dependent clotting markers.
- Oral supplementation of vitamin K for pregnant women and effects on levels of plasma vitamin K and PIVKA-II in the neonate
PubMed ID: 2388129
Maternal VK (K1/K2) supplementation eliminated infant PIVKA‑II positivity — strong clotting benefit for newborns.
- The effect of dietary vitamin K on warfarin-induced anticoagulation
PubMed ID: 2045759
Shows that high dietary or supplemental VK can push warfarin patients above therapeutic anticoagulation — significant clotting interaction.
- Vitamin K to neonates. Peroral versus intramuscular administration
PubMed ID: 2035325
Large trial showing 1 mg oral at birth is as effective as IM VK for clotting factor activity and preventing deficiency.
- Effects of oral and intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis on vitamin K1, PIVKA-II, and clotting factors in breast fed infants
PubMed ID: 1444522
Single dose at birth raised VK1 and influenced PIVKA‑II/clotting markers though effect waned by 3 months.
- The effect of formula versus breast feeding and exogenous vitamin K1 supplementation on circulating levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in newborns
PubMed ID: 8444211
Breastfed infants have low VK1; a single neonatal dose raised VK1 transiently — direct clotting‑status data.
- Effect of oral water soluble vitamin K on PIVKA-II levels in newborns
PubMed ID: 8635828
Oral water‑soluble injectable vitamin K lowered neonatal biochemical deficiency markers nearly as well as IM.
- [Effects of the administration of vitamin K on the activity of Factor II, VII and X in healthy newborns]
PubMed ID: 7548303
Randomized newborn study: oral VK increased clotting factor activity and lowered PIVKA-II—direct, strong evidence for haemostasis.
- Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of intravenous and intramuscular phylloquinone (vitamin K1) mixed micelles formulation
PubMed ID: 8799516
PK study: IV mixed-micelle K1 gave reliable blood levels; IM absorption was inconsistent—relevant to effective delivery for haemostasis.
- Effects of oral and intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis on PIVKA-II assay parameters in breastfed infants in Turkey
PubMed ID: 8827897
Breastfed infants given oral or IM VK had far fewer PIVKA-II positives—strong neonatal evidence for VK preventing deficiency/bleeding risk.
- Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11075768
High-quality multicenter RCT: low-dose oral vitamin K rapidly lowered INR and reduced bleeding—direct strong evidence.
- Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral phytonadione for excessive anticoagulation
PubMed ID: 11034038
Single oral phytonadione dose shortened time to acceptable INR in over-anticoagulated patients (but increased overcorrection risk).
- Evaluation of very low-dose subcutaneous vitamin K during postoperative warfarin therapy
PubMed ID: 11253854
Postoperative very low‑dose SC vitamin K lowered high INRs significantly faster than withholding warfarin — strong RCT evidence for correcting over-anticoagulation.
- Reversal of excessive oral anticoagulation with a low oral dose of vitamin K1 compared with acenocoumarine discontinuation. A prospective, randomized, open study
PubMed ID: 11229833
1 mg oral K1 outpatients lowered INR more than skipping a dose, demonstrating effective INR reversal though with risk of over-reversal.
- Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy. A randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12186515
Oral vitamin K corrected high warfarin INR faster than subcutaneous K without extra short-term bleeding — RCT evidence favoring oral route.
- Intestinal absorption of mixed micellar phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is unreliable in infants with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia: implications for oral prophylaxis of vitamin K deficiency bleeding
PubMed ID: 12598499
In cholestatic infants oral K1 absorption was poor while IV produced high levels and corrected PIVKA‑II — important for neonatal clotting prophylaxis.
- Comparison of oral vs intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients with excessive anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 14609783
IV vitamin K lowers INR faster than oral for very high INR; both similar by 24 h — clinically important route comparison.
- Role of dietary vitamin K intake in chronic oral anticoagulation: prospective evidence from observational and randomized protocols
PubMed ID: 15121490
Randomized dietary vitamin K changes produced predictable, clinically important shifts in INR — direct evidence vitamin K intake affects anticoagulation.
- [Level of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in premature infants and the influence of maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 on their activity]
PubMed ID: 16412352
Antenatal vitamin K1 increased neonatal vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors and reduced PIVH — direct neonatal clotting benefit.
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety profiles of intravenous vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma as treatment of warfarin-related over-anticoagulation in patients with mechanical heart valves
PubMed ID: 16442406
IV vitamin K is a safe alternative to FFP for warfarin over‑anticoagulation with slower early INR correction — directly about vitamin K restoring clotting.
Bone health (69)
- The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33030563
MK-7 produced a marked reduction in ucOC (−65%), a direct biochemical indicator of enhanced osteocalcin carboxylation and bone remodeling activity.
- Randomised Controlled Trial of Nutritional Supplement on Bone Turnover Markers in Indian Premenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 33530298
Multi‑micronutrient supplement including K improved bone turnover markers and osteocalcin carboxylation — direct evidence of effect on bone remodeling markers.
- Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) increases plasma adiponectin but does not affect insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33664429
12‑month MK‑7 in postmenopausal women produced a large fall in uncarboxylated osteocalcin (strong biochemical evidence of vitamin K effect on bone carboxylation).
- The additive effect of vitamin K supplementation and bisphosphonate on fracture risk in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a randomised placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 37338608
RCT adding vitamin K1 or MK‑4 to bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women produced minimal BMD change overall — direct bone-focused trial with neutral result.
- Efficacy of Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 and Vitamin K2 Combination Therapy in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
PubMed ID: 39197463
rhPTH(1‑34)+vitamin K2 produced greater BMD increases than K2 alone in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients.
- Vitamin K supplementation reduces serum concentrations of under-gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin in healthy young and elderly adults
PubMed ID: 11101481
Phylloquinone reduced undercarboxylated osteocalcin in adults—direct effect on bone remodeling biomarkers.
- Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 11886767
Combined K2 + D3 increased vertebral BMD over 24 months significantly versus K2 alone or diet therapy; confounding by vitamin D noted.
- Effect of phylloquinone supplementation on biochemical markers of vitamin K status and bone turnover in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 17298708
Short crossover: dose‑dependent increases in carboxylated osteocalcin and decreases in ucOC with vitamin K supplementation.
- Osteoclast inhibitory effects of vitamin K2 alone or in combination with etidronate or risedronate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results
PubMed ID: 18260178
K2 reduced RANKL and bone resorption markers in steroid‑treated RA patients when combined with bisphosphonates → indicates remodeling modulation.
- Vitamin K₂ alters bone metabolism markers in hemodialysis patients with a low serum parathyroid hormone level
PubMed ID: 20689320
RCTS in hemodialysis patients showed significant, consistent changes in multiple bone-turnover biomarkers after 1 year of K2—direct evidence of bone remodeling effects.
- Comparison of cheese with and without Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii LMGT 2951 on off-season muscle strength and VO(2) max development in Nordic skiers: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 41025612
K2‑rich cheese helped maintain carboxylation/levels of osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation/remodeling.
- Fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency: efficacy of a nutrition intervention
PubMed ID: 24345827
Nutritional intervention in CF reduced %ucOC over 12 months — evidence of improved bone remodeling marker status in a vulnerable group.
- A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy
PubMed ID: 10227010
One year of K2 therapy slowed lumbar spine BMD loss in postmenopausal women—solid RCT evidence for bone preservation.
- Use of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the prevention of bone loss induced by leuprolide
PubMed ID: 10443663
K2 reduced spine bone loss from leuprolide; combined with active vitamin D gave greater protection—supports bone strength.
- Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation of osteocalcin in early postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 17012108
VK2 reduced ucOC significantly in early postmenopausal women — clear biochemical demonstration of improved bone protein carboxylation.
- Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18922041
Large RCT: high‑dose vitamin K1 markedly reduced clinical fractures (HR ≈0.41 at 2y; sustained effect) despite no BMD change → strong evidence for fracture risk reduction.
- Effect of low dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation on bio-indices in postmenopausal Japanese women
PubMed ID: 19352059
Rapid and significant improvement in osteocalcin carboxylation shows direct effect on vitamin K–dependent bone remodeling proteins.
- Dietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantation
PubMed ID: 20177349
Vitamin K2 modestly improved lumbar spine BMD in transplant recipients (clinical BMD benefit in a subgroup).
- Comparative study on the efficacy of menadione, zoledronic acid, and calcitriol in combination with PKP for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in extremely elderly patients
PubMed ID: 41054075
Menadione plus osteoporosis drugs produced large lumbar BMD increases at 12 months in an elderly osteoporotic cohort — strong evidence for improving BMD.
- Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis
PubMed ID: 10750566
RCT showed fewer clinical fractures in vitamin K2-treated osteoporosis patients (statistically significant).
- A high phylloquinone intake is required to achieve maximal osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation
PubMed ID: 12399278
Dose–response human trial showed ~1 mg/day phylloquinone needed for maximal osteocalcin carboxylation — direct evidence for K in bone remodeling biochemistry.
- Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) for bone loss in patients with cirrhosis of the liver
PubMed ID: 12003435
K2 slowed/prevented spine bone loss over 2 years in women with cirrhosis versus control (randomized trial).
- Promotion of bone formation by fermented soybean (Natto) intake in premenopausal women
PubMed ID: 15242015
Regular Natto (K2) intake improved bone formation markers and reduced ucOC — supports bone matrix carboxylation and formation.
- Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 17287908
3‑year high‑dose MK‑4 preserved femoral neck mass/geometry and improved calculated bone strength indices (large RCT).
- Response of serum carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin to alendronate monotherapy and combined therapy with vitamin K2 in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 18470667
Randomized study adding K2 to alendronate improved osteocalcin carboxylation and gave larger femoral‑neck BMD increases vs alendronate alone → robust bone benefit in combination therapy.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) supplementation on osteocalcin carboxylation in healthy prepubertal children
PubMed ID: 19450370
MK-7 in children reduced ucOC and improved the ucOC:cOC ratio—clear impact on bone remodeling biomarkers.
- Vitamin K2 supplementation does not influence bone loss in early menopausal women: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19937427
One-year MK-7 improved carboxylation of osteocalcin (biochemical remodeling marker) though without BMD gains.
- Association of sequence variations in vitamin K epoxide reductase and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase genes with biochemical measures of vitamin K status
PubMed ID: 19436136
Genetic links to %ucOC support control of vitamin K–dependent bone remodeling at a mechanistic level.
- Effect of phylloquinone supplementation on glucose homeostasis in humans
PubMed ID: 20881072
Phylloquinone markedly lowered ucOC (a direct biochemical marker of osteocalcin carboxylation), indicating an effect on bone remodeling processes (despite no metabolic change).
- Dietary vitamin K intake is associated with bone quantitative ultrasound measurements but not with bone peripheral biochemical markers in elderly men and women
PubMed ID: 21447413
Observational data support a relationship between dietary K and maintenance of bone quality over time (population-level support for remodeling benefit).
- Serum level of under-carboxylated osteocalcin and bone mineral density in early menopausal Norwegian women
PubMed ID: 22127508
Observational biomarker data (ucOC) show inverse relationship with BMD — supports vitamin K role in bone density.
- Low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation improved extra-hepatic vitamin K status, but had no effect on thrombin generation in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 22289649
Nutritional MK‑7 doses improved osteocalcin carboxylation — direct mechanism for bone health.
- Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 23525894
Three‑year RCT: MK‑7 improved vitamin K status, reduced age‑related BMD loss and preserved bone strength — direct strong evidence.
- Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women
PubMed ID: 23702931
12‑month MK‑4 RCT decreased ucOC and prevented forearm bone loss — direct bone benefit evidence.
- Low-Dose Daily Intake of Vitamin K(2) (Menaquinone-7) Improves Osteocalcin γ-Carboxylation: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trials
PubMed ID: 26875489
MK‑7 dose‑response RCT produced clear improvements in osteocalcin carboxylation, a direct marker of vitamin K action in bone remodeling.
- Menaquinone-7 as a novel pharmacological therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical study
PubMed ID: 26073022
MK‑7 in RA reduced undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), supporting improved vitamin K–dependent bone protein carboxylation.
- Reducing Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin With Vitamin K Supplementation Does Not Promote Lean Tissue Loss or Fat Gain Over 3 Years in Older Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 27604070
Long‑term K1 produced large reductions in ucOC—clear effect on vitamin K–dependent bone remodeling biomarkers.
- Comparison of concurrent treatment with vitamin K(2) and risedronate compared with treatment with risedronate alone in patients with osteoporosis: Japanese Osteoporosis Intervention Trial-03
PubMed ID: 27484436
K2 added to risedronate produced a large decrease in ucOC (direct effect on vitamin K–dependent bone remodeling marker) though no fracture/BMD gain.
- Vitamin K-induced effects on body fat and weight: results from a 3-year vitamin K2 intervention study
PubMed ID: 28952607
Long trial showed increased osteocalcin carboxylation in responders — direct evidence of altered bone remodeling biochemistry with MK‑7.
- Effect of Vitamin K2 on Postural Sway in Older People Who Fall: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31211416
Vitamin K2 lowered dp‑ucMGP (biomarker) in older adults but did not improve postural sway; biochemical bone‑related signal present.
- The Contribution of Lipids to the Interindividual Response of Vitamin K Biomarkers to Vitamin K Supplementation
PubMed ID: 31533195
Phylloquinone supplementation improved %ucOC (osteocalcin carboxylation) and dp‑ucMGP, indicating improved vitamin K bone function.
- Association between Circulating Osteocalcin and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors following a 4-Week Leafy Green Vitamin K-Rich Diet
PubMed ID: 33232964
Leafy-green diet lowered ucOC in 4 weeks, showing dietary vitamin K can modulate osteocalcin carboxylation linked to bone remodeling.
- Vitamin K supplementation and bone mineral density in dialysis: results of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled RenaKvit trial
PubMed ID: 36460034
MK‑7 in dialysis patients preserved lumbar-spine BMD but worsened distal radius BMD — direct but mixed bone outcomes.
- Effect of Low-Dose Vitamin K2 Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese: A Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32060566
Low-dose VK2 RCT increased osteocalcin carboxylation and reduced femoral-neck bone loss in postmenopausal women — direct evidence supporting bone strength.
- Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) prevents age-related deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture at the tibia in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 27625301
MK‑7 RCT in postmenopausal women showed large reduction in ucOC and preservation of tibial trabecular microarchitecture — strong direct bone benefit.
- Reduced bone resorption by intake of dietary vitamin D and K from tailor-made Atlantic salmon: A randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 27542236
D+K (dietary or supplements) lowered ucOC and urinary NTx, directly indicating reduced bone turnover and remodeling effects.
- Gamma-carboxylation and fragmentation of osteocalcin in human serum defined by mass spectrometry
PubMed ID: 25855755
Human supplementation markedly increased γ‑carboxylated osteocalcin and decreased uncarboxylated osteocalcin — direct marker of vitamin K effect on bone proteins.
- Effect of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) supplementation for 12 months on the indices of vitamin K status and bone health in adult patients with Crohn's disease
PubMed ID: 25181575
High‑dose K1 produced near‑maximal suppression of %ucOC — a direct biochemical effect on bone remodeling markers.
- Menatetrenone versus alfacalcidol in the treatment of Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, double-dummy, positive drug-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24426779
Randomized trial: vitamin K2 increased lumbar spine and trochanter BMD at 12 months — direct evidence.
- Vitamin K status in healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 24296867
Large biomarker study showing deficient ucOC in groups and responsiveness to MK‑7 supplementation — supports bone vitamin K relevance.
- Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study
PubMed ID: 24285428
dp‑ucMGP reductions show extra‑hepatic activation of vitamin K‑dependent proteins that include bone regulators.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on circulating species of matrix Gla protein
PubMed ID: 23062766
MK‑7 dose‑dependently reduced undercarboxylated osteocalcin and improved vitamin K markers relevant to bone.
- Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 22169620
Dose- and time-dependent decreases in dp-ucMGP, ucOC and PIVKA-II show correction of functional K deficiency and restoration of vitamin K–dependent bone protein carboxylation.
- Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women over sixty-years-old
PubMed ID: 21860562
Vitamin K added to vitamin D+calcium produced a marked reduction in inactive osteocalcin (UcOC) and modest spine BMD gain—evidence of favorable bone remodeling effects.
- Possible site-specific effect of an intervention combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with consumption of fortified dairy products on bone mass: the Postmenopausal Health Study II
PubMed ID: 21455716
Direct randomized supplementation (vitamin K1/K2 with Ca/D) increased total body and lumbar spine BMD — strong direct evidence.
- The prevention of hip fracture with menatetrenone and risedronate plus calcium supplementation in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21778673
Randomized trial adding K2 to standard bone therapy reduced fractures substantially (strong direct clinical evidence).
- Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and women
PubMed ID: 18252784
Supplementation reduced % undercarboxylated osteocalcin — direct effect on bone matrix protein carboxylation involved in remodeling.
- Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women
PubMed ID: 17243866
Vitamin K1 with D and calcium modestly increased wrist BMC and improved vitamin K blood markers in older women (2‑yr RCT).
- Vitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia
PubMed ID: 16594930
Menatetrenone (VK2) + calcium increased lumbar spine BMD and strongly reduced ucOC in postmenopausal women (randomized evidence).
- Effect of calcium, vitamins K1 and D3 on bone in galactosemia
PubMed ID: 16782422
Combined calcium+K1+D increased lumbar spine BMC in children with galactosemia — BMC is closely related to density in this pediatric group.
- Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine
PubMed ID: 14712427
Randomized trial: vitamin K2 prevented glucocorticoid-induced lumbar spine BMD loss — strong direct evidence for bone preservation.
- Vitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of age
PubMed ID: 14506950
Adding vitamin K1 to minerals + vitamin D over 3 years reduced femoral neck bone loss in postmenopausal women (randomized trial).
- Amelioration of osteoporosis by menatetrenone in elderly female Parkinson's disease patients with vitamin D deficiency
PubMed ID: 12110423
K2 increased BMD (second metacarpal) and reduced fractures in elderly women; direct, robust evidence.
- Effect of menatetrenone on bone mineral density and incidence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a comparison with the effect of etidronate
PubMed ID: 11793169
Menatetrenone modestly increased forearm BMD vs control.
- Vitamin D(3) and vitamin K(1) supplementation of Dutch postmenopausal women with normal and low bone mineral densities: effects on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and carboxylated osteocalcin
PubMed ID: 10951511
K1 restored percent carboxylated osteocalcin in postmenopausal women—a marker of bone matrix protein activation and remodeling.
- Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
PubMed ID: 11180916
Randomized study: vitamin D3+K2 increased lumbar spine BMD more than calcium or either alone.
- Response of vitamin K status to different intakes and sources of phylloquinone-rich foods: comparison of younger and older adults
PubMed ID: 10479199
Phylloquinone (food or oil) raised plasma K and improved osteocalcin carboxylation—biochemical evidence supporting bone matrix function.
- Menatetrenone ameliorates osteopenia in disuse-affected limbs of vitamin D- and K-deficient stroke patients
PubMed ID: 9737352
MK-4 produced large increases in hemiplegic-side BMD vs untreated—strong direct evidence of improved BMD.
- Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized prospective study
PubMed ID: 19172219
High-dose menatetrenone quickly improved osteocalcin activation but increased NTX (resorption), indicating strong remodeling effects (mixed direction).
Nutrition source (37)
- Postoperative Vitamin Profile after Receiving a Novel Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Solution: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
PubMed ID: 35439754
Postoperative PPN formula maintained or increased multiple vitamin levels including vitamin K — supports overall micronutrient/mineral status in surgical patients.
- Menatetrenone ameliorates osteopenia in disuse-affected limbs of vitamin D- and K-deficient stroke patients
PubMed ID: 9737352
Marked BMD improvements and favorable bone marker changes indicate broad effects on mineralized tissue.
- Amelioration of osteoporosis by menatetrenone in elderly female Parkinson's disease patients with vitamin D deficiency
PubMed ID: 12110423
K2 improved BMD and reduced fractures in elderly women, indicating broader beneficial effects on skeletal mineral health.
- Vitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of age
PubMed ID: 14506950
K1 added to mineral + vitamin D supplementation reduced hip bone loss — supports overall mineral maintenance.
- Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women
PubMed ID: 17243866
K1 with D and calcium improved vitamin K biomarkers and modestly increased wrist BMC — supports broader mineral/bone health.
- Possible site-specific effect of an intervention combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with consumption of fortified dairy products on bone mass: the Postmenopausal Health Study II
PubMed ID: 21455716
Supplementation that included vitamin K improved total‑body and spinal BMD, indicating broader mineral health benefit.
- Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women over sixty-years-old
PubMed ID: 21860562
Vitamin K added to D+Ca influenced osteocalcin carboxylation and local BMD, consistent with effects on calcium incorporation into bone.
- Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 22169620
Corrections in dp-ucMGP, ucOC and PIVKA-II indicate improved vitamin K–dependent regulation of mineralization processes in hemodialysis patients.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on circulating species of matrix Gla protein
PubMed ID: 23062766
MK‑7 improved osteocalcin and MGP carboxylation — supports balanced mineral deposition in bone and vasculature.
- Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study
PubMed ID: 24285428
Large dose‑dependent biochemical improvements in MGP status in dialysis patients suggest systemic mineral regulation effects.
- Association between circulating vitamin K1 and coronary calcium progression in community-dwelling adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
PubMed ID: 23719555
Primary study linked serum K1 to coronary calcium progression and supplementation subgroup reduced CAC increase — directly implicates vitamin K in vascular calcium handling.
- Menatetrenone versus alfacalcidol in the treatment of Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, double-dummy, positive drug-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24426779
K2 effects on bone markers and BMD indicate impacts on mineralization and mineral health generally.
- Gamma-carboxylation and fragmentation of osteocalcin in human serum defined by mass spectrometry
PubMed ID: 25855755
Improved γ‑carboxylation of osteocalcin demonstrates vitamin K’s systemic role in mineralizing protein activation and overall mineral health.
- Reduced bone resorption by intake of dietary vitamin D and K from tailor-made Atlantic salmon: A randomized intervention trial
PubMed ID: 27542236
Combined D+K+Ca raised 25(OH)D, lowered ucOC and urinary NTx—broad effects on mineral and bone metabolism.
- Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) prevents age-related deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture at the tibia in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 27625301
MK‑7 reduced ucOC and preserved bone microarchitecture — indicates improved bone mineral quality and vitamin K–dependent mineralization.
- The risk of nephrolithiasis is causally related to inactive matrix Gla protein, a marker of vitamin K status: a Mendelian randomization study in a Flemish population
PubMed ID: 28340119
dp‑ucMGP (reflecting low vitamin K–dependent activation) associated and genetically linked to kidney stones — strong evidence linking vitamin K status to calcium mineral pathology.
- Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin K Antagonist Replacement by Rivaroxaban with or without Vitamin K2 in Hemodialysis Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: the Valkyrie Study
PubMed ID: 31704740
K2 improved vitamin K biomarker in dialysis patients — relevant to systemic mineral (soft‑tissue/vascular) calcification biology despite null calcification change.
- The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial
PubMed ID: 31529295
K2 dramatically lowered uc‑MGP (a regulator of vascular calcification) — relevant to calcium deposition control though no CT benefit.
- Effect of Low-Dose Vitamin K2 Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese: A Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32060566
VK2 improved osteocalcin carboxylation and reduced femoral-neck bone loss — supports mineral (bone) health overall.
- The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33030563
MK-7 strongly reduced ucOC (biomarker of mineralizing protein activation) even though BMD benefits were not seen in that trial.
- Randomised Controlled Trial of Nutritional Supplement on Bone Turnover Markers in Indian Premenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 33530298
Supplement containing K improved bone turnover and osteocalcin carboxylation — supports mineral homeostasis markers.
- The effect of vitamin K1 on arterial calcification activity in subjects with diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34637494
Vitamin K1 reduced new micro‑calcification activity in coronary/aortic territories on PET — relevant to systemic calcium handling in the vasculature.
- Vitamin K₂ alters bone metabolism markers in hemodialysis patients with a low serum parathyroid hormone level
PubMed ID: 20689320
K2 produced significant changes in PTH and bone-turnover markers in dialysis patients, reflecting broader effects on mineral metabolism.
- A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy
PubMed ID: 10227010
K2 slowed lumbar spine bone loss, supporting overall skeletal mineral preservation.
- Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study
PubMed ID: 14961167
Vitamin D + K1 preserved arterial elasticity (reduces vascular stiffening/calcification risk) — implies favorable calcium handling in vessels.
- Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18922041
Large RCT improved ucOC substantially and reduced clinical fractures → supports improved mineral outcomes clinically.
- Effects of vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation on epicardial adipose tissue and systemic inflammation: A substudy of the AVADEC trial
PubMed ID: 41100911
Decrease in dp‑ucMGP indicates improved vitamin K‑dependent activation of MGP, a regulator of calcium deposition in vessels/bone — mechanistic calcium‑balance relevance.
- Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis
PubMed ID: 10750566
K2 reduced fractures and preserved BMD, indicating improved systemic mineral/bone health.
- A high phylloquinone intake is required to achieve maximal osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation
PubMed ID: 12399278
Maximal osteocalcin carboxylation at ~1 mg/day K1 indicates direct role in mineralizing protein activation and mineral health.
- Dietary vitamin K intake is associated with bone quantitative ultrasound measurements but not with bone peripheral biochemical markers in elderly men and women
PubMed ID: 21447413
Higher dietary vitamin K associated with better BMD and preservation over time, consistent with improved mineral health at the population level.
- Serum level of under-carboxylated osteocalcin and bone mineral density in early menopausal Norwegian women
PubMed ID: 22127508
ucOC (vitamin K‑sensitive) correlations with BMD implicate vitamin K in mineralisation and overall mineral health.
- Low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation improved extra-hepatic vitamin K status, but had no effect on thrombin generation in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 22289649
MK‑7 improved osteocalcin carboxylation (bone matrix protein that binds calcium) — relevant to calcium balance in bone.
- Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 23525894
Long‑term MK‑7 improved bone mineral density and strength markers — indicates improved systemic mineral health.
- Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women
PubMed ID: 23702931
MK‑4 improved bone quality markers (ucOC, pentosidine) and prevented local bone loss — supports mineral health.
- Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25694037
MK‑7 reduced inactive MGP (a calcification inhibitor) and improved arterial stiffness — implies improved extra‑skeletal calcium handling and vascular calcification prevention.
- Low-Dose Daily Intake of Vitamin K(2) (Menaquinone-7) Improves Osteocalcin γ-Carboxylation: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trials
PubMed ID: 26875489
Improved osteocalcin carboxylation with MK‑7 indicates better utilization of bone mineralization processes (overall mineral health biomarker support).
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31387121
MK‑7 reduced dp‑ucMGP (affecting MGP‑mediated calcification control) — directly relevant to tissue calcium handling and calcification.
Vascular health (24)
- Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study
PubMed ID: 24285428
Dose‑dependent large reductions in dp‑ucMGP in dialysis patients — strong biochemical signal for improved arterial calcification inhibition.
- Effect of vitamin K supplementation on serum calcification propensity and arterial stiffness in vitamin K-deficient kidney transplant recipients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36695702
MK‑7 in K‑deficient kidney transplant patients markedly reduced dp-ucMGP and prevented PWV progression — direct arterial-health benefit.
- Switching from Warfarin to rivaroxaban induces sufficiency of vitamin K and reduction of arterial stiffness in patients with atrial fibrillation
PubMed ID: 32577819
Switching from warfarin to rivaroxaban restored vitamin K markers and was associated with reduced arterial stiffness — direct vascular benefit linked to vitamin K status.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31387121
MK‑7 supplementation improved dp‑ucMGP (matrix Gla protein biomarker) — directly relevant to arterial calcification biology though no CT benefit.
- Effect of Vitamin K on Vascular Health and Physical Function in Older People with Vascular Disease--A Randomised Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26892582
K2 lowered dp‑ucMGP (a calcification inhibitor biomarker) though endothelial function (FMD) did not change at 6 months.
- Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25694037
Three‑year MK‑7 RCT halved dp‑ucMGP and improved aortic/arterial stiffness — direct evidence for arterial health improvement.
- Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk
PubMed ID: 24647393
Higher dietary K intake associated with lower cardiovascular mortality—supports protective arterial/cardiovascular association.
- Low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation improved extra-hepatic vitamin K status, but had no effect on thrombin generation in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 22289649
RDA‑like MK‑7 doses improved MGP carboxylation without affecting coagulation — supports arterial protective mechanism.
- Vitamin K status and bone mass in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study
PubMed ID: 8849401
Association between lower vitamin K status and aortic calcifications suggests VK may influence arterial calcification/health.
- Effects of vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation on epicardial adipose tissue and systemic inflammation: A substudy of the AVADEC trial
PubMed ID: 41100911
K2+D3 lowered dp‑ucMGP (marker of vitamin K‑dependent matrix Gla protein) strongly linked to arterial calcification biology — supports artery health via calcification inhibition.
- Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 35465686
MK‑7+D improved dp-ucMGP (vitamin K–dependent matrix protein marker) though no change in valve calcification; biomarker suggests some arterial/vascular activity.
- The impact of vitamin K2 and native vitamin D supplementation on vascular calcification in pediatric patients on regular hemodialysis. A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34845313
Pediatric dialysis RCT: K2 + D reduced dp‑uc‑MGP, a marker linked to vascular calcification risk — relevant to arterial health biomarkers.
- Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study
PubMed ID: 14961167
Randomized 3-year supplementation with vitamin D + K1 preserved arterial elasticity measures versus control — strong vascular benefit though K combined with D.
- Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women
PubMed ID: 40077685
MK‑7 decreased dp‑ucMGP and improved arterial stiffness measures in postmenopausal women with low K status.
- Effect of vitamin K1 supplementation on coronary calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39680321
IV vitamin K1 in hemodialysis patients substantially reduced progression of coronary artery calcification vs placebo.
- Inhibit progression of coronary artery calcification with vitamin K in hemodialysis patients (the iPACK-HD study): a randomized, placebo-controlled multi-center, pilot trial
PubMed ID: 35641194
High‑dose phylloquinone greatly improved vitamin K status markers (dp-ucMGP) though did not alter coronary calcium over 12 months — direct artery-related biomarker changes.
- The effect of vitamin K1 on arterial calcification activity in subjects with diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34637494
Vitamin K1 significantly reduced the development of new 18F-NaF PET-positive calcifying lesions in coronary arteries and aorta in diabetics — strong evidence for arterial benefit.
- The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial
PubMed ID: 31529295
Large (~47%) reduction in uc‑MGP with K2 in dialysis patients — strong effect on vascular Gla protein marker linked to arterial calcification.
- Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin K Antagonist Replacement by Rivaroxaban with or without Vitamin K2 in Hemodialysis Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: the Valkyrie Study
PubMed ID: 31704740
Randomized dialysis study where adding vitamin K2 improved dp‑ucMGP (vit K status) though calcification progression was not slowed — directly investigates vascular calcification biology.
- The effects of vitamin D, K and calcium co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic status in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with CHD
PubMed ID: 27198036
D+K+Ca reduced maximum left carotid IMT and improved inflammatory/oxidative markers—direct arterial structure/function benefit.
- Association between circulating vitamin K1 and coronary calcium progression in community-dwelling adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
PubMed ID: 23719555
Low circulating K1 associated with greater coronary artery calcium progression; supplementation subgroup showed markedly less CAC change in medicated patients — direct arterial calcification relevance.
- Vitamin K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older men and women
PubMed ID: 19386744
Phylloquinone slowed coronary artery calcium progression in adherent participants and those with baseline calcification → moderate support for arterial health.
- Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 22169620
Large, randomized vitamin K2 supplementation corrected dp-ucMGP (marker of vascular vitamin K status) dose-dependently—strong evidence relevant to arterial calcification risk.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on circulating species of matrix Gla protein
PubMed ID: 23062766
MK‑7 substantially reduced dp‑ucMGP (inactive MGP) — direct biomarker evidence that may protect arteries from calcification.
Blood circulation (16)
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31387121
MK‑7 changed dp‑ucMGP (vitamin K biomarker) relevant to vascular health and calcification risk.
- Effects of vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation on epicardial adipose tissue and systemic inflammation: A substudy of the AVADEC trial
PubMed ID: 41100911
Large RCT: high‑dose K2+D3 lowered dp‑ucMGP (improved vitamin K status linked to vascular calcification biology) though no change in adipose inflammation — supports vascular/calcification relevance.
- Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk
PubMed ID: 24647393
Cohort found higher dietary vitamin K linked to lower cardiovascular mortality, implying circulating/vascular benefit.
- Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25694037
3‑yr MK‑7 RCT reduced arterial stiffness (cfPWV) and dp‑ucMGP, directly improving vascular function/circulatory stiffness.
- Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin K Antagonists versus Rivaroxaban in Hemodialysis Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33753537
Dialysis RCT where rivaroxaban ± K2 reduced major CV events vs VKA — K2 arm numerically best, relevant to circulation/CV outcomes.
- Edoxaban versus Vitamin K Antagonist for Atrial Fibrillation after TAVR
PubMed ID: 34449183
Post‑valve replacement edoxaban vs VKA trial — clinical circulation/valve outcomes vs VKAs (vitamin K biology indirectly relevant).
- Effect of vitamin K supplementation on serum calcification propensity and arterial stiffness in vitamin K-deficient kidney transplant recipients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36695702
MK‑7 in K‑deficient kidney transplant recipients prevented PWV progression (arterial stiffness), a direct circulation measure.
- Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 22169620
dp-ucMGP reductions (VK deficiency marker) imply reduced vascular calcification risk and potential circulation benefit in hemodialysis patients.
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on circulating species of matrix Gla protein
PubMed ID: 23062766
MK‑7 reduced dp‑ucMGP (improves vascular matrix Gla protein carboxylation) — supports vascular/ circulation health.
- Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study
PubMed ID: 24285428
Dose‑dependent dp‑ucMGP reductions in dialysis patients — biochemical evidence of improved vascular calcification inhibitor status.
- Association between circulating vitamin K1 and coronary calcium progression in community-dwelling adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
PubMed ID: 23719555
Serum phylloquinone (K1) low levels linked to greater coronary artery calcium progression and supplementation subgroup showed less CAC change — directly relevant to arterial/coronary health.
- The effects of vitamin D, K and calcium co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic status in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with CHD
PubMed ID: 27198036
D+K+Ca reduced carotid IMT and improved HDL and inflammatory markers—direct vascular/circulatory benefit.
- The effect of vitamin K1 on arterial calcification activity in subjects with diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34637494
High‑dose vitamin K1 in diabetics reduced new PET-detected coronary and aortic calcification lesions over 3 months → supports vascular health/circulation.
- Effect of vitamin K1 supplementation on coronary calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39680321
IV vitamin K1 in hemodialysis patients slowed progression of coronary artery calcification (improves vascular circulation markers).
- Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women
PubMed ID: 40077685
MK‑7 lowered dp‑ucMGP and reduced arterial stiffness/blood pressure in postmenopausal women with low K status.
- Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study
PubMed ID: 14961167
Vitamin D+K1 preserved arterial elastic properties over 3 years — supports vascular/ circulatory function though K was given with D.
Healthy aging (12)
- A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy
PubMed ID: 10227010
One year of K2 slowed lumbar spine bone loss in postmenopausal women—direct aging-relevant bone benefit.
- Association of Dietary Vitamin K1 Intake With the Incidence of Cataract Surgery in an Adult Mediterranean Population: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 28494067
Prospective cohort analysis: higher dietary vitamin K1 intake associated with ~29% lower risk of cataract surgery over ~5.6 years—relevant to age‑related eye health and healthy aging.
- Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25694037
Long MK‑7 supplementation improved arterial stiffness (a marker of vascular ageing), supporting a healthy‑aging vascular effect.
- Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk
PubMed ID: 24647393
Large cohort: increased vitamin K intake associated with lower all‑cause and cancer mortality, a strong signal for healthy aging.
- Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk
PubMed ID: 23298335
Large elderly cohort: higher dietary phylloquinone associated with decreases in multiple markers linked to 'inflammaging' and metabolic dysfunction — plausible healthy‑aging benefit.
- Menatetrenone ameliorates osteopenia in disuse-affected limbs of vitamin D- and K-deficient stroke patients
PubMed ID: 9737352
MK-4 increased BMD in paralyzed limbs after stroke—suggests benefit for bone health in older/fragile populations.
- The prevention of hip fracture with menatetrenone and risedronate plus calcium supplementation in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21778673
In elderly Alzheimer patients adding K2 reduced fractures and increased BMD—relevant to healthier aging outcomes.
- Vitamin K status in healthy volunteers
PubMed ID: 24296867
Showed age‑related increases in dp‑ucMGP and differential response to MK‑7 supplementation, relevant to aging‑related K deficiency.
- Menatetrenone versus alfacalcidol in the treatment of Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, double-dummy, positive drug-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24426779
Vitamin K2 improved BMD and bone markers in randomized trial — skeletal benefits relevant to healthy aging and frailty prevention.
- Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women
PubMed ID: 40077685
MK‑7 improved vascular stiffness (aging marker) and vitamin K status in postmenopausal women.
- Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 23525894
Three‑year MK‑7 trial preserved spine/femoral neck BMD and bone strength — supports aspects of healthy aging (musculoskeletal preservation).
- Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women
PubMed ID: 23702931
MK‑4 reduced pentosidine (a glycation marker) and prevented forearm bone loss — relevant to aging of connective tissues.
Pregnancy support (14)
- Oral supplementation of vitamin K for pregnant women and effects on levels of plasma vitamin K and PIVKA-II in the neonate
PubMed ID: 2388129
Maternal VK (K1/K2) supplementation raised maternal and cord levels and prevented infant PIVKA‑II positivity.
- Menaquinone-4 in breast milk is derived from dietary phylloquinone
PubMed ID: 12064330
Maternal oral K1 raised both phylloquinone and MK‑4 in breast milk, showing maternal intake increases infant supply — relevant to perinatal vitamin K status.
- Placental transfer of vitamin K1 in preterm pregnancy
PubMed ID: 2304704
Maternal VK1 supplementation produced large maternal rises but limited placental transfer — relevant for prenatal dosing strategy.
- Vitamin K to neonates. Peroral versus intramuscular administration
PubMed ID: 2035325
Large trial showing 1 mg oral at birth comparable to IM for preventing neonatal VK deficiency markers.
- Effects of oral and intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis on vitamin K1, PIVKA-II, and clotting factors in breast fed infants
PubMed ID: 1444522
Single neonatal VK dose raised infant VK1 but effect waned by 3 months — important perinatal dosing insight.
- The effect of formula versus breast feeding and exogenous vitamin K1 supplementation on circulating levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in newborns
PubMed ID: 8444211
Breastfed infants have low VK1 unless supplemented/formula fed; informs neonatal nutrition and prevention.
- Vitamin K in breast milk: no influence of maternal dietary intake
PubMed ID: 8458317
Maternal low‑dose supplementation did not increase breast‑milk VK1 — relevant to maternal supplementation choices.
- Effect of oral water soluble vitamin K on PIVKA-II levels in newborns
PubMed ID: 8635828
Oral water‑soluble injectable VK lowered neonatal deficiency markers nearly as well as IM (neonatal care relevance).
- [Level of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in premature infants and the influence of maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 on their activity]
PubMed ID: 16412352
Antenatal vitamin K1 improved neonatal coagulation and substantially reduced PIVH — clear prenatal/neonatal protective effect.
- Vitamin K prophylaxis for preterm infants: a randomized, controlled trial of 3 regimens
PubMed ID: 17101711
Newborn vitamin K dosing/routes study identifies regimens that maintain adequate K1 without epoxide accumulation — relevant to neonatal prophylaxis/regimen choice.
- The combined antenatal corticosteroids and vitamin K therapy for preventing periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns less than 35 weeks gestation
PubMed ID: 16751657
Maternal corticosteroid+vitamin K reduced newborn PIVH incidence — clinically meaningful prenatal outcome (combination therapy).
- Maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 results in increasing the activities of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in umbilical blood and in decreasing the incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants
PubMed ID: 16519625
Maternal vitamin K before preterm birth increased neonatal clotting factor activities and lowered PIVH incidence and severity — strong prenatal benefit.
- Antenatal administration of vitamin K1: relationship to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants; Egyptian randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23998788
Antenatal vitamin K1 increased neonatal clotting factor activity and reduced PIVH in preterm infants — strong prenatal/perinatal benefit.
- Three Different Regimens for Vitamin K Birth Prophylaxis in Infants Born Preterm: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 36343740
Neonatal IM vitamin K dose trial in very preterm/VLBW infants showed 0.5–1.0 mg achieved durable vitamin K sufficiency by day 28 — relevant to perinatal vitamin K prophylaxis and newborn safety.
Metabolism (10)
- The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on dp-ucMGP, PIVKAII, inflammatory markers, and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 35365594
Trial in T2DM showed MK‑7 improved PIVKA‑II and some inflammatory markers within treatment group — directly in a metabolic disease population.
- Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin resistance in older men and women
PubMed ID: 18697901
Randomized trial showed modest reduction in fasting insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) in older men but not women → sex‑specific metabolic effect.
- The Effects of Calcium, Vitamins D and K co-Supplementation on Markers of Insulin Metabolism and Lipid Profiles in Vitamin D-Deficient Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed ID: 28407660
Randomized trial (vitamin D + calcium + K) in vitamin D‑deficient PCOS women — clear improvements in insulin, HOMA‑IR and triglycerides.
- The Effects of Vitamin D-K-Calcium Co-Supplementation on Endocrine, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Vitamin D-Deficient Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 27050252
D+K+Ca in vitamin D‑deficient women with PCOS reduced free testosterone/DHEAS and improved antioxidant markers—metabolic/endocrine effects.
- Dietary phylloquinone intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in elderly subjects at high risk of cardiovascular disease
PubMed ID: 23034962
Prospective data show higher dietary phylloquinone associated with substantially lower incident type 2 diabetes — direct and clinically relevant to metabolic balance.
- The effects of vitamin D, K and calcium co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic status in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with CHD
PubMed ID: 27198036
D+K+Ca improved insulin, HOMA‑IR, β‑cell function and HDL in overweight diabetic patients with CHD.
- Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk
PubMed ID: 23298335
Observed substantial longitudinal reductions in incretins/adipokines (GLP‑1, GIP, leptin, visfatin) and PAI‑1 with increased dietary phylloquinone — directly relevant to metabolic markers.
- Glycemic control improvement in individuals with type 2 diabetes with vitamin K(2) supplementation: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33159574
12-week MK-7 RCT in T2D lowered fasting glucose and HbA1c — direct evidence for metabolic (glucose) benefits of vitamin K2.
- The effect of vitamin K1 supplementation on sensitivity and insulin resistance via osteocalcin in prediabetic women: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 25782427
4‑week vitamin K1 RCT in prediabetic women improved osteocalcin carboxylation and 2‑hr glucose/insulin sensitivity — direct metabolic benefit evidence.
- The effect of vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 37552330
Randomized trial of vitamin K4 in T2D showed significant reductions in fasting insulin, HOMA‑IR and triglycerides — direct metabolic benefit.
Brain health (5)
- The combined antenatal corticosteroids and vitamin K therapy for preventing periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns less than 35 weeks gestation
PubMed ID: 16751657
Combined corticosteroid+vitamin K antenatal therapy substantially reduced PIVH — brain hemorrhage outcome implicates brain support in neonates.
- Antenatal administration of vitamin K1: relationship to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants; Egyptian randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23998788
Antenatal vitamin K1 raised neonatal clotting factor activity and reduced PIVH in preterm infants — neuroprotection via reduced hemorrhage.
- Maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 results in increasing the activities of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in umbilical blood and in decreasing the incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants
PubMed ID: 16519625
Maternal vitamin K raised neonatal clotting factors and lowered PIVH incidence/severity — relevant to neonatal brain protection.
- [Level of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in premature infants and the influence of maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 on their activity]
PubMed ID: 16412352
Antenatal vitamin K1 reduced neonatal peri/intraventricular hemorrhage — direct neuroprotective effect via reduced bleeding risk.
- Effect of vitamin K2 administration on depression status in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 35883082
MK‑7 (90 µg/day) RCT in women with PCOS showed a modest but significant improvement in depression (BDI-II) vs placebo — direct neuropsychiatric signal.
Joint mobility (4)
- Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 23525894
Preserved BMD and bone strength over 3 years could translate to improved mobility in older adults (indirect).
- Vitamin K2 in Managing Nocturnal Leg Cramps: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39466236
Large RCT: MK‑7 markedly reduced nocturnal leg cramps (less cramping supports improved mobility/function).
- The prevention of hip fracture with menatetrenone and risedronate plus calcium supplementation in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21778673
Fracture reduction and increased BMD in elderly patients likely translate to improved mobility/functional outcomes (indirect clinical inference).
- Vitamin K2 as a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients: A prospective multicenter, randomized, controlled, crossover pilot trial
PubMed ID: 35203045
K2 reduced dialysis-associated muscle cramps frequency/duration/severity → direct functional/mobility benefit in symptomatic patients.
Immune support (3)
- Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk
PubMed ID: 23298335
Observational study: increased dietary phylloquinone associated with large longitudinal reductions in IL‑6, TNF and other pro‑inflammatory markers — direct link to inflammation/immune signaling.
- Menaquinone-7 as a novel pharmacological therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical study
PubMed ID: 26073022
MK‑7 supplementation in RA reduced inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) and disease activity, suggesting immune‑modulating/inflammation benefits.
- Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39861434
RCT of MK‑7+D3 in long COVID showed reduced symptom burden and decreases in inflammatory/translocation markers — direct immune/inflammation signal.
Joint comfort (3)
- Vitamin K2 in Managing Nocturnal Leg Cramps: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39466236
MK‑7 RCT reduced nocturnal leg cramp frequency/severity (muscle/joint comfort relevance).
- Matrix Gla protein polymorphism, but not concentrations, is associated with radiographic hand osteoarthritis
PubMed ID: 21724703
MGP (vitamin‑K–dependent) gene variants associated with markedly lower hand osteoarthritis odds — suggests vitamin K pathway relevance to joint pathology.
- Menaquinone-7 as a novel pharmacological therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical study
PubMed ID: 26073022
Small RCT in rheumatoid arthritis found MK‑7 reduced DAS28‑ESR and inflammatory markers, indicating improved joint symptoms.
Skin health (3)
- Wound healing effects of topical Vitamin K: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31142943
Topical 1% vitamin K cream accelerated wound contraction after electrocautery — direct skin/healing benefit.
- Evaluation of EGFR inhibitor-mediated acneiform skin toxicity within the double-blind randomized EVITA trial: A thorough gender-specific analysis using the WoMo score
PubMed ID: 31199595
Topical vitamin K1 cream reduced EGFR‑inhibitor rash severity in women — direct dermatologic benefit.
- EVITA-a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, randomized phase II trial of vitamin K1 cream as prophylaxis for cetuximab-induced skin toxicity
PubMed ID: 29360920
Topical vitamin K1 cream in cetuximab patients did not reduce rash incidence but reduced severity by secondary measures from week 5 onward—direct topical K evidence for skin outcomes.
Skin repair (1)
- Wound healing effects of topical Vitamin K: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31142943
Randomized trial showed topical vitamin K accelerated wound area reduction and tended to shorten healing time.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Vitamin K
Search all5179 products whose verified label declares Vitamin K — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.