Vitamin A
14 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
11,198 products in our catalogue print how much Vitamin A a serving holds.
Most common: 500 mcg to 1 mg, 30% of 11,198 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 25 mcg or less | 172 |
| 25 mcg to 50 mcg | 468 |
| 50 mcg to 100 mcg | 384 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 975 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 1,875 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 3,341 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 2,459 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 710 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 584 |
| over 10 mg | 230 |
Dose per serving from research
144 study groups in 101 studies say how much Vitamin A participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 10,000 IU to 25,000 IU, 26% of 144 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 500 IU or less | 1 |
| 500 IU to 1,000 IU | 8 |
| 1,000 IU to 2,500 IU | 23 |
| 2,500 IU to 5,000 IU | 21 |
| 5,000 IU to 10,000 IU | 5 |
| 10,000 IU to 25,000 IU | 37 |
| 25,000 IU to 50,000 IU | 13 |
| 50,000 IU to 100,000 IU | 3 |
| 100,000 IU to 250,000 IU | 29 |
| over 250,000 IU | 4 |
Commonly used together
134 of 273 study groups took Vitamin A with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave. The 10 most common of 23.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Iron | 56 |
| Zinc | 48 |
| Vitamin C | 33 |
| Vitamin E | 32 |
| Beta-Carotene | 24 |
| Folic Acid | 19 |
| Selenium | 15 |
| Vitamin B12 | 13 |
| Vitamin D | 11 |
| Iodine | 10 |
Benefit Evidence
Skin clearer, less acne
Wrinkles/pigment improved, irritation lower
Respiratory infections ↓, BPD ↓
Pneumonia / cough ↓
Hospital stay ↓, FEV1 ↑
Respiratory infections ↓, BPD ↓
Pneumonia / cough ↓
Hospital stay ↓, FEV1 ↑
Research sources
Cell health (186)
- Frontline therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia: Randomized comparison of ATRA and intensified chemotherapy versus ATRA and anthracyclines
PubMed ID: 29114972
ATRA (vitamin A derivative) is central to differentiation therapy in APL; trial data show major clinical remission effects consistent with induced leukemic cell differentiation/renewal.
- The effect of antenatal vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation on gut integrity of infants of HIV-infected South African women
PubMed ID: 11396815
Antenatal vitamin A essentially prevented the marked increase in gut permeability seen in HIV-infected infants—strong mucosal-protective finding.
- Two randomized, double-blind, controlled trials of 2219 subjects to compare the combination clindamycin/tretinoin hydrogel with each agent alone and vehicle for the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 16384759
Combination tretinoin product reduced acne lesions in a large RCT—topical retinoid effect reflecting accelerated follicular/epidermal renewal.
- Improvement of photoaged facial skin in middle-aged Japanese females by topical retinol (vitamin A alcohol): a vehicle-controlled, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 20078381
Topical retinol improved wrinkle outcomes via epidermal remodeling and increased cell turnover — supports cutaneous cell renewal.
- Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia and chronic esophagitis in an area of high incidence of oral and esophageal cancer
PubMed ID: 8275193
Combined vitamin supplementation reduced oral leukoplakia prevalence at 6 months (mucosal lesion improvement), retinol likely contributed among agents.
- Topical retinaldehyde on human skin: biologic effects and tolerance
PubMed ID: 7798613
Topical retinaldehyde produced dose-dependent increases in epidermal thickness and proliferation markers—direct evidence of enhanced cell turnover/renewal.
- Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis
PubMed ID: 8584455
Spirulina (provitamin A source) led to much higher rates of oral leukoplakia regression than placebo—clinical mucosal improvement.
- Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A and beta carotene: an assessment
PubMed ID: 9307711
High‑dose vitamin A produced a large increase in complete remission of oral leukoplakia vs placebo—strong evidence for mucosal benefit.
- Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces but does not eliminate maternal night blindness in Nepal
PubMed ID: 9732305
Vitamin A reduced night blindness (ocular mucosa) and is known to support epithelial integrity—trial supports mucosal benefits in pregnancy.
- Effect of an organized lipid matrix on lipid absorption and clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis
PubMed ID: 12183711
Improved retinyl palmitate absorption in CF led to better vitamin‑A related nutritional outcomes—vitamin A is key to mucosal integrity.
- The contribution of plant foods to the vitamin A supply of lactating women in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17413113
Dietary carotenoids raised serum and breast‑milk retinol — supports mucosal vitamin A supply for mothers/infants.
- Carotene-rich plant foods ingested with minimal dietary fat enhance the total-body vitamin A pool size in Filipino schoolchildren as assessed by stable-isotope-dilution methodology
PubMed ID: 17413103
Doubling of liver and total‑body vitamin A stores from provitamin‑A foods provides strong substrate support for mucosal integrity.
- Effect of vitamin supplementation on breast milk concentrations of retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols in HIV-infected Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 17940544
Maternal supplementation doubled breast‑milk retinol — enhances infant mucosal vitamin A exposure.
- Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 18595969
Neonatal vitamin A reduced infant mortality (likely via infection/mucosal defense) — clinically relevant to mucosal health.
- Low-dose beta-carotene supplementation and deworming improve serum vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations in preschool children of Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 20635633
β‑carotene supplementation raised serum retinol in preschoolers (esp. with deworming) — retinol is critical for mucosal integrity.
- Maternal vitamin A and β-carotene supplementation and risk of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 22071710
Weekly vitamin A lowered postpartum bacterial vaginosis prevalence/incidence — direct benefit to vaginal mucosal health.
- The effects of daily consumption of β-cryptoxanthin-rich tangerines and β-carotene-rich sweet potatoes on vitamin A and carotenoid concentrations in plasma and breast milk of Bangladeshi women with low vitamin A status in a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24004891
Preformed retinol supplementation increased plasma and breast‑milk retinol, which supports mucosal integrity in mothers/infants.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Total body vitamin A reserve increases from orange maize support epithelial and mucosal barrier function.
- Sustained improvement with prolonged topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) for photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 2229490
Topical retinoic acid increased epidermal thickness and produced histologic evidence of increased cell turnover/renewal — strong support for retinoid‑driven renewal in skin.
- Enhancement of regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (moderate dysplasia) with topically applied all-trans-retinoic acid: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 8133537
Topical all‑trans‑retinoic acid increased regression of cervical dysplasia (mucosal epithelium) — strong evidence for retinoid effects on mucosal epithelial health/renewal.
- Long-term efficacy and safety of tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16060712
Tretinoin increased procollagen and improved skin architecture over 2 years—strong evidence of dermal renewal.
- Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol)
PubMed ID: 17515510
Retinol increased glycosaminoglycan and procollagen I and improved wrinkles—supports epidermal/dermal renewal.
- A Double-Blind, Comparative Clinical Study of Newly Formulated Retinol Serums vs Tretinoin Cream in Escalating Doses: A Method for Rapid Retinization With Minimized Irritation
PubMed ID: 32574009
Retinol serums produced histologic new collagen and epidermal thickening—supports skin cell turnover and renewal.
- Treating photodamage of the décolletage area with a novel copper zinc malonate complex plus hydroquinone and tretinoin
PubMed ID: 20232582
Topical tretinoin improved multiple signs of photodamage via epidermal remodeling → strong direct evidence for epithelial cell renewal effects from a vitamin A derivative.
- Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: effects on gastrointestinal function and metabolism
PubMed ID: 8838831
Enteral feeding maintained vitamin A absorption and improved nutritional indices after neurosurgery → supports mucosal/enteral function relevant to mucous membranes.
- Effects of vitamin A supplementation on intestinal barrier function, growth, total parasitic, and specific Giardia spp infections in Brazilian children: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20038852
Supplementation lowered urinary permeability markers and prevented Giardia short‑term infection → direct gut mucosal benefit.
- Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on the nutriture of children in Northeast Thailand
PubMed ID: 1609761
Vitamin A (often with zinc) improved conjunctival epithelium (CIC) and plasma retinol in deficient children → direct evidence for mucosal/epithelial health.
- [An analysis of the therapeutic effects and reactions in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia with intravenous arsenic trioxide or all-trans retinoic acid]
PubMed ID: 11798639
APL RCT comparing ATRA and arsenic trioxide found similar remission and survival — ATRA (vitamin A derivative) demonstrates clinically relevant effects on malignant cell differentiation.
- All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia
PubMed ID: 15044693
Strong randomized APL trial: all‑trans retinoic acid (ATRA, vitamin A derivative) combined with arsenic markedly improved remission and relapse outcomes via differentiation effects.
- [Application of all-trans retinoic acid combining chemotherapy and As4S4 in the maintenance treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia]
PubMed ID: 17649720
ATRA plus arsenic maintenance improved 3‑yr remission rates — evidence of ATRA‑mediated disease control via differentiation.
- Arsenic trioxide improves event-free and overall survival for adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia: North American Leukemia Intergroup Study C9710
PubMed ID: 20705755
Adding arsenic consolidation to ATRA‑based therapy improved event‑free and disease‑free survival (ATRA present in regimens; supports differentiation biology).
- Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia
PubMed ID: 23841729
Phase‑3 trial in low‑intermediate risk APL: ATRA+ATO produced superior event‑free and overall survival, reflecting ATRA's biologic effect on malignant cell differentiation/renewal.
- Arsenic trioxide during consolidation for patients with previously untreated low/intermediate risk acute promyelocytic leukaemia may eliminate the need for maintenance therapy
PubMed ID: 24528179
ATRA used in APL treatment with high survival rates; supports ATRA's role in modifying malignant cell behavior.
- [Clinical Value of Arsenous Acid for Treating Patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia]
PubMed ID: 26314432
ATRA (vitamin A derivative) used in APL induced differentiation and improved remission rates—strong, direct evidence of vitamin A–related cell differentiation/renewal in disease context.
- Improved Outcomes With Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide Compared With Retinoic Acid and Chemotherapy in Non-High-Risk Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Final Results of the Randomized Italian-German APL0406 Trial
PubMed ID: 27400939
Large phase III trial: ATRA+arsenic markedly improved long-term outcomes in APL via retinoid-driven differentiation—clear demonstration of cell-renewal effects.
- PML-RARα kinetics and impact of FLT3-ITD mutations in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukaemia treated with ATRA and ATO or ATRA and chemotherapy
PubMed ID: 27133819
ATRA+ATO showed superior molecular clearance (PML‑RARα) and supports retinoid-mediated effects on leukemic cell differentiation.
- An effective and chemotherapy-free strategy of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia in all risk groups (APL15 trial)
PubMed ID: 36404343
Randomized trial showing ATRA+ATO (no chemo) gives comparable high cure rates via retinoid mechanisms—strong evidence of cell-renewal/differentiation activity.
- Dyspigmentation, skin physiology, and a novel approach to skin lightening
PubMed ID: 24305422
Topical tretinoin promotes epidermal turnover and pigment remodeling—demonstrates vitamin A derivative effect on skin cell renewal.
- Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical
PubMed ID: 19648781
Topical retinol increased keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness—direct evidence of stimulated cell renewal in skin.
- Regulation of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes and cytoprotective gene expression by topical drugs in human skin in vivo
PubMed ID: 16882163
Topical atRA altered expression of drug‑metabolizing and cytoprotective genes in human skin—strong molecular evidence for effects on cell turnover/renewal.
- Hyaluronic acid and vitamins are effective in reducing vaginal atrophy in women receiving radiotherapy
PubMed ID: 26788875
Suppository with HA + vitamins A/E significantly reduced vaginal atrophy, inflammation and pain after radiotherapy — direct mucosal benefit with vitamin A present.
- A clinical study of topical treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with dry eye syndrome
PubMed ID: 36803227
Topical vitamin A palmitate gel improved corneal epithelial damage and tear stability vs hyaluronate in TAO dry eye — direct epithelial/mucosal surface benefit.
- [Efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine A combined with vitamin A palmitate in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye]
PubMed ID: 38296318
Vitamin A palmitate plus cyclosporine improved tear film and meibomian gland secretion in MGD — direct ocular surface/mucosal improvement.
- Supplemental vitamin A improves anemia and growth in anemic school children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 11053508
Vitamin A supplementation increased hemoglobin and was associated with growth — consistent with improved hematologic and somatic cell renewal.
- Short-term effects of vitamin A and antimalarial treatment on erythropoiesis in severely anemic Zanzibari preschool children
PubMed ID: 16087986
Vitamin A rapidly stimulated reticulocyte production index and affected erythropoietin — direct evidence for stimulated erythropoiesis/cell renewal in anemic children.
- Vitamin A supplementation in children with poor vitamin A and iron status increases erythropoietin and hemoglobin concentrations without changing total body iron
PubMed ID: 16960172
Vitamin A doses raised hemoglobin and erythropoietin and mobilized iron from stores — supports hematologic cell renewal.
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on diarrhoeal disease among stunted children in rural South Africa
PubMed ID: 19174830
Diarrhoea reductions in stunted, vitamin A‑receiving children (when combined with zinc/MMN) indicate improved mucosal barrier/function where vitamin A was part of the regimen.
- Effect of simultaneous supplementation of vitamin A and iron on diarrheal and respiratory tract infection in preschool children in Chengdu City, China
PubMed ID: 24012086
Vitamin A+iron reduced respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, consistent with improved mucous membrane integrity/function.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Substantial augmentation of total body vitamin A reserves strongly supports epithelial cell differentiation and renewal (biochemical evidence).
- Double-blind cluster randomised controlled trial of wheat flour chapatti fortified with micronutrients on the status of vitamin A and iron in school-aged children in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23800099
Serum retinol increase and reduced deficiency are directly relevant for mucous membrane maintenance.
- Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26751473
Large RCT improving vitamin A status — strong indirect support for healthier mucous membranes.
- Effects of community-based sales of micronutrient powders on morbidity episodes in preschool children in Western Kenya
PubMed ID: 26864367
MNP program associated with fewer hospitalizations for diarrhea/fever — consistent with improved mucosal defenses at population level (package effect).
- Micronutrient and Inflammation Status Following One Year of Complementary Food Supplementation in 18-Month-Old Rural Bangladeshi Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32443412
Fortified complementary foods increased retinol and reduced inflammation trend — consistent with improved epithelial turnover and renewal.
- Vitamin A-fortified rice increases total body vitamin A stores in lactating Thai women measured by retinol isotope dilution: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33675342
Increased maternal vitamin A stores (biochemical) — vitamin A supports mucosal integrity in lactating women and infants.
- [Preliminary results of a multicenter randomized study on the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemias]
PubMed ID: 15379121
ATRA (all‑trans retinoic acid) is a differentiation agent; in APL maintenance it produced high molecular remission and survival — strong evidence that retinoids drive cell differentiation/renewal in clinical setting.
- A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles
PubMed ID: 2194128
Vitamin A reduced pneumonia and diarrhea durations and severe complications in measles, consistent with improved mucosal defense and repair in respiratory and GI tracts.
- Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand
PubMed ID: 2296985
Supplementation lowered respiratory and diarrheal episodes in children, supporting mucosal integrity/defense.
- Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 2205798
Large mortality reductions in deficient children likely mediated by better mucosal integrity and infection resistance.
- Response of Bitot's spots in preschool children to vitamin A treatment
PubMed ID: 2220978
Resolution of Bitot's spots demonstrates improvement of conjunctival mucosa with vitamin A.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 1951162
Vitamin A in measles reduced morbidity primarily by lowering respiratory complications — supports mucosal defense.
- Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal
PubMed ID: 1676467
Periodic vitamin A reduced child mortality in Nepal — consistent with improved mucosal/infection outcomes in deficiency settings.
- Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population
PubMed ID: 1739794
Single community dose reduced diarrhoeal deaths substantially — strong evidence of improved gut mucosal defense.
- Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas
PubMed ID: 1738173
Combination vitamins reduced colonic mucosal proliferation markers — indicates effects on cell proliferation in mucosa (combination product).
- Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles
PubMed ID: 1565535
Supplementation in complicated measles reduced morbidity and increased lymphocytes/IgG, reflecting mucosal/immune benefit.
- Tretinoin emollient cream: a new therapy for photodamaged skin
PubMed ID: 1552056
Tretinoin produced clinical and histologic improvements in photodamaged skin consistent with increased epidermal turnover and renewal.
- Effect of vitamin A on diarrhoeal and respiratory complications of measles
PubMed ID: 8116059
High‑dose vitamin A during measles reduced severe airway complications, reflecting improved mucosal defense/repair.
- High dose vitamin A supplementation of breast-feeding Indonesian mothers: effects on the vitamin A status of mother and infant
PubMed ID: 8463867
Maternal dosing improved milk and infant retinol status and reduced infant deficiency—supports mucosal integrity in infants.
- Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth
PubMed ID: 8436094
Supplementation decreased respiratory and diarrhoeal illness incidence and raised IgA—supports mucosal immunity and health.
- Histological evaluation of the effect of 0.05% tretinoin in the treatment of photo damaged skin. Geographic differences in elastosis in baseline biopsies
PubMed ID: 8080420
Tretinoin induced epidermal thickening and reversal of atrophy — clear evidence of stimulated epidermal renewal.
- Intramuscular versus enteral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates
PubMed ID: 8071758
IM vitamin A rapidly raised plasma retinol in VLBW infants, supporting mucosal development/function indirectly.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil
PubMed ID: 7913157
Periodic vitamin A reduced severe diarrhoea, indicating improved gut mucosal defense and integrity.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment of hyperpigmented lesions associated with photoaging in Chinese and Japanese patients: a vehicle-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 8277035
Tretinoin produced histologic decreases in epidermal pigmentation and clinical lesion improvement — consistent with increased epidermal turnover.
- A 210-mumol dose of vitamin A provides more prolonged impact on vitamin A status than 105 mumol among preschool children
PubMed ID: 8064367
Higher dosing produced longer improvements in serum retinol, supporting mucosal vitamin A sufficiency.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infection in children. A double blind placebo controlled trial in a Calcutta slum community
PubMed ID: 7957792
Single bolus shortened diarrhoea duration — implies faster mucosal recovery.
- Topical tretinoin improves the appearance of photo damaged skin
PubMed ID: 7998893
Topical tretinoin thickened epidermis and improved photoaged skin—promotes epidermal renewal.
- [Topical tretinoin in the treatment of lichen planus and leukoplakia of the mouth mucosa. A clinical evaluation]
PubMed ID: 7702278
Topical tretinoin markedly reduced oral lichen planus and leukoplakia lesions—direct clinical benefit to oral mucosa.
- Adjuvant treatment with a vitamin A analogue (etretinate) after transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumors. Final analysis of a prospective, randomized multicenter trial in Switzerland
PubMed ID: 8575494
Etretinate reduced bladder tumor recurrences and resections—evidence for effects on tumor cell behavior/renewal.
- Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams
PubMed ID: 7544967
Tretinoin increased epidermal thickness and favorable histologic changes—evidence of stimulated epidermal cell turnover/renewal.
- Vitamin A status of Indonesian children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides after dosing with vitamin A supplements and albendazole
PubMed ID: 8632218
Supplementation clearly improved biochemical vitamin A status in Ascaris‑infected children, directly relevant to restoring mucosal integrity.
- Impact of nutrition education and mega-dose vitamin A supplementation on the health of children in Nepal
PubMed ID: 9002334
Supplementation and education reduced xerophthalmia and Bitot's spots and presumably improved other epithelial/mucosal integrity in deficient children.
- Evaluation of the effect of vitamin A-fortified margarine on the vitamin A status of preschool Filipino children
PubMed ID: 8933117
Food‑fortification raised serum retinol and reduced deficiency prevalence—supports healthier mucosal/epithelial surfaces.
- A comparison of the efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin gel 0.025% in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 8609263
Topical retinoids reduced acne lesion counts—consistent with normalization of follicular epithelial turnover.
- Absorption of high-dose enteral vitamin A in low-birth-weight neonates
PubMed ID: 9180791
High‑dose enteral vitamin A sharply raised serum retinol in low‑birth‑weight infants—biochemical support for mucosal health though clinical mucosal outcomes not measured.
- Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants
PubMed ID: 9152680
Postpartum dose raised breastmilk and maternal retinol long‑term, supporting mucosal immunity in infants via milk.
- Dynamics of conjunctival impression cytologic changes after vitamin A supplementation
PubMed ID: 9227184
Massive oral vitamin A normalized conjunctival impression cytology over months—direct mucosal biomarker improvement.
- All-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia
PubMed ID: 9321529
ATRA improved remission durability and survival in APL—powerful clinical evidence of retinoid‑driven cell differentiation and renewal.
- Fluorescence photography in the evaluation of hyperpigmentation in photodamaged skin
PubMed ID: 9039173
Tretinoin reduced hyperpigmentation and influenced epidermal characteristics consistent with enhanced renewal.
- Tretinoin emollient cream for photodamaged skin: results of 48-week, multicenter, double-blind studies
PubMed ID: 9270507
Topical tretinoin produced sustained improvement in photodamage—consistent with enhanced epidermal cell turnover/renewal.
- Sustained improvement in photodamaged skin with reduced tretinoin emollient cream treatment regimen: effect of once-weekly and three-times-weekly applications
PubMed ID: 9270508
Maintenance tretinoin dosing preserved improvements—supports ongoing epidermal renewal with lower frequency use.
- Double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter comparison of two 0.025% tretinoin creams in patients with acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 9555823
Tretinoin efficacy in acne is mediated by normalization of follicular epithelial cell turnover—clinical evidence for cell renewal effects.
- Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment
PubMed ID: 9843009
Retinaldehyde/retinoic acid improved skin texture and wrinkles, consistent with increased dermal/epidermal renewal.
- Adapalene 0.1% gel and adapalene 0.1% cream stimulate retinoic acid receptor mediated gene transcription without significant irritative effects in the skin of healthy human volunteers
PubMed ID: 9990415
Topical adapalene rapidly upregulated RAR target gene (CRABP‑II) and increased epidermal thickness—direct evidence of stimulated epidermal renewal.
- Evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety of adapalene 0.1% gel versus tretinoin 0.025% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris, with particular reference to the onset of action and impact on quality of life
PubMed ID: 9990418
Rapid lesion reduction with adapalene reflects accelerated follicular cell turnover and normalization.
- A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 10048684
Marked reductions in pneumonia and diarrhea mortality imply improved mucosal defenses in gut and airway.
- Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
PubMed ID: 10379020
IM vitamin A in preemies reduced vitamin A deficiency and clinical lung outcomes—supports mucosal/airway integrity.
- Topical retinoyl beta-glucuronide is an effective treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in Asian-Indian patients
PubMed ID: 10420136
Topical RBG produced large acne lesion reductions, consistent with retinoid‑mediated normalization of follicular epithelial turnover.
- Vitamin a status of pregnant women and effect of post partum vitamin a supplementation
PubMed ID: 11086300
Postpartum dose increased breast‑milk and infant serum retinol and eliminated subclinical deficiency—restores vitamin A needed for mucosal integrity in infants.
- Tazarotene cream for the treatment of facial photodamage: a multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized, vehicle-controlled, parallel comparison of 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% tazarotene creams with 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream applied once daily for 24 weeks
PubMed ID: 11735710
Topical retinoids produce epidermal remodeling and improvement in photodamage—evidence of accelerated cell turnover/renewal.
- Impact of vitamin A supplementation to rural children on morbidity due to diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 21901907
Periodic vitamin A halved diarrhoea episodes in children—supports mucosal integrity/function in gut.
- Vitamin A supplementation at birth delays pneumococcal colonization in South Indian infants
PubMed ID: 11160543
Neonatal vitamin A delayed/reduced pneumococcal colonization and resistant strains—mucosal immunity effect in nasopharynx.
- Phase III vehicle-controlled, multi-centered study of topical alitretinoin gel 0.1% in cutaneous AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma
PubMed ID: 11705307
Alitretinoin produced substantial tumor responses in Kaposi's sarcoma—strong retinoid effect on cutaneous cell biology/renewal.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality
PubMed ID: 12649946
High‑dose periodic vitamin A reduced diarrhoea/measles and mortality—consistent with improved mucosal defenses.
- All-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term outcome and prognostic factor analysis from the North American Intergroup protocol
PubMed ID: 12393590
ATRA produced large, durable improvements in APL outcomes by inducing leukemic cell differentiation—strong evidence that retinoids profoundly affect cell renewal/differentiation in a clinical setting.
- Clinicobiological features and outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia occurring as a second tumor: the GIMEMA experience
PubMed ID: 12200354
ATRA-based therapy yielded high remission and survival in APL including second-tumor cases—supports the role of retinoids in modulating malignant cell renewal.
- Uptake of vitamin A in buccal mucosal cells after topical application of retinyl palmitate: a randomised, placebo-controlled and double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 12844377
Topical retinyl palmitate applied in toothpaste was taken up by buccal mucosal cells and increased plasma retinol—direct evidence of mucosal delivery and effect on vitamin A status.
- Treatment of former smokers with 9-cis-retinoic acid reverses loss of retinoic acid receptor-beta expression in the bronchial epithelium: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 12569142
9‑cis‑retinoic acid restored RAR‑beta and reduced metaplasia in former smokers—direct evidence for retinoid effects on epithelial renewal.
- Safety and efficacy of dose-intensive oral vitamin A in subjects with sun-damaged skin
PubMed ID: 15041701
Daily vitamin A produced dose‑dependent favorable cellular marker changes and retinoid receptor upregulation in sun‑damaged skin.
- Phase III study of all-trans retinoic acid in previously untreated patients 61 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia
PubMed ID: 15385923
Adding all‑trans retinoic acid to chemotherapy improved remission and survival in older AML—promotes leukemic cell differentiation/renewal dynamics.
- Improved efficacy and tolerability of retinoic acid in acne vulgaris: a new topical formulation with cyclodextrin complex psi
PubMed ID: 15196153
Topical retinoic acid increases epidermal turnover and produced marked acne improvement—direct effect on cell renewal.
- Tazarotene 0.1% cream versus tretinoin 0.05% emollient cream in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 15203997
Tazarotene improved photodamage endpoints (wrinkling, texture) consistent with enhanced epidermal remodeling.
- Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15661475
Vitamin A reduced persistent cough and some diarrheal morbidity in HIV‑infected children—implies improved mucosal defenses.
- Impact of vitamin A on selected gastrointestinal pathogen infections and associated diarrheal episodes among children in Mexico City, Mexico
PubMed ID: 17041847
Vitamin A reduced certain enteric infections and symptoms, consistent with improved gut mucosal defenses.
- Tretinoin microsphere gel 0.1% for photodamaged facial skin: a placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17243432
Tretinoin produced marked improvements in photodamage and wrinkling consistent with enhanced epidermal cell turnover and remodeling.
- Safety and efficacy of Tretin-X compared with Retin-A in patients with mild-to-severe acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 16687979
Topical tretinoin effective for acne — mechanism includes normalization of follicular epithelial turnover (supporting cell renewal).
- Evaluation of the clinical and histological effectiveness of isotretinoin in the therapy of oral leukoplakia: ten years of experience: is management still up to date and effective?
PubMed ID: 16636722
Topical isotretinoin markedly reduced oral leukoplakia lesions and dysplasia — strong effect on mucosal epithelial pathology.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China
PubMed ID: 17684522
Supplementation raised sIgA (a mucosal immune marker) in deficient children — supports mucous membrane immunity.
- Impact of mass supplementation of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 17526954
Mass vitamin A reduced clinical deficiency and xerophthalmia, consistent with improved mucosal/epithelial health.
- A double-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to assess the safety and efficacy of tretinoin gel microsphere 0.04% in the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults
PubMed ID: 17944177
Tretinoin reduced acne lesions via normalization of follicular epithelial turnover — clinical evidence for improved cell renewal in skin.
- Tretinoin gel microspheres 0.04% versus 0.1% in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, phase IV trial
PubMed ID: 17692723
Tretinoin gel microsphere formulations demonstrated reductions in acne lesions consistent with enhanced epidermal renewal.
- A comparison of vitamin a and cyclosporine a 0.05% eye drops for treatment of dry eye syndrome
PubMed ID: 18848318
Vitamin A eye drops improved tear film measures and conjunctival impression cytology—direct benefit to ocular mucous membrane health.
- Combined retinol-lactose-glycolic acid effects on photoaged skin: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 18452434
Topical retinol improved skin microrelief and texture—consistent with increased epidermal turnover/cell renewal.
- Very long-term outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy: the European APL Group experience
PubMed ID: 20018913
ATRA (vitamin A derivative) induced differentiation and markedly reduced relapse in APL — strong evidence of retinoid‑driven cell maturation/renewal in hematopoietic cells.
- Treatment of children with acute promyelocytic leukemia: results of the first North American Intergroup trial INT0129
PubMed ID: 19743516
Pediatric APL trial: ATRA in induction/maintenance greatly improved disease‑free survival — demonstrates retinoid influence on malignant cell differentiation and durable remission.
- A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen
PubMed ID: 20374604
Topical retinoid regimen improved wrinkles (retinoids promote epidermal cell turnover) — strong topical evidence for cell‑renewal effects.
- Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing
PubMed ID: 20412603
Reduced vitamin A deficiency prevalence in preschoolers (fortification) supports mucosal integrity given vitamin A’s known role in mucosal health.
- Vitamin A supplementation modifies the association between mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses and resolution of enteric pathogen infections
PubMed ID: 21248183
Vitamin A changed gut cytokine patterns linked to enteric pathogen clearance — supports mucosal immune/membrane effects in gut.
- A double-blind randomized controlled comparison of APDDR-0901, a novel cosmeceutical formulation, and 0.1% adapalene gel in the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 21982956
Retinol-based cosmetic improved acne comparable to adapalene — supports retinoid-driven epidermal renewal effects.
- Further enhancement of facial appearance with a hydroquinone skin care system plus tretinoin in patients previously treated with botulinum toxin Type A
PubMed ID: 21719866
Tretinoin-containing regimen improved fine lines/wrinkles and pigmentation via retinoid-mediated epidermal remodeling.
- Vitamin A modifies the intestinal chemokine and cytokine responses to norovirus infection in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 21411606
Fecal cytokine reductions with vitamin A during norovirus infection indicate modulation of intestinal mucosal inflammation.
- Comparison of micronized tretinoin gel 0.05% and tretinoin gel microsphere 0.1% in young adolescents with acne: a post hoc analysis of efficacy and tolerability data
PubMed ID: 21838089
Topical tretinoin reduced acne lesions and promotes epidermal turnover — clear evidence of enhanced cell renewal in skin.
- Sequential treatment with triple combination cream and intense pulsed light is more efficacious than sequential treatment with an inactive (control) cream and intense pulsed light in patients with moderate to severe melasma
PubMed ID: 21269349
Tretinoin triple cream accelerated melasma improvement when combined with IPL, consistent with increased epidermal remodeling.
- Preventing melasma recurrence: prescribing a maintenance regimen with an effective triple combination cream based on long-standing clinical severity
PubMed ID: 21623930
Intermittent/tapered tretinoin use maintained melasma clearance in many patients, consistent with supporting ongoing epidermal renewal/homeostasis.
- AIDA 0493 protocol for newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: very long-term results and role of maintenance
PubMed ID: 21385856
ATRA produces differentiation and high remission rates in APL — strong, direct evidence of retinoid-driven cell differentiation/renewal.
- A randomized, double-blind, controlled comparative trial of the anti-aging properties of non-prescription tri-retinol 1.1% vs. prescription tretinoin 0.025%
PubMed ID: 22206079
Topical retinoids accelerate epidermal turnover and improved photodamage—direct evidence of stimulated skin cell renewal.
- Single-session intense pulsed light combined with stable fixed-dose triple combination topical therapy for the treatment of refractory melasma
PubMed ID: 23046029
Topical tretinoin (part of triple topical) reduces melasma severity and promotes epidermal turnover — direct effect on cell renewal in skin.
- Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial
PubMed ID: 23498849
Six‑monthly vitamin A increased plasma retinol and halved severe deficiency and Bitot's spots — supports mucosal/ocular surface health.
- Treatment of facial photodamage using a novel retinol formulation
PubMed ID: 23652947
Topical retinol produced histologic and clinical improvements in photoaged skin consistent with increased cell renewal/repair.
- All-trans retinoic acid and late relapses in acute promyelocytic leukemia: very long-term follow-up of the North American Intergroup Study I0129
PubMed ID: 23528262
ATRA added to chemotherapy in APL produced markedly higher long‑term survival and remission—ATRA drives leukemic cell differentiation/renewal (direct biological mechanism).
- Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very-low-birth-weight premature Thai infants: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25816542
Vitamin A injections in VLBW infants shortened respiratory support duration—consistent with improved airway/mucosal integrity and function.
- Efficacy and safety of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% formulation for the treatment of acne vulgaris: pooled analysis of data from three randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase III studies
PubMed ID: 24704684
Topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) promotes epidermal turnover and improved acne outcomes—mechanistic and clinical evidence for cell renewal.
- Reduction of adhesions and antrostomy stenosis with topical vitamin A after endoscopic sinus surgery
PubMed ID: 26637582
Topical vitamin A after sinus surgery promoted mucociliary healing and more mature ciliated epithelium on treated side—direct mucosal benefit.
- A Randomized, Double-blind, Split-face Study Comparing the Efficacy and Tolerability of Three Retinol-based Products vs. Three Tretinoin-based Products in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Facial Photodamage
PubMed ID: 25607905
Topical retinol matched tretinoin for photoaging improvements, consistent with retinoid‑driven epidermal cell renewal.
- Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide, hydroquinone, and tretinoin cream in chinese patients with melasma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 25989732
FAHT cream including tretinoin produced marked melasma improvement, reflecting retinoid‑mediated epidermal remodeling.
- A double-blind randomized study comparing the association of Retinol and LR2412 with tretinoin 0.025% in photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 25603890
Topical retinol/LR2412 matched tretinoin for wrinkle/photodamage improvements, supporting retinoid effects on keratinocyte turnover.
- Addition of all-trans-retinoic acid to omeprazole and sucralfate therapy improves the prognosis of gastric dysplasia
PubMed ID: 25631875
All‑trans‑retinoic acid significantly increased regression of gastric dysplasia—strong evidence of retinoid‑mediated epithelial cell phenotype restoration/renewal.
- Vitamin A Palmitate and Carbomer Gel Protects the Conjunctiva of Patients With Long-term Prostaglandin Analogs Application
PubMed ID: 26317483
Topical vitamin A eye gel increased conjunctival goblet cells and improved dry‑eye signs and symptoms—strong direct evidence for mucosal benefit in the eye.
- Effect of liposomes, vitamins A and E nasal spray in reducing the healing time after septoplasty with concurrent turbinate surgery in adolescents
PubMed ID: 27706120
Nasal spray with vitamins A+E improved symptoms and endoscopic healing after septoplasty—direct benefit to nasal mucosa.
- All-trans retinoic acid as adjunct to intensive treatment in younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results of the randomized AMLSG 07-04 study
PubMed ID: 27696203
ATRA added to chemotherapy in AML showed per‑protocol survival benefit consistent with effects on leukemic cell differentiation and renewal.
- Efficacy and safety of retinol palmitate ophthalmic solution in the treatment of dry eye: a Japanese Phase II clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28694687
Topical retinol palmitate improved corneal and conjunctival staining (mucosal/epithelial health) — direct mucous membrane benefit.
- Efficacy and tolerability of a double-conjugated retinoid cream vs 1.0% retinol cream or 0.025% tretinoin cream in subjects with mild to severe photoaging
PubMed ID: 28762645
Topical vitamin A conjugate improved epidermal photodamage and hydration by promoting epidermal turnover/cellular renewal.
- Long-term sex-differential effects of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on in vitro cytokine responses
PubMed ID: 29166972
Neonatal vitamin A altered vaccine scar formation and mucosal‑relevant immune measures (sex‑differential) — suggests mucosal immune effects.
- Retinyl propionate and climbazole combination demonstrates clinical improvement to the appearance of hyperpigmentation and deep wrinkling with minimal irritation
PubMed ID: 28733999
Topical retinyl propionate improved skin structure (wrinkles/pigmentation), consistent with enhanced epidermal cell renewal.
- The impact of oral arsenic and all-trans-retinoic acid on coagulopathy in acute promyelocytic leukemia
PubMed ID: 29232592
ATRA included in both arms of coagulation recovery study; normalization of parameters occurred with regimens containing ATRA — consistent with therapy‑level effects on disease biology.
- Prospective, randomized, double-blind assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing
PubMed ID: 29947134
Topical retinol produced improvements in skin appearance consistent with increased epidermal turnover/cell renewal.
- Vitamin A supplementation decreases disease activity index in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30477842
Vitamin A therapy in UC increased mucosal healing — strong evidence for gut mucous membrane benefit.
- Role of cytarabine in paediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with the combination of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29615003
Pediatric APL trial using ATRA+ATO achieved excellent EFS/OS — strong evidence of cell‑differentiation/renewal therapeutic activity.
- Arsenic trioxide is required in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Analysis of a randomized trial (APL 2006) by the French Belgian Swiss APL group
PubMed ID: 30026341
Large APL regimen trials including ATRA demonstrated major effects on event‑free survival and relapse — reflects powerful effects on malignant cell differentiation/renewal.
- Multicenter randomized trial of arsenic trioxide and Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula in pediatric patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: Interim results of the SCCLG-APL clinical study
PubMed ID: 30160789
Children with APL treated with oral RIF+ATRA had outcomes comparable to IV ATO+ATRA — supports efficacy of ATRA‑based differentiation therapy.
- Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Assessment of Efficacy and Safety in Patients Aged 9 Years and Older
PubMed ID: 30365589
Tretinoin strongly reduced acne lesions and improved severity—robust evidence of retinoid‑driven epidermal cell turnover.
- Oral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31209560
Improved respiratory outcomes in VLBW infants after vitamin A supplementation—supports airway/mucosal epithelial health.
- Novel tretinoin 0.05% lotion for the once-daily treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris in a preadolescent population
PubMed ID: 30656753
Tretinoin lotion produced substantial lesion reductions in preadolescents—supports accelerated epidermal renewal.
- Efficacy and Tolerability of a Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate or Severe Acne Vulgaris in Adult Females
PubMed ID: 31741360
Pooled adult female data show significant lesion reductions with tretinoin—consistent with enhanced cell renewal.
- Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Impact of Gender and Race on Efficacy and Safety
PubMed ID: 31741356
Tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) consistently reduced acne lesions—reflects increased epidermal turnover/cell renewal.
- DNA Methyltransferases in Malar Melasma and Their Modification by Sunscreen in Combination with 4% Niacinamide, 0.05% Retinoic Acid, or Placebo
PubMed ID: 31143777
Topical retinoic acid reduced global DNA methylation and DNMT expression in melasma lesions—suggests impact on cellular epigenetic regulation and renewal.
- A Clinical Anti-Ageing Comparative Study of 0.3 and 0.5% Retinol Serums: A Clinically Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32428912
Topical retinol improved wrinkles and texture over 12 weeks—evidence of positive effects on epidermal renewal and matrix.
- High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation to Bangladeshi Infants Increases the Percentage of CCR9-Positive Treg Cells in Infants with Lower Birthweight in Early Infancy, and Decreases Plasma sCD14 Concentration and the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency at Two Years of Age
PubMed ID: 32939553
Neonatal vitamin A increased mucosal‑homing Tregs and decreased sCD14—suggests improved mucosal immune function and mucosal health.
- Effects of liposomal nasal spray with vitamins A and E on allergic rhinitis
PubMed ID: 32773784
Liposomal nasal spray with vitamins A+E reduced nasal obstruction and inflammatory cells and improved sinonasal QoL—direct mucosal benefit.
- Efficacy and safety comparison of combination of 0.04% tretinoin microspheres plus 1% clindamycin versus their monotherapy in patients with acne vulgaris: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 32020824
Tretinoin + clindamycin produced large reductions in lesions (‑77% inflammatory) indicating robust effects on epidermal cell dynamics.
- Biofortified and fortified maize consumption reduces prevalence of low milk retinol, but does not increase vitamin A stores of breastfeeding Zambian infants with adequate reserves: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33693468
Fortified/biofortified maize raised breast‑milk retinol and reduced low milk‑retinol prevalence—maternal milk vitamin A supports infant mucosal surfaces (oral/GI/respiratory).
- Arsenic trioxide replacing or reducing chemotherapy in consolidation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL2012 trial)
PubMed ID: 33495363
All‑trans retinoic acid is a core therapy in APL that promotes leukemic cell differentiation and markedly improves DFS/relapse rates—strong evidence of retinoid‑driven cell renewal/differentiation in clinical oncology.
- Impact of Maternal Daily Oral Low-Dose Vitamin A Supplementation on the Mother-Infant Pair: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial in China
PubMed ID: 34371880
Daily low‑dose vitamin A increased maternal serum retinol and mitigated the decline in breast‑milk retinol—biochemical support for mucosal health in breastfed infants.
- All-trans retinoic acid plus high-dose dexamethasone as first-line treatment for patients with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial
PubMed ID: 34560012
ATRA + dexamethasone substantially increased sustained platelet responses in ITP—retinoid modulation of immune/hematopoietic cell behavior consistent with effects on cell renewal/differentiation.
- PML-RARA transcript levels at the end of induction therapy are associated with prognosis in non-high-risk acute promyelocytic leukaemia with all-trans retinoic acid plus arsenic in front-line therapy: long-term follow-up of a single-centre cohort study
PubMed ID: 34405393
In APL treated with ATRA+arsenic, molecular PML‑RARA transcript levels predicted relapse—links retinoid therapy to molecular control of malignant cell renewal.
- Assessment of Arsenic Trioxide and All-trans Retinoic Acid for the Treatment of Pediatric Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group AAML1331 Trial
PubMed ID: 34762093
ATRA‑based, chemotherapy‑sparing pediatric APL regimens produced excellent EFS/OS—supports major retinoid effects on malignant cell differentiation/renewal.
- [Effects of different eye protection methods during head and neck surgery under general anesthesia]
PubMed ID: 36000374
Topical Vit A eye gel improved corneal staining and ocular symptoms, directly supporting mucosal/epithelial ocular surface integrity.
- Efficacy and safety of microencapsulated benzoyl peroxide and microencapsulated tretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris: Results from two phase 3 double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies
PubMed ID: 37356627
Topical tretinoin formulations reduced acne lesions and promoted epidermal turnover — direct effect on cell renewal.
- Combined FOLFOX4 with all-trans retinoic acid versus FOLFOX4 with placebo in treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic metastasis: a randomized, double-blind comparative study
PubMed ID: 37752117
Adding ATRA to chemotherapy improved survival/response in metastatic HCC, consistent with retinoid effects on tumor cell differentiation/renewal.
- Improvements in acne and skin oiliness with tazarotene 0.045% lotion in patients with oily skin
PubMed ID: 36382987
Tazarotene reduced acne lesions and improved skin turnover — topical retinoid effect on epidermal renewal.
- A randomized phase 2 trial of oral vitamin A for graft-versus-host disease in children and young adults
PubMed ID: 38227933
Reduction in GI GVHD indicates protection/modulation of gastrointestinal mucosa by a pre‑transplant vitamin A dose.
- A randomized controlled double-blinded split-face prospective clinical trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a novel 3-step routine compared to benzoyl peroxide for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 38787441
Topical retinol reduces acne lesions by modulating epidermal cell turnover—supports cutaneous cell renewal effects.
- The protective effect of vitamin A palmitate eye gel on the ocular surface during general anaesthesia surgery: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38573375
Topical ocular vitamin A palmitate preserved tear production post‑anesthesia—direct benefit to ocular mucous membranes.
- Impact of TP53 Mutation Status in Elderly AML Patients When Adding All-Trans Retinoic Acid or Valproic Acid to Decitabine
PubMed ID: 39400388
ATRA (vitamin A derivative) added to decitabine improved responses in AML via differentiation effects—strong mechanistic evidence for influencing cell renewal/differentiation in cancer.
- Arsenic Trioxide and All-Trans Retinoic Acid Combination Therapy for the Treatment of High-Risk Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Results From the APOLLO Trial
PubMed ID: 40825164
ATRA plus arsenic improved event‑free survival in APL by promoting leukemic cell differentiation—robust evidence of retinoid‑driven cell renewal/differentiation in malignant cells.
- Red palm olein supplementation as a potential preventive solution for xerophthalmia among vitamin A-deficient primary schoolchildren: a cluster randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40247111
Provitamin A fortification prevented xerophthalmia (conjunctival/mucosal disease) in deficient children.
- Arsenic trioxide versus Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula in non-high-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia: a multicenter, randomized trial
PubMed ID: 39506905
ATRA was part of the effective APL regimens in randomized trial—consistent with retinoid effects on malignant cell maturation.
- Screening of Influencing Factors of Dry Eye Disease and the Exploration of New Diagnosis and Treatment Model Based on Community Health Management Combined with Tertiary Hospitals
PubMed ID: 41025833
Dry eye study identified vitamin A deficiency as a risk factor for ocular surface disease—observational support for mucosal importance.
Immune support (144)
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in Papua New Guinea: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 10421302
Randomized trial showed ~30% reduction in clinical P. falciparum febrile episodes and lower parasite density—robust protection against infection.
- Simultaneous vitamin A administration at routine immunization contact enhances antibody response to diphtheria vaccine in infants younger than six months
PubMed ID: 10573548
Oral vitamin A at DPT immunization roughly doubled diphtheria antibody titers in infants (direct enhancement of adaptive immune response).
- Efficacy of a vitamin A-fortified wheat-flour bun on the vitamin A status of Filipino schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 10966892
Fortified buns improved retinol status and reduced prevalence of inadequate liver stores in deficient children (nutritional restoration supports immunity).
- Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
PubMed ID: 11060532
Periodic supplementation reduced risk of severe watery diarrhea (clinically relevant protective effect indicating improved host defense at gut level).
- Vitamin a status of pregnant women and effect of post partum vitamin a supplementation
PubMed ID: 11086300
Postpartum dose increased breast‑milk and infant retinol and eliminated subclinical deficiency (likely improves infant immune resilience).
- Evaluation of serum retinol, the modified-relative-dose-response ratio, and breast-milk vitamin A as indicators of response to postpartum maternal vitamin A supplementation
PubMed ID: 10702176
Postpartum high-dose vitamin A robustly increased breast‑milk vitamin A per fat — supports infant vitamin A delivery that underpins mucosal and immune defenses.
- Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomised double blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11498488
Zinc+vitamin A reduced persistent diarrhoea and dysentery in children — clinically meaningful immune/host‑defence effect at population level.
- Impact of vitamin A supplementation to rural children on morbidity due to diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 21901907
Semiannual vitamin A roughly halved diarrhoea episodes in young children—substantial infection‑related benefit.
- The role of vitamin A in enhancing humoral immunity produced by antirabies vaccine
PubMed ID: 15332782
Vitamin A given with rabies vaccine doubled antibody responses—strong direct evidence of immune augmentation.
- Vitamin A supplementation at birth delays pneumococcal colonization in South Indian infants
PubMed ID: 11160543
Neonatal vitamin A reduced early pneumococcal colonization and resistant strains—meaningful mucosal immune impact.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality
PubMed ID: 12649946
Large RCT: periodic high‑dose vitamin A lowered diarrhoea, measles and mortality where deficiency is common—major immune/clinical benefit.
- Vitamin A supplements ameliorate the adverse effect of HIV-1, malaria, and diarrheal infections on child growth
PubMed ID: 11773574
Vitamin A supplements reduced stunting associated with persistent diarrhea and supported growth in high-risk infants, consistent with improved resilience/immune-mediated outcomes in vulnerable groups.
- Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India
PubMed ID: 12896935
Neonatal vitamin A dosing reduced early infant mortality by ~22%—likely via improved resistance to infection in early life.
- Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15661475
Randomized trial in HIV‑infected Ugandan children: periodic vitamin A supplementation reduced mortality and respiratory/gastrointestinal morbidity.
- The effect of vitamin A-fortified coconut cooking oil on the serum retinol concentration of Filipino children 4-7 years old
PubMed ID: 15734707
Fortified oil raised serum retinol—improved vitamin A status is tied to better immune competence in children.
- The impact of vitamin A supplementation on mortality inequalities among children in Nepal
PubMed ID: 15689431
Large Nepal trial: vitamin A supplementation greatly reduced excess child deaths (population‑level immune/health effect).
- Randomised study of effect of different doses of vitamin A on childhood morbidity and mortality
PubMed ID: 16306060
Half WHO dose trial showed lower mortality (not uniform) particularly in girls—population‑level immunomodulatory impact suggested.
- Impact of promotion of mango and liver as sources of vitamin A for young children: a pilot study in Burkina Faso
PubMed ID: 16925888
Dietary promotion raising vitamin A intake and serum retinol in young children supports general immune competence (directly measured increase in retinol).
- Impact of vitamin A on selected gastrointestinal pathogen infections and associated diarrheal episodes among children in Mexico City, Mexico
PubMed ID: 17041847
Vitamin A supplementation reduced prevalence and illness from specific enteric pathogens (EPEC, ETEC, Giardia) in infants — strong pathogen‑specific immune benefit.
- Effect of daily low dose of vitamin A compared with single high dose on morbidity and mortality of hospitalized mainly malnourished children in senegal: a randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 17299466
Daily low‑dose vitamin A in hospitalized/malnourished children reduced respiratory disease incidence/duration and lowered mortality in oedematous subgroup — strong clinical immune benefit.
- Impact of vitamin A supplementation on health status and absenteeism of school children in Sri Lanka
PubMed ID: 17215185
Periodic high‑dose improved blood vitamin A and trended to fewer illness‑related school absences — supports immune benefits.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China
PubMed ID: 17684522
Duplicate entry: same strong immune marker improvements as above (kept for emphasis).
- Supplementation with vitamin A reduces watery diarrhoea and respiratory infections in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 17298703
Periodic vitamin A reduced watery diarrhoea and cough with fever episodes — clinically meaningful infection reductions.
- Vitamin A supplementation has divergent effects on norovirus infections and clinical symptoms among Mexican children
PubMed ID: 17763317
Vitamin A lowered norovirus prevalence and NoV‑associated diarrhoea but increased viral shedding duration — mixed immunologic impact.
- Impact of mass supplementation of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 17526954
Mass vitamin A reduced clinical deficiency and was associated with fewer deaths — major public‑health immune/host‑defense impact.
- Newborn vitamin A dosing reduces the case fatality but not incidence of common childhood morbidities in South India
PubMed ID: 17951487
Newborn vitamin A did not change incidence but roughly halved case fatality for diarrhea and fever — strong effect on infection outcomes/severity.
- Vitamin A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
PubMed ID: 17449592
Neonatal vitamin A co‑administration slightly increased hepatitis B seroprotection — evidence of augmented vaccine‑related immunity.
- Men with low vitamin A stores respond adequately to primary yellow fever and secondary tetanus toxoid vaccination
PubMed ID: 18936231
In men with low stores, vitamin A supplementation boosted cellular and some cytokine vaccine responses—supports adaptive/innate immune modulation.
- Markers of innate immune function are associated with vitamin a stores in men
PubMed ID: 19091796
Supplementation raised innate immune markers (NK cells, oxidative burst) and altered cytokines—strong evidence vitamin A supports innate defense.
- Vitamin A status is associated with T-cell responses in Bangladeshi men
PubMed ID: 19747427
Small controlled supplementation in deficient men improved T‑cell proliferation and several cytokine responses — direct mechanistic immune benefit.
- Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing
PubMed ID: 20412603
Fortified biscuits lowered deficiency and anemia in preschool children — improved vitamin A status is classically tied to better immune function.
- Malaria parasitaemia among infants and its association with breastfeeding peer counselling and vitamin A supplementation: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomized trial
PubMed ID: 21760916
Observational sub‑study found substantially lower malaria parasitaemia in infants recorded as having received vitamin A, consistent with immune benefit (observational data).
- The effect of high-dose vitamin A supplementation at birth on measles incidence during the first 12 months of life in boys and girls: an unplanned study within a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 21294931
Neonatal vitamin A reduced measles incidence in boys in early infancy (sex‑specific protective effect against a vaccine‑preventable infection).
- Vitamin A supplementation modifies the association between mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses and resolution of enteric pathogen infections
PubMed ID: 21248183
Vitamin A modified intestinal immune responses relating to pathogen clearance, suggesting improved local defense mechanisms.
- Vitamin A supplementation at birth might prime the response to subsequent vitamin A supplements in girls. Three year follow-up of a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 21853099
Neonatal vitamin A appeared to prime girls so later VAS greatly reduced mortality in girls — evidence of altered immune/survival responses after re‑exposure.
- Vitamin A modifies the intestinal chemokine and cytokine responses to norovirus infection in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 21411606
Supplementation altered fecal cytokines during norovirus infection, indicating influence on mucosal immune responses.
- The effect of at-birth vitamin A supplementation on differential leucocyte counts and in vitro cytokine production: an immunological study nested within a randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau
PubMed ID: 23168172
Neonatal vitamin A produced measurable changes in leukocyte proportions and lowered TNF‑α—evidence of immune modulation that could strengthen defense.
- Effect of vitamin A adjunct therapy for cerebral malaria in children admitted to Mulago hospital: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23056012
Adjunctive vitamin A in cerebral malaria was associated with fewer deaths in this trial—clinical signal for immune/clinical benefit (moderate evidence).
- School snacks decrease morbidity in Kenyan schoolchildren: a cluster randomized, controlled feeding intervention trial
PubMed ID: 23537728
School snack trial including vitamin A‑fortified oil led to reduced illness rates in Kenyan children — suggests improved resistance to infection (multi‑component study).
- Therapeutic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immune response to cancer vaccine in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer
PubMed ID: 23589106
ATRA markedly reduced immunosuppressive MDSCs and increased vaccine‑specific immune responses—strong direct immune benefit signal.
- Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very-low-birth-weight premature Thai infants: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25816542
Vitamin A injections in VLBW infants raised retinol and were associated with shorter intubation and oxygen use—clinical respiratory benefit plausibly tied to improved mucosal/immune defenses.
- Enhancement of vitamin A combined vitamin D supplementation on immune response to Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine revaccinated in Chinese infants
PubMed ID: 24461526
Vitamin A+D during infancy increased tuberculin skin‑test positivity after BCG revaccination—large RCT evidence of enhanced vaccine response/immune priming.
- The effect of postpartum vitamin A supplementation on breast milk immune regulators and infant immune functions: study protocol of a randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25872802
Protocol for RCT testing high‑dose postpartum vitamin A to boost breast milk immune regulators and infant immunity—direct immunologic intent (protocol only).
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces the Th17-Treg - Related cytokines in obese and non-obese women
PubMed ID: 26909479
Vitamin A reduced pro‑inflammatory cytokines (IL‑17, IL‑6), which can modulate host immune responses though not a direct infection‑outcome study.
- Promotion of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Increased Vitamin A Intakes and Reduced the Odds of Low Retinol-Binding Protein among Postpartum Kenyan Women
PubMed ID: 28404834
Program reduced low vitamin A status and pregnancy anemia at some timepoints — improved vitamin A status supports immune competence.
- Long-term sex-differential effects of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on in vitro cytokine responses
PubMed ID: 29166972
Neonatal vitamin A altered long-term immune responses and increased BCG scarring in girls — strong immune‑system modulation evidence.
- Vitamin A supplementation is effective for improving the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections and reducing renal scarring in girls with acute pyelonephritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, clinical trial study
PubMed ID: 30670279
Oral vitamin A added to antibiotics shortened symptoms and markedly reduced renal lesion progression in girls with APN — clinically important immune‑related benefit.
- Randomized Trial of 2 Versus 1 Dose of Measles Vaccine: Effect on Hospital Admission of Children After 9 Months of Age
PubMed ID: 28992261
Neonatal vitamin A modified the effect of measles vaccination on hospital admissions—shows interaction with vaccine‑related morbidity.
- Oral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31209560
Alternate‑day oral vitamin A reduced death or persistent oxygen need in VLBW infants and improved serum retinol—clinically meaningful immune/respiratory benefit.
- High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation to Bangladeshi Infants Increases the Percentage of CCR9-Positive Treg Cells in Infants with Lower Birthweight in Early Infancy, and Decreases Plasma sCD14 Concentration and the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency at Two Years of Age
PubMed ID: 32939553
Neonatal high‑dose vitamin A increased mucosal‑homing Tregs, reduced sCD14 and durably reduced vitamin A deficiency at 2 years—clear immune modulation and improved status.
- Effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune responses in Indonesian pre-schoolers
PubMed ID: 33377367
Zinc±vitamin A trial showed increases in ex‑vivo IFN‑γ and mucosal IgA in subgroups—evidence vitamin A can augment immune readouts.
- Impact of Maternal Daily Oral Low-Dose Vitamin A Supplementation on the Mother-Infant Pair: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial in China
PubMed ID: 34371880
Daily low‑dose vitamin A raised maternal serum retinol and lessened milk‑retinol decline—biochemical improvements that support neonatal/infant immune protection even if short‑term infant illness unchanged.
- The Impact of Vitamin A Deficiency on Tuberculosis Progression
PubMed ID: 35486953
Human cohort: low baseline vitamin A strongly associated with markedly higher risk of incident TB (multivariate OR ~3.6) with supporting animal data—strong evidence vitamin A matters for infection defense.
- All-trans retinoic acid plus low-dose rituximab vs low-dose rituximab in corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed ITP
PubMed ID: 34665865
ATRA (vitamin A derivative) augmented rituximab responses in ITP, indicating immune modulation with clinical impact.
- Enhanced stability and clinical absorption of a form of encapsulated vitamin A for food fortification
PubMed ID: 36508653
Better bioavailability/stability of fortified Vit A enables achieving adequate status necessary for immune function.
- Evaluation and comparison of vitamin A supplementation with standard therapies in the treatment of patients with COVID-19
PubMed ID: 36205206
Oral Vit A adjunct in COVID reduced symptoms and WBC/CRP, consistent with an immune‑modulating benefit in outpatients.
- Red palm olein-enriched biscuit supplementation lowers Ascaris lumbricoides reinfection at 6-month after anthelmintic treatment among schoolchildren with vitamin A deficiency (VAD)
PubMed ID: 36775004
Provitamin A–rich red palm oil biscuits after deworming markedly reduced Ascaris reinfection and intensity, consistent with improved anti‑parasite resistance.
- A randomized phase 2 trial of oral vitamin A for graft-versus-host disease in children and young adults
PubMed ID: 38227933
Pre‑transplant vitamin A reduced GI and chronic GVHD, indicating clinically relevant immunomodulation/immune‑system effects.
- Effect of beta-carotene on immunological indexes in healthy male smokers
PubMed ID: 8438775
20 mg/day beta‑carotene raised plasma levels and modestly increased PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation (~12%), indicating immune stimulation.
- A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vitamin A in severe malaria in hospitalised Mozambican children
PubMed ID: 11579859
In severe malaria, vitamin A supplementation was associated with improved survival after five hours — suggests a potential acute immune/clinical benefit.
- Immunomodulatory effect of beta-carotene on T lymphocyte subsets in patients with resected colonic polyps and cancer
PubMed ID: 9290119
Beta‑carotene for 3 months in colon cancer patients increased IL‑2R+ activated T cells and CD4+ helper T cells—immunomodulatory effect.
- Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10075336
Fortified biscuits improved vitamin A status in children—vitamin A deficiency correction supports immunity.
- Double blind, cluster randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group
PubMed ID: 10037634
Weekly vitamin A/beta‑carotene dramatically reduced pregnancy‑related mortality; improved maternal survival may reflect better resistance to infection/complications.
- Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation
PubMed ID: 10997544
Vitamin A/β‑carotene supplementation reduced infection‑related maternal mortality in night‑blind women—clinical evidence of immune‑relevant benefit.
- The effect of a biscuit with red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene on the vitamin A status of primary school children: a comparison with beta-carotene from a synthetic source in a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11477464
Fortification raised serum retinol in children—improved vitamin A status typically supports mucosal immunity.
- Circulating levels of retinol, tocopherol and carotenoid in Nepali pregnant and postpartum women following long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A supplementation
PubMed ID: 11360129
Weekly supplements increased serum retinol and carotenoids in pregnant/postpartum women—biomarker evidence relevant to immune function.
- Effect of providing vitamin supplements to human immunodeficiency virus-infected, lactating mothers on the child's morbidity and CD4+ cell counts
PubMed ID: 12684919
Large RCT in HIV+ mothers: maternal multivitamins improved child CD4 and reduced diarrhea; maternal vitamin A reduced a pneumonia proxy—strong immune‑relevant clinical effects.
- A community randomized controlled clinical trial of mixed carotenoids and micronutrient supplementation of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
PubMed ID: 16721396
Carotenoid supplementation in advanced AIDS raised serum carotene and associated with better adjusted survival — disease‑specific immune benefit signal.
- Synergy between mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms and supplementation with vitamin A influences susceptibility to HIV infection in infants born to HIV-positive mothers
PubMed ID: 16960176
Maternal vitamin A + β‑carotene lowered mother‑to‑child HIV transmission in infants with MBL‑2 variants — strong immune‑protection interaction in subgroup.
- The contribution of plant foods to the vitamin A supply of lactating women in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17413113
Increases in maternal serum and breast‑milk retinol from provitamin A foods imply improved infant vitamin A exposure and immune support.
- Carotene-rich plant foods ingested with minimal dietary fat enhance the total-body vitamin A pool size in Filipino schoolchildren as assessed by stable-isotope-dilution methodology
PubMed ID: 17413103
Doubling total‑body/liver vitamin A in children supports immune competence given vitamin A's role in mucosal/immune function.
- Effect of vitamin supplementation on breast milk concentrations of retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols in HIV-infected Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 17940544
Daily maternal vitamin A/β‑carotene roughly doubled breast milk retinol — strong improvement in neonatal vitamin A supply that underpins immune defense.
- Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 18595969
Large randomized trial: 50,000 IU neonatal vitamin A shortly after birth reduced infant mortality by ~15% — strong, clinically relevant immune protection signal.
- The effects of daily consumption of β-cryptoxanthin-rich tangerines and β-carotene-rich sweet potatoes on vitamin A and carotenoid concentrations in plasma and breast milk of Bangladeshi women with low vitamin A status in a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24004891
Preformed retinol supplement increased maternal plasma and milk retinol—maternal/milk retinol supports infant immune function.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Orange maize increased total body vitamin A reserves, and vitamin A is well known to support mucosal and systemic immunity.
- Biofortified yellow cassava and vitamin A status of Kenyan children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26675768
Raised serum β‑carotene and modest retinol increases in children suggest improved vitamin A–dependent immune substrates.
- Prenatal and childhood exposures are associated with thymulin concentrations in young adolescent children in rural Nepal
PubMed ID: 31475652
Maternal β‑carotene in pregnancy associated with higher offspring thymulin (thymus function marker) in adolescence — supports an immune‑related benefit.
- Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Using Liposomes, Cyclodextrins, or Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34960106
Improved serum retinol in CF patients via liposomal vitamin A — retinol is important for immune function; plausible relevance.
- Supplementation of red palm olein-enriched biscuits improves levels of provitamin A carotenes, iron, and erythropoiesis in vitamin A-deficient primary schoolchildren: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38240773
Red palm olein biscuits in vitamin A–deficient children improved hematologic markers and lowered inflammation, consistent with improved immune/health status.
- Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Adequacy of Nutrient Intake among Picky-Eating Children at Nutritional Risk in India: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37299491
ONS improved vitamin A adequacy in children — increased intake is relevant to immune function; this was a randomized trial improving micronutrient status.
- [Interventional effect of vitamin A supplementation on re-vaccination to hepatitis B virus among rural infants and young children in China]
PubMed ID: 21624240
Cod liver oil (vitamin A/D source) increased serum retinol and substantially improved Hepatitis B vaccine antibody titers in children — good RCT evidence of immune enhancement.
- Single megadose vitamin A supplementation of Indian mothers and morbidity in breastfed young infants
PubMed ID: 12897218
Maternal megadose reduced infants' illness and raised infant serum retinol for months—clinical evidence vitamin A improves infant health/defense.
- Maternal supplementation with retinyl palmitate during immediate postpartum period: potential consumption by infants
PubMed ID: 19547802
Single postpartum 200k IU increased milk retinol and infant intake—nutritional effect known to reduce morbidity in deficient populations.
- Vitamin A Supplementation during Pregnancy Enhances Pandemic H1N1 Vaccine Response in Mothers, but Enhancement of Transplacental Antibody Transfer May Depend on When Mothers Are Vaccinated during Pregnancy
PubMed ID: 30517724
Weekly maternal VAS increased maternal antibody titers and cord retinol and improved vaccine responses—demonstrates immune benefit.
- Effects of fortified milk on morbidity in young children in north India: community based, randomised, double masked placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17132678
Fortified milk including vitamin A reduced diarrhoea and respiratory infections in young children → supports improved infection resistance though effect is from multiple micronutrients.
- Zinc, vitamin A, and micronutrient supplementation in children with diarrhea: a randomized controlled clinical trial of combination therapy versus monotherapy
PubMed ID: 21592508
Regimens including vitamin A (with zinc/micronutrients) shortened and reduced diarrheal episodes in children → clinical infection outcome improvement (confounded by co‑nutrients).
- Effects of vitamin A supplementation on intestinal barrier function, growth, total parasitic, and specific Giardia spp infections in Brazilian children: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20038852
Vitamin A supplementation eliminated short‑term Giardia infections and altered gut permeability → direct infectious‑disease benefit in children with marginal status.
- Effectiveness of weekly vitamin A (10,000 IU) and iron (60 mg) supplementation for adolescent boys and girls through schools in rural and urban East Java, Indonesia
PubMed ID: 15164114
Weekly vitamin A increased serum retinol in boys (biochemical change tied to immune competence) though clinical infection outcomes were not improved in this trial.
- Supplementation of iron alone and combined with vitamins improves haematological status, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and oxidative stress in anaemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 20615267
Fe+retinol improved oxidative stress and RBC properties; also improved hematologic markers, supporting immune competence indirectly.
- A combination of iron and retinol supplementation benefits iron status, IL-2 level and lymphocyte proliferation in anemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 21147712
Randomized trial: adding retinol to iron increased IL‑2 and lymphocyte proliferation—direct evidence of enhanced immune function.
- Triple fortification of salt with microcapsules of iodine, iron, and vitamin A
PubMed ID: 15531677
Triple‑fortified salt improved vitamin A biomarkers and anemia prevalence at population level; vitamin A repletion known to support mucosal/immune defenses (indirect evidence in trial).
- A micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder reduces morbidity and improves short-term cognitive function, but has no effect on anthropometric measures in primary school children in northeast Thailand: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18541560
Multi‑micronutrient seasoning (including vitamin A) reduced respiratory illness by ~17% and diarrhea by ~62% in schoolchildren — strong population‑level infection reduction where vitamin A likely contributed.
- Short-term effects of vitamin A and antimalarial treatment on erythropoiesis in severely anemic Zanzibari preschool children
PubMed ID: 16087986
Vitamin A in severely anemic children altered inflammatory markers and stimulated erythropoiesis, indicating an immunomodulatory effect.
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on diarrhoeal disease among stunted children in rural South Africa
PubMed ID: 19174830
Adding zinc/MMN to routine vitamin A markedly reduced diarrhoea in stunted, HIV‑uninfected infants — shows programmatic immune/mucosal protection when vitamin A is part of regimen.
- Selling Sprinkles micronutrient powder reduces anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency in young children in Western Kenya: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22492366
Sprinkles distribution reduced vitamin A deficiency and improved hemoglobin at population level—supportive of better host defenses.
- Effects of vitamin A supplementation on iron status indices and iron deficiency anaemia: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24384995
Periodic vitamin A reduced iron‑deficiency anaemia and improved iron markers in schoolchildren—improved micronutrient status often correlates with better immune function.
- Effect of simultaneous supplementation of vitamin A and iron on diarrheal and respiratory tract infection in preschool children in Chengdu City, China
PubMed ID: 24012086
Randomized trial: vitamin A + iron reduced respiratory and diarrheal illnesses in preschoolers—direct clinical evidence of improved resistance to infections.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Clear, large increase in whole‑body vitamin A reserves — strong biochemical basis for improved mucosal and systemic immunity.
- Double-blind cluster randomised controlled trial of wheat flour chapatti fortified with micronutrients on the status of vitamin A and iron in school-aged children in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23800099
Fortification raised serum retinol and reduced deficiency — evidence consistent with enhanced immune competence.
- Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26751473
Large RCT showing marked improvement in vitamin A status; classic role of vitamin A in supporting immune defenses makes this a strong match.
- Role of Breastfeeding and Complementary Food on Hemoglobin and Ferritin Levels in a Cambodian Cross-Sectional Sample of Children Aged 3 to 24 Months
PubMed ID: 26975053
Observational association of recent vitamin A supplementation with higher RBP and weak hemoglobin improvements — some support for immune benefit but observational.
- Effect of single-dose albendazole and vitamin A supplementation on the iron status of pre-school children in Sichuan, China
PubMed ID: 26902307
Randomized trial (vitamin A + deworming) improved retinol and iron markers and deficiency rates — supports immune recovery in context of parasitic infection.
- Effects of community-based sales of micronutrient powders on morbidity episodes in preschool children in Western Kenya
PubMed ID: 26864367
(duplicate) included due to multiple relevant outcomes.
- Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements containing different amounts of zinc along with diarrhea and malaria treatment increase iron and vitamin A status and reduce anemia prevalence, but do not affect zinc status in young Burkinabe children: a cluster-randomized trial
PubMed ID: 28152989
(duplicate) SQ‑LNS + infection treatment preserved RBP, suggesting support for immune function.
- Is Iron Supplementation Influenced by Sub-Clinical Inflammation?: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Adolescent Schoolgirls in Myanmar
PubMed ID: 31022892
Vitamin A improved hemoglobin in girls with subclinical inflammation and influenced iron responses — indicates a functional role during inflammatory/infectious stress.
- Effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements and infant and young child feeding counseling with or without improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on anemia and micronutrient status: results from 2 cluster-randomized trials in Kenya and Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 30624600
IYCF + LNS trials produced consistent RBP improvements (site‑dependent) and anemia reductions — supports improved immune/nutritional status.
- Vitamin A and iron status of children before and after treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition
PubMed ID: 32249112
(duplicate) RUTF partially restored RBP in SAM children; immune recovery plausible.
- Micronutrient and Inflammation Status Following One Year of Complementary Food Supplementation in 18-Month-Old Rural Bangladeshi Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32443412
Fortified complementary foods raised retinol and tended to lower inflammation — supports immune competence (multinutrient context).
- Vitamin A-fortified rice increases total body vitamin A stores in lactating Thai women measured by retinol isotope dilution: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33675342
Fortified rice increased total body vitamin A stores — strong biochemical basis for improved vitamin A–mediated immune function.
- Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves micronutrient status in primary school children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33580103
MMN increased plasma retinol in schoolchildren (RCT) — improved status plausibly enhances immune defense.
- Vitamin A and D Deficiencies Associated With Incident Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Multinational Case-Cohort Study
PubMed ID: 28169875
Pre‑ART vitamin A deficiency strongly predicted subsequent TB (aHR ~5.3), indicating vitamin A status is linked to risk of infectious disease in immunocompromised adults.
- A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles
PubMed ID: 2194128
High‑dose vitamin A in hospitalized children with severe measles halved risk of death/major complications and shortened pneumonia/diarrhea—strong clinical immune benefit.
- Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand
PubMed ID: 2296985
Vitamin A deficiency associated with higher respiratory/diarrheal illness and supplementation reduced episodes for ~2 months — clear population immune protection evidence.
- Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 2205798
Weekly vitamin A halved overall child mortality in deficient population — large effect likely mediated by reduced severe infections and improved immunity.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 1951162
Vitamin A in hospitalized children with measles greatly reduced morbidity and improved short-term weight gain.
- Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal
PubMed ID: 1676467
Periodic vitamin A reduced preschool child mortality by ~30% in large RCT — consistent with improved defense against fatal infections.
- Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population
PubMed ID: 1739794
Single community dose markedly lowered child deaths (especially infants/diarrhoea) — strong population-level immune/mucosal effect.
- Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles
PubMed ID: 1565535
Vitamin A reduced morbidity and increased lymphocytes and measles-specific IgG in complicated measles.
- Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency
PubMed ID: 1729457
Improved tetanus IgG responses in mildly deficient children indicates boosted adaptive immunity after supplementation.
- Effect of vitamin A on diarrhoeal and respiratory complications of measles
PubMed ID: 8116059
High‑dose vitamin A in measles reduced severe airway complications and otitis media—clinically meaningful immune benefit.
- Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Ghana VAST Study Team
PubMed ID: 8100345
Large community trial in Ghana found fewer clinic visits, hospital admissions and reduced child mortality with periodic vitamin A—strong population‑level immune benefit.
- Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin-A-deficient children
PubMed ID: 8093291
Vitamin A treatment normalized abnormal T‑cell subset distributions in deficient children—mechanistic immune improvement.
- A priming dose of oral vitamin A given to preschool children may extend protection conferred by a subsequent large dose of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 8336206
Priming dose strategy prolonged higher serum retinol after standard dosing—useful for maintaining immune‑supporting retinol levels.
- Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth
PubMed ID: 8436094
Randomized trial showed large reductions in diarrhoea and respiratory disease and increased serum IgA after supplementation.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil
PubMed ID: 7913157
Periodic vitamin A reduced severe diarrhoea in children (infection outcome), consistent with improved mucosal immune defense.
- Impact of massive dose of vitamin A given to preschool children with acute diarrhoea on subsequent respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity
PubMed ID: 7819847
Single massive dose strongly reduced measles incidence in the youngest subgroup — evidence of infection protection.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immunoglobulin G subclass responses to tetanus toxoid in children
PubMed ID: 7496940
Vitamin A given before tetanus vaccination increased protective IgG1 responses — direct, randomized evidence of enhanced humoral immunity.
- The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women
PubMed ID: 7625499
Supplementation lowered overall morbidity and halved diarrhea among HIV‑infected infants—clinically meaningful immune/morbidity benefit in this group.
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells in breast milk: association with immunosuppression and vitamin A deficiency
PubMed ID: 7594703
Observational: low maternal vitamin A linked to greater HIV DNA in breast milk—associational evidence linking vitamin A status with host/mucosal defenses.
- Impact of nutrition education and mega-dose vitamin A supplementation on the health of children in Nepal
PubMed ID: 9002334
Community vitamin A program substantially reduced child mortality and deficiency signs—consistent with improved population‑level resistance to severe infections.
- Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A
PubMed ID: 8598547
Monthly infant vitamin A raised serum retinol and reduced days with respiratory infections (~32% fewer days), indicating improved infection resilience.
- Impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant morbidity and mortality
PubMed ID: 8618182
Neonatal supplementation produced a large, statistically significant reduction in infant deaths and reduced medical visits for respiratory illness—strong immune/mortality benefit.
- Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial of efficacy of vitamin A treatment in non-measles childhood pneumonia
PubMed ID: 9329303
High‑dose vitamin A added to pneumonia treatment reduced fever by day 3 and trended toward fewer antibiotic failures.
- Randomised trial of effect of vitamin A supplementation on antibody response to measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau, west Africa
PubMed ID: 9228962
Vitamin A given with measles vaccine increased antibody GMTs in single‑dose recipients, indicating enhanced humoral response.
- Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants
PubMed ID: 9152680
Postpartum megadose raised breastmilk/maternal retinol and slightly reduced infant respiratory illness duration—clinical immune benefit.
- High dose vitamin A supplementation in the course of pneumonia in Vietnamese children
PubMed ID: 9350882
Supplementation at admission for pneumonia shortened hospitalization in moderately undernourished children (subgroup benefit).
- Enhancement in seroconversion to measles vaccine with simultaneous administration of vitamin A in 9-months-old Indian infants
PubMed ID: 10771879
Randomized trial: oral vitamin A given with measles vaccine increased seroconversion rate (+20.7 pp) and serum retinol.
- Breast-feeding status alters the effect of vitamin A treatment during acute diarrhea in children
PubMed ID: 9040545
Vitamin A given during acute diarrhea reduced episode duration and persistent diarrhea incidence in non‑breastfed children—clinical infection outcome improvement supporting immune/host defense.
- Single dose vitamin A treatment in acute shigellosis in Bangladesh children: randomised double blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 9492664
Single high‑dose vitamin A in shigellosis increased symptom cure by day 5—supports enhanced host defense/clinical recovery in deficient setting.
- A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 10048684
Large RCT showed marked reductions in mortality (overall and HIV‑infected children) with high‑dose vitamin A—strong clinical evidence of immune benefit.
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vitamin A in Mozambican children hospitalized with nonmeasles acute lower respiratory tract infections
PubMed ID: 10632986
Single admission dose shortened hospital stay and increased early discharges in ALRI—clinically meaningful improvement in recovery from respiratory infection.
- Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
PubMed ID: 10379020
Intramuscular vitamin A in ELBW infants reduced death or chronic lung disease and corrected deficiency—important immune/clinical benefit in vulnerable infants.
- Vitamin A administered with measles vaccine to nine-month-old infants does not reduce vaccine immunogenicity
PubMed ID: 10419992
Coadministration with measles vaccine did not reduce immunogenicity and boosted antibody titers in malnourished infants—support for vaccine‑related immune responses.
- The beneficial effects of weekly low-dose vitamin A supplementation on acute lower respiratory infections and diarrhea in Ecuadorian children
PubMed ID: 10390287
Weekly low‑dose vitamin A protected underweight children from ALRI (very large subgroup effect), indicating immune benefit in deficient children.
Eye health (85)
- Red palm olein supplementation as a potential preventive solution for xerophthalmia among vitamin A-deficient primary schoolchildren: a cluster randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40247111
RPO (provitamin A) fortification substantially prevented xerophthalmia—direct, high‑quality evidence that vitamin A prevents major ocular pathology and preserves vision in deficient children.
- [Effects of different eye protection methods during head and neck surgery under general anesthesia]
PubMed ID: 36000374
Topical vitamin A gel reduced corneal staining and ocular symptoms in perioperative patients, supporting ocular surface health relevant to vision maintenance.
- Enhanced stability and clinical absorption of a form of encapsulated vitamin A for food fortification
PubMed ID: 36508653
Improved stability and bioavailability of fortified vitamin A supports provision of vitamin A needed for vision in populations.
- The contribution of provitamin A biofortified cassava to vitamin A intake in Nigerian pre-schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 33413713
Provitamin A cassava substantially increased vitamin A intake in preschool children—strong dietary evidence for preventing vitamin‑A deficiency that impairs vision.
- EARLY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES THE OUTCOME OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS
PubMed ID: 30964778
Large RCT in extremely preterm infants: enteral vitamin A increased serum retinol and substantially reduced Type‑1 ROP and BPD—strong ocular benefit relevant to low‑light vision.
- Efficacy and safety of retinol palmitate ophthalmic solution in the treatment of dry eye: a Japanese Phase II clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28694687
Topical retinol palmitate eye drops improved ocular surface staining and some symptoms, including blurred vision — direct ocular benefit.
- Vitamin A Palmitate and Carbomer Gel Protects the Conjunctiva of Patients With Long-term Prostaglandin Analogs Application
PubMed ID: 26317483
Randomized eye‑gel trial increased goblet cell density, stabilized tear break‑up time and improved ocular symptom scores—direct ocular surface and symptom benefits.
- Investigation of oral fenretinide for treatment of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 23023528
Ophthalmology trial (fenretinide) affected retinol/RBP and showed trends in macular lesion growth—directly relevant to macular disease and retinal outcomes (though drug reduces retinol).
- Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial
PubMed ID: 23498849
Six‑monthly high‑dose vitamin A raised mean plasma retinol and halved prevalence of Bitot's spots/severe deficiency — direct evidence for ocular vitamin A benefit.
- Vitamin A supplementation improves retinal function in infants at risk of retinopathy of prematurity
PubMed ID: 22284923
Early high‑dose vitamin A in very preterm infants improved retinal rod sensitivity at term‑equivalent age—direct functional evidence for low‑light vision benefit.
- Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing
PubMed ID: 20412603
Fortified biscuits reduced vitamin A deficiency in preschool children — directly supports the nutrient status most relevant to eye health.
- A comparison of vitamin a and cyclosporine a 0.05% eye drops for treatment of dry eye syndrome
PubMed ID: 18848318
Topical vitamin A eye drops improved tear quantity/quality and symptoms and conjunctival impression cytology—supports ocular surface health and visual comfort.
- Slowing the degenerative process, long lasting effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in retinitis pigmentosa
PubMed ID: 17674017
Retinitis pigmentosa trial shows vitamin A related to long-term preservation of some measures of retinal function (visual acuity/ERG).
- Impact of mass supplementation of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 17526954
Mass distribution markedly reduced vitamin A deficiency signs (Bitot's spots) and was associated with lower mortality — clear eye‑health relevance.
- The positive impact of red palm oil in school meals on vitamin A status: study in Burkina Faso
PubMed ID: 16846498
Food‑based vitamin A (red palm oil) substantially raised serum retinol and reduced deficiency prevalence — directly relevant to preventing vitamin A–related visual problems.
- Effect of short-term, high-dose retinol on dark adaptation in aging and early age-related maculopathy
PubMed ID: 16565362
High‑dose oral retinol significantly sped rod‑mediated dark adaptation and modestly improved mobility vision in older adults (direct physiologic benefit).
- Impact of promotion of mango and liver as sources of vitamin A for young children: a pilot study in Burkina Faso
PubMed ID: 16925888
Promotion of vitamin A–rich foods raised serum retinol in toddlers — supports overall ocular vitamin A sufficiency with potential eyesight benefits.
- The effect of vitamin A-fortified coconut cooking oil on the serum retinol concentration of Filipino children 4-7 years old
PubMed ID: 15734707
Vitamin A‑fortified cooking oil raised serum retinol in children—improves status relevant to ocular health.
- A randomised, double masked, clinical trial of high dose vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation after photorefractive keratectomy
PubMed ID: 11316710
Oral vitamin A+E improved corneal healing and visual recovery after PRK — clinically meaningful eye-health benefit.
- Hyporetinolemia and acute phase proteins in children with and without xerophthalmia
PubMed ID: 10871573
Supplementation raised plasma retinol in children with xerophthalmia — directly relevant to ocular health.
- Vitamin a status of pregnant women and effect of post partum vitamin a supplementation
PubMed ID: 11086300
Postpartum maternal dose raised breast‑milk and infant serum retinol and eliminated subclinical deficiency in infants (strong biochemical support for infant eye health).
- Retinyl palmitate supplementation by inhalation of an aerosol improves vitamin A status of preschool children in Gondar (Ethiopia)
PubMed ID: 10655964
Inhaled retinyl palmitate markedly increased serum retinol and RBP in young children (direct biochemical restoration of vitamin A relevant to vision).
- Dynamics of conjunctival impression cytologic changes after vitamin A supplementation
PubMed ID: 9227184
Massive oral dose normalized conjunctival impression cytology over months—classic reversal of xerophthalmic ocular changes.
- Absorption of high-dose enteral vitamin A in low-birth-weight neonates
PubMed ID: 9180791
High‑dose enteral vitamin A in low birth‑weight infants sharply raised serum retinol—biochemical support for improved vitamin A–dependent vision if deficiency was present.
- Evaluation of the effect of vitamin A-fortified margarine on the vitamin A status of preschool Filipino children
PubMed ID: 8933117
Food fortification with vitamin A raised serum retinol and reduced prevalence of low retinol—biochemical evidence supporting better vision in populations with deficiency.
- Impact of nutrition education and mega-dose vitamin A supplementation on the health of children in Nepal
PubMed ID: 9002334
Very large community trial showed vitamin A capsule program and education substantially reduced xerophthalmia/Bitot's spots—direct evidence vitamin A prevents deficiency‑related vision loss.
- Vitamin A status of Indonesian children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides after dosing with vitamin A supplements and albendazole
PubMed ID: 8632218
Supplementation in Ascaris‑infected children clearly improved biochemical vitamin A status (MRDR), which is linked to improved ocular function when deficient.
- Impact of vitamin A supplementation on prevalence and incidence of xerophthalmia in Nepal
PubMed ID: 7499080
Large community trial markedly lowered xerophthalmia (night blindness) with periodic vitamin A—strong public‑health evidence.
- Diagnosis of night blindness and serum vitamin A level: a population-based study
PubMed ID: 7554018
Survey: children with night blindness had much lower serum retinol—strong association linking deficiency to impaired scotopic vision.
- Pupillary and visual thresholds in young children as an index of population vitamin A status
PubMed ID: 7733032
Objective retinal sensitivity improved after vitamin A dosing in deficient children—direct, strong evidence for night‑vision benefit.
- A 210-mumol dose of vitamin A provides more prolonged impact on vitamin A status than 105 mumol among preschool children
PubMed ID: 8064367
Higher vitamin A dose produced sustained serum retinol improvements in preschoolers, supporting ocular health.
- Response of Bitot's spots to a single oral 100,000- or 200,000-IU dose of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 7977607
Clinical healing of Bitot's spots and lower relapse with higher dose — direct improvement in eye health due to vitamin A.
- Intramuscular versus enteral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates
PubMed ID: 8071758
IM vitamin A increased plasma retinol in VLBW infants rapidly — supports restoration of vitamin A–dependent vision functions.
- High dose vitamin A supplementation of breast-feeding Indonesian mothers: effects on the vitamin A status of mother and infant
PubMed ID: 8463867
Postpartum maternal dosing increased milk and infant retinol and reduced infant deficiency—directly supports infant ocular health.
- A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa
PubMed ID: 8512476
Large RCT in retinitis pigmentosa showed high‑dose vitamin A slowed loss of retinal function—directly relevant to low‑light/night vision.
- Response of Bitot's spots in preschool children to vitamin A treatment
PubMed ID: 2220978
High-dose oral vitamin A cured Bitot's spots in most preschool children — strong direct ocular outcome.
- Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants
PubMed ID: 15956998
Maternal vitamin A supplementation increased infant serum retinol (significant) — direct support for vitamin A availability relevant to visual function.
- Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves micronutrient status in primary school children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33580103
MMN increased plasma retinol in children (RCT) — improved vitamin A status supports eyesight health.
- Vitamin A-fortified rice increases total body vitamin A stores in lactating Thai women measured by retinol isotope dilution: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33675342
Fortified rice increased total body vitamin A stores — direct biochemical evidence supporting retinal/vitamin A–dependent vision health.
- Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26751473
Large double‑blind RCT with marked improvements in vitamin A status — supports healthy eyesight (physiological link).
- Double-blind cluster randomised controlled trial of wheat flour chapatti fortified with micronutrients on the status of vitamin A and iron in school-aged children in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23800099
Cluster RCT raised serum retinol and reduced deficiency odds — directly relevant to maintaining healthy eyesight.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Robust, quantitative increase in liver/body vitamin A stores strongly supports ocular health (biochemical evidence).
- No enhancing effect of vitamin A administration on iron absorption or body total iron content in preschool children from Chengdu, China
PubMed ID: 25297610
High‑dose vitamin A increased serum retinol in preschoolers—direct evidence supporting improved vitamin A status for eye function.
- [Effects of vitamin A supplementation on nutritional status of iron in healthy adults]
PubMed ID: 23050440
Four months of vitamin A capsules raised serum retinol markedly—direct, high‑quality evidence of improved vitamin A status linked to eye health.
- Selling Sprinkles micronutrient powder reduces anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency in young children in Western Kenya: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22492366
Community distribution of MNPs reduced vitamin A deficiency (RBP), representing population‑level improvement in vitamin A status relevant to eye health.
- A multi-micronutrient beverage enhances the vitamin A and zinc status of Nigerian primary schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 21677073
Multi‑micronutrient drink raised serum retinol significantly, supporting improved vitamin A status relevant to low‑light vision.
- A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age
PubMed ID: 10479202
Fortified complementary foods increased plasma retinol in infants — plausible benefit to eye health through improved vitamin A status.
- Development and evaluating the biopotency of ready to eat liver meat balls in fighting anaemia and vitamin A deficiency, improving selected nutritional biochemical indicators and promoting the cognitive function among mildly anaemic Egyptian children aged 3-9 years
PubMed ID: 35451359
Dietary liver intervention markedly raised vitamin A adequacy in children (strong improvement in status that would support vision in deficient populations).
- Impact of micronutrient fortification of yoghurt on micronutrient status markers and growth - a randomized double blind controlled trial among school children in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23714325
Fortified yoghurt raised RBP (vitamin A marker) significantly — improved vitamin A status relevant to eye health.
- Vitamin A supplementation in iodine-deficient African children decreases thyrotropin stimulation of the thyroid and reduces the goiter rate
PubMed ID: 17921382
Vitamin A supplementation increased serum retinol/RBP and reduced thyroid stimulation/goiter in children — clear systemic vitamin A repletion supporting eye health indirectly.
- The effects of vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in goitrous children
PubMed ID: 15531495
Vitamin A supplements reduced thyroglobulin/TSH and goiter in deficient children while correcting vitamin A status — systemic repletion likely benefits ocular function indirectly.
- Triple fortification of salt with microcapsules of iodine, iron, and vitamin A
PubMed ID: 15531677
Triple‑fortified salt including vitamin A produced substantial increases in serum retinol/RBP and reduced deficiency — direct evidence vitamin A status improved (supports ocular health).
- Impact of Biliopancreatic Limb Length (70 cm vs 120 cm), with Constant 150 cm Alimentary Limb, on Long-Term Weight Loss, Remission of Comorbidities and Supplementation Needs After Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass: a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 31104282
Randomized surgical trial found longer biliopancreatic limb caused more vitamin A deficiency after RYGB, indicating clinical risk to eye health from deficiency.
- Effect of supplementation with a lipid-based nutrient supplement on the micronutrient status of children aged 6-18 months living in the rural region of Intibucá, Honduras
PubMed ID: 24628577
LNS intervention in young children lowered vitamin A deficiency prevalence—directly relevant to maintaining normal visual function.
- Impact of a multiple-micronutrient fortified salt on the nutritional status and memory of schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 20533221
Large randomized trial: fortified salt including vitamin A greatly reduced retinol deficiency in children — direct and clinically relevant to eye health.
- Further evaluation of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A treatment: subgroup analyses
PubMed ID: 15364709
Randomized RP trial: DHA+vitamin A (in patients not previously on A) slowed loss of field sensitivity and ERG amplitude over ~2 years — supports night/low‑light visual function when vitamin A used.
- Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on the nutriture of children in Northeast Thailand
PubMed ID: 1609761
Vitamin A (often with zinc) improved plasma retinol and conjunctival epithelium and had vision measure improvements in deficient children → direct ocular surface/vision evidence.
- Safety of <7500 RE (<25000 IU) vitamin A daily in adults with retinitis pigmentosa
PubMed ID: 10197566
Long‑term vitamin A increased serum retinol and retinyl esters in adults with retinitis pigmentosa (disease context) → supports biochemical ocular effects and potential disease‑modifying role.
- Single megadose vitamin A supplementation of Indian mothers and morbidity in breastfed young infants
PubMed ID: 12897218
Postpartum megadose raised breastmilk and infant serum retinol for months and reduced infant illness—improved infant vitamin A status supports visual development.
- Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Adequacy of Nutrient Intake among Picky-Eating Children at Nutritional Risk in India: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37299491
Oral nutritional supplements in picky children increased vitamin A intake and adequacy — relevant to eye health though no direct vision testing.
- The Nutritional Impact of Milk Beverages in Reducing Nutrient Inadequacy among Children Aged One to Five Years in the Philippines: A Dietary Modelling Study
PubMed ID: 33138121
Large dietary modelling predicted major reductions in vitamin A inadequacy from fortified milk — strong indirect support for vitamin A–dependent eye health.
- Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Using Liposomes, Cyclodextrins, or Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34960106
Liposomal retinyl palmitate maintained/improved serum all‑trans‑retinol in CF patients — directly relevant to vitamin A status that supports vision.
- Provitamin A-biofortified maize consumption increases serum xanthophylls and (13)C-natural abundance of retinol in Zambian children
PubMed ID: 28836851
Orange maize feeding increased blood carotenoids and retinol 13C‑enrichment, showing maize contributes to the retinol pool used in the eye.
- Provitamin A Carotenoid-Biofortified Maize Consumption Increases Pupillary Responsiveness among Zambian Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 27798345
Orange maize improved pupillary responsiveness (a functional night‑vision measure) in children with low baseline retinol.
- Biofortified yellow cassava and vitamin A status of Kenyan children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26675768
Yellow cassava raised serum β‑carotene and modestly increased serum retinol in children—supports vitamin A availability for eye health.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Isotope‑based trial showed orange maize increased total body vitamin A reserves comparable to retinol supplement—strong support for vitamin A–dependent vision health.
- Introduction of β-carotene-rich orange sweet potato in rural Uganda resulted in increased vitamin A intakes among children and women and improved vitamin A status among children
PubMed ID: 22875553
OSP introduction improved vitamin A intake and modestly reduced deficiency prevalence in children — supports eye health.
- β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children
PubMed ID: 22854406
Well-controlled feeding trial showing Golden Rice β‑carotene is efficiently converted to retinol in children — directly supports vitamin A–dependent vision.
- Low-dose beta-carotene supplementation and deworming improve serum vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations in preschool children of Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 20635633
β‑carotene supplementation in preschoolers raised serum carotenoids and retinol (especially with deworming), improving vitamin A status relevant to eyesight.
- Carotene-rich plant foods ingested with minimal dietary fat enhance the total-body vitamin A pool size in Filipino schoolchildren as assessed by stable-isotope-dilution methodology
PubMed ID: 17413103
Direct, quantitative doubling of liver and total‑body vitamin A stores from provitamin‑A foods — strongest nutritional evidence for supporting vision.
- Beta-carotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potato improves the vitamin A status of primary school children assessed with the modified-relative-dose-response test
PubMed ID: 15883432
Orange‑fleshed sweet potato RCT in children increased liver vitamin A stores—strong food‑based evidence for improved vitamin A status and low‑light vision potential.
- Daily consumption of Indian spinach (Basella alba) or sweet potatoes has a positive effect on total-body vitamin A stores in Bangladeshi men
PubMed ID: 15321812
Intervention increased total‑body vitamin A stores (preformed retinol and beta‑carotene), which directly supports rhodopsin regeneration and low‑light vision.
- Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women
PubMed ID: 11382658
Vitamin A plus zinc restored night vision in zinc‑deficient pregnant women (4× greater likelihood) — clinical evidence of night‑vision recovery.
- Circulating levels of retinol, tocopherol and carotenoid in Nepali pregnant and postpartum women following long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A supplementation
PubMed ID: 11360129
Weekly vitamin A/β‑carotene raised serum retinol in pregnant/postpartum women, supporting improved vitamin A–dependent vision.
- The effect of a biscuit with red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene on the vitamin A status of primary school children: a comparison with beta-carotene from a synthetic source in a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11477464
Fortified biscuits raised serum retinol in children—improves vitamin A status relevant to eye health.
- Red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene in a school biscuit used to address vitamin A deficiency in primary school children
PubMed ID: 11271856
Red palm oil biscuits raised serum retinol in schoolchildren (confounded) — suggests potential vision‑relevant status improvement.
- Responsiveness of dark-adaptation threshold to vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation in pregnant and lactating women in Nepal
PubMed ID: 11010944
Randomized trial showed improved dark‑adapted pupillary response after vitamin A—direct physiological evidence for better low‑light vision.
- Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation
PubMed ID: 10997544
Large trial linked night blindness to higher maternal mortality and showed vitamin A/β‑carotene reduced mortality in night‑blind women—strong link to night vision improvement and clinical benefit.
- Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces symptoms of illness in pregnant and lactating Nepali women
PubMed ID: 11053506
Weekly vitamin A reduced pregnancy/postpartum night blindness (direct maternal visual benefit).
- Children's consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables with added fat enhances serum retinol
PubMed ID: 10419989
Leafy‑vegetable + fat feeding in preschoolers doubled proportion with adequate retinol—relevant to eye health.
- Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10075336
Fortified biscuits improved serum retinol in schoolchildren (supports ocular vitamin A sufficiency).
- Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces but does not eliminate maternal night blindness in Nepal
PubMed ID: 9732305
Large RCT: weekly vitamin A markedly reduced maternal night blindness during pregnancy and postpartum (direct evidence).
- Orange fruit is more effective than are dark-green, leafy vegetables in increasing serum concentrations of retinol and beta-carotene in schoolchildren in Indonesia
PubMed ID: 9808223
Dietary provitamin A (fruit) raised serum retinol in children, directly improving vitamin A–dependent ocular status.
- A randomised controlled trial to test equivalence between retinyl palmitate and beta carotene for vitamin A deficiency
PubMed ID: 8251808
In vitamin A‑deficient children, beta‑carotene performed equivalently to retinyl palmitate in normalizing eye cytology — strong evidence for vision restoration in deficiency.
- Dietary Nutrient Intake and Progression to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2
PubMed ID: 32858063
Large AREDS/AREDS2 cohort analyses showed higher dietary vitamin A intake associated with lower risk of progression to late AMD and GA — supports eye‑health outcomes.
Skin appearance (130)
- Improvement of photoaged facial skin in middle-aged Japanese females by topical retinol (vitamin A alcohol): a vehicle-controlled, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 20078381
Topical retinol RCT improved fine and deep facial wrinkling versus vehicle — strong skin appearance benefit.
- Adapalene gel 0.1%: effective and well tolerated in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in Chinese patients
PubMed ID: 11845949
Adapalene performed similarly to tretinoin for acne in Chinese patients with better tolerability—relevant to skin outcomes.
- Once-daily tazarotene 0.1 % gel versus once-daily tretinoin 0.1 % microsponge gel for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a double-blind randomized trial
PubMed ID: 12095064
Topical tazarotene (vitamin A derivative) produced significantly greater reductions in acne lesions and higher treatment success than tretinoin—strong direct dermatologic benefit.
- Randomised, controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin cream 0.05% in patients with acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 12095880
Adapalene (retinoid) matched efficacy of tretinoin with less irritation—supports topical retinoid benefit for skin clarity with improved tolerability.
- Efficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma
PubMed ID: 12889718
Topical retinoid (tretinoin) in a triple combination produced substantially better melasma clearing than comparators.
- Compared efficacy and safety of tretinoin 0.1% microsphere gel alone and in combination with benzoyl peroxide 6% cleanser for the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 12953944
Tretinoin gel plus benzoyl peroxide reduced inflammatory acne lesions more than tretinoin alone—improves skin appearance.
- Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 15611422
Oral alitretinoin produced large, dose‑dependent improvements in chronic hand dermatitis—clear dermatologic benefit.
- Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution: an effective and safe alternative to hydroquinone 3% in the treatment of solar lentigines
PubMed ID: 15605971
Mequinol plus low‑dose tretinoin cleared lentigines on forearm better than hydroquinone—improves pigmentation.
- Improved efficacy and tolerability of retinoic acid in acne vulgaris: a new topical formulation with cyclodextrin complex psi
PubMed ID: 15196153
Topical RA/cyclodextrin produced strong acne improvement with fewer side effects—direct evidence for clearer skin.
- [The clinical observation of treating acne vulgaris with "xiao cuo fang"]
PubMed ID: 15307690
Adapalene (a retinoid) plus Chinese formula produced marked lesion reductions in acne — supports clearer skin.
- Tazarotene 0.1% cream versus tretinoin 0.05% emollient cream in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 15203997
Tazarotene gave faster/greater improvement in photodamage (wrinkling/mottling) — improves skin appearance.
- A large 12-month extension study of an 8-week trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of triple combination (TC) cream in melasma patients previously treated with TC cream or one of its dyads
PubMed ID: 16167418
Intermittent retinoid‑containing cream regimen gave high clearance of melasma and improved long‑term appearance.
- Cumulative irritation potential of adapalene 0.1% cream and gel compared with tretinoin microsphere 0.04% and 0.1%
PubMed ID: 15916222
Adapalene caused less irritation than tretinoin in short occlusion testing, relevant to tolerability of topical retinoid therapy for clearer skin.
- Tretinoin microsphere gel 0.1% for photodamaged facial skin: a placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17243432
Topical tretinoin markedly improved photodamage, fine wrinkling and hyperpigmentation in a randomized trial (strong evidence for clearer, rejuvenated skin).
- Safety and efficacy of Tretin-X compared with Retin-A in patients with mild-to-severe acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 16687979
Large RCTs showed topical tretinoin formulations were effective for acne vs placebo — clinically meaningful improvement in skin clarity.
- Cumulative irritancy comparison of topical retinoid and antimicrobial combination therapies
PubMed ID: 16957432
Adapalene plus antimicrobials produced less cumulative irritation than other topical retinoids, aiding tolerable skin treatment and clearer outcomes.
- A double-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to assess the safety and efficacy of tretinoin gel microsphere 0.04% in the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults
PubMed ID: 17944177
Topical tretinoin 0.04% significantly reduced total, inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions vs vehicle — strong dermatologic benefit.
- Tretinoin gel microspheres 0.04% versus 0.1% in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, phase IV trial
PubMed ID: 17692723
Tretinoin gel microsphere formulations (0.04%/0.1%) both reduced acne lesion counts in RCT — clear topical skin benefit.
- A comparison of triple combination cream and hydroquinone 4% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe facial melasma
PubMed ID: 17348994
Combination cream including a retinoid cleared melasma more effectively than hydroquinone alone—retinoid likely contributed to pigment/texture improvement.
- Tazarotene 0.1 percent cream plus clindamycin 1 percent gel versus tretinoin 0.025 percent gel plus clindamycin 1 percent gel in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 18328195
Topical tazarotene plus clindamycin reduced acne lesions more than tretinoin+clindamycin—improved skin clarity.
- A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a fixed triple combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma
PubMed ID: 18616780
Tretinoin-containing triple cream cleared melasma better than hydroquinone—clear cosmetic skin benefit.
- Combined retinol-lactose-glycolic acid effects on photoaged skin: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 18452434
Topical retinol cream produced measurable improvements in appearance, texture and moisturization of photodamaged skin versus placebo.
- Improvement in skin wrinkles from the use of photostable retinyl retinoate: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19849696
Topical retinyl retinoate reduced periorbital wrinkles and roughness—improves skin appearance.
- A stabilized 0.1% retinol facial moisturizer improves the appearance of photodamaged skin in an eight-week, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study
PubMed ID: 19852122
Randomized split‑face trial: 0.1% retinol moisturizer improved wrinkles, pigmentation and firmness vs vehicle—strong direct evidence for skin appearance.
- Clindamycin lotion alone versus combination lotion of clindamycin phosphate plus tretinoin versus combination lotion of clindamycin phosphate plus salicylic acid in the topical treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized control trial
PubMed ID: 19439881
Adding topical tretinoin markedly reduced acne severity vs antibiotic alone — clear benefit for skin clarity.
- Effects of a cosmetic 'anti-ageing' product improves photoaged skin [corrected]
PubMed ID: 19438432
Retinyl palmitate product increased fibrillin and improved facial wrinkles vs vehicle at long term—clinically meaningful cosmetic benefit.
- Benefits of using a hydroquinone/tretinoin skin care system in patients undergoing intense pulsed light therapy for photorejuvenation: a placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 19746679
Hydroquinone+tretinoin plus IPL produced substantially greater cosmetic improvement and reduced hyperpigmentation vs control + IPL.
- A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen
PubMed ID: 20374604
Topical retinyl propionate regimen improved periorbital wrinkle severity with good tolerability — strong topical cosmetic benefit.
- A double-blind randomized controlled comparison of APDDR-0901, a novel cosmeceutical formulation, and 0.1% adapalene gel in the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 21982956
A retinol-based cosmetic performed similarly to adapalene for mild–moderate acne with better early tolerability — supports clearer skin.
- Further enhancement of facial appearance with a hydroquinone skin care system plus tretinoin in patients previously treated with botulinum toxin Type A
PubMed ID: 21719866
Tretinoin + hydroquinone regimen improved wrinkles, pigmentation and overall facial appearance vs standard care.
- Comparison of micronized tretinoin gel 0.05% and tretinoin gel microsphere 0.1% in young adolescents with acne: a post hoc analysis of efficacy and tolerability data
PubMed ID: 21838089
Large RCT: topical tretinoin 0.05% reduced inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions substantially.
- Sequential treatment with triple combination cream and intense pulsed light is more efficacious than sequential treatment with an inactive (control) cream and intense pulsed light in patients with moderate to severe melasma
PubMed ID: 21269349
Tretinoin-containing triple cream + IPL improved melasma and facial appearance significantly vs control.
- Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of alitretinoin in moderate or severe chronic hand eczema
PubMed ID: 21443602
Oral alitretinoin cleared chronic hand eczema in majority — systemic retinoid benefit for problematic skin conditions.
- Instrumental analysis of the pattern of improvement and that of recurrence of melasma in Thai females treated with Kligman-Willis triple combination therapy: confirmation by using its two different formulae
PubMed ID: 21261747
Kligman‑Willis tretinoin treatment rapidly reduced melasma pigmentation, supporting cosmetic skin improvement.
- Comparison between 1% tretinoin peeling versus 70% glycolic acid peeling in the treatment of female patients with melasma
PubMed ID: 22134569
Tretinoin 1% peel matched glycolic acid for melasma with less discomfort — supports improved complexion.
- A randomized, double-blind, controlled comparative trial of the anti-aging properties of non-prescription tri-retinol 1.1% vs. prescription tretinoin 0.025%
PubMed ID: 22206079
Topical tri‑retinol significantly improved multiple photodamage measures and had very high subject satisfaction—strong cosmetic skin benefit.
- Efficacy and safety of clindamycin-tretinoin gel versus clindamycin or tretinoin alone in acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study
PubMed ID: 22395582
Topical clindamycin+tretinoin combination reduced acne lesions more than monotherapy—clinical evidence for clearer skin using a vitamin A derivative.
- Clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and tretinoin 0.025% gel for rosacea: summary of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 23377509
Small trial showed topical tretinoin+clindamycin reduced papules/pustules in rosacea—supports lesion reduction (limited data).
- Tretinoin microsphere gel 0.04% pump for treating acne vulgaris in preadolescents: a randomized, controlled study
PubMed ID: 22712470
Topical tretinoin gel reduced noninflammatory acne lesions and improved investigator ratings in 9–11‑year‑olds—robust pediatric dermatology evidence.
- Single-session intense pulsed light combined with stable fixed-dose triple combination topical therapy for the treatment of refractory melasma
PubMed ID: 23046029
Combination topical triple therapy including tretinoin markedly reduced melasma severity vs topical alone (large MASI reductions) — strong clinical skin appearance benefit.
- In vivo antibacterial effects of tretinoin-clindamycin and clindamycin alone on Propionibacterium acnes with varying clindamycin minimum inhibitory
PubMed ID: 23377513
Topical tretinoin + clindamycin reduced P. acnes counts more than clindamycin alone, especially for less susceptible strains — adjunctive benefit for acne clearance.
- Efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and 0.3% and tretinoin gel 0.05% for acne vulgaris: results of a single-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial on Mexican patients (skin type III-IV)
PubMed ID: 23725303
Topical tretinoin and adapalene gels reduced acne lesions significantly vs placebo — strong evidence for improved skin clarity.
- Treatment of facial photodamage using a novel retinol formulation
PubMed ID: 23652947
Topical retinol (0.5–1%) improved photoaged facial skin with acceptable tolerability (clinical/histologic improvements).
- Efficacy and safety of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% formulation for the treatment of acne vulgaris: pooled analysis of data from three randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase III studies
PubMed ID: 24704684
Large pooled RCT: topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) in combination improved acne lesion counts and success rates — strong dermatologic benefit.
- Superficial dermabrasion versus topical tretinoin on early striae distensae: a randomized, pilot study
PubMed ID: 24612027
Small trial: topical tretinoin improved early stretch marks clinically and histologically (dermatologic benefit).
- Single blind, randomized, controlled trial of a lightening product with and without iontophoresis versus tretinoin and vehicle for hyperpigmentation
PubMed ID: 25607903
Randomized trial: topical retinol lightening product improved hyperpigmentation and was better tolerated than tretinoin.
- A Randomized, Double-blind, Split-face Study Comparing the Efficacy and Tolerability of Three Retinol-based Products vs. Three Tretinoin-based Products in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Facial Photodamage
PubMed ID: 25607905
Randomized split‑face trial: topical retinol produced improvements comparable to tretinoin for photoaging with good tolerability.
- Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide, hydroquinone, and tretinoin cream in chinese patients with melasma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 25989732
Multicenter RCT: regimen including tretinoin markedly improved melasma vs placebo with high efficacy.
- A double-blind randomized study comparing the association of Retinol and LR2412 with tretinoin 0.025% in photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 25603890
Double‑blind RCT: topical retinol/LR2412 matched tretinoin for photoaged skin with fewer side effects.
- Efficacy and tolerability of a double-conjugated retinoid cream vs 1.0% retinol cream or 0.025% tretinoin cream in subjects with mild to severe photoaging
PubMed ID: 28762645
Topical vitamin A conjugate improved photodamage and skin hydration with less irritation — clear cosmetic skin benefits.
- Treatment of Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation With a Combination of Glycolic Acid Peels and a Topical Regimen in Dark-Skinned Patients: A Comparative Study
PubMed ID: 28114204
Adding tretinoin to a depigmentation regimen improved postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in darker skin — improved skin clarity.
- Retinyl propionate and climbazole combination demonstrates clinical improvement to the appearance of hyperpigmentation and deep wrinkling with minimal irritation
PubMed ID: 28733999
Retinyl propionate mix improved wrinkles and pigmentation vs 0.1% retinol with less irritation — cosmetic improvement.
- Prospective, randomized, double-blind assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing
PubMed ID: 29947134
Topical retinol improved wrinkles/pigmentation over 12 weeks though with more irritation — supports clearer skin appearance.
- Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Assessment of Efficacy and Safety in Patients Aged 9 Years and Older
PubMed ID: 30365589
Large RCT: topical tretinoin 0.05% lotion produced ~46–52% reductions in acne lesions and improved severity—strong dermatologic evidence.
- Novel tretinoin 0.05% lotion for the once-daily treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris in a preadolescent population
PubMed ID: 30656753
Once‑daily tretinoin 0.05% lotion produced substantial lesion reductions in preadolescents (robust clinical benefit for skin clarity).
- Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris in an Asian Population
PubMed ID: 31524347
Pooled Asian cohort analysis: tretinoin lotion markedly reduced lesion counts and improved QoL—consistent skin‑clearing effect.
- Efficacy and Tolerability of a Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate or Severe Acne Vulgaris in Adult Females
PubMed ID: 31741360
Large pooled analysis: tretinoin lotion significantly reduced lesions and increased treatment success in adult females.
- Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Impact of Gender and Race on Efficacy and Safety
PubMed ID: 31741356
Pooled Phase‑3 data: topical tretinoin 0.05% lotion markedly reduced acne lesions across groups—robust evidence for clearer skin.
- Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris in an Adult and Adolescent Female Population
PubMed ID: 30811141
Large pooled RCT in adolescents/adults: once‑daily tretinoin 0.05% lotion improved acne lesion counts and treatment success.
- Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris in a Hispanic Population
PubMed ID: 30681791
Randomized vehicle‑controlled trial (Hispanic subjects): tretinoin 0.05% significantly reduced inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions—supports clearer skin.
- Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate and Severe Acne Vulgaris in Females: Effect of Age on Efficacy and Tolerability
PubMed ID: 31860209
Post‑hoc: tretinoin decreased acne lesions across female age groups including older adults—applicable to skin appearance.
- DNA Methyltransferases in Malar Melasma and Their Modification by Sunscreen in Combination with 4% Niacinamide, 0.05% Retinoic Acid, or Placebo
PubMed ID: 31143777
Small RCT in melasma: topical retinoic acid reduced DNA methylation markers and improved pigmentation vs baseline—benefit for skin tone.
- A Clinical Anti-Ageing Comparative Study of 0.3 and 0.5% Retinol Serums: A Clinically Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32428912
Topical retinol serums improved skin brightness, reduced hyperpigmentation and wrinkles in a controlled trial—direct cosmetic skin benefit.
- Efficacy and safety comparison of combination of 0.04% tretinoin microspheres plus 1% clindamycin versus their monotherapy in patients with acne vulgaris: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 32020824
Large RCT: tretinoin microsphere + clindamycin produced large reductions in inflammatory/noninflammatory acne lesions—strong cosmetic/skin‑clearing evidence.
- The use of retinoic acid in association with microneedling in the treatment of epidermal melasma: efficacy and oxidative stress parameters
PubMed ID: 32978675
Topical retinoic acid halved melasma severity (~50% MASI reduction) over 60 days—strong clinical skin‑appearance benefit (though some oxidative‑stress changes were observed).
- The Effects of Once-Daily Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion on Quality of Life in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris
PubMed ID: 32886337
Large pooled RCT: once‑daily tretinoin lotion modestly improved acne‑related QoL and symptoms—clinically relevant skin benefit.
- Efficacy and safety of microencapsulated benzoyl peroxide and microencapsulated tretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris: Results from two phase 3 double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies
PubMed ID: 37356627
Microencapsulated tretinoin combined with BPO produced significant acne improvement in phase‑3 trials (directly improves skin clarity).
- Efficacy and safety of a novel triple combination cream compared to Kligman's trio for melasma: A 24-week double-blind prospective randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 37620285
Retinoid combinations improved melasma severity and QoL in randomized trial — supports pigment and skin‑appearance benefits.
- Peeling with retinoic acid in microemulsion for treatment of melasma: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical study
PubMed ID: 37782679
Topical retinoic acid microemulsion produced substantially greater melasma improvement and QoL vs conventional and placebo (pigmentation/appearance benefit).
- Improvements in acne and skin oiliness with tazarotene 0.045% lotion in patients with oily skin
PubMed ID: 36382987
Large randomized program showed tazarotene lotion significantly reduced acne lesions and improved skin oiliness—direct benefit to clear skin.
- A randomized controlled double-blinded split-face prospective clinical trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a novel 3-step routine compared to benzoyl peroxide for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 38787441
Topical retinol‑containing 3‑step regimen reduced acne similarly to benzoyl peroxide and was better tolerated—strong support for topical vitamin A derivatives improving skin appearance.
- Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol)
PubMed ID: 17515510
Retinol improved fine wrinkles and increased matrix components—objective skin quality improvements.
- Long-term efficacy and safety of tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16060712
Topical tretinoin improved clinical signs of photodamage and increased procollagen—clear effect on skin appearance.
- Sustained improvement with prolonged topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) for photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 2229490
Long open‑label extension of topical retinoic acid showed large, durable improvements in photoaged skin appearance and histology — strong evidence for topical vitamin A derivatives improving skin clarity/texture.
- Evaluation of the efficacy of a topical cosmetic slimming product combining tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine, caffeine, carnitine, forskolin and retinol, In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies
PubMed ID: 21564138
Cosmetic cream containing retinol and other actives improved skin appearance and epidermal thickness in a randomized trial — topical retinol relevant to skin clarity.
- A double-blind evaluation of the activity of an anti-cellulite product containing retinol, caffeine, and ruscogenine by a combination of several non-invasive methods
PubMed ID: 11479653
Topical retinol (with other actives) improved skin macrorelief and microcirculation versus placebo — direct cosmetic skin benefit though not solely attributable to retinol.
- Topical retinaldehyde on human skin: biologic effects and tolerance
PubMed ID: 7798613
Topical retinaldehyde increased epidermal thickness and proliferation markers, consistent with improved skin texture and appearance.
- Micronutrient concentrations in paired skin and plasma of patients with actinic keratoses: effect of prolonged retinol supplementation
PubMed ID: 8467249
Long-term oral retinol increased skin retinol/retinyl palmitate levels, supporting potential improvement in skin condition.
- Photochemotherapy for severe psoriasis without or in combination with acitretin: a randomized, double-blind comparison study
PubMed ID: 1838750
Adjunctive systemic retinoid (acitretin) markedly improved psoriasis clearance and reduced UVA dose needed — strong class evidence for skin benefit.
- Effect of Aloe vera topical gel combined with tretinoin in treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial
PubMed ID: 23336746
Tretinoin + Aloe vera RCT showed greater acne lesion reductions and less irritation vs tretinoin alone.
- Efficacy and tolerability of short contact therapy with tretinoin, clindamycin, and glycolic acid gel in acne: A randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded two-center trial: The MASCOTTE study
PubMed ID: 33377285
Short‑contact tretinoin regimen produced large acne improvements with better tolerability — clinically meaningful clarity improvement.
- Comparison of tretinoin 0.05% cream and 3% alcohol-based salicylic acid preparation in the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 20666879
Topical tretinoin combination reduced acne lesions faster than comparator early on — improves skin clarity.
- A comparison of adapalene gel 0.1% vs. tretinoin gel 0.025% in the treatment of acne vulgaris in China
PubMed ID: 11843231
Adapalene and tretinoin markedly reduced acne lesions in a sizable RCT—strong evidence for clearer skin.
- Two randomized, double-blind, controlled trials of 2219 subjects to compare the combination clindamycin/tretinoin hydrogel with each agent alone and vehicle for the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 16384759
Large RCT of clindamycin+tretinoin gel showed clear reduction in acne lesions and improved investigator global assessments—topical retinoid benefit for skin clarity.
- [Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerance of 12% glycolic acid cream and 0.05% retinoic acid cream for polymorphic acne]
PubMed ID: 11771434
Retinoic acid cream improved acne comparable to glycolic acid—supports skin‑clearing action of retinoids.
- Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily tazarotene 0.1% gel versus once-daily tretinoin 0.025% gel in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 11499329
Tazarotene gel reduced noninflammatory acne lesions more than tretinoin—direct acne/skin benefit.
- Randomized controlled trial of the tolerability, safety, and efficacy of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin microsphere gel 0.1% for the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 11845943
Adapalene and tretinoin had comparable acne efficacy with better tolerability for adapalene—supports clearer skin outcomes.
- Tazarotene cream for the treatment of facial photodamage: a multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized, vehicle-controlled, parallel comparison of 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% tazarotene creams with 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream applied once daily for 24 weeks
PubMed ID: 11735710
Topical tazarotene/tretinoin improved facial photodamage (pigmentation, wrinkles) — clinically meaningful skin appearance benefits.
- Randomized, controlled, bilateral (split-face) comparison trial of the tolerability and patient preference of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin microsphere gel 0.1% for the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 11845944
Split‑face trial showing adapalene better tolerated than tretinoin; relates to acne topical therapy and skin outcomes.
- A comparative evaluation of tretinoin gel microsphere, 0.1%, versus tretinoin cream, 0.025%, in reducing facial shine
PubMed ID: 10955199
Microsphere tretinoin gel reduced visible facial oiliness and shine for hours — modest cosmetic skin benefit.
- Topical treatment of cutaneous lesions of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma using alitretinoin gel: results of phase 1 and 2 trials
PubMed ID: 11115156
Topical alitretinoin produced significant local lesion responses in Kaposi sarcoma — indicates potent local retinoid activity on skin lesions.
- Topical retinoyl beta-glucuronide is an effective treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in Asian-Indian patients
PubMed ID: 10420136
Topical retinoyl beta‑glucuronide produced very large reductions in total, inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions (strong clinical skin benefit).
- Comparative irritancy study among retinoid creams and gels
PubMed ID: 10575158
Adapalene was less irritating than tretinoin in repeated patching (better tolerability for topical retinoid therapy).
- Tolerance profile of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid under maximized and long-term clinical conditions
PubMed ID: 10473963
Topical retinol/retinaldehyde caused much less irritation than retinoic acid (better tolerability supports sustained use for skin benefits).
- Evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety of adapalene 0.1% gel versus tretinoin 0.025% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris, with particular reference to the onset of action and impact on quality of life
PubMed ID: 9990418
Adapalene produced faster early reduction in lesions and better tolerability—meaningful short‑term skin improvement.
- Adapalene 0.1% gel and adapalene 0.1% cream stimulate retinoic acid receptor mediated gene transcription without significant irritative effects in the skin of healthy human volunteers
PubMed ID: 9990415
RAR activation and epidermal thickening without irritation indicates beneficial skin remodeling associated with improved appearance.
- Comparison of adapalene 0.1% solution and tretinoin 0.025% gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 9990420
Large trial: adapalene and tretinoin substantially reduced inflammatory (~47–50%) and non‑inflammatory (~54–57%) lesions—strong acne/skin benefit.
- Efficacy of the fixed 1.2% clindamycin phosphate, 0.025% tretinoin gel formulation (Velac) and a proprietary 0.025% tretinoin gel formulation (Aberela) in the topical control of facial acne
PubMed ID: 9883434
Adding clindamycin to tretinoin cleared inflammatory acne faster and more completely—clinically meaningful improvement in skin condition.
- Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment
PubMed ID: 9843009
Retinaldehyde and retinoic acid reduced wrinkle depth and roughness at 18 weeks—improves skin appearance and texture.
- Comparative efficacy and safety of two 0.025% tretinoin gels: results from a multicenter double-blind, parallel study
PubMed ID: 9555822
New tretinoin gel matched efficacy but caused less peeling/dryness—improves skin appearance with better tolerability.
- Double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter comparison of two 0.025% tretinoin creams in patients with acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 9555823
Large RCT: 0.025% tretinoin creams were superior to vehicle for mild–moderate acne—direct, strong clinical benefit for skin clarity.
- Sustained improvement in photodamaged skin with reduced tretinoin emollient cream treatment regimen: effect of once-weekly and three-times-weekly applications
PubMed ID: 9270508
Three-times-weekly tretinoin maintained or enhanced photodamage improvement—relevant to sustained skin clarity.
- Tretinoin emollient cream for photodamaged skin: results of 48-week, multicenter, double-blind studies
PubMed ID: 9270507
Topical tretinoin improved clinical signs of photodamage over 48 weeks—supports clearer, more youthful skin appearance.
- Clinical efficacy and safety comparison of adapalene gel and tretinoin gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris: Europe and U.S. multicenter trials
PubMed ID: 9204091
Topical adapalene (vitamin A class) produced clear, clinically significant acne improvement with good tolerability.
- [Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of 0.1 and 0.03 p.100 adapalene gel and 0.025 p.100 tretinoin gel in the treatment of acne]
PubMed ID: 8761775
Adapalene and tretinoin produced similar acne lesion reductions—relevant to achieving clearer skin with retinoid class effects.
- A comparison of the efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin gel 0.025% in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 8609263
Topical retinoids (adapalene and tretinoin) reduced acne lesions substantially; tretinoin (a vitamin A derivative) supports clearer skin.
- Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams
PubMed ID: 7544967
Topical tretinoin significantly improved photoaging and skin histology vs vehicle—strong clinical and histologic evidence for skin appearance benefits.
- Topical tretinoin improves the appearance of photo damaged skin
PubMed ID: 7998893
Large RCT: nightly tretinoin improved signs of photoaged skin (wrinkles, hyperpigmentation) and epidermal thickness.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment of hyperpigmented lesions associated with photoaging in Chinese and Japanese patients: a vehicle-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 8277035
0.1% tretinoin produced marked clinical and histologic lightening of photoaging hyperpigmentation.
- Histological evaluation of the effect of 0.05% tretinoin in the treatment of photo damaged skin. Geographic differences in elastosis in baseline biopsies
PubMed ID: 8080420
Tretinoin thickened epidermis and improved photodamage signs, contributing to healthier skin appearance.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) therapy for hyperpigmented lesions caused by inflammation of the skin in black patients
PubMed ID: 8479462
Topical tretinoin substantially lightened hyperpigmented lesions with histologic pigment reduction — strong evidence for improved skin appearance.
- Tretinoin emollient cream 0.01% for the treatment of photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 8443935
Tretinoin 0.01% improved facial/forearm photoaging (wrinkles, roughness) in randomized trial—visible skin quality gains.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial
PubMed ID: 8217756
Topical tretinoin significantly lightened melasma and reduced epidermal pigment vs vehicle—clear improvement in skin appearance.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment for liver spots associated with photodamage
PubMed ID: 1729619
Topical tretinoin lightened liver spots and altered epidermal structure in most patients over 10 months—clinical skin‑clarifying effect.
- Tretinoin emollient cream: a new therapy for photodamaged skin
PubMed ID: 1552056
Tretinoin 0.05% significantly improved wrinkles, pigment and texture versus vehicle in a well‑powered randomized trial.
- Efficacy and safety of CD 271 alcoholic gels in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 1827344
Tretinoin used as active comparator reduced acne lesions substantially — relevant to skin appearance.
- Topical tretinoin for treatment of photodamaged skin. A multicenter study
PubMed ID: 2024983
Tretinoin cream significantly improved wrinkles and pigmentation vs vehicle in photodamaged facial skin.
- Efficiency of acitretin in combination with UV-B in the treatment of severe psoriasis
PubMed ID: 2138875
Systemic acitretin plus UV-B produced marked clinical improvement in psoriasis, improving skin appearance.
- Microencapsulated Benzoyl Peroxide and Tretinoin for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: Results from a Phase 2 Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 33397563
Large RCT showed topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) substantially improved acne lesions and global skin assessment versus vehicle.
- Triple combination as adjuvant to cryotherapy in the treatment of solar lentigines: investigator-blinded, randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 24684165
Tretinoin‑containing triple cream accelerated lentigines resolution and lowered melanin early — clinically meaningful cosmetic improvement.
- Oxyhemoglobin is a quantifiable measure of experimentally induced chronic tretinoin inflammation and accommodation in photodamaged skin
PubMed ID: 9257379
Topical tretinoin reduced pigmentation and altered vascularity in sun‑damaged skin — supports clearer skin appearance.
- Effects of tretinoin on photodamaged skin. A histologic study
PubMed ID: 2024984
Tretinoin increased epidermal thickness and reduced pigment in photodamaged facial skin — strong direct evidence for improved skin appearance.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Large increase in vitamin A stores supplies substrate for epidermal maintenance and keratinization control (mechanistic support).
- Regulation of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes and cytoprotective gene expression by topical drugs in human skin in vivo
PubMed ID: 16882163
Topical atRA (vitamin A derivative) markedly altered skin gene expression of DME and cytoprotective genes—strong mechanistic evidence for skin appearance/turnover effects.
- Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical
PubMed ID: 19648781
Topical retinol increased epidermal thickness and improved wrinkles/skin tone in a randomized trial—clear evidence for skin appearance benefits.
- Dyspigmentation, skin physiology, and a novel approach to skin lightening
PubMed ID: 24305422
Topical tretinoin-containing prescription therapy produced meaningful pigment-lightening and skin appearance improvements vs comparator; direct evidence for topical vitamin A derivative on skin clarity.
- A low-salt medical water reduces irritancy of retinoic acid in facial acne
PubMed ID: 10882945
Topical retinoic acid plus low‑mineral water reduced scaling and improved tolerance in acne patients — clear dermatologic benefit from a vitamin A derivative topically.
- Treating photodamage of the décolletage area with a novel copper zinc malonate complex plus hydroquinone and tretinoin
PubMed ID: 20232582
Topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) as part of combination therapy improved photodamage signs (texture, pigmentation, wrinkling) → clinically meaningful skin appearance benefit.
- A Double-Blind, Comparative Clinical Study of Newly Formulated Retinol Serums vs Tretinoin Cream in Escalating Doses: A Method for Rapid Retinization With Minimized Irritation
PubMed ID: 32574009
Retinol serums produced early clinical smoothness improvement and histologic new collagen—supports glowing skin outcome.
- The Comparative Study of Topical Therapy on Striae Alba between a Herbal Extract Cream and 0.1% Tretinoin Cream in Adolescence
PubMed ID: 29911777
Tretinoin reduced striae alba lesion metrics (but with high irritation)—improves skin texture.
Growth support (65)
- Triple fortification of salt with microcapsules of iodine, iron, and vitamin A
PubMed ID: 15531677
Population fortification improved vitamin A biomarkers and anemia—supports healthier child growth indirectly through nutrient repletion.
- Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10075336
Fortified biscuits raised serum retinol and reduced anemia/iron deficiency in schoolchildren—nutritional improvements support growth/health.
- Children's consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables with added fat enhances serum retinol
PubMed ID: 10419989
Leafy-vegetable + fat feeding doubled proportion adequate for retinol in preschoolers—relevant to child nutritional status and development potential.
- Beta-carotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potato improves the vitamin A status of primary school children assessed with the modified-relative-dose-response test
PubMed ID: 15883432
Orange‑fleshed sweet potato RCT raised liver vitamin A stores in children—direct nutritional improvement likely to support growth and health.
- The contribution of plant foods to the vitamin A supply of lactating women in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17413113
Provision of β‑carotene‑rich foods increased maternal serum and milk retinol — improves infant vitamin A supply relevant to growth.
- Carotene-rich plant foods ingested with minimal dietary fat enhance the total-body vitamin A pool size in Filipino schoolchildren as assessed by stable-isotope-dilution methodology
PubMed ID: 17413103
Controlled feeding in schoolchildren doubled body and liver vitamin A stores — strong nutritional correction that can support growth and development.
- Effect of vitamin supplementation on breast milk concentrations of retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols in HIV-infected Tanzanian women
PubMed ID: 17940544
Daily maternal vitamin A/β‑carotene markedly increased milk retinol — directly increases neonatal vitamin A exposure important for growth and survival.
- Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 18595969
Neonatal vitamin A reduced infant mortality — improved survival/health status is a prerequisite for normal growth.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Orange maize increased total body vitamin A reserves in children (isotope TBR method), supporting vitamin A role in child growth and development.
- Biofortified yellow cassava and vitamin A status of Kenyan children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26675768
Yellow cassava modestly raised serum retinol in schoolchildren—supportive of vitamin A status for growth, though hemoglobin unchanged.
- Circulating IGF-1 may mediate improvements in haemoglobin associated with vitamin A status during pregnancy in rural Nepalese women
PubMed ID: 25740751
In pregnant women, better retinol associated with higher IGF‑1 and higher hemoglobin; IGF‑1 is a growth mediator linking maternal vitamin A to fetal/child growth potential.
- Provitamin A-biofortified maize consumption increases serum xanthophylls and (13)C-natural abundance of retinol in Zambian children
PubMed ID: 28836851
Study detected maize‑derived retinol in the retinol pool of children, indicating dietary contribution to vitamin A needed for growth processes.
- Supplementation of red palm olein-enriched biscuits improves levels of provitamin A carotenes, iron, and erythropoiesis in vitamin A-deficient primary schoolchildren: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38240773
In vitamin A–deficient schoolchildren, provitamin A (red palm olein) biscuits improved carotenoids and hemoglobin/erythropoiesis and reduced microcytic anemia — benefits relevant to growth and development.
- Red palm olein biscuit supplementation modulates gut microbiota in vitamin A deficient rural Malaysian schoolchildren: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41125622
RPO supplementation in children produced microbiome shifts correlated with improved carotenoid and hematologic markers linked to growth/nutrition.
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China
PubMed ID: 12500659
Randomized trial in Chinese preschoolers: micronutrient combos including vitamin A improved height and weight gain and reduced illness—strongest child‑growth evidence in dataset (vit A part of mix).
- Cluster-randomized trial on complementary and responsive feeding education to caregivers found improved dietary intake, growth and development among rural Indian toddlers
PubMed ID: 22625182
Complementary feeding education increased children's vitamin A intake and improved growth/development in rural India—supportive evidence linking higher vitamin A intake with growth outcomes.
- The Nutritional Impact of Milk Beverages in Reducing Nutrient Inadequacy among Children Aged One to Five Years in the Philippines: A Dietary Modelling Study
PubMed ID: 33138121
Population modelling: fortified milk scenario markedly reduced vitamin A inadequacy — improved nutrient adequacy supports child growth biologically.
- Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Adequacy of Nutrient Intake among Picky-Eating Children at Nutritional Risk in India: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37299491
Randomized trial in picky children: ONS plus counselling greatly increased energy and multiple micronutrient adequacy (including vitamin A), directly relevant to supporting normal growth.
- Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20730057
One‑year fortified‑milk trial including vitamin A produced meaningful increases in hemoglobin and modest weight/height velocity gains in children → supports growth outcomes though multinutrient confounding exists.
- Efficacy of pandesal baked from wheat flour fortified with iron and vitamin a in improving the iron and anthropometric status of anemic schoolchildren in the Philippines
PubMed ID: 20439555
Randomized fortification trial (iron + vitamin A) in anemic schoolchildren increased hemoglobin and reduced anemia prevalence — supports child health/growth context.
- A comparative evaluation of multiple micronutrient and iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in Pakistan: impact on pregnancy outcomes
PubMed ID: 20120791
Prenatal MMN (including vitamin A) modestly increased birthweight vs iron–folate—directly relevant to neonatal growth though multinutrient attribution uncertain.
- Impact of micronutrient fortification of yoghurt on micronutrient status markers and growth - a randomized double blind controlled trial among school children in Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23714325
Fortified yoghurt increased RBP and produced a small but significant height velocity gain (+0.32 cm/yr) in schoolchildren (direct trial evidence of growth effect in a multi‑micronutrient context).
- Development and evaluating the biopotency of ready to eat liver meat balls in fighting anaemia and vitamin A deficiency, improving selected nutritional biochemical indicators and promoting the cognitive function among mildly anaemic Egyptian children aged 3-9 years
PubMed ID: 35451359
Liver‑meat feeding rich in vitamin A markedly improved hemoglobin, vitamin A adequacy and cognitive scores; strong nutritional intervention with growth/cognitive benefits in children.
- Supplemental vitamin A improves anemia and growth in anemic school children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 11053508
RCT in anemic schoolchildren: vitamin A raised hemoglobin and modestly improved weight/height (greater effect when combined with iron) — direct growth signal.
- Vitamin A and iron supplementation is as efficient as hormonal therapy in constitutionally delayed children
PubMed ID: 15163330
In boys with delayed puberty and low vitamin A, vitamin A+iron improved growth and pubertal progression — relatively strong effect though multi‑component.
- Fortification of maize meal improved the nutritional status of 1-3-year-old African children
PubMed ID: 16153327
Fortified maize improved 12‑month weight gain markedly in malnourished children — supports growth with preserved vitamin A status.
- Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin
PubMed ID: 17468087
Zn+Fe and Zn+Fe+vitamin A arms produced greater linear growth in initially‑stunted infants; vitamin A was included in the growth‑beneficial combination.
- Effect on longitudinal growth and anemia of zinc or multiple micronutrients added to vitamin A: a randomized controlled trial in children aged 6-24 months
PubMed ID: 20298571
Multiple micronutrients (including vitamin A) improved length‑for‑age in stunted children in a randomized trial—strong evidence that programs including vitamin A can aid growth in deficient/stunted populations.
- "Functional food" for acceleration of growth in short children born small for gestational age
PubMed ID: 20662342
Nutritional regimen including weekly vitamin A led to faster growth in short SGA children versus controls (although not as great as GH).
- Linear growth increased in young children in an urban slum of Haiti: a randomized controlled trial of a lipid-based nutrient supplement
PubMed ID: 24225356
Low‑energy fortified supplement containing vitamin A produced modest but significant gains in LAZ and WAZ among young Haitian children.
- Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26751473
Large trial in schoolchildren improved vitamin A status and had modest Hb gains in non‑inflamed children — may support growth indirectly.
- Vitamin A and iron status of children before and after treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition
PubMed ID: 32249112
SAM treatment improved RBP and Hb but anemia remained common; partial nutritional recovery relevant to growth in malnourished children.
- A Community-Based Early Childhood Development Center Platform Promoting Diversified Diets and Food Production Increases the Mean Probability of Adequacy of Intake of Preschoolers in Malawi: A Cluster Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 31616933
Preschool nutrition programme increased vitamin A adequacy, a nutrient needed for child growth; the study measured intake adequacy rather than growth directly.
- Pattern and predictors of weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-1-infected women from Tanzania
PubMed ID: 12679710
Observational cohort in HIV‑positive pregnant women found lower maternal retinol associated with poorer weight gain in pregnancy, which may impact fetal growth.
- Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 2205798
Program produced very large mortality reductions, with strongest effects in youngest and chronically undernourished children — implies benefit for vulnerable growth/impoverished children.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 1951162
Vitamin A in hospitalized measles patients improved short-term weight gain.
- Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population
PubMed ID: 1739794
Population dose lowered infant mortality and diarrhoeal deaths, indirectly favoring normal childhood development.
- Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles
PubMed ID: 1565535
Reduced morbidity in measles which can indirectly support recovery and growth.
- Effects of vitamin A on growth of vitamin A-deficient children: field studies in Nepal
PubMed ID: 9311951
Large field trial: periodic vitamin A produced modest arm/muscle gains and meaningful improvements in severely deficient subgroups (growth metrics).
- The impact of vitamin A supplementation on physical growth of children is dependent on season
PubMed ID: 9023463
Single high‑dose improved short‑term weight gain and reduced wasting when administered in the season of higher deficiency.
- Vitamin A supplementation but not deworming improves growth of malnourished preschool children in eastern Zaire
PubMed ID: 9687551
High‑dose vitamin A every 6 months increased weight and MUAC in vitamin A–deficient preschoolers—strong, direct growth benefit in deficient children.
- Vitamin A and zinc supplementation of preschool children
PubMed ID: 10376776
Weekly vitamin A in preschoolers produced significant increases in linear growth (+1.4 cm) and hemoglobin—direct growth benefit.
- Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
PubMed ID: 10379020
Improved clinical outcomes in ELBW infants and correction of deficiency relate to better growth and development potential.
- Respiratory infections reduce the growth response to vitamin A supplementation in a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 10597985
Large RCT showed small but significant increases in linear growth in subgroups with low intake and low respiratory infection—contextual growth benefit.
- Dietary vitamin A intake and nondietary factors are associated with reversal of stunting in children
PubMed ID: 11015484
Prospective observational study found higher dietary carotenoid intake associated with greater recovery from stunting, strongest in infants (associative evidence).
- Evaluation of serum retinol, the modified-relative-dose-response ratio, and breast-milk vitamin A as indicators of response to postpartum maternal vitamin A supplementation
PubMed ID: 10702176
Postpartum maternal supplementation markedly increased breast‑milk vitamin A per gram fat — supports infant vitamin A supply which is important for child growth and development.
- Vitamin A supplements ameliorate the adverse effect of HIV-1, malaria, and diarrheal infections on child growth
PubMed ID: 11773574
Randomized trial showed vitamin A improved linear growth in high-risk subgroups (HIV+, malaria-infected) and reduced stunting risk linked to persistent diarrhea—strong direct evidence for growth support in vulnerable children.
- Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India
PubMed ID: 12896935
Newborn vitamin A dosing reduced early infant mortality—improved survival supports normal growth trajectories.
- Complex interactions with infection and diet may explain seasonal growth responses to vitamin A in preschool aged Indonesian children
PubMed ID: 15220940
Periodic high‑dose vitamin A helped linear growth in preschool children when infection burden was low and dietary intake was low.
- The impact of vitamin A supplementation on mortality inequalities among children in Nepal
PubMed ID: 15689431
Large Nepal trial reduced childhood deaths and narrowed disparities—population child health impact consistent with better growth/survival.
- Impact of promotion of mango and liver as sources of vitamin A for young children: a pilot study in Burkina Faso
PubMed ID: 16925888
Behavioral promotion of mango/liver significantly increased vitamin A intake and raised serum retinol in 2–3‑year‑olds — supports normal growth via improved nutrient status.
- Maternal night blindness during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight, morbidity, and poor growth in South India
PubMed ID: 18356336
Large cohort: maternal night blindness (vitamin A deficiency) strongly associated with low birthweight, more infections and poorer growth by 6 months—supports role in child growth outcomes.
- Interaction of zinc or vitamin A supplementation and specific parasite infections on Mexican infants' growth: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 19623197
Randomized supplementation in Mexican infants showed modest effects on height/growth velocity, with effects modified by intestinal parasite infection.
- Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing
PubMed ID: 20412603
Large randomized trial of vitamin A‑fortified biscuits reduced deficiency and anemia and improved growth indices in preschool children (strong direct evidence for growth support).
- Vitamin A supplementation in preschool children and risk of hearing loss as adolescents and young adults in rural Nepal: randomised trial cohort follow-up study
PubMed ID: 22234907
Preschool high‑dose vitamin A reduced later life hearing loss tied to childhood ear infections—demonstrates meaningful long‑term developmental benefit from early VA supplementation.
- High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is detected by the modified relative dose-response test in six-month-old Senegalese breast-fed infants
PubMed ID: 23014494
Postpartum maternal VA supplementation improved infant liver stores—supporting infant nutritional status critical for growth and development.
- The impact of prenatal vitamin A and zinc supplementation on birth size and neonatal survival - a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in a rural area of Indonesia
PubMed ID: 24220161
Prenatal vitamin A produced a small but statistically significant increase in newborn length (+0.5 cm) though no weight/mortality effects.
- Enhanced feeding and diminished postnatal growth failure in very-low-birth-weight infants
PubMed ID: 24556755
Multi‑nutrient protocol including vitamin A improved weight and head‑growth in very preterm infants—growth benefit seen though multi‑component intervention.
- Enhanced nutrient supply to very low birth weight infants is associated with improved white matter maturation and head growth
PubMed ID: 25401387
Enhanced postnatal nutrition (including vitamin A) in VLBW infants improved weight gain and some brain maturation measures—growth benefit within a multi‑nutrient package.
- Promotion of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Increased Vitamin A Intakes and Reduced the Odds of Low Retinol-Binding Protein among Postpartum Kenyan Women
PubMed ID: 28404834
Program raising orange‑fleshed sweet potato intake increased vitamin A intake and reduced odds of low RBP and anemia in pregnant/postpartum women — supports child nutritional status and growth potential.
- Maternal and Child Health Handbook use for maternal and child care: a cluster randomized controlled study in rural Java, Indonesia
PubMed ID: 29325171
MCH handbook increased vitamin A uptake and was associated with reduced stunting/underweight in children (population evidence).
- Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves growth and reduces the risk of anemia among infants in Gaza Strip, Palestine: a prospective randomized community trial
PubMed ID: 33278899
Home fortification with micronutrient powder (including vitamin A) improved hemoglobin and growth outcomes in infants in a randomized community trial (combined intervention).
- The contribution of provitamin A biofortified cassava to vitamin A intake in Nigerian pre-schoolchildren
PubMed ID: 33413713
Provitamin A cassava substantially increased RAE intake in preschool children, reducing inadequacy—dietary improvement that supports normal growth where deficiency exists.
- Enhanced stability and clinical absorption of a form of encapsulated vitamin A for food fortification
PubMed ID: 36508653
Encapsulation improving Vit A stability/absorption improves the feasibility of fortification programs that support child growth and development.
- Red palm olein-enriched biscuit supplementation lowers Ascaris lumbricoides reinfection at 6-month after anthelmintic treatment among schoolchildren with vitamin A deficiency (VAD)
PubMed ID: 36775004
Provitamin A supplementation in children reduced Ascaris reinfection which can improve nutritional status and growth indirectly.
Healthy aging (52)
- Histological evaluation of the effect of 0.05% tretinoin in the treatment of photo damaged skin. Geographic differences in elastosis in baseline biopsies
PubMed ID: 8080420
Topical tretinoin produced clear reversal of epidermal photodamage and increased epidermal thickness — direct anti‑aging skin effects.
- Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol)
PubMed ID: 17515510
Topical retinol improved fine wrinkles and increased glycosaminoglycan and procollagen in older adults—robust cosmetic aging effect.
- A Double-Blind, Comparative Clinical Study of Newly Formulated Retinol Serums vs Tretinoin Cream in Escalating Doses: A Method for Rapid Retinization With Minimized Irritation
PubMed ID: 32574009
Retinol serums produced histologic signs of new collagen and clinical improvement in photoaged skin vs tretinoin—supports anti‑aging.
- Treating photodamage of the décolletage area with a novel copper zinc malonate complex plus hydroquinone and tretinoin
PubMed ID: 20232582
Topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) improved photodamage signs → clinically relevant anti‑aging skin effect.
- Plasma retinol and the risk of first stroke in hypertensive adults: a nested case-control study
PubMed ID: 30624586
Higher plasma retinol associated with lower risk of first ischemic stroke—an outcome relevant to healthy aging (observational).
- Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical
PubMed ID: 19648781
Topical low‑dose retinol increased epidermal thickness and improved clinical signs of skin aging in a randomized trial.
- Effects of tretinoin on photodamaged skin. A histologic study
PubMed ID: 2024984
Topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) produced histologic improvements in photodamaged skin consistent with anti‑aging effects.
- Studies on medicamentous inhibitory therapy for esophageal precancerous lesions--3- and 5-year inhibitory effects of antitumor-B, retinamide and riboflavin
PubMed ID: 2098764
Retinamide (vitamin A analogue) reduced progression of severe esophageal dysplasia to cancer, a chemopreventive effect relevant to aging-related cancer risk.
- [Medicamentous inhibitory therapy of precancerous lesions of the esophagus--3 and 5 year inhibitory effect of antitumor B, retinamide and riboflavin]
PubMed ID: 2147582
Same large randomized retinamide chemoprevention trial showing lower cancer incidence.
- [Long-term effect of treating patients with precancerous lesions of the esophagus]
PubMed ID: 11776814
Same retinoid prevention finding (reduced 5‑year cancer transformation) supporting a healthy‑aging/anticancer role.
- Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial
PubMed ID: 23065023
Long follow‑up RCT of antioxidant mix including vitamin A showed lower adenoma recurrence; multi‑nutrient so vitamin A contribution unclear but outcome relates to aging/cancer prevention.
- Topical tretinoin for treatment of photodamaged skin. A multicenter study
PubMed ID: 2024983
Topical tretinoin significantly improved photoaging signs (wrinkles/pigmentation) in multicenter RCT.
- Tretinoin emollient cream: a new therapy for photodamaged skin
PubMed ID: 1552056
Topical tretinoin 0.05% produced large, clinically meaningful improvements in photoaging (wrinkles, texture).
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment for liver spots associated with photodamage
PubMed ID: 1729619
Topical tretinoin lightened liver spots and changed epidermal structure over 10 months—clear anti‑photoaging effects.
- Tretinoin emollient cream 0.01% for the treatment of photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 8443935
Tretinoin 0.01% improved facial/forearm photoaging (wrinkling, roughness) in randomized trial.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) therapy for hyperpigmented lesions caused by inflammation of the skin in black patients
PubMed ID: 8479462
Tretinoin lightened photo/POST‑inflammatory hyperpigmentation and reduced epidermal melanin — relevant to skin aging appearance.
- Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment of hyperpigmented lesions associated with photoaging in Chinese and Japanese patients: a vehicle-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 8277035
0.1% tretinoin significantly lightened photoaging hyperpigmented lesions in randomized trial — clinically meaningful anti‑aging effect.
- Topical tretinoin improves the appearance of photo damaged skin
PubMed ID: 7998893
Large RCT: topical tretinoin improved sun‑damaged skin and epidermal thickness (clinical anti‑aging effect).
- Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams
PubMed ID: 7544967
Topical tretinoin produced clinically and histologically significant reversal of photoaging (increased epidermal thickness, dermal vascularity).
- Tretinoin emollient cream for photodamaged skin: results of 48-week, multicenter, double-blind studies
PubMed ID: 9270507
Long-term topical tretinoin (vit A derivative) produced sustained improvement in photodamage—relevant to skin aging.
- Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatoma Prevention Study Group
PubMed ID: 8628336
Randomized trial of an acyclic retinoid substantially reduced second primary hepatomas—clinically meaningful longevity/recurrence benefit for a retinoid agent.
- Improvement of photoaged facial skin in middle-aged Japanese females by topical retinol (vitamin A alcohol): a vehicle-controlled, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 20078381
Topical retinol randomized split-face trial produced clinically meaningful wrinkle improvements — supports cutaneous anti‑aging effects.
- Micronutrient concentrations in paired skin and plasma of patients with actinic keratoses: effect of prolonged retinol supplementation
PubMed ID: 8467249
Long-term oral retinol raised plasma and skin vitamin A stores in subjects with actinic keratoses, supporting tissue-level effects on aged/damaged skin.
- Topical retinaldehyde on human skin: biologic effects and tolerance
PubMed ID: 7798613
Topical retinaldehyde increased epidermal thickness and proliferation markers—mechanistically consistent with an anti-aging skin effect.
- Double blind, cluster randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group
PubMed ID: 10037634
Large trial: weekly vitamin A/beta‑carotene reduced pregnancy‑related maternal mortality by ~40–49% (major survival benefit).
- Sustained improvement with prolonged topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) for photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 2229490
Long-term topical retinoic acid produced durable clinical/histologic reversal of photoaging — strong topical retinoid (vitamin A derivative) evidence for skin aging.
- Long-term efficacy and safety of tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16060712
Randomized 2‑yr tretinoin trial: clear clinical improvement in photoaging and increased procollagen—strong anti‑aging skin evidence.
- Sustained improvement in photodamaged skin with reduced tretinoin emollient cream treatment regimen: effect of once-weekly and three-times-weekly applications
PubMed ID: 9270508
Reduced-frequency topical tretinoin maintained or enhanced photodamage improvement—supports anti‑aging skin effects.
- Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment
PubMed ID: 9843009
Topical retinaldehyde/retinoic acid produced objective wrinkle and roughness improvement at 18 weeks—direct anti‑aging skin benefit.
- Tazarotene cream for the treatment of facial photodamage: a multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized, vehicle-controlled, parallel comparison of 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% tazarotene creams with 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream applied once daily for 24 weeks
PubMed ID: 11735710
Topical vitamin A derivatives (tazarotene, tretinoin) produced dose‑related improvements in photodamage (anti‑aging).
- Safety and efficacy of dose-intensive oral vitamin A in subjects with sun-damaged skin
PubMed ID: 15041701
Oral vitamin A doses up‑regulated retinoid receptors and improved karyometric markers in sun‑damaged skin (surrogate ageing markers).
- Tazarotene 0.1% cream versus tretinoin 0.05% emollient cream in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 15203997
Tazarotene (retinoid) produced greater improvement in facial photodamage — direct anti‑photoaging clinical evidence.
- A large 12-month extension study of an 8-week trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of triple combination (TC) cream in melasma patients previously treated with TC cream or one of its dyads
PubMed ID: 16167418
Long‑term triple‑agent cream including a retinoid produced high clearance of melasma and improved long‑term pigment/appearance.
- Tretinoin microsphere gel 0.1% for photodamaged facial skin: a placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17243432
Topical tretinoin produced robust, clinically meaningful improvements in photodamage (anti‑ageing skin effect).
- Combined retinol-lactose-glycolic acid effects on photoaged skin: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 18452434
Topical retinol cream improved appearance/texture/moisture of photodamaged facial skin (cosmetic anti‑ageing effect).
- Improvement in skin wrinkles from the use of photostable retinyl retinoate: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19849696
Topical retinyl retinoate reduced periorbital wrinkles and skin roughness vs placebo (anti‑ageing cosmetic effect).
- A stabilized 0.1% retinol facial moisturizer improves the appearance of photodamaged skin in an eight-week, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study
PubMed ID: 19852122
Topical 0.1% retinol improved wrinkles, pigmentation and firmness over 8 weeks—direct cosmetic anti‑aging benefit.
- Effects of a cosmetic 'anti-ageing' product improves photoaged skin [corrected]
PubMed ID: 19438432
Retinyl palmitate product increased fibrillin microfibrils and improved facial wrinkles vs vehicle after long use—structural and clinical anti‑aging evidence.
- A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen
PubMed ID: 20374604
Topical vitamin A derivative regimen improved wrinkles comparably to tretinoin, a cosmetic aging endpoint (topical data).
- Prevention of post-mole malignant trophoblastic disease with vitamin A
PubMed ID: 20843153
High‑dose vitamin A markedly reduced malignant trophoblastic disease after mole — a clinically meaningful long‑term disease prevention signal.
- Further enhancement of facial appearance with a hydroquinone skin care system plus tretinoin in patients previously treated with botulinum toxin Type A
PubMed ID: 21719866
Tretinoin-containing regimen produced clinically meaningful improvement in wrinkles and appearance (anti‑aging cosmetic benefit).
- Sequential treatment with triple combination cream and intense pulsed light is more efficacious than sequential treatment with an inactive (control) cream and intense pulsed light in patients with moderate to severe melasma
PubMed ID: 21269349
Tretinoin-containing cream plus IPL improved melasma and facial appearance vs control — supports skin rejuvenation aspects of aging.
- Preventing melasma recurrence: prescribing a maintenance regimen with an effective triple combination cream based on long-standing clinical severity
PubMed ID: 21623930
Maintenance tretinoin regimen kept >50% of patients relapse-free for 6 months, supporting sustained cosmetic/anti-aging benefit.
- A randomized, double-blind, controlled comparative trial of the anti-aging properties of non-prescription tri-retinol 1.1% vs. prescription tretinoin 0.025%
PubMed ID: 22206079
Topical tri‑retinol produced clinically meaningful improvements in facial photodamage (wrinkles, firmness, pigmentation) comparable to tretinoin.
- Treatment of facial photodamage using a novel retinol formulation
PubMed ID: 23652947
Topical retinol (0.5–1%) produced visible improvement in photoaged facial skin within 8–12 weeks.
- Efficacy and tolerability of a double-conjugated retinoid cream vs 1.0% retinol cream or 0.025% tretinoin cream in subjects with mild to severe photoaging
PubMed ID: 28762645
Topical vitamin A conjugate produced clinically meaningful improvements in photoaging (wrinkles/hydration) with good tolerability.
- Treatment of Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation With a Combination of Glycolic Acid Peels and a Topical Regimen in Dark-Skinned Patients: A Comparative Study
PubMed ID: 28114204
Adding tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) improved postinflammatory hyperpigmentation — supports skin appearance/aging.
- Retinyl propionate and climbazole combination demonstrates clinical improvement to the appearance of hyperpigmentation and deep wrinkling with minimal irritation
PubMed ID: 28733999
Topical retinyl propionate mix improved wrinkles and pigmentation vs retinol with less irritation — cosmetic antiaging effect.
- Prospective, randomized, double-blind assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing
PubMed ID: 29947134
Topical retinol improved wrinkles/pigmentation vs bakuchiol but with more irritation — relevant to skin aging.
- A randomized, open, controlled trial of tretinoin 0.05% cream vs. low-dose oral isotretinoin for the treatment of field cancerization
PubMed ID: 30706457
Topical tretinoin and low‑dose isotretinoin reduced actinic keratoses and improved sun‑damaged skin markers.
- Association of plasma retinol levels with incident cancer risk in Chinese hypertensive adults: a nested case-control study
PubMed ID: 31352906
Higher plasma retinol associated with markedly lower digestive cancer risk in observational nested case‑control—potential healthy‑aging relevance.
- A Clinical Anti-Ageing Comparative Study of 0.3 and 0.5% Retinol Serums: A Clinically Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32428912
Topical retinol (0.3–0.5%) improved wrinkles/brightness in 12‑week trial—direct skin aging benefit.
Gut health (46)
- Vitamin A modifies the intestinal chemokine and cytokine responses to norovirus infection in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 21411606
Supplementation reduced fecal MCP‑1/IL‑8/TNFα in some norovirus groups — indicates modulation of gut inflammatory milieu.
- Vitamin A supplementation modifies the association between mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses and resolution of enteric pathogen infections
PubMed ID: 21248183
Vitamin A altered gut cytokine associations with pathogen clearance (EPEC, ETEC, Giardia) — direct evidence of effects on intestinal immune environment and mucosal function.
- Vitamin A supplementation has divergent effects on norovirus infections and clinical symptoms among Mexican children
PubMed ID: 17763317
Reduced norovirus‑associated diarrhoea with vitamin A suggests effects on intestinal host response, though viral shedding increased.
- Supplementation with vitamin A reduces watery diarrhoea and respiratory infections in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 17298703
Periodic vitamin A reduced watery diarrhoea episodes — indicates improved gut host defenses/lining function.
- Impact of vitamin A on selected gastrointestinal pathogen infections and associated diarrheal episodes among children in Mexico City, Mexico
PubMed ID: 17041847
Vitamin A reduced prevalence and illness from several enteric pathogens and shortened some diarrheal episodes — strong evidence of benefit to gut mucosal health in that cohort.
- Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15661475
Reduced chronic diarrhea and mortality in HIV‑infected children after vitamin A supplementation—supports gut mucosal health.
- Does vitamin A prevent high-dose-methotrexate-induced D-xylose malabsorption in children with cancer?
PubMed ID: 14767751
A single large vitamin A dose before high‑dose methotrexate markedly reduced D‑xylose malabsorption—direct gut mucosal protection.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality
PubMed ID: 12649946
Periodic high‑dose vitamin A reduced diarrhoea incidence and deficiency in children—robust public‑health gut benefit.
- Impact of vitamin A supplementation to rural children on morbidity due to diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 21901907
Semiannual vitamin A roughly halved diarrhoea episodes in young children—strong evidence for improved gut mucosal health.
- Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomised double blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11498488
Zinc+vitamin A significantly reduced persistent diarrhoea and dysentery in young children — strong population-level evidence for gut health support.
- Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
PubMed ID: 11060532
Periodic vitamin A reduced risk of severe watery diarrhea (clinical evidence of improved gut defense/mucosal protection).
- The beneficial effects of weekly low-dose vitamin A supplementation on acute lower respiratory infections and diarrhea in Ecuadorian children
PubMed ID: 10390287
Weekly dosing reduced severe diarrhoea in some age groups and subgroups—evidence for gut protection in specific contexts.
- A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 10048684
Huge reduction in diarrhea‑related deaths (92%) in hospitalized children—strong evidence of benefit for gut infection outcomes and mucosal defense.
- Single dose vitamin A treatment in acute shigellosis in Bangladesh children: randomised double blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 9492664
Single high dose improved symptom resolution in shigellosis—supports improved intestinal recovery in vitamin A–deficient setting.
- Breast-feeding status alters the effect of vitamin A treatment during acute diarrhea in children
PubMed ID: 9040545
Vitamin A during acute diarrhea reduced episode duration and persistent diarrhea in non‑breastfed children—strong clinical benefit for gut health and recovery.
- Apolipoprotein E4 influences growth and cognitive responses to micronutrient supplementation in shantytown children from northeast Brazil
PubMed ID: 22249475
Randomized micronutrient trial subgroup showed vitamin A–associated improvement in lactulose:mannitol (gut permeability) especially in APOE4 carriers.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Higher total body vitamin A reserves from orange maize are relevant to gut epithelial integrity, though gut outcomes were not measured directly.
- Red palm olein biscuit supplementation modulates gut microbiota in vitamin A deficient rural Malaysian schoolchildren: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41125622
RPO (provitamin A) biscuits altered children's gut microbiota with taxa changes that correlated with improved carotenoid and hematologic markers — direct gut/microbiome evidence.
- Single megadose vitamin A supplementation of Indian mothers and morbidity in breastfed young infants
PubMed ID: 12897218
Postpartum maternal megadose reduced infant diarrheal illness and raised infant retinol—supports gut mucosal health in infants.
- Zinc, vitamin A, and micronutrient supplementation in children with diarrhea: a randomized controlled clinical trial of combination therapy versus monotherapy
PubMed ID: 21592508
Trials including vitamin A (with zinc/micronutrients) shortened diarrheal episodes → clinical gut health benefit though confounded.
- Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: effects on gastrointestinal function and metabolism
PubMed ID: 8838831
Enteral feeding preserved vitamin A absorption vs TPN after neurosurgery → supports enteral/gut functional integrity for vitamin A uptake.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 intestinal immune response of Mexican children
PubMed ID: 16988133
Vitamin A lowered fecal MCP‑1 (intestinal inflammation marker) in children → supports reduced gut inflammation and healthier gut lining.
- Effects of vitamin A supplementation on intestinal barrier function, growth, total parasitic, and specific Giardia spp infections in Brazilian children: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20038852
Vitamin A supplementation in marginally replete children lowered urinary permeability markers and eradicated short‑term Giardia infections → strong direct evidence for improved gut barrier/function.
- A micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder reduces morbidity and improves short-term cognitive function, but has no effect on anthropometric measures in primary school children in northeast Thailand: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18541560
Marked reduction in diarrhea incidence after multi‑micronutrient fortification (including vitamin A) suggests improved gut mucosal/immune resistance.
- Effect of micronutrient supplementation on diarrhoeal disease among stunted children in rural South Africa
PubMed ID: 19174830
Clear randomized evidence that adding zinc/MMN to vitamin A reduced diarrhoea incidence in stunted, HIV‑uninfected infants—direct support for improved gut health when vitamin A is part of the package.
- Effect of simultaneous supplementation of vitamin A and iron on diarrheal and respiratory tract infection in preschool children in Chengdu City, China
PubMed ID: 24012086
Vitamin A+iron group had fewer diarrhoeal illnesses—supportive of gut mucosal protection with vitamin A included.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Strong increase in body vitamin A stores supports gut epithelial integrity and barrier function (biochemical plausibility).
- Effects of community-based sales of micronutrient powders on morbidity episodes in preschool children in Western Kenya
PubMed ID: 26864367
MNP distribution associated with fewer diarrhea hospitalizations — suggests improved gut health at population level (multinutrient).
- Micronutrient and Inflammation Status Following One Year of Complementary Food Supplementation in 18-Month-Old Rural Bangladeshi Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32443412
Fortified complementary foods reduced inflammation trend and increased retinol — supportive of gut lining health (indirect/multinutrient intervention).
- Effects of colon-targeted vitamins on the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiome- a pilot study
PubMed ID: 33615992
Randomized colon‑targeted vitamin A altered the gut microbiome (increase in Actinobacteria) versus placebo, showing a direct gut effect.
- Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A
PubMed ID: 2205798
Large reductions in child mortality in deficient populations included diarrhoeal deaths — implies improved gut mucosal defenses.
- The effect of antenatal vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation on gut integrity of infants of HIV-infected South African women
PubMed ID: 11396815
Antenatal vitamin A largely prevented the marked increase in gut permeability seen in HIV-infected infants—direct, strong evidence for vitamin A protecting gut barrier in that subgroup.
- Vitamin A status of Indonesian children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides after dosing with vitamin A supplements and albendazole
PubMed ID: 8632218
Vitamin A clearly improved biochemical vitamin A status in Ascaris‑infected children—relevant to intestinal mucosal health and barrier where deficiency exists.
- The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women
PubMed ID: 7625499
Supplementation lowered diarrheal morbidity in infants of HIV+ mothers—clinical benefit to gut health in that vulnerable group.
- Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population
PubMed ID: 1739794
Community dose markedly lowered diarrheal deaths — strong population evidence for gut mucosal benefit.
- Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas
PubMed ID: 1738173
Vitamins A+C+E lowered markers of abnormal rectal mucosal proliferation — direct effect on gut mucosa biomarkers (combination product).
- Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth
PubMed ID: 8436094
High‑dose vitamin A in young children markedly reduced diarrhoea incidence—consistent with improved gut mucosal defense/maturity.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil
PubMed ID: 7913157
Periodic vitamin A reduced overall and severe diarrhoea in young children — direct evidence of gut mucosal benefit.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infection in children. A double blind placebo controlled trial in a Calcutta slum community
PubMed ID: 7957792
Single 200,000 IU dose shortened diarrhoea episode duration (~30% shorter) — supports improved gut recovery.
- A randomized controlled trial of vitamin A supplementation in acute diarrhea
PubMed ID: 8617529
Vitamin A shortened diarrhea in vitamin A‑deficient (especially malnourished) children—direct mucosal/gut benefit in deficient subgroup.
- A randomized phase 2 trial of oral vitamin A for graft-versus-host disease in children and young adults
PubMed ID: 38227933
Pre‑transplant oral vitamin A substantially lowered gastrointestinal GVHD incidence—direct evidence of gut mucosal protection/modulation.
- Red palm olein-enriched biscuit supplementation lowers Ascaris lumbricoides reinfection at 6-month after anthelmintic treatment among schoolchildren with vitamin A deficiency (VAD)
PubMed ID: 36775004
Provitamin A (red palm oil) reduced Ascaris reinfection and intensity after deworming, suggesting improved gut mucosal defense or immunity.
- High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation to Bangladeshi Infants Increases the Percentage of CCR9-Positive Treg Cells in Infants with Lower Birthweight in Early Infancy, and Decreases Plasma sCD14 Concentration and the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency at Two Years of Age
PubMed ID: 32939553
Neonatal vitamin A reduced plasma sCD14 (marker of endotoxin exposure) and increased mucosal Tregs—consistent with improved gut mucosal immune function/barrier.
- Vitamin A supplementation decreases disease activity index in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30477842
Oral vitamin A for 2 months in moderate UC reduced disease activity and significantly increased mucosal healing — direct evidence of gut‑lining benefit.
- Addition of all-trans-retinoic acid to omeprazole and sucralfate therapy improves the prognosis of gastric dysplasia
PubMed ID: 25631875
ATRA led to regression of gastric dysplasia and changes in Rb/HER2 expression—direct evidence for improving gastric epithelial pathology.
- SNP may modify the effect of vitamin A supplementation at birth on cytokine production in a whole blood culture assay
PubMed ID: 21791141
Genotype-dependent cytokine changes after neonatal VAS suggest influence on mucosal/systemic immune responses relevant to gut health.
Inflammation (64)
- A randomized trial of an early measles vaccine at 4½ months of age in Guinea-Bissau: sex-differential immunological effects
PubMed ID: 24835247
Early measles vaccination altered plasma inflammatory markers and prior neonatal vitamin A modified these effects—immune/inflammatory modulation shown.
- Impact of Vitamin A Supplementation on Disease Progression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
PubMed ID: 26161708
High‑dose retinyl palmitate in RRMS improved a functional composite and is associated with immune/gene expression changes (surrogate inflammatory modulation).
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces the Th17-Treg - Related cytokines in obese and non-obese women
PubMed ID: 26909479
Randomized trial showed significant decreases in IL‑17, TGF‑β and IL‑6 after vitamin A—direct evidence of shifting inflammatory cytokines.
- Retinyl Palmitate Supplementation Modulates T-bet and Interferon Gamma Gene Expression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
PubMed ID: 27122150
Retinyl palmitate lowered IFN‑γ and T‑bet expression in MS patients, indicating reduced Th1 inflammatory signalling.
- Long-term sex-differential effects of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on in vitro cytokine responses
PubMed ID: 29166972
Neonatal vitamin A produced sex-differential changes in TNF-α:IL-10 ratios and BCG scarring — evidence of immunoinflammatory modulation.
- Vitamin A supplementation is effective for improving the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections and reducing renal scarring in girls with acute pyelonephritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, clinical trial study
PubMed ID: 30670279
Adjunct oral vitamin A in acute pyelonephritis shortened symptom duration and reduced renal lesion worsening — consistent with tempered pathologic inflammation.
- Vitamin A supplementation decreases disease activity index in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30477842
Daily oral vitamin A reduced disease activity and increased mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis — clear anti‑inflammatory / mucosal effect.
- Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of all-trans retinoic acid/Clobetasol Propionate Compound Ointment in the treatment of mild to moderate psoriasis vulgaris: A randomized, single-blind, multicenter clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30253049
Topical retinoic‑acid combination improved psoriasis (an inflammatory skin disease) — indicates local inflammation modulation (steroid confounds attribution).
- Effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune responses in Indonesian pre-schoolers
PubMed ID: 33377367
Community RCT (zinc±vitamin A) showed immune‑modulating effects (IFN‑γ, mucosal IgA) in subgroups—supports immune/inflammatory modulation.
- Combination of vitamin A and D supplementation for ischemic stroke: effects on interleukin-1ß and clinical outcome
PubMed ID: 32567290
RCT of vitamins A+D in stroke lowered IL‑1β and improved clinical score—evidence of anti‑inflammatory benefit when combined with vitamin D.
- Effects of liposomal nasal spray with vitamins A and E on allergic rhinitis
PubMed ID: 32773784
Liposomal nasal spray containing vitamins A+E reduced nasal cytologic inflammation and symptoms vs saline in RCT.
- Topical tretinoin in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33583149
Topical tretinoin added to budesonide reduced microscopic edema in nasal polyps and improved smell—clinical anti‑inflammatory/tissue‑edema signal.
- Evaluation and comparison of vitamin A supplementation with standard therapies in the treatment of patients with COVID-19
PubMed ID: 36205206
Oral Vit A in outpatients with COVID reduced symptoms and inflammatory marker (CRP), consistent with anti‑inflammatory modulation.
- A randomized phase 2 trial of oral vitamin A for graft-versus-host disease in children and young adults
PubMed ID: 38227933
Pre‑transplant oral vitamin A significantly reduced GI and chronic GVHD, demonstrating a clinically meaningful immunomodulatory/anti‑inflammatory effect.
- Alitretinoin versus phototherapy as the first-line treatment in adults with severe chronic hand eczema: the ALPHA RCT
PubMed ID: 39364555
Systemic retinoid (alitretinoin) rapidly improved chronic hand eczema (an inflammatory dermatosis), supporting anti‑inflammatory benefits of retinoids.
- Comparison of the clinical efficacy of topical tretinoin 0.05% cream and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment plus iontophoresis in the management of palmoplantar psoriasis
PubMed ID: 38323717
Topical tretinoin reduced palmoplantar psoriasis severity—evidence of local anti‑inflammatory/therapeutic effect of a vitamin A derivative.
- Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand
PubMed ID: 2296985
Population/intervention data link vitamin A deficiency to higher respiratory/diarrheal illness and show short‑term reductions after supplementation; implies inflammation/host‑defense effects.
- A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles
PubMed ID: 2194128
High‑dose vitamin A in severe measles reduced pneumonia and diarrhea durations and major complications, consistent with modulation of harmful inflammatory responses in infection.
- Randomized Study of the Effects of Zinc, Vitamin A, and Magnesium Co-supplementation on Thyroid Function, Oxidative Stress, and hs-CRP in Patients with Hypothyroidism
PubMed ID: 33409923
Co‑supplement (including vitamin A) lowered hs‑CRP in hypothyroid patients — indicates reduced systemic inflammation though attribution to vitamin A alone is uncertain.
- Micronutrient and Inflammation Status Following One Year of Complementary Food Supplementation in 18-Month-Old Rural Bangladeshi Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32443412
Fortified complementary foods modestly reduced inflammation and raised retinol, supporting vitamin A's role in inflammatory contexts (multinutrient intervention).
- Is Iron Supplementation Influenced by Sub-Clinical Inflammation?: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Adolescent Schoolgirls in Myanmar
PubMed ID: 31022892
Trial showed vitamin A improved hemoglobin in girls with subclinical inflammation, indicating a modulatory role during inflammation.
- The acute phase response affected traditional measures of micronutrient status in rural Zambian children during a randomized, controlled feeding trial
PubMed ID: 24717369
Study directly shows acute‑phase inflammation causes large transient drops in serum retinol and dramatic ferritin rise — important for interpreting vitamin A–inflammation dynamics.
- Vitamin A supplementation in children with poor vitamin A and iron status increases erythropoietin and hemoglobin concentrations without changing total body iron
PubMed ID: 16960172
Vitamin A doses increased EPO and mobilized iron while changing ferritin, consistent with effects on inflammation/iron handling.
- Short-term effects of vitamin A and antimalarial treatment on erythropoiesis in severely anemic Zanzibari preschool children
PubMed ID: 16087986
Randomized trial in severely anemic children showed vitamin A quickly lowered CRP and altered iron/inflammation markers — direct anti‑inflammatory signal.
- Hyaluronic acid and vitamins are effective in reducing vaginal atrophy in women receiving radiotherapy
PubMed ID: 26788875
Suppository containing hyaluronic acid + vitamins A/E reduced vaginal inflammation and mucosal damage after radiotherapy (clear anti‑inflammatory/mucosal benefit in small RCT).
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 intestinal immune response of Mexican children
PubMed ID: 16988133
Randomized vitamin A supplementation in children lowered fecal MCP‑1 (intestinal chemokine), including strong pathogen‑stratified effects → direct anti‑inflammatory evidence.
- Supplementation of red palm olein-enriched biscuits improves levels of provitamin A carotenes, iron, and erythropoiesis in vitamin A-deficient primary schoolchildren: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38240773
Duplicate entry reflecting strong trial evidence that provitamin A intervention reduced inflammation markers (kept to emphasize RCT result).
- Effect of antioxidant-rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme, and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction
PubMed ID: 7797808
Antioxidant-rich diet including provitamin A reduced lipid peroxides after MI, implying reduced oxidative/inflammatory burden.
- Effect of Aloe vera topical gel combined with tretinoin in treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial
PubMed ID: 23336746
Tretinoin + Aloe vera RCT showed greater reductions in inflammatory lesions and less erythema vs tretinoin alone.
- Efficacy and tolerability of short contact therapy with tretinoin, clindamycin, and glycolic acid gel in acne: A randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded two-center trial: The MASCOTTE study
PubMed ID: 33377285
Short‑contact tretinoin regimen reduced acne severity with less irritation — supports reduced local inflammatory response.
- Comparison of tretinoin 0.05% cream and 3% alcohol-based salicylic acid preparation in the treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 20666879
Topical tretinoin accelerated reduction in inflammatory acne lesions early in treatment — evidence of local anti‑inflammatory effect.
- Efficiency of acitretin in combination with UV-B in the treatment of severe psoriasis
PubMed ID: 2138875
Systemic acitretin plus UV-B reduced psoriasis severity (an inflammatory disease) — anti-inflammatory clinical effect.
- Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 65 patients
PubMed ID: 1829465
Oral acitretin produced high remission rates in lichen planus, an inflammatory dermatosis.
- Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency
PubMed ID: 1729457
Supplementation improved tetanus antibody responses, showing adaptive immune modulation rather than uncontrolled inflammation.
- Effect of vitamin A on diarrhoeal and respiratory complications of measles
PubMed ID: 8116059
High‑dose vitamin A during measles reduced severe airway complications and otitis media, reflecting improved host response and less severe inflammatory consequences.
- Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin-A-deficient children
PubMed ID: 8093291
Vitamin A treatment corrected abnormal T‑cell subset patterns in deficient children, indicating immunomodulation.
- Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth
PubMed ID: 8436094
High‑dose vitamin A markedly reduced diarrhoea and respiratory disease incidence and raised IgA—consistent with beneficial immune/inflammatory balance.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil
PubMed ID: 7913157
Periodic vitamin A in children reduced severe diarrhoea (an inflammatory/infectious outcome), consistent with modulation of mucosal inflammation.
- Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infection in children. A double blind placebo controlled trial in a Calcutta slum community
PubMed ID: 7957792
Single high dose shortened diarrhoea episode duration, implying reduced mucosal inflammatory burden during infection.
- [Topical tretinoin in the treatment of lichen planus and leukoplakia of the mouth mucosa. A clinical evaluation]
PubMed ID: 7702278
Topical tretinoin markedly reduced oral lichen planus and leukoplakia lesion size—clinical anti‑inflammatory/lesion‑reducing effect on mucosal inflammation.
- Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A
PubMed ID: 8598547
Infant supplementation shortened total days with respiratory infection (reduced inflammatory illness duration) and raised serum retinol.
- Efficacy of the fixed 1.2% clindamycin phosphate, 0.025% tretinoin gel formulation (Velac) and a proprietary 0.025% tretinoin gel formulation (Aberela) in the topical control of facial acne
PubMed ID: 9883434
Combination tretinoin+clindamycin produced faster and greater clearance of inflammatory acne lesions—clinical anti‑inflammatory effect in skin.
- Comparison of adapalene 0.1% solution and tretinoin 0.025% gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 9990420
Adapalene/tretinoin substantially reduced inflammatory acne lesions (~47–50%)—clear anti‑inflammatory clinical effect in acne.
- A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 10048684
High‑dose vitamin A markedly reduced infection‑related mortality in children, implying beneficial effects on host inflammatory/infectious outcomes.
- Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 15611422
Oral 9‑cis‑retinoic acid cleared chronic hand dermatitis (an inflammatory skin disease) with dose‑dependent effect.
- Improved efficacy and tolerability of retinoic acid in acne vulgaris: a new topical formulation with cyclodextrin complex psi
PubMed ID: 15196153
Topical retinoic acid reduced acne (includes inflammatory lesion improvement) indicating local anti‑inflammatory/normalizing effect.
- [The clinical observation of treating acne vulgaris with "xiao cuo fang"]
PubMed ID: 15307690
Adapalene (retinoid) plus formula markedly reduced inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions in RCT.
- Impact of vitamin A on selected gastrointestinal pathogen infections and associated diarrheal episodes among children in Mexico City, Mexico
PubMed ID: 17041847
Periodic vitamin A reduced several enteric pathogens and pathogen‑specific illness, implying modulation of mucosal immune/inflammatory responses (beneficial pathogen‑specific anti‑inflammatory effect).
- Tazarotene 0.1 percent cream plus clindamycin 1 percent gel versus tretinoin 0.025 percent gel plus clindamycin 1 percent gel in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris
PubMed ID: 18328195
Topical retinoid (tazarotene) reduced inflammatory acne lesions more than tretinoin—local anti‑inflammatory effect in skin.
- Markers of innate immune function are associated with vitamin a stores in men
PubMed ID: 19091796
Dose-related vitamin A supplementation associated with decreased proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17) and altered immune mediators—supports inflammation modulation.
- Successful retreatment with alitretinoin in patients with relapsed chronic hand eczema
PubMed ID: 19906075
Oral alitretinoin produced strong clinical improvements in hand eczema (an inflammatory dermatosis), indicating anti‑inflammatory effects of retinoids.
- Vitamin A supplementation modifies the association between mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses and resolution of enteric pathogen infections
PubMed ID: 21248183
In young children vitamin A changed how gut cytokines related to pathogen clearance (E. coli, Giardia), showing modulation of local inflammatory responses.
- Vitamin A modifies the intestinal chemokine and cytokine responses to norovirus infection in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 21411606
Vitamin A supplementation altered fecal cytokines (MCP‑1, IL‑8, TNFα) during norovirus infection, indicating immunomodulatory/anti‑inflammatory effects in gut.
- SNP may modify the effect of vitamin A supplementation at birth on cytokine production in a whole blood culture assay
PubMed ID: 21791141
Neonatal VAS altered cytokine responses in a genotype-dependent way, demonstrating immune/inflammatory modulation.
- Comparison of micronized tretinoin gel 0.05% and tretinoin gel microsphere 0.1% in young adolescents with acne: a post hoc analysis of efficacy and tolerability data
PubMed ID: 21838089
Topical tretinoin significantly reduced inflammatory acne lesions, showing anti‑inflammatory benefit in skin.
- Retinoic acid reduces chemotherapy-induced neuropathy in an animal model and patients with lung cancer
PubMed ID: 21865574
All‑trans retinoic acid reduced chemotherapy-related neurophysiologic injury and increased NGF — consistent with anti‑inflammatory/neuroprotective effects.
- Role of vitamin A in preventing renal scarring after acute pyelonephritis
PubMed ID: 21876308
Adjunctive vitamin A with antibiotics markedly reduced renal scarring after pyelonephritis, indicating reduced tissue inflammation/injury.
- The effect of at-birth vitamin A supplementation on differential leucocyte counts and in vitro cytokine production: an immunological study nested within a randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau
PubMed ID: 23168172
At‑birth vitamin A altered leukocyte composition and reduced TNF‑α at 6 weeks—direct RCT evidence of immunoregulatory/inflammation changes.
- In vivo antibacterial effects of tretinoin-clindamycin and clindamycin alone on Propionibacterium acnes with varying clindamycin minimum inhibitory
PubMed ID: 23377513
Topical tretinoin plus clindamycin reduced P. acnes counts more than clindamycin alone — supports reduced inflammatory acne burden.
- Efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and 0.3% and tretinoin gel 0.05% for acne vulgaris: results of a single-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial on Mexican patients (skin type III-IV)
PubMed ID: 23725303
Topical retinoid gels reduced acne lesions (inflammatory lesions) relative to placebo, but caused local irritation.
- Vitamin A supplementation and serum Th1- and Th2-associated cytokine response in women
PubMed ID: 24024773
Randomized trial in obese women: daily retinyl palmitate lowered IL‑1β and Th2 cytokines (direct anti‑inflammatory/immunomodulatory effect).
- Therapeutic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immune response to cancer vaccine in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer
PubMed ID: 23589106
ATRA reduced MDSCs and enhanced vaccine responses—evidence of immunomodulation toward a more balanced immune state.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces IL-17 and RORc gene expression in atherosclerotic patients
PubMed ID: 24845870
Randomized high‑dose retinyl palmitate lowered IL‑17 and RORc expression—clear anti‑inflammatory/Th17 modulation.
- The Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on FoxP3 and TGF-β Gene Expression in Avonex-Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients
PubMed ID: 25985851
In RRMS patients, oral vitamin A upregulated FoxP3 and TGF‑β (regulatory markers) after 6 months, indicating anti‑inflammatory/regulatory effects.
Respiratory comfort (32)
- The Impact of Vitamin A Deficiency on Tuberculosis Progression
PubMed ID: 35486953
Vitamin A deficiency associated with higher progression to active TB and worse lung pathology in animals—supports role of vitamin A in pulmonary defense and lining integrity.
- Should Vitamin A Injections to Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death Be Reserved for High-Risk Infants? Reanalysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Randomized Trial
PubMed ID: 34004189
Intramuscular vitamin A injections reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death in very‑low‑birth‑weight infants—strong clinical evidence for benefit to immature airway/lung lining.
- EARLY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES THE OUTCOME OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS
PubMed ID: 30964778
Enteral vitamin A in extremely preterm infants reduced BPD incidence and respiratory support days—strong evidence of benefit to developing airway epithelium.
- Oral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31209560
RCT in VLBW infants: oral vitamin A reduced death or persistent oxygen need and shortened respiratory support—strong airway benefit.
- Effect of liposomes, vitamins A and E nasal spray in reducing the healing time after septoplasty with concurrent turbinate surgery in adolescents
PubMed ID: 27706120
Topical A+E spray improved nasal mucosal symptom scores and endoscopic healing—direct benefit for upper airway lining.
- Reduction of adhesions and antrostomy stenosis with topical vitamin A after endoscopic sinus surgery
PubMed ID: 26637582
Topical vitamin A after endoscopic sinus surgery reduced adhesions and improved mucociliary re‑epithelialization and ciliated cell maturity—strong airway mucosal benefit.
- Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very-low-birth-weight premature Thai infants: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 25816542
Vitamin A injections in very‑small preterm infants markedly reduced intubation time, days on oxygen and hospital stay—strong clinical evidence of airway/lung benefit.
- Effects of early inhaled nitric oxide therapy and vitamin A supplementation on the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature newborns with respiratory failure
PubMed ID: 24388327
Secondary nonrandomized analysis: vitamin A use with inhaled nitric oxide associated with lower BPD/death in 750–999 g infants (subgroup finding).
- Vitamin A supplementation in extremely low-birth-weight infants: subgroup analysis in small-for-gestational-age infants
PubMed ID: 23329565
Intramuscular vitamin A in extremely low birth weight infants modestly reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death (clinical pulmonary/airway benefit).
- Proliferative changes in the bronchial epithelium of former smokers treated with retinoids
PubMed ID: 17971525
Retinoid therapy modulated bronchial epithelial proliferation and receptor expression in former smokers — mechanistic airway epithelial effects.
- Supplementation with vitamin A reduces watery diarrhoea and respiratory infections in Mexican children
PubMed ID: 17298703
Supplementation lowered cough with fever incidence — clinical indicator of improved respiratory/airway outcomes.
- Effect of daily low dose of vitamin A compared with single high dose on morbidity and mortality of hospitalized mainly malnourished children in senegal: a randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 17299466
Daily low‑dose vitamin A reduced respiratory illness incidence/duration in hospitalized children — consistent with support for airway health.
- Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15661475
Vitamin A supplementation lowered persistent cough and mortality in HIV‑infected children—consistent with improved airway mucosal defenses.
- Vitamin A supplementation at birth delays pneumococcal colonization in South Indian infants
PubMed ID: 11160543
Neonatal vitamin A reduced early pneumococcal colonization (nasopharynx) — airway mucosal immune effect.
- The beneficial effects of weekly low-dose vitamin A supplementation on acute lower respiratory infections and diarrhea in Ecuadorian children
PubMed ID: 10390287
Weekly vitamin A altered ALRI incidence by nutritional status (substantial subgroup effects), indicating influence on airway vulnerability.
- Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
PubMed ID: 10379020
Intramuscular vitamin A in very premature infants reduced death/chronic lung disease—strong evidence for airway/ lung benefit.
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vitamin A in Mozambican children hospitalized with nonmeasles acute lower respiratory tract infections
PubMed ID: 10632986
Shortened hospital stay and increased early discharge among children with ALRI—clinical airway benefit.
- A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 10048684
Large reduction in pneumonia mortality indicates improved airway defense and/or recovery with high‑dose vitamin A.
- Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A
PubMed ID: 8598547
Infant monthly vitamin A reduced days with respiratory infection and medical visits, consistent with improved airway mucosal defense/recovery.
- Assessment of vitamin A status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy smokers
PubMed ID: 8942419
Small supplementation subgroup in severe COPD showed marked short‑term FEV1 improvement; supports possible airway mucosal/functional benefit in deficient or diseased lungs.
- Effect of vitamin A on diarrhoeal and respiratory complications of measles
PubMed ID: 8116059
Vitamin A during measles reduced progression to severe laryngotracheobronchitis and otitis media—direct protection of airway epithelium.
- Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles
PubMed ID: 1565535
Supplementation reduced respiratory infections and improved clinical morbidity in complicated measles.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 1951162
Vitamin A reduced respiratory-tract complications in measles hospital patients — supports airway mucosal benefit.
- Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand
PubMed ID: 2296985
Supplementation associated with large short‑term reductions in respiratory episodes; supports airway mucosal health.
- A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles
PubMed ID: 2194128
Vitamin A reduced pneumonia duration and complications in severe measles, consistent with improved respiratory mucosal repair/defense.
- Vitamin A and D Deficiencies Associated With Incident Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Multinational Case-Cohort Study
PubMed ID: 28169875
Low pre‑ART vitamin A predicted incident TB, implicating vitamin A status in pulmonary host defense.
- Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26751473
Marked improvement in vitamin A status in children supports airway mucosal competence (indirect evidence).
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Large increase in vitamin A stores provides mechanistic support for airway epithelial health and repair.
- Effect of simultaneous supplementation of vitamin A and iron on diarrheal and respiratory tract infection in preschool children in Chengdu City, China
PubMed ID: 24012086
Vitamin A+iron reduced respiratory illnesses in preschoolers—supports airway mucosal health when vitamin A included.
- A micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder reduces morbidity and improves short-term cognitive function, but has no effect on anthropometric measures in primary school children in northeast Thailand: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18541560
Seasoning fortification reduced respiratory illness incidence (respiratory mucosal defense), consistent with vitamin A's role in mucosal integrity/immune defense.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Increased vitamin A reserves support epithelial health of mucosal linings including airways (indirect evidence from measured reserves).
- Improved antioxidant and fatty acid status of patients with cystic fibrosis after antioxidant supplementation is linked to improved lung function
PubMed ID: 12499335
Antioxidant supplementation including provitamin A correlated with modest lung‑function improvements in CF patients (supports airway health).
Skin health (36)
- Sustained improvement with prolonged topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) for photoaged skin
PubMed ID: 2229490
Topical retinoic acid increased epidermal thickness and improved barrier‑related clinical measures in photoaged skin — good evidence for barrier strengthening by retinoids.
- A Double-Blind, Comparative Clinical Study of Newly Formulated Retinol Serums vs Tretinoin Cream in Escalating Doses: A Method for Rapid Retinization With Minimized Irritation
PubMed ID: 32574009
Retinol improved epidermal thickness and reduced TEWL/skin dryness—evidence for improved barrier function.
- Dyspigmentation, skin physiology, and a novel approach to skin lightening
PubMed ID: 24305422
Topical tretinoin modifies epidermal turnover and pigmentation and can improve skin quality/texture relevant to barrier function, though barrier measures not reported.
- Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical
PubMed ID: 19648781
Topical retinol increased epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation—mechanistic evidence for a stronger skin barrier.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Large increase in body vitamin A stores provides mechanistic substrate for maintaining keratinocyte differentiation and skin barrier function.
- Double-blind cluster randomised controlled trial of wheat flour chapatti fortified with micronutrients on the status of vitamin A and iron in school-aged children in rural Bangladesh
PubMed ID: 23800099
Raised serum retinol and reduced deficiency support skin barrier integrity (trial evidence on status).
- Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26751473
Marked improvements in vitamin A status in children imply stronger skin barrier potential (indirect evidence).
- Effects of tretinoin on photodamaged skin. A histologic study
PubMed ID: 2024984
Tretinoin increased epidermal and granular layer thickness — objective histologic changes consistent with stronger epidermal barrier function.
- Microencapsulated Benzoyl Peroxide and Tretinoin for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: Results from a Phase 2 Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 33397563
Topical tretinoin (vitamin A derivative) improved acne and skin lesion counts; retinoids modulate epidermal differentiation and barrier properties though trial focused on acne.
- Histological evaluation of the effect of 0.05% tretinoin in the treatment of photo damaged skin. Geographic differences in elastosis in baseline biopsies
PubMed ID: 8080420
Epidermal thickening and reversal of atrophy with tretinoin indicate a stronger epidermal barrier.
- Topical tretinoin improves the appearance of photo damaged skin
PubMed ID: 7998893
Tretinoin thickened the epidermis (RCT)—structural change consistent with improved barrier properties.
- Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams
PubMed ID: 7544967
Epidermal thickening and dermal vascular changes with tretinoin are consistent with a more robust skin barrier and morphology.
- Tretinoin emollient cream for photodamaged skin: results of 48-week, multicenter, double-blind studies
PubMed ID: 9270507
Long‑term topical tretinoin improved photodamage and skin surface topography—implies structural skin barrier remodeling/strengthening.
- Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin versus oral azathioprine in patients with severe chronic hand eczema: Results from a prematurely discontinued randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35567385
Oral alitretinoin improved severe chronic hand eczema, reflecting improved disease control and barrier restoration in treated patients.
- A Clinical Anti-Ageing Comparative Study of 0.3 and 0.5% Retinol Serums: A Clinically Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32428912
Topical retinol improved skin brightness/elasticity which can reflect improved epidermal structure/barrier function—indirect evidence.
- Prospective, randomized, double-blind assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing
PubMed ID: 29947134
Topical retinol improved appearance but caused more irritation (so barrier effects mixed) — still relevant to barrier remodeling.
- Retinyl propionate and climbazole combination demonstrates clinical improvement to the appearance of hyperpigmentation and deep wrinkling with minimal irritation
PubMed ID: 28733999
Retinyl propionate mixture improved skin signs with less irritation — consistent with barrier‑supporting effects.
- Efficacy and tolerability of a double-conjugated retinoid cream vs 1.0% retinol cream or 0.025% tretinoin cream in subjects with mild to severe photoaging
PubMed ID: 28762645
Topical vitamin A conjugate improved hydration and photodamage with less irritation — suggests improved barrier/hydration.
- A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of alitretinoin (BAL4079) in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema refractory to potent topical corticosteroid therapy
PubMed ID: 25607554
Alitretinoin significantly improved signs and symptoms in severe chronic hand eczema—direct evidence of improved skin disease and barrier function with a retinoid.
- Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of alitretinoin in moderate or severe chronic hand eczema
PubMed ID: 21443602
Oral alitretinoin produced high rates of clear/almost clear in chronic hand eczema, indicating restoration of skin health/barrier in that condition.
- A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen
PubMed ID: 20374604
Topical retinyl propionate/niacinamide/peptides improved wrinkles similar to tretinoin but without the TEWL increase seen with tretinoin — supports better barrier preservation.
- Successful retreatment with alitretinoin in patients with relapsed chronic hand eczema
PubMed ID: 19906075
Retreatment with oral alitretinoin gave high response rates in chronic hand eczema—improves disease control and skin barrier function.
- Effects of a cosmetic 'anti-ageing' product improves photoaged skin [corrected]
PubMed ID: 19438432
Increased fibrillin‑rich microfibrils and wrinkle improvement indicate structural dermal improvements that can support barrier integrity.
- Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
PubMed ID: 18294310
Oral alitretinoin significantly cleared severe chronic hand eczema—a barrier disease—indicating retinoid benefit for restoring skin integrity in inflammatory dermatosis.
- Tazarotene 0.1% cream versus tretinoin 0.05% emollient cream in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study
PubMed ID: 15203997
Tazarotene improved photodamage (texture/wrinkling) suggesting longer‑term structural skin benefits that may strengthen barrier function.
- Facial tolerability of topical retinoid therapy
PubMed ID: 15624747
Topical retinoid irritation depends on concentration/vehicle/skin sensitivity—proper formulation reduces barrier disruption.
- Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 15611422
Oral alitretinoin improved chronic hand dermatitis (a barrier disease), indicating retinoid effects on disease and barrier function.
- Cumulative irritancy potential of adapalene cream 0.1% compared with adapalene gel 0.1% and several tretinoin formulations
PubMed ID: 14700217
Adapalene caused less cumulative skin irritation under occlusion compared with tretinoin—supports barrier preservation.
- Cumulative irritation comparison of adapalene gel and solution with 2 tazarotene gels and 3 tretinoin formulations
PubMed ID: 12889719
Adapalene formulations were significantly less irritating than tretinoin—improves tolerability and thus barrier integrity.
- Tolerance profile of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid under maximized and long-term clinical conditions
PubMed ID: 10473963
Topical retinoic acid caused marked early erythema and increased TEWL vs retinol/retinaldehyde; retinol/retinaldehyde better tolerated (barrier‑preserving).
- Adapalene 0.1% gel and adapalene 0.1% cream stimulate retinoic acid receptor mediated gene transcription without significant irritative effects in the skin of healthy human volunteers
PubMed ID: 9990415
RAR activation and increased epidermal thickness without erythema suggest improved barrier structure.
- Photochemotherapy for severe psoriasis without or in combination with acitretin: a randomized, double-blind comparison study
PubMed ID: 1838750
Acitretin adjunct to PUVA improved psoriasis clearance and reduced UVA doses — indicates retinoid‑class strengthening of skin response/barrier function.
- Sustained improvement in photodamaged skin with reduced tretinoin emollient cream treatment regimen: effect of once-weekly and three-times-weekly applications
PubMed ID: 9270508
Maintenance tretinoin preserved improvements with less frequent dosing—supports durable skin structural benefits.
- Topical retinaldehyde on human skin: biologic effects and tolerance
PubMed ID: 7798613
Topical retinaldehyde increased epidermal thickness and proliferation markers—consistent with strengthened skin barrier structure.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Increased vitamin A reserves support epithelial/skin barrier functions, though no direct dermatologic outcomes were measured.
- Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol)
PubMed ID: 17515510
Increased glycosaminoglycans and procollagen suggest improved dermal support contributing to barrier integrity.
Antioxidant (25)
- The use of retinoic acid in association with microneedling in the treatment of epidermal melasma: efficacy and oxidative stress parameters
PubMed ID: 32978675
Topical retinoic acid reduced lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in melasma patients—evidence of lowered oxidative damage though SOD decreased (mixed).
- Serum antioxidant capacity, biochemical profile and body composition of breast cancer survivors in a randomized Mediterranean dietary intervention study
PubMed ID: 28634625
Mediterranean diet RCT increased serum vitamin A and overall antioxidant measures — direct antioxidant-relevant signal.
- Combination of vitamin A and D supplementation for ischemic stroke: effects on interleukin-1ß and clinical outcome
PubMed ID: 32567290
Combined vitamin A+D lowered IL‑1β (pro‑inflammatory/oxidative marker) in RCT—supports antioxidant/anti‑inflammatory activity.
- Beta-carotene's effects on serum lipoproteins and immunologic indices in humans
PubMed ID: 2000823
Oral beta‑carotene produced dose‑dependent rises in plasma beta‑carotene (increases antioxidant substrate).
- Serum beta-carotene before and after beta-carotene supplementation
PubMed ID: 1348473
Large controlled supplementation produced a ~10-fold rise in circulating beta‑carotene (a provitamin A antioxidant biomarker).
- Effect of antioxidant-rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme, and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction
PubMed ID: 7797808
Dietary antioxidant intervention including provitamin A raised plasma antioxidants and lowered lipid peroxides after MI.
- Effect of supplemental beta-carotene on plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol in humans
PubMed ID: 9734742
High-dose beta-carotene caused large sustained rises in circulating carotenoids (antioxidant precursors).
- Plasma concentrations of micronutrients during a nine-month clinical trial of beta-carotene in women with precursor cervical cancer lesions
PubMed ID: 9507512
30 mg beta-carotene produced marked plasma beta‑carotene increases (antioxidant biomarker change).
- Enteral feeding with a solution enriched with antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E enhances the resistance to oxidative stress
PubMed ID: 11153621
Enteral vitamins A/C/E increased plasma carotenoids and improved LDL resistance to oxidation—direct biochemical antioxidant effect.
- Improved antioxidant and fatty acid status of patients with cystic fibrosis after antioxidant supplementation is linked to improved lung function
PubMed ID: 12499335
Small RCT in CF: antioxidant mix including provitamin A linked to higher carotenoids and modest lung-function improvements (supports antioxidant role).
- [Effect of multiple micronutrients supplementation on anti-oxidative activity and oxidized DNA damage of lymphocytes in children]
PubMed ID: 15941534
Trial including vitamin A showed increased plasma vitamin A and higher GSH‑Px with reduced oxidative DNA damage — direct antioxidant biomarker improvement.
- Antioxidant micronutrients improve intrinsic and UV-induced apoptosis of human lymphocytes particularly in elderly people
PubMed ID: 22159782
Multi-antioxidant supplement including vitamin A raised plasma retinol and reduced lymphocyte apoptosis, indicating antioxidant effects.
- Effects of supplementation of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in critically ill patients
PubMed ID: 24160231
High‑dose antioxidant regimen including vitamin A reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA) in critically ill patients.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25411289
Orange biofortified maize increased total body vitamin A reserves (retinol), providing antioxidant vitamin stores.
- Biofortified yellow cassava and vitamin A status of Kenyan children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26675768
Yellow cassava markedly increased serum β‑carotene and modestly raised retinol—provitamin A/carotenoids are antioxidants.
- Provitamin A-biofortified maize increases serum β-carotene, but not retinol, in marginally nourished children: a cluster-randomized trial in rural Zambia
PubMed ID: 27169838
Orange maize increased serum β‑carotene though not retinol—still increases antioxidant carotenoids.
- Impact of biofortified maize consumption on serum carotenoid concentrations in Zambian children
PubMed ID: 29321687
Large feeding trial: daily biofortified maize raised circulating provitamin A carotenoids in children (direct antioxidant biomarker effect).
- Chemoprevention of colorectal tumors: role of lactulose and of other agents
PubMed ID: 9145453
RCT showed large reduction in polyp recurrence with an antioxidant vitamin combo that included vitamin A; attribution to A alone uncertain but supports antioxidant role.
- Women with endometriosis improved their peripheral antioxidant markers after the application of a high antioxidant diet
PubMed ID: 19476631
High‑antioxidant diet (including vitamin A) raised serum retinol and reduced lipid oxidative markers → strong direct antioxidant biomarker support.
- Effect of antioxidant therapy on hepatic fibrosis and liver iron concentrations in β-thalassemia major patients
PubMed ID: 23565660
One‑year combined antioxidant therapy including vitamin A improved GSH/MDA and other oxidative markers → supports antioxidant effects.
- Supplementation of iron alone and combined with vitamins improves haematological status, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and oxidative stress in anaemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 20615267
Trial with iron+retinol showed reduced oxidative-stress markers (MDA) versus iron alone, supporting antioxidant action of retinol in that context.
- Plasma retinol and the risk of first stroke in hypertensive adults: a nested case-control study
PubMed ID: 30624586
Observational association: higher plasma retinol linked to lower ischemic stroke risk, consistent with systemic protective (possibly antioxidant) roles.
- Multivitamin and mineral supplementation modulates oxidative stress and antioxidant vitamin levels in serum and follicular fluid of women undergoing in vitro fertilization
PubMed ID: 20226443
Multivitamin (including vitamin A) in IVF patients reduced lipid peroxidation and raised glutathione‑peroxidase — vitamin A part of antioxidant mix (indirect but supportive).
- The effect of dietary intervention through the modification of fatty acids composition and antioxidant vitamin intake on plasma TXB(2) level in Korean postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia
PubMed ID: 12068132
Dietary program that increased antioxidant vitamins including vitamin A produced reductions in lipid-peroxide (MDA) markers—supports antioxidant role though multi-nutrient confounding.
- 9-cis-retinoic acid treatment increases serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in former smokers
PubMed ID: 15788681
9-cis-retinoic acid raised serum alpha‑tocopherol, indicating an interaction that may support antioxidant status (human RCT biochemical effect).
Vitality (15)
- Randomized phase III trial of retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide versus retinoic acid and chemotherapy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: health-related quality-of-life outcomes
PubMed ID: 25245446
APL study: regimens including ATRA+ATO reduced fatigue versus ATRA+chemotherapy (HRQOL measure), indicating improved energy/fatigue in that treatment context.
- Supplementation of iron alone and combined with vitamins improves haematological status, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and oxidative stress in anaemic pregnant women
PubMed ID: 20615267
Iron+retinol produced larger hemoglobin increases versus iron alone in anemic pregnant women—improved Hb plausibly increases energy/vitality.
- Effect of lipid-based nutrient supplements on micronutrient status and hemoglobin among children with stunting: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda
PubMed ID: 38278366
LNS raised hemoglobin and reduced anemia in stunted children—directly relevant to energy and functional vitality (though vitamin A was unchanged).
- Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children
PubMed ID: 9925127
MMN including vitamin A increased hemoglobin in children — indirect support for improved energy.
- Supplemental vitamin A improves anemia and growth in anemic school children in Tanzania
PubMed ID: 11053508
Randomized trial in anemic schoolchildren: vitamin A raised hemoglobin substantially (+13.5 g/L) — plausible downstream improvement in energy/vitality.
- Short-term effects of vitamin A and antimalarial treatment on erythropoiesis in severely anemic Zanzibari preschool children
PubMed ID: 16087986
Rapid hematologic improvements and reduced inflammation after vitamin A in severely anemic children suggest improved functional capacity/energy.
- Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China
PubMed ID: 22374555
Supplement arms (including vitamin A in combos) increased hemoglobin and micronutrient status—plausible contributor to improved energy/vitality.
- Vitamin A and zinc supplementation of preschool children
PubMed ID: 10376776
Supplementation raised hemoglobin in preschoolers (improving oxygen delivery), which plausibly increases energy/vitality.
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 1951162
Children treated with vitamin A had improved morbidity and short-term weight gain, which can translate to better vitality.
- Circulating IGF-1 may mediate improvements in haemoglobin associated with vitamin A status during pregnancy in rural Nepalese women
PubMed ID: 25740751
Higher maternal retinol associated with higher hemoglobin (via IGF‑1 mediation) which may translate to better energy/less anemia—indirect link.
- Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Adequacy of Nutrient Intake among Picky-Eating Children at Nutritional Risk in India: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37299491
ONS in picky children substantially increased energy intake and micronutrient adequacy (including vitamin A), plausibly improving energy/nutritional vitality.
- Vitamin A supplementation in children with poor vitamin A and iron status increases erythropoietin and hemoglobin concentrations without changing total body iron
PubMed ID: 16960172
Vitamin A increased hemoglobin and erythropoietin in deficient children — supports improved oxygen-carrying capacity and energy.
- Fortified Snack Reduced Anemia in Rural School-Aged Children of Haiti: A Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28005920
Fortified snack raised hemoglobin and reduced anemia in children—biologically plausible contributor to improved energy and activity.
- Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on fatigue and depression in Multiple Sclerosis patients: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 26996107
Randomized trial reported significant improvements in fatigue and depression in RRMS patients receiving vitamin A—direct evidence for increased subjective energy/vitality.
- The effect of vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in premenopausal women
PubMed ID: 23378454
High‑dose vitamin A lowered TSH and raised T3 in women—physiologic changes that may increase metabolic rate and perceived energy (moderate evidence).
Skin repair (12)
- Hard-to-heal wounds: a randomised trial of an oral proline-containing supplement to aid repair
PubMed ID: 33439085
Multinutrient oral supplement high in vitamin A (among others) sped healing of hard‑to‑heal wounds vs control — vitamin A likely contributed though not isolated.
- Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis
PubMed ID: 8584455
Spirulina (rich in provitamin A) yielded much higher regression rates of oral leukoplakia—clinical improvement of mucosal lesions.
- Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A and beta carotene: an assessment
PubMed ID: 9307711
Weekly high‑dose vitamin A produced markedly higher complete remission of oral precancerous lesions (clinical mucosal healing) vs placebo.
- Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children
PubMed ID: 24500930
Substantial increase in liver/body vitamin A reserves provides biological substrate for epithelial repair and wound healing (biochemical evidence).
- Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams
PubMed ID: 7544967
Tretinoin increased epidermal thickness and dermal vascularity—histologic changes consistent with improved epithelial repair capacity.
- A randomised, double masked, clinical trial of high dose vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation after photorefractive keratectomy
PubMed ID: 11316710
Randomized trial: high‑dose vitamin A (with E) significantly sped corneal re-epithelialisation and reduced haze after PRK — clear wound‑healing benefit for cornea.
- The effect of vitamin A on renal damage following acute pyelonephritis in children
PubMed ID: 20853007
Single vitamin A dose in pediatric pyelonephritis greatly reduced permanent renal scarring—strong signal for tissue‑protective/repair effect in this context.
- Role of vitamin A in preventing renal scarring after acute pyelonephritis
PubMed ID: 21876308
Vitamin A adjunct led to significantly less progression to renal scarring after pyelonephritis — supports improved tissue repair/less scarring.
- Effect of liposomes, vitamins A and E nasal spray in reducing the healing time after septoplasty with concurrent turbinate surgery in adolescents
PubMed ID: 27706120
Topical liposome spray containing vitamins A+E accelerated symptom relief and endoscopic healing after septoplasty—direct evidence for faster mucosal wound recovery.
- Efficacy and safety of retinol palmitate ophthalmic solution in the treatment of dry eye: a Japanese Phase II clinical trial
PubMed ID: 28694687
Topical retinol palmitate eye drops improved corneal epithelial staining and clearance — objective epithelial healing signal.
- Vitamin A supplementation is effective for improving the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections and reducing renal scarring in girls with acute pyelonephritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, clinical trial study
PubMed ID: 30670279
Adjunct oral vitamin A reduced progression of renal lesions and increased lesion improvement — tissue‑healing effect in infected kidneys.
- Vitamin A supplementation decreases disease activity index in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30477842
In UC, vitamin A increased mucosal healing on endoscopy — indicates faster mucosal repair in gut.
Fertility (1)
- Multivitamin and mineral supplementation modulates oxidative stress and antioxidant vitamin levels in serum and follicular fluid of women undergoing in vitro fertilization
PubMed ID: 20226443
In IVF patients a multivitamin containing vitamin A lowered oxidative stress and increased follicular fluid retinol — plausible fertility benefit though attribution to vitamin A alone is indirect.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Vitamin A
Search all20363 products whose verified label declares Vitamin A — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.