Alanine

PubMed ID: 20002471

Large epidemiologic analysis focused on ALT clustering with metabolic syndrome—very relevant to liver biomarker interpretation.

PubMed ID: 19179968

Peginterferon study reports ALT as a key biochemical endpoint—directly liver-related.

PubMed ID: 19500693

Chronic hepatitis B trial where ALT normalization and histologic response predicted fewer liver complications—highly liver-specific.

PubMed ID: 19556318

Study documents frequent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations with trabectedin—directly relevant to liver enzyme outcomes.

PubMed ID: 11169074

Direct measurement of plasma alanine rise after major liver resection and correlation with hepatic failure duration—strongest alanine‑related liver signal in dataset.

PubMed ID: 9819447

Interferon plus ribavirin improved ALT normalization and virologic cure in HCV — clear liver-function benefit.

PubMed ID: 9836109

Higher‑dose interferon for 12 months improved long-term HCV RNA loss and ALT outcomes — relevant to liver function.

PubMed ID: 9860407

Ribavirin+interferon markedly improved ALT normalization in HCV nonresponders — clear liver-function outcome (therapeutic trial).

PubMed ID: 9654535

Lamivudine produced substantial ALT normalization and histologic improvement in chronic HBV — directly relevant to liver function (drug study).

PubMed ID: 9537864

Metadoxine RCT markedly improved ALT and fatty liver on ultrasound — strong liver-function signal (though not an alanine supplement trial).

PubMed ID: 9857348

Long-term follow-up showing interferon responders often keep ALT improvements — liver-function relevance.

PubMed ID: 9551672

Phlebotomy reduced ALT in chronic HCV patients — direct improvement in a liver enzyme marker.

PubMed ID: 9406129

Direct measurement: short-term TPN raised free hepatic alanine concentrations — directly relevant to hepatic amino-acid handling and metabolism.

PubMed ID: 7712308

UDCA treatment caused substantial ALT reductions in HCV‑related liver disease—directly relevant to liver enzyme improvement (not alanine supplementation).

PubMed ID: 7843696

Extending interferon to 52 weeks increased sustained ALT normalization and reduced relapse — important liver outcome.

PubMed ID: 8006395

Sequential prednisone/interferon normalized ALT and cleared virus in many children — clear effect on liver biochemistry via therapy.

PubMed ID: 2127787

Interferon reduced ALT in many treated patients with dose-related histologic effects (hepatitis therapy context).

PubMed ID: 1975819

Large randomized trial: UDCA produced consistent improvements in ALT, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase.

PubMed ID: 19783106

HCV status influenced transaminases, complicating biomarker use in alcohol treatment seekers—relevant to liver enzyme interpretation.

PubMed ID: 19231993

HBV DNA/ALT predicted hepatic flares after ART initiation—high relevance to liver disease and ALT dynamics.

PubMed ID: 19567023

Herbal + lamivudine improved ALT normalization and viral/serologic responses in chronic hepatitis B—direct liver outcome data.

PubMed ID: 19320234

HCV polymerase inhibitor trial reported dose-dependent viral suppression but limited by GI intolerance and liver enzyme rises—direct ALT relevance.

PubMed ID: 19519822

Ischemic preconditioning before transplant reduced AST/ALT and histologic injury in marginal grafts—relevant to hepatic protection strategies.

PubMed ID: 19958646

Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate reduced ALT/AST in chronic liver disease—direct clinical liver benefit data (not alanine).

PubMed ID: 19995932

Atazanavir PK correlated with ALT and acute-phase proteins—relevant to drug-liver enzyme interactions.

PubMed ID: 19103558

Silymarin trial measured ALT and oxidative stress markers in hepatitis C—directly liver-focused.

PubMed ID: 19721013

Transfusion-dependent children: ferritin and ALT relations highlight liver iron injury—relevant to liver function assessment.

PubMed ID: 19352587

Petit phlebotomy plus glycyrrhizin led to significant ALT and ferritin reductions in HCV patients—direct liver improvement data.

PubMed ID: 19214120

Nevirapine dosing trial compared hepatotoxicity event-free rates using ALT/AST—directly liver-safety relevant.

PubMed ID: 2127786

Interferon alfa‑2b reduced aminotransferases and improved histology during therapy—liver‑related evidence.

PubMed ID: 39920583

Reduced glutathione with entecavir resulted in marked ALT normalization and improved fibrosis markers—strong hepatic benefit (not alanine supplement).

PubMed ID: 39861457

Probiotic BC99 improved AST and inflammatory markers in long-term drinkers, reflecting better liver-related inflammation/function.

PubMed ID: 40877731

Ellagic acid plus diet produced large reductions in hepatic fat and ALT—direct liver-function improvements.

PubMed ID: 41366779

Selected probiotic (LL001) significantly lowered ALT/AST and improved coagulation parameters in MASLD patients.

PubMed ID: 39009085

Bulevirtide reduced HDV RNA and ALT in chronic hepatitis delta — clear liver enzyme improvement.

PubMed ID: 39158565

Large cohort: ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels strongly associated with all‑cause mortality — direct clinical relevance to liver/alanine biology.

PubMed ID: 37161582

Prophylactic terlipressin during transplant reduced peak ALT and clinical postreperfusion syndrome — direct reduction in liver injury markers.

PubMed ID: 37526089

Perioperative dexamethasone reduced integrated postoperative ALT/AST exposure (AUC) and inflammatory markers after hepatectomy — direct liver enzyme benefit.

PubMed ID: 36912445

Pre‑donation lifestyle intervention lowered perioperative ALT/AST peaks and improved graft regeneration — clinically relevant liver outcomes.

PubMed ID: 37102655

Ulinastatin RCT in septic liver abscess reduced ALT/AST and sped recovery — direct improvement in liver enzyme markers.

PubMed ID: 37667938

High‑dose vitamin D reduced liver enzymes and inflammation in NAFLD — moderate‑strong liver benefit (not alanine supplement).

PubMed ID: 37855891

DASH diet RCT produced significant reductions in hepatic steatosis/fibrosis and ALT — reasonably direct liver‑support evidence (dietary intervention).

PubMed ID: 35725922

Licogliflozin 150 mg produced large, significant ALT reductions and liver‑fat decreases in NASH patients — strong liver‑function signal.

PubMed ID: 34431493

FGF21 analogue markedly reduced liver fat fraction and improved lipid markers; strong hepatic benefit.

PubMed ID: 35822553

Fenofibrate in PSC markedly lowered ALP and ALT — strong liver‑enzyme results (small sample but large % changes).

PubMed ID: 35567757

Bicyclol markedly accelerated ALT decline in DILI — strong liver enzyme improvement (drug intervention).

PubMed ID: 35421019

Camelina sativa oil trial improved ALT and other liver/metabolic markers in NAFLD — direct liver benefit evidence.

PubMed ID: 35993161

FGFR1/KLB agonist produced dose‑dependent, substantial liver‑fat reductions and improved liver enzymes in NAFLD subgroup.

PubMed ID: 35973188

Freshwater‑fish diet RCT produced substantial liver‑fat and ALT/GGT improvements in NAFLD — directly relevant to liver function outcomes.

PubMed ID: 34382947

AXA1125 (amino‑acid combination) reduced liver fat (MRI‑PDFF) and improved ALT/HOMA‑IR—direct hepatic benefit from amino‑acid therapy.

PubMed ID: 34528723

Pemafibrate in NAFLD lowered ALT and liver stiffness—strong liver‑direct evidence (drug, not alanine).

PubMed ID: 33105552

Alanine‑containing glutathione‑precursor supplements increased erythrocyte GSH and antioxidant vitamins—mechanistically relevant to hepatic antioxidant capacity and liver health (small study, surrogate endpoints).

PubMed ID: 32020523

Zinc + calorie restriction modestly lowered ALT and waist size in NAFLD — direct liver enzyme improvement.

PubMed ID: 24763885

Hypocaloric diets reduced ALT, AST and GGT in obese NAFLD patients — robust human liver enzyme improvements.

PubMed ID: 23415907

Total glucosides of paeony markedly reduced ALT/AST‑defined hepatotoxicity—direct hepatoprotective evidence (ALT is alanine aminotransferase).

PubMed ID: 19947262

Acupuncture trial in NASH produced ALT and lipid improvements—direct liver disease relevance.

PubMed ID: 19663098

Herbal powder plus abdominal reinfusion improved LFTs in ascites patients—relevant to liver function in advanced disease.

PubMed ID: 20038326

Long-term entecavir produced sustained viral suppression and high rates of ALT normalization—strong liver disease outcome relevance.

PubMed ID: 19065670

Entecavir vs adefovir trial reported ALT normalization along with potent viral suppression—high liver-specific relevance.

PubMed ID: 19473593

Pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers, directly relevant to metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 21336131

Alanyl‑glutamine decreased infection rates and insulin requirements and modestly improved glycemia — indicates metabolic stabilization in critically ill patients.

PubMed ID: 23198915

PCOS metabolomics showed consistent alanine alterations across phenotypes, indicating alanine is involved in systemic metabolic balance (observational).

PubMed ID: 22834281

Alanine contributes to gluconeogenesis and nitrogen balance; dipeptide intervention improved perioperative metabolic/biomarker outcomes.

PubMed ID: 26228675

Fenofibrate lowered neurotoxic 1‑deoxy‑sphingolipids that arise from alanine utilization by SPT—this suggests modulation of an alanine-linked metabolic pathway contributing to metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 25933498

30 g/day L‑alanine caused a measurable change in gut microbiota F/B ratio — microbiota changes often modulate metabolic homeostasis.

PubMed ID: 26791187

Large dietary trials linked reductions in plasma alanine and other AAs to improved insulin resistance and metabolic markers (observational/interventional diet context).

PubMed ID: 26887663

Metformin produced sustained, specific increases in plasma alanine and changes in other AAs — evidence of altered systemic metabolic balance involving alanine.

PubMed ID: 27881338

Plasma metabolomics showed increased alanine and other metabolites after the intervention indicating shifts in metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 28385919

Tracer study during energy deficit/refeeding informs alanine's role in whole‑body metabolic recovery and protein/energy balance.

PubMed ID: 29957886

Liraglutide/metformin RCT showed metabolic improvements including ALT and fat mass — relevant to metabolic balance context though not alanine supplementation.

PubMed ID: 29728717

Large observational cohort found higher alanine associated with lower microvascular risk and favorable metabolic associations in diabetes.

PubMed ID: 31235103

Large prospective cohort found dietary alanine intake associated with small increases in triglycerides and LDL-C, showing alanine intake can affect metabolic/lipid balance (observational; direction may be adverse).

PubMed ID: 31600930

Plasma and urine metabolomics showed alanine levels vary with dietary pattern, indicating alanine involvement in systemic metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 32060497

Strong observational evidence that higher plasma alanine associates with insulin resistance and incident T2D, implicating alanine in broader metabolic balance (associative, not intervention).

PubMed ID: 34382947

AXA1125 (amino‑acid combination) reduced liver fat and improved HOMA‑IR—direct metabolic balance evidence.

PubMed ID: 33676366

Alanine carbon isotope ratio tracked added‑sugar intake and indicated systemic metabolic changes — supports a role in metabolic balance (biomarker/physiology).

PubMed ID: 35487505

L. plantarum reduced visceral fat, ALT and HOMA‑IR — clear metabolic‑balance benefits relevant to alanine's metabolic context.

PubMed ID: 34431493

FGF21 analog produced large, clinically meaningful improvements in triglycerides, liver fat and HDL — strong metabolic‑balance effect.

PubMed ID: 35725922

Licogliflozin reduced liver fat, ALT and body weight — favorable metabolic effects in NASH patients.

PubMed ID: 36974349

Dual GCGR/GLP‑1 agonist induced substantial weight loss and decreased plasma alanine — strong metabolic effect, but drug‑mediated not alanine supplementation.

PubMed ID: 38393377

Pemafibrate substantially improved TG and lowered ALT/GGT in MetS patients — meaningful metabolic improvements (indirect to alanine).

PubMed ID: 41021739

Strong evidence: plasma alanine elevated in T2D and associated with harmful lipids; exercise reduced adverse metabolites — directly ties alanine to metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 39950742

Dietary anthocyanins improved lipid/inflammatory markers and decreased circulating alanine, supporting diet‑alanine–metabolism links.

PubMed ID: 40877731

Ellagic acid plus hypocaloric diet reduced hepatic fat, stiffness and ALT — direct metabolic improvements in MASLD patients.

PubMed ID: 41599913

Direct measurement of serum alanine and BCAAs in a dietary intervention — strongly informative about alanine's role in metabolic amino-acid balance.

PubMed ID: 9372379

Amino‑acid nutrition achieved faster metabolic/nitrogen equilibrium vs alternatives, supporting systemic metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 9434700

Parenteral amino‑acid support improved nitrogen balance and biochemical markers after major stress, indicating contribution to metabolic stabilization.

PubMed ID: 7549296

Randomized trial showed clinically meaningful reduction in stool output with an L‑alanine+glucose ORS, indicating benefit for fluid/electrolyte and metabolic balance in diarrheal infants.

PubMed ID: 1975819

UDCA trial changed liver enzymes and bile acid metabolism in cholestatic disease — systemic metabolic improvements though not alanine supplementation.

PubMed ID: 34812127

Direct metabolic intervention lowered plasma alanine and shifted metabolism toward ketogenesis and higher acylcarnitines.

PubMed ID: 9406129

Demonstrated increases in hepatic free alanine under TPN — consistent with an active role of alanine in systemic metabolic balance (gluconeogenesis/amino-acid pool).

PubMed ID: 9537864

Metadoxine randomized trial produced clear improvement in liver enzymes and steatosis — directly relevant to metabolic/liver balance (though not an alanine supplement).

PubMed ID: 14757388

Improved nitrogen balance and albumin suggest beneficial metabolic effects in catabolic postoperative patients.

PubMed ID: 16723246

Direct myocardial alanine observations reflect shifts in local metabolic balance and alanine's role in metabolic recovery.

PubMed ID: 17488363

Direct metabolomics evidence of altered alanine and other amino acids after rosiglitazone indicates involvement in systemic metabolic balance.

PubMed ID: 18834718

Exercise‑related alanine shifts indicate a role in systemic metabolic balance during/after exertion.

PubMed ID: 20002471

Large study linking ALT with metabolic syndrome components—strongly relevant to metabolic balance context.

PubMed ID: 19390327

Switching ART (lopinavir→atazanavir) produced substantial triglyceride improvements—relevant to metabolic profile.

PubMed ID: 19947262

Acupuncture trial in NASH documented improvements in liver enzymes and lipids—relevant to metabolic balance (non-pharmacologic intervention).

PubMed ID: 17488363

Rosiglitazone produced rapid changes in plasma alanine in T2DM patients, linking alanine metabolism to drug-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity (strongest indirect metabolic link).

PubMed ID: 29728717

Large cohort: higher baseline alanine associated with lower microvascular risk in T2DM and relates to metabolic/glucose pathways (observational).

PubMed ID: 29957886

Liraglutide/metformin RCT in T2DM with NAFLD produced substantial weight and glycemic improvements — relevant to glucose balance in clinical settings, but not alanine supplementation.

PubMed ID: 26887663

Metformin raised plasma alanine and altered aromatic amino acids independent of weight/IR, linking alanine shifts to glucose‑related metabolic effects.

PubMed ID: 26791187

Large diet trials showed reductions in plasma alanine associated with improved insulin resistance and glycaemic measures (associative evidence).

PubMed ID: 23494740

Chromium chloride improved insulin sensitivity and insulin responsivity in type 2 diabetes — directly relevant to glucose balance (not alanine).

PubMed ID: 22834281

Alanine is gluconeogenic; dipeptide infusion supplies alanine which can support glucose availability in stress states.

PubMed ID: 23198915

Large metabolomics study: higher alanine accompanied phenotype‑specific lower glucose in PCOS, suggesting alanine links to glucose metabolism (observational).

PubMed ID: 21336131

Alanyl‑glutamine supplementation in TPN reduced insulin requirements for comparable glycemia and modestly lowered mean plasmatic glycemia.

PubMed ID: 19473593

Pioglitazone trial showed clear improvements in insulin sensitivity—directly relevant to glucose balance (no alanine tested).

PubMed ID: 20002471

Large epidemiologic analysis showing ALT clusters with fasting glucose and metabolic syndrome components; relevant to glucose/metabolic context.

PubMed ID: 14594526

Pioglitazone produced clear improvements in HbA1c and metabolic parameters — directly relevant to glucose balance (drug therapy, not alanine).

PubMed ID: 12145174

PPAR-γ Ala12 variant associated with altered diabetes risk—direct link between an alanine substitution and glucose regulation.

PubMed ID: 9406129

Increased free hepatic alanine (gluconeogenic substrate) during TPN suggests a role in maintaining glucose via gluconeogenesis.

PubMed ID: 34812127

Akkermansia lowered plasma alanine and shifted metabolic profile toward ketogenesis — pertinent to glucose/energy metabolism.

PubMed ID: 35487860

Reducing sedentary time improved fasting insulin — direct metabolic/insulin effect relevant to glucose balance.

PubMed ID: 35725922

Licogliflozin (SGLT1/2 inhibitor) produced robust body‑weight and liver‑fat reductions and lowered ALT — drug improved metabolic/glucose‑related outcomes.

PubMed ID: 41021739

Direct associations reported between l‑alanine (and d‑alanine) and fasting glucose/HOMA‑IR; exercise reduced related harmful lipids in T2D.

PubMed ID: 41599913

Direct measurement of serum alanine decreases on a ketogenic diet — highlights alanine's role in glucose/ amino-acid metabolism (gluconeogenic substrate); fairly relevant.

PubMed ID: 33676366

Alanine carbon isotope ratio (CIRAla) was sensitive to sugar intake; alanine is a key gluconeogenic precursor, so this supports a role in glucose metabolism (biomarker + physiology).

PubMed ID: 34382947

AXA1125 (multi‑AA) improved HOMA‑IR and liver fat—direct evidence for glucose/insulin effects from amino‑acid therapy.

PubMed ID: 32060497

Large metabolomics cohort: higher circulating alanine strongly predicted future type 2 diabetes and correlated with higher insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) — a robust association relevant to glucose balance (observational; does not prove supplementation effect).

PubMed ID: 17573745

L-alanyl–L-glutamine infusion directly supplies alanine (and glutamine), delivering amino acid building blocks used in tissue repair and recovery.

PubMed ID: 8875516

Alanyl‑glutamine infusion directly supplies alanine (and glutamine) as amino‑acid building blocks and raised circulating glutamine.

PubMed ID: 9434700

Parenteral amino acids preserved plasma alanine and improved nitrogen balance—direct evidence that supplied amino acids serve as building blocks post‑surgery.

PubMed ID: 9372379

Comparative amino‑acid feeding restored/prevented depletion of amino‑acid pools and improved nutritional markers—supports the role of amino acids as substrates for synthesis.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Alanyl‑glutamine is an amino‑acid source in TPN with demonstrated clinical benefits — direct support as a building block supply.

PubMed ID: 11169074

Demonstrates large mobilization of alanine after tissue stress—consistent with its role as an available amino‑acid building block during recovery.

PubMed ID: 14757388

The intervention was L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine — directly supplies alanine (and glutamine) as amino‑acid building blocks.

PubMed ID: 15896432

Alanine-containing placebo increased total body protein and lean mass in cachectic patients — supports provision of amino-acid substrate for protein synthesis.

PubMed ID: 15811769

BCAA granules are amino-acid supplements that supported albumin recovery after surgery — demonstrates that amino-acid supplementation can supply building blocks (not alanine-specific).

PubMed ID: 16723246

Measured tissue free alanine — direct evidence that alanine is present in tissues and available as an amino‑acid building block.

PubMed ID: 16562807

Alanyl‑glutamine PN directly supplies alanine (and glutamine) — the clearest direct evidence that alanine can be delivered therapeutically, despite lack of clinical effect in this trial.

PubMed ID: 17535636

Glutamine–alanine dipeptide provided alanine as part of parenteral nutrition in severe TBI, supplying fundamental amino acid substrates.

PubMed ID: 17571315

IV amino‑acid nutrition directly supplies alanine and other AAs—strong evidence that supplementation provides building blocks for protein synthesis.

PubMed ID: 19801932

Direct study of IV L‑alanine–L‑glutamine dipeptide — directly supplies alanine (and glutamine) as amino-acid building blocks.

PubMed ID: 19382426

Glutamine-enriched TPN preserved GSH/albumin post-op — demonstrates provision of key amino acids in nutrition support (alanine not primary but related).

PubMed ID: 19172131

Alanine was administered as an isonitrogenous comparator in neonatal enteral supplementation—direct link to alanine as an amino-acid input.

PubMed ID: 20819421

An amino-acid supplement that included alanine was administered peri-exercise and produced measurable anthropometric changes—strongest direct evidence that alanine was supplied as a building-block in humans within the dataset.

PubMed ID: 21336131

Alanyl‑glutamine supplies alanine (and glutamine) directly as parenteral amino acid substrates, supporting the role of alanine as a building block.

PubMed ID: 21499196

Direct: intervention was alanyl‑glutamine (alanine‑containing dipeptide) administered IV — clearly provides alanine moiety as building block, even though clinical endpoints were negative.

PubMed ID: 20861716

Theramine is explicitly an amino‑acid medical food and therefore directly supplies amino acid substrates (strongest direct evidence among listed studies for amino‑acid provision).

PubMed ID: 22834281

Direct administration of L‑alanine (as alanine–glutamine dipeptide) supplies amino‑acid substrates for synthesis.

PubMed ID: 24500111

β-alanine is an amino acid supplement; while it is a different isomer from L‑alanine, it is an amino‑acid building block and relevant to that benefit.

PubMed ID: 25933498

30 g/day L‑alanine supplement was administered as a control and changed gut microbiota — direct human exposure to L‑alanine demonstrating systemic availability.

PubMed ID: 26887663

Metformin produced a clear, sustained increase in plasma alanine — direct evidence about systemic alanine availability (relevant to 'providing' alanine pools).

PubMed ID: 27271658

Directly measured serum alanine changes with nutritional infusions during dialysis — strong direct evidence of how interventions alter alanine availability.

PubMed ID: 27881338

Plasma alanine significantly increased after the intervention (direct evidence of elevated alanine pool).

PubMed ID: 28910200

β-alanine is an amino acid used for carnosine synthesis—direct evidence that supplementation provides substrate for molecular building (carnosine).

PubMed ID: 28980034

Direct clinical supplementation with L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine increased plasma alanine/glutamine — strong direct evidence that alanine is supplied as a building block.

PubMed ID: 28385919

Tracer study directly addresses alanine flux into whole‑body amino acid/protein pools — supports role as building block.

PubMed ID: 30742692

Direct measurement of skeletal muscle alanine indicates availability of alanine as an amino-acid substrate in muscle; evidence is observational.

PubMed ID: 33105552

Alanine was a component of glutathione precursor supplements that led to increased cellular GSH and vitamin levels—demonstrates alanine's utility within supplemental amino‑acid formulations.

PubMed ID: 32114728

Study administered alanine–glutamine dipeptide, directly supplying amino-acid substrates in critically ill burn patients.

PubMed ID: 33565558

Direct measurement: serum alanine increased following symbiotic intervention — clear evidence of altered alanine availability (most directly relevant study in the dataset).

PubMed ID: 33369879

Physiologically alanine is a nonessential amino acid and part of whole‑body protein turnover; the tracer study directly addresses amino acid flux and building‑block roles.

PubMed ID: 35977911

Beta‑alanine supplementation produced a robust +54% increase in muscle carnosine, directly demonstrating provision of amino‑acid building blocks for dipeptide synthesis.

PubMed ID: 36397118

Enteral amino‑acid supplement increased muscle volume and markers in ICU patients — shows amino acids can act as building blocks (although alanine reportedly not included in that specific mixture).

PubMed ID: 35684157

Study administered a mixture that included alanine; by definition it provided amino acid substrates and showed some functional cognitive/motivational changes.

PubMed ID: 35987956

Direct measurement of plasma alanine — highest direct link to the pool of amino‑acid building blocks.

PubMed ID: 35227132

Direct measurement of alanine increase after exercise demonstrates availability of alanine as an amino acid building block and metabolic substrate.

PubMed ID: 38892699

Direct: the tested hydration powder explicitly contained L‑alanine and other amino acids — clear provision of amino‑acid building blocks (safety study only).

PubMed ID: 38833442

Measured circulating alanine (higher in non‑survivors) indicating shifts in free amino acid pools—relevant to amino acid availability.

PubMed ID: 38609170

Clear longitudinal changes in alanine concentration indicate altered availability of alanine as a substrate for protein synthesis.

PubMed ID: 40586833

Perioperative metabolomics showed clinically meaningful decreases in serum alanine after major surgery — directly documents alanine as a measured amino‑acid substrate.

PubMed ID: 40527514

Probiotic RCT increased certain SCFAs and altered amino‑acid handling postprandially — supports altered amino‑acid/substrate availability including alanine indirectly.

PubMed ID: 40690028

Acute crossover study quantified postprandial alanine iAUC and found robust differences by weight, directly measuring alanine availability.

PubMed ID: 35227132

Study directly correlated exercise‑induced increases in alanine (among other AA) with improved cognitive test performance, implying a brain energy/precursor role.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Perioperative L‑alanine–L‑glutamine dipeptide provides gluconeogenic alanine and improved hemodynamic/biomarker outcomes consistent with energy substrate support.

PubMed ID: 21847611

Increases in muscle carnosine (H+ buffer) are strongly linked to reduced fatigue during high-intensity exercise.

PubMed ID: 20386120

Beta-alanine is mechanistically linked to reduced muscle acidosis/fatigue; trial showed improved exercise capacity (supports reduced fatigue).

PubMed ID: 41197688

Diet-associated microbiota changes increased brain alanine in mice and linked to behavioral effects, indicating alanine's association with brain metabolites/energy (indirect).

PubMed ID: 41021739

Shows elevated plasma alanine in T2D and links to metabolic fuels; implies alanine involvement in systemic energy metabolism.

PubMed ID: 40010353

Performance benefits with beta-alanine are mechanistically consistent with reduced neuromuscular/metabolic fatigue during high-intensity efforts.

PubMed ID: 38609170

Longitudinal changes in plasma alanine with hormone therapy demonstrate systemic alanine pool shifts that can affect energy metabolism.

PubMed ID: 23595205

Beta-alanine increased total work and performance in high‑intensity intermittent tasks, consistent with reduced perceived/performance fatigue.

PubMed ID: 23832078

Improvements in physical working capacity in older adults after beta‑alanine imply less functional fatigue.

PubMed ID: 25289715

Improved repeated‑bout power output suggests delayed fatigue in high‑intensity exercise with β‑alanine+creatine.

PubMed ID: 24500111

Improved repeated‑effort performance implies reduced performance‑limiting fatigue (ergogenic benefit) with β‑alanine.

PubMed ID: 27271658

Intradialytic glucose infusion raised serum alanine and increased energy intake — indicates alanine links to metabolic/energy flux during nutrition support.

PubMed ID: 28910200

β-alanine trials demonstrated increased carnosine and reductions in exercise fatigue—direct evidence for fatigue attenuation.

PubMed ID: 28980034

L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine raised plasma alanine (substrate for gluconeogenesis) in trauma patients — plausible support for energy substrate/production (moderate direct evidence).

PubMed ID: 30742692

Baseline skeletal muscle alanine correlated moderately with gains in maximal power output after training (observational link to muscle energy metabolism).

PubMed ID: 28385919

Used [15N]alanine tracer in studies of whole‑body protein turnover and refeeding after energy deficit — supports alanine's role in gluconeogenesis/energy supply.

PubMed ID: 36839281

Randomized trial of β‑alanine (2.4 g/day) in older adults improved MoCA and reduced depressive symptoms — direct human evidence of cognitive/mood benefits implicating brain effects.

PubMed ID: 31438535

Combination including β-alanine lowered post‑exercise ammonia (a fatigue‑related marker) and was linked to performance benefits.

PubMed ID: 18834718

Physical fatigue lowered plasma alanine — supports a role for alanine in exercise fatigue and recovery dynamics.

PubMed ID: 16723246

Measured myocardial free alanine rise after reperfusion — direct evidence alanine is available as metabolic substrate in myocardium.

PubMed ID: 17194255

Beta‑alanine raised the neuromuscular fatigue threshold (direct evidence for reduced fatigue during exercise); relevance to L‑alanine is limited because this is beta‑alanine.

PubMed ID: 16953366

Beta-alanine ± creatine showed within-group improvements in endurance/fatigue-related outcomes, supporting a moderate likelihood of fatigue reduction.

PubMed ID: 17136944

Beta‑alanine is often linked to reduced fatigue during high‑intensity exercise; the combined supplement trial showed better performance outcomes consistent with that role (but creatine co‑administered).

PubMed ID: 16154544

D‑alanine adjunct improved schizophrenia symptoms (cognitive/negative domains included) — suggests central effects possibly via neurotransmitter/metabolic mechanisms tied to alanine, though not direct cerebral energy measurements.

PubMed ID: 9406129

Short-term TPN raised free hepatic alanine — direct evidence alanine increases hepatic substrate availability for gluconeogenesis/energy production.

PubMed ID: 34812127

Akkermansia intervention shifted metabolism toward ketogenesis (energy substrate change) and reduced plasma alanine.

PubMed ID: 32167001

Single oral D‑alanine accelerated recognition of negative facial emotions (acute CNS effect), suggesting central nervous system activity.

PubMed ID: 31959202

Supplement reduced ratings of perceived exertion and improved ability to sustain training, compatible with reduced physical fatigue.

PubMed ID: 33369879

Alanine was used as a 15N tracer in a HIIT+EAA trial to assess whole‑body protein turnover and muscle energy metabolism during/after exercise — supports role in gluconeogenesis/energy provision.

PubMed ID: 35206569

Supervised aerobic exercise produced significant improvements in physical and mental fatigue scores in CFS adolescents.

PubMed ID: 14757388

The trial reported improved nitrogen balance with L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine, indicating a role in nitrogen handling/transport during catabolic stress.

PubMed ID: 11169074

Marked post‑resection alanine increase correlated with hepatic dysfunction—consistent with alanine's known role transporting nitrogen from peripheral tissues to liver.

PubMed ID: 9406129

TPN increased hepatic alanine levels — supports alanine's metabolic role in the alanine cycle transporting nitrogen from muscle to liver.

PubMed ID: 9372379

Comparative amino‑acid nutrition improved nitrogen equilibrium, supporting the role of supplied amino acids (including alanine) in systemic nitrogen handling.

PubMed ID: 9434700

Parenteral amino acids produced better nitrogen balance and preserved plasma alanine, consistent with alanine’s physiological role in nitrogen shuttling (glucose–alanine cycle) in stressed infants.

PubMed ID: 16723246

Direct measurement of myocardial free alanine after reperfusion — alanine is a major nitrogen carrier (alanine cycle), so tissue changes support nitrogen transport role.

PubMed ID: 19172131

Alanine was used as an isonitrogenous placebo in neonatal nutrition, directly implicating its role as an amino-nitrogen carrier in study design.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Alanine is a primary carrier of nitrogen (alanine shuttle); the alanine–glutamine dipeptide directly supplies substrates for nitrogen transport.

PubMed ID: 27271658

Serum alanine changed with intradialytic interventions — supports alanine's role in carrying carbon/nitrogen between tissues (practical metabolic evidence).

PubMed ID: 28980034

L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine supplementation elevated plasma alanine/glutamine/citrulline in trauma patients — directly supports the glucose–alanine cycle and nitrogen shuttling in clinical settings.

PubMed ID: 28385919

Study used [15N]alanine tracer to measure whole‑body protein/nitrogen turnover — directly supports alanine's role in nitrogen transport (glucose‑alanine cycle).

PubMed ID: 32114728

Study administered alanine–glutamine dipeptide (a nitrogen shuttle) in burn patients; this directly relates to supplying amino-nitrogen and supporting nitrogen transport/metabolism.

PubMed ID: 33369879

Alanine used as a 15N tracer to assess whole‑body protein turnover — directly relevant to alanine's physiological role in carrying nitrogen from muscle to liver (alanine cycle).

PubMed ID: 35227132

Direct measurement: post‑exercise alanine rise supports its established role shuttling nitrogen from muscle to liver (glucose–alanine cycle).

PubMed ID: 17535636

Alanine is a central amino acid in nitrogen shuttling (alanine cycle); glutamine–alanine dipeptide used in critical care likely assists nitrogen transport/metabolism in ill patients (indirect evidence).

PubMed ID: 17571315

IV amino‑acid nutrition in septic patients directly changed plasma free amino acids (including alanine), reflecting impacts on amino‑nitrogen pools and transport.

PubMed ID: 18834718

Plasma alanine decline after exercise supports alanine's role transporting amino‑nitrogen from muscle to liver (glucose‑alanine cycle).

PubMed ID: 19801932

L‑alanine–L‑glutamine dipeptide is used clinically to deliver amino-nitrogen; alanine functions in nitrogen shuttling (alanine cycle).

PubMed ID: 22834281

Providing alanine (with glutamine) supplies amino‑acid substrate that can be used for protein synthesis in stressed patients.

PubMed ID: 9434700

Parenteral amino acids improved nitrogen balance and reduced markers of proteolysis after surgery—supports net protein anabolism when amino acids are supplied.

PubMed ID: 9372379

IV/enteral amino‑acid feeding led to faster nitrogen equilibrium and improved nutritional markers, consistent with enhanced protein synthesis potential.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Alanyl‑glutamine in TPN improved immune recovery and reduced complications, consistent with enhanced protein/nitrogen support.

PubMed ID: 11169074

Demonstrates large alanine flux post‑injury—supports the concept of alanine as an amino‑acid building block available during recovery, though not tested as supplement.

PubMed ID: 14757388

Significant improvements in nitrogen balance and higher albumin in the L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine group support anabolic/protein‑building effects.

PubMed ID: 15896432

Alanine-containing placebo increased total body protein and limb lean mass in rheumatoid cachexia — reasonable indirect evidence for supporting protein accrual.

PubMed ID: 17573745

Reduced wound complications and shorter hospital stay with alanyl–glutamine suggest improved tissue repair/protein synthesis during recovery.

PubMed ID: 17571315

Administration of amino‑acid–containing IV nutrition (including alanine) provides direct substrates for protein synthesis—strong mechanistic relevance.

PubMed ID: 21499196

Alanyl‑glutamine is an amino‑acid dipeptide (direct source of building blocks for protein synthesis) even though the study found no clinical benefit for mucositis.

PubMed ID: 27271658

Amino‑acid infusion raised serum albumin vs glucose infusion — indicates amino‑acid provision (including alanine shifts) can support protein status.

PubMed ID: 28980034

Providing alanyl‑glutamine raises substrate amino acids (alanine + glutamine) that can contribute to protein synthesis/recovery in catabolic patients.

PubMed ID: 28385919

Tracer measurements of net protein balance and refeeding after deficit give direct mechanistic relevance to alanine/protein metabolism.

PubMed ID: 33369879

EAA supplementation with HIIT maintained whole‑body protein synthesis; alanine tracer data supported measurement of anabolic/catabolic flux — relevant to protein accrual processes.

PubMed ID: 38892699

Directly contains amino acids including L‑alanine — strong mechanistic support for providing building blocks though no direct anabolic outcomes were measured.

PubMed ID: 40537743

BCAA infusion after liver surgery improved bilirubin, PT and clinical recovery — supports amino‑acid provision for protein synthesis and repair (not alanine specific).

PubMed ID: 9434700

Parenteral amino acids after infant heart surgery improved nitrogen balance and prevented the postoperative fall in plasma alanine and markers of proteolysis (directly supports muscle preservation).

PubMed ID: 9372379

IV enteral amino‑acid nutrition achieved positive nitrogen balance faster than glucose‑only/enteral, consistent with supporting protein/muscle maintenance.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Alanyl‑glutamine TPN supports postoperative protein/immune recovery, indirectly supporting muscle maintenance.

PubMed ID: 8875516

Alanyl‑glutamine provides amino acids (glutamine+alanine) that can support muscle amino acid pools.

PubMed ID: 12388137

Oxymetholone increased lean body mass and strength (drug trial—relevant to muscle mass but not alanine supplementation).

PubMed ID: 14757388

Improved nitrogen balance with L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine suggests protein‑sparing effects relevant to muscle maintenance after surgical stress.

PubMed ID: 15896432

Rheumatoid cachexia trial: alanine-containing placebo raised fat-free mass, total body protein and limb lean mass similar to active mixture — reasonable indirect support for muscle maintenance.

PubMed ID: 17136944

Creatine + beta‑alanine produced larger gains in lean mass and strength in football players, supporting a role for beta‑alanine in muscle maintenance (confounded by creatine).

PubMed ID: 21847611

Dose-dependent increases in muscle carnosine directly support muscle buffering and function—mechanistically relevant to maintenance.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Alanine–glutamine dipeptide perioperative infusion is a direct amino‑acid intervention likely to support muscle substrate and reduce injury markers.

PubMed ID: 23832078

Beta-alanine nutritional intervention improved physical work capacity/muscle function in older adults (supports muscle maintenance indirectly).

PubMed ID: 28385919

Tracer study of protein turnover during negative energy balance and refeeding — directly relevant to lean mass/protein maintenance.

PubMed ID: 30742692

Study measured muscle alanine and found baseline alanine linked to training-induced power gains, implying a role in muscle adaptation/maintenance.

PubMed ID: 31438535

Combination including β-alanine increased fat‑free mass in sprinters—evidence for muscle‑mass support though other supplements present.

PubMed ID: 33369879

HIIT ± EAA trial showed maintained protein synthesis and increased thigh lean mass; alanine tracer measured whole‑body protein turnover relevant to muscle maintenance.

PubMed ID: 36397118

Small RCT in ICU: a tailored 5‑AA enteral supplement increased quadriceps volume and diaphragm strength — direct muscle maintenance signal (but the reported formula reportedly did not include alanine).

PubMed ID: 35964137

Perioperative supplement (glutamine/arginine/HMB) improved recovery/markers of muscle injury — conceptually relevant to amino‑acid support for muscle (alanine is an amino acid used in muscle metabolism).

PubMed ID: 20386120

Beta-alanine supplementation was studied with exercise training and is commonly linked to improved recovery/repeated-bout performance; trial showed improved exercise capacity.

PubMed ID: 17136944

Beta‑alanine (with creatine) improved performance/strength outcomes in athletes, suggesting potential benefit for recovery from training (study used combination supplement).

PubMed ID: 17194255

Beta-alanine improved neuromuscular fatigue threshold and PWC(FT), implying faster recovery/less performance decline post-exercise (beta‑alanine, not L‑alanine).

PubMed ID: 18834718

Physical fatigue caused plasma alanine decrease — indicates alanine involvement in recovery/energy replenishment after exertion.

PubMed ID: 21847611

Higher muscle carnosine can reduce intramuscular acidosis and may speed recovery from high-intensity work.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Perioperative alanine–glutamine reduced cardiac injury markers and improved indices—supports recovery from physiological stress via amino‑acid provision.

PubMed ID: 23595205

Beta-alanine and bicarbonate each improved intermittent upper‑body performance and their combination produced additive gains — relevant to recovery between efforts.

PubMed ID: 23832078

Older-adult trial with beta-alanine improved physical working capacity, implying improved capacity to recover between efforts.

PubMed ID: 24500111

β-alanine improved repeated high‑intensity exercise performance, which can translate to improved recovery between bouts.

PubMed ID: 28910200

β-alanine increased muscle carnosine and is associated with reduced exercise-induced fatigue, supporting recovery between efforts.

PubMed ID: 31438535

β-alanine + BCAA + creatine reduced post‑exercise ammonia and was associated with training benefits—consistent with faster metabolic recovery (confounded by co‑supplements).

PubMed ID: 31959202

Nine-week BCAA+alanine+CHO reduced perceived exertion and improved recovery and repeat-interval performance; alanine included but multi-ingredient limits specific attribution.

PubMed ID: 33369879

Study used alanine tracer to quantify protein synthesis and turnover after HIIT+EAA—directly relevant to recovery and muscle repair processes.

PubMed ID: 38892699

Hydration/amino‑acid product (including L‑alanine) is plausibly intended for rehydration/recovery though trial only assessed tolerability.

PubMed ID: 40010353

RCT in athletes found beta-alanine (alone or in combos) enhanced performance outcomes over training, supporting improved recovery/ability to sustain repeated efforts.

PubMed ID: 20386120

Randomized trial studied beta-alanine (a form of alanine) with HIIT and reported improvements in VO2peak/ventilatory threshold—direct relevance to endurance performance.

PubMed ID: 21847611

Robust, dose-dependent increases in muscle carnosine—mechanistically linked to improved high-intensity endurance/anaerobic capacity.

PubMed ID: 23595205

Beta-alanine (and bicarbonate) produced clear, additive improvements in intermittent upper‑body total work (+7–14%), strong evidence for enhanced high‑intensity endurance (beta‑alanine related).

PubMed ID: 23832078

Oral beta-alanine supplement improved physical working capacity in older adults (clinical evidence of improved endurance capacity).

PubMed ID: 24308676

β‑alanine supplementation increased physical working capacity at heart‑rate threshold, a direct endurance‑related endpoint.

PubMed ID: 25289715

β‑alanine (with creatine) produced substantial increases in mean and peak power during repeated high‑intensity cycling—strongest direct performance evidence in dataset.

PubMed ID: 24500111

β-alanine (6.4 g/day) produced clear, statistically significant improvements in repeated high‑intensity cycling (total work done) — strong ergogenic/endurance signal for short high‑intensity efforts.

PubMed ID: 28910200

β-alanine supplementation significantly raised muscle carnosine—well-established mechanism that enhances high-intensity endurance and performance.

PubMed ID: 30742692

Baseline muscle alanine was moderately associated with improvements in maximal power output after endurance or interval training, implying a link to exercise performance/endurance adaptation.

PubMed ID: 31438535

β-alanine (with BCAA+creatine) improved lean mass and reduced ammonia in athletes and showed small performance benefits in sprinters—moderate evidence though multi‑ingredient.

PubMed ID: 40010353

Beta-alanine supplementation (in the context of sprint-interval training) produced superior performance improvements vs placebo, consistent with improved high-intensity endurance/anaerobic capacity.

PubMed ID: 31959202

Marked increase in time-to-exhaustion (≈+61%) with the BCAA+alanine+CHO supplement, showing a strong endurance benefit in this trial though multi-ingredient limits attribution to alanine alone.

PubMed ID: 17136944

Athletic performance/strength improvements with beta‑alanine + creatine suggest potential endurance benefits from beta‑alanine component.

PubMed ID: 16953366

Four-week beta-alanine ± creatine study reported within-group endurance improvements (particularly creatine+beta-alanine), though between-group differences were less clear.

PubMed ID: 17194255

Four‑week beta‑alanine supplementation significantly increased neuromuscular fatigue threshold and physical working capacity in untrained men — strong, direct performance signal (note: beta‑alanine is a different isomer than L‑alanine).

PubMed ID: 7493300

Interferon therapy produced viral clearance and ALT normalization — strong immune-therapy evidence (indirect to alanine supplement).

PubMed ID: 9931687

Randomized TPN trial: alanyl‑glutamine reduced systemic inflammation and sped immune marker recovery — direct immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 12496537

Direct test of an alanine-containing dipeptide (l‑alanyl‑l‑glutamine) vs glycyl‑glutamine for perioperative immune restoration; alanine‑dipeptide was less effective at restoring LPS‑stimulated TNF‑α (clear immune-relevant data).

PubMed ID: 14757388

L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine group had significantly reduced infectious morbidity and higher IgA — direct evidence for immune support in the trial population.

PubMed ID: 17573745

L-alanyl–L-glutamine supplementation around colorectal surgery significantly reduced wound infections and intra‑abdominal abscesses, indicating support for host defenses/immune-mediated outcomes.

PubMed ID: 17535636

Glutamine–alanine dipeptide in nutrition for severe TBI was associated with higher lymphocyte counts and trends toward fewer infections and shorter ICU stays (non-significant), suggesting immune support.

PubMed ID: 17571315

In septic patients, amino-acid nutrition (containing alanine) improved some immune proteins (IgM/C3/C4) and free alanine levels, showing immune-related effects.

PubMed ID: 19172131

Directly measured systemic cytokine responses in very-low-birth-weight infants where L-alanine served as the isonitrogenous placebo — highly relevant to immune outcomes (though alanine was placebo).

PubMed ID: 19231993

Study of immune restoration hepatic flares in HIV/HBV coinfection links immune activation and liver injury; relevant to immune–liver interactions.

PubMed ID: 21336131

Alanyl‑glutamine supplemented TPN in ICU patients produced substantially fewer nosocomial infections compared with control.

PubMed ID: 28980034

Alanyl‑glutamine increased glutamine and alanine — glutamine is immunomodulatory and alanyl‑glutamine is used clinically to support critically ill patients' nitrogen and immune substrates.

PubMed ID: 33105552

Supplement containing alanine (as a glutathione precursor mix) increased cellular GSH and antioxidant vitamins and reduced urinary neopterin (inflammation marker) — supports an immune/antioxidant benefit from the preparative mixture that included alanine.

PubMed ID: 37102655

Ulinastatin RCT reduced inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT, IL‑6, TNF‑α) in septic liver abscess — shows anti‑inflammatory/immunomodulatory effects (not alanine supplement).

PubMed ID: 39920583

Reduced glutathione adjunct markedly improved ALT and fibrosis markers—glutathione is directly involved in detoxification pathways (relevant comparator to amino-acid–related detox).

PubMed ID: 36191485

Catechin supplementation changed biomarkers of acrylamide detoxification (mercapturic acid pathway) and restored related metabolomic pathways.

PubMed ID: 33105552

Supplements containing alanine (as a glutathione precursor mix) significantly increased erythrocyte GSH and antioxidant vitamins—direct biochemical evidence supporting detox/antioxidant pathway support from the mixture that included alanine.

PubMed ID: 31379118

Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate increased ALT normalization rates in acute DILI patients—directly relevant to hepatic detox/repair (ALT = alanine aminotransferase marker).

PubMed ID: 26228675

Reduction of neurotoxic 1‑deoxy‑sphingolipids (products of abnormal alanine use) after fenofibrate implies removal/avoidance of toxic metabolites tied to alanine metabolism (indirect evidence for a detoxifying/metabolic benefit).

PubMed ID: 40414507

Acetylcysteine is a primary antidote for paracetamol; the trial shows a shorter regimen preserved detox/liver outcomes (not alanine-related).

PubMed ID: 38609170

Sustained shifts in plasma alanine after hormonal therapy reflect systemic metabolic change that could affect perceived vitality, indirectly.

PubMed ID: 35206569

Exercise program led to substantial improvements in fatigue and oxidative stress, consistent with improved vitality.

PubMed ID: 34812127

Metabolic reshaping (lower alanine, more ketogenesis/acylcarnitines) in prediabetic subjects suggests improved metabolic health that could support vitality.

PubMed ID: 35987956

Significant shifts in alanine and ketone levels after probiotic suggest notable systemic metabolic effects likely to impact energy/vitality.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Comprehensive perioperative benefits (improved cardiac biomarkers and hemodynamics) after alanine–glutamine infusion suggest enhanced physiological resilience/vitality.

PubMed ID: 32167001

Acute D‑alanine administration changed emotional processing (faster recognition of negative emotions), directly relevant to mood/emotional processing.

PubMed ID: 16154544

Adjunctive D‑alanine produced significant clinical improvements in schizophrenia (PANSS/CGI) over 6 weeks — reasonably strong signal for central/neuropsychiatric benefit (mood/cognition/negative symptoms).

PubMed ID: 36839281

β‑alanine RCT showed significant decreases in depressive symptoms (GDS) in older adults — direct human evidence for mood benefit with β‑alanine.

PubMed ID: 41197688

Mediterranean diet improved depressive symptoms vs ketogenic; microbiota-mediated increases in brain alanine were linked to anxiety-like behaviors in mice (associative evidence).

PubMed ID: 14757388

Reduced infectious morbidity and improved protein markers (albumin) in surgical patients support improved healing/wound outcomes indirectly.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Postoperative alanyl‑glutamine reduced complications and improved immune recovery — consistent with enhanced wound healing.

PubMed ID: 9524624

Povidone-iodine mouth rinse substantially reduced incidence, severity, and duration of oral mucositis in radiochemotherapy patients — applicable to mucosal wound healing.

PubMed ID: 17573745

Direct randomized trial: parenteral L-alanyl–L-glutamine around colorectal surgery significantly reduced wound infections, abscesses and wound dehiscence and shortened hospital stay — strong evidence for wound‑repair benefit.

PubMed ID: 36974349

Dual GCGR/GLP‑1 agonist produced substantial weight loss with appetite‑related adverse events and reduced plasma alanine — strong appetite regulation effect (drug‑mediated).

PubMed ID: 27271658

Intradialytic glucose infusion increased energy intake while altering alanine levels — supports a link between substrate provision, alanine changes and appetite/energy intake.

PubMed ID: 22380537

Randomized dietary snack study found yogurt suppressed appetite and raised plasma alanine — strongest direct link in the dataset to appetite regulation.

PubMed ID: 35791704

Weekly biotin+dexpanthenol injections improved hair fall counts and density versus baseline — direct hair‑health outcome.

PubMed ID: 17573745

Significant reduction in wound infections and complications implies improved skin/tissue healing with L-alanyl–L-glutamine perioperatively.

PubMed ID: 38609170

Randomized anti‑androgen allocation produced clear decreases in plasma alanine — direct evidence linking hormonal state to alanine levels.