Melatonin
7 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
3,861 products in our catalogue print how much Melatonin a serving holds.
Most common: 2.5 mg to 5 mg, 46% of 3,861 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 500 mcg or less | 113 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 448 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 425 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 1,760 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 764 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 183 |
| over 25 mg | 168 |
Dose per serving from research
384 study groups in 297 studies say how much Melatonin participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 2.5 mg to 5 mg, 40% of 384 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 250 mcg or less | 9 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 16 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 16 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 43 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 154 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 85 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 32 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 19 |
| over 50 mg | 10 |
Commonly used together
19 of 361 study groups took Melatonin with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Zinc | 4 |
| Inositol | 3 |
Benefit Evidence
Research sources
Sleep quality (163)
- Effectiveness and tolerability of melatonin and zolpidem for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 11471907
Large randomized trial: melatonin reduced jet‑lag ratings and was well tolerated; zolpidem had stronger immediate sleep effect but melatonin improved jet‑lag symptoms overall.
- The effects of melatonin administration on disease severity and sleep quality in children with atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30160043
6 mg/day melatonin improved sleep quality scores in children with atopic dermatitis (direct improvement in sleep restfulness).
- The effect of long-term melatonin supplementation on psychosomatic disorders in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 30045006
Long-term melatonin improved psychosomatic climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women, including sleep-related measures (direct in older cohort).
- Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29347988
Prolonged-release melatonin improved subjective sleep quality (PSQI) and lowered anxiety in TBI patients (restorative sleep).
- The effects of melatonin supplementation on mental health, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment
PubMed ID: 29949232
10 mg for 12 weeks in methadone patients produced marked PSQI improvements (better perceived rest).
- The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Parameters of Mental Health, Glycemic Control, Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31597622
12-week 10 mg improved PSQI and mood in diabetic hemodialysis patients (improved sleep restfulness).
- Effect of add-on ramelteon therapy on sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31831203
Ramelteon addition improved PSQI in schizophrenia patients—supports more restful sleep.
- The Effects of Naturalistic Light on Diurnal Plasma Melatonin and Serum Cortisol Levels in Stroke Patients during Admission for Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 30662336
Dynamic lighting restored melatonin rhythmicity in stroke patients—direct evidence that melatonin rhythm (and thus body clock) can be normalized by circadian interventions.
- Effects of melatonin administration on mental health parameters, metabolic and genetic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30831541
Randomized trial in PCOS showed PSQI improvement (better subjective sleep quality) with melatonin.
- Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life
PubMed ID: 31079275
Prolonged-release melatonin increased total sleep time and improved daytime behavior in children with ASD (strong effect on sleep restfulness).
- The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality and Assessment of the Serum Melatonin in ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 33048904
ICU RCT: 10 mg melatonin raised serum melatonin and improved subjective sleep quality (RCSQ).
- Sleep, Growth, and Puberty After 2 Years of Prolonged-Release Melatonin in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 31982581
Long-term pediatric PR melatonin maintained increases in total sleep time and decreased latency over months, indicating improved consistency.
- Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33157425
3 mg fast-release melatonin significantly reduced early-morning awakening time in primary insomnia.
- Neural Correlates of Sleep Recovery following Melatonin Treatment for Pediatric Concussion: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32772826
Imaging RCT linked melatonin to reduced actigraphy wake periods and GM changes correlated with reduced wake-after-sleep-onset.
- Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32988292
RCT in youth post-concussion increased sleep duration and efficiency, supporting more restful sleep.
- Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32302347
Peri-chemotherapy 20 mg produced a large PSQI improvement vs placebo — strong evidence of more restorative sleep.
- Effects of Cataract Surgery on Melatonin Secretion in Adults 60 Years and Older: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 32134436
Cataract surgery (increased light) increased urinary melatonin secretion — physiologic evidence linking light exposure, melatonin, and circadian regularity.
- Prolonged-release melatonin in Parkinson's disease patients with a poor sleep quality: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 32480307
Prolonged-release melatonin in Parkinson’s improved subjective sleep quality and related QoL — strong support for more restful sleep.
- Dietary Melatonin Therapy Alleviates the Lamina Cribrosa Damages in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32376818
6-month melatonin supplementation in MCI produced structural/CSF/cognitive benefits in older adults — strong age-related support.
- Melatonin effects on sleep quality and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34460132
Open RCT in hospitalized COVID patients: melatonin improved subjective sleep quality (LSEQ) significantly.
- Melatonin Treatment and Adequate Sleep Hygiene Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34181143
Melatonin produced consistent, dose‑related reductions in SOL across participants, supporting improved bedtime consistency.
- Melatonin Supplementation for Six Weeks Had No Effect on Arterial Stiffness and Mitochondrial DNA in Women Aged 55 Years and Older with Insomnia: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 33806529
Subjective sleep quality (PSQI) improved within melatonin group over 6 weeks.
- A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated with Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments
PubMed ID: 33543655
Strong reduction in cancer-related fatigue with nightly melatonin is consistent with less daytime sleepiness.
- Efficacy of a Low Dose of Melatonin as an Adjunctive Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34229896
Adjunctive melatonin reduced fatigue and shortened recovery time in COVID—supports reduced daytime sleepiness.
- The effects of earplugs and eye masks on sleep quality of patients admitted to coronary care units: A randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 34514653
Noise/light reduction increased endogenous melatonin and improved sleep metrics — supports melatonin’s role in more restorative sleep (indirect evidence).
- Evaluation of Antipruritic Effect of Melatonin on Hemodialysis Patients with Uremic Pruritus, A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial
PubMed ID: 33492303
Reducing nocturnal pruritus with melatonin can increase sleep restfulness in hemodialysis patients.
- Effects of Melatonin on Postoperative Delirium After PCI in Elderly Patients: A Randomized, Single-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34730495
Nightly 3 mg melatonin reduced postoperative delirium incidence in elderly PCI patients—relevant to older adults' nighttime neurocognitive vulnerability.
- The effects of auricular acupressure on the sleep of the elderly using polysomnography, actigraphy and blood test: Randomized, single-blind, sham control
PubMed ID: 34352596
Intervention in older adults increased deep NREM sleep; melatonin was measured—indirectly relevant to age‑related sleep improvements.
- [Therapeutic approaches for sleep and rhythms disorders in children with ASD]
PubMed ID: 35120753
PRM markedly increased total and uninterrupted sleep and shortened latency in children.
- Effectiveness of melatonin for the treatment of nocturia: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35596803
2 mg melatonin in older women with nocturia reduced nocturia episodes (~1 episode/night) and increased first uninterrupted sleep—direct effect on awakenings.
- Effects of auricular acupressure on sleep and pain in elderly people who have osteoarthritis and live in nursing homes: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35835645
Auricular acupressure increased endogenous melatonin and improved PSG/actigraphy sleep efficiency and latency in elderly residents.
- Effects of Melatonin for Delirium in Elderly Acute Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized, Single-Center, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35238305
3 mg melatonin reduced delirium and shortened hospital stay in elderly acute heart‑failure patients—evidence of benefit in older inpatients.
- The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep
PubMed ID: 36583881
Children given 3 mg nightly had improved sleep duration and reduced awakenings—consistent with more restful sleep.
- Comparative efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin versus clonazepam for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
PubMed ID: 35141811
Prolonged‑release melatonin lowered daytime sleepiness scores in isolated REM‑RBD patients (directly measured).
- The effect of Melatonin on Improving the benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Urinary Symptoms, a Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34746997
Adding 3 mg melatonin to tamsulosin reduced nocturia (fewer urination episodes that commonly trigger night awakenings).
- [Acupoint compatibility effect and mechanism of Shenmen (HT7) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) in improving daytime fatigue and sleepiness of insomnia]
PubMed ID: 35880281
Electroacupuncture raised serum melatonin and improved PSQI (improvements included maintenance indices).
- Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and agomelatine on sleep quality and biomarkers of adult patients with mild to moderate depressive disorder
PubMed ID: 36435397
Agomelatine (melatonergic agent) plus rTMS improved sleep measures (supports that melatonergic modulation can improve sleep quality).
- Critically-timed sleep+light interventions differentially improve mood in pregnancy vs. postpartum depression by shifting melatonin rhythms
PubMed ID: 36586616
Timed wake + bright light shifted melatonin timing and improved mood differentially in peripartum depression (direct melatonin‑timing data).
- Biodynamic lighting conditions preserve nocturnal melatonin production in pregnant women during hospitalization: A randomized prospective pilot study
PubMed ID: 36568081
Biodynamic hospital lighting preserved nocturnal melatonin excretion via increased daytime light exposure (supports circadian entrainment/regularity).
- A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Long-term Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated With Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments
PubMed ID: 37139718
Large breast cancer trial showed sustained fatigue reduction with nightly melatonin, implying less daytime sleepiness.
- The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study
PubMed ID: 37098505
IBS trial reported sleep benefits in patients with sleep problems, implying more restful sleep in that subgroup.
- Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcomes and quality of sleep in epilepsy with idiopathic generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone in adult patients: Cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36588283
Add‑on melatonin improved sleep quality metrics in adults with epilepsy.
- Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD
PubMed ID: 37950776
Objective and subjective sleep metrics improved in children with ASD on melatonin, indicating more restorative sleep.
- Influence of Melatonin Treatment on Emotion, Sleep, and Life Quality in Perimenopausal Women: A Clinical Study
PubMed ID: 37854169
Perimenopausal RCT showed improved sleep quality and mood with 3 mg nightly melatonin, supporting more restful sleep.
- Exogenous melatonin's effect on salivary cortisol and amylase: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38764237
Single 2 mg PR advanced bedtime and altered timing of sleep, directly indicating an effect on circadian timing.
- The Effect of Melatonin on Reducing the Frequency and Severity of Migraine Attacks: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 38751874
3 mg nightly melatonin for migraine patients improved sleep quality (PSQI) alongside reductions in migraine frequency/duration.
- Impact of an over-the-counter "sleep lotion" on human salivary melatonin levels and sleep quality: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39146562
Topical melatonin markedly raised systemic melatonin and improved sleep in poor sleepers (subgroup).
- The Effect of Earplugs and Eye Masks on the Melatonin and Cortisol Levels of Patients Hospitalized in Cardiac Critical Care Units
PubMed ID: 39638337
Intervention raising nocturnal melatonin improved sleep quality and reduced sleep latency—supports more restful sleep.
- Dietary Supplementation with an Extract of Aloysia citrodora (Lemon verbena) Improves Sleep Quality in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 38794761
Lemon verbena increased nocturnal melatonin and improved PSQI and actigraphy sleep—indirect evidence for increased restfulness.
- Melatonin and sleep parameters in infertile women with endometriosis: first results from the triple-blind randomized controlled trial of administration of melatonin in chronic pelvic pain and sleep disturbance
PubMed ID: 40238733
2‑month melatonin improved PSQI overall and some PSQI domains (sleep quality), though magnitude was below the pre‑specified MCID.
- Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (HETLIOZ®) improves sleep in patients with primary insomnia: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40971945
Tasimelteon significantly increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency—strong evidence for more restful sleep (agonist data).
- Efficacy of Melatonin in Alleviating Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40888191
Marked reductions in fatigue (MFI) with 20 mg melatonin imply less perceived daytime sleepiness and improved daytime functioning.
- Efficacy and Safety of Electroacupuncture Combined with Agomelatine Tablets Therapy in Treating Insomnia After Stroke
PubMed ID: 40782216
Electroacupuncture + agomelatine improved sleep efficiency in post‑stroke insomnia—agomelatine is melatoninergic (indirect evidence for improved restful sleep).
- The bright and dark side of blue-enriched light on sleep and activity in older adults
PubMed ID: 39821044
Timed morning blue‑enriched light increased interdaily stability (IS) and decreased fragmentation — clear improvement in day‑to‑day sleep/activity consistency via melatonin timing mechanisms (indirect).
- Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation improves functional dyspepsia with sleep disturbance via enhanced vagal activity: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40905853
taVNS raised serum melatonin and improved PSQI from ~11 to ~6 over 4 weeks—meaningful improvement in perceived sleep quality (endogenous melatonin mediator).
- A prospective randomized crossover trial investigating melatonin versus sleep deprivation for sleep induction in nap electroencephalography
PubMed ID: 41208640
Randomized crossover in children: single 5 mg melatonin induced naps comparable to sleep deprivation with less lingering drowsiness 2 h post‑EEG (direct evidence of faster post‑nap recovery).
- Evaluating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin in pediatric hemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41565787
Pediatric dialysis RCT: PSQI global score improved substantially (median −41.7%) with nightly melatonin.
- Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour
PubMed ID: 12729938
Sustained‑release melatonin improved subjective sleep quality and morning vitality in s‑SAD subgroup.
- Effects of preoperative oral melatonin medication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality, and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 20186437
Preop 6 mg melatonin improved postoperative sleep quality (randomized clinical trial).
- [An open-label non-comparative study of the efficacy and safety of melaxen in treatment of sleep disorders in alcohol dependent patients during the period of abstinence]
PubMed ID: 23887468
Open‑label 3‑week melatonin reported decreases in daytime sleepiness (self‑reported Epworth reductions).
- Delirium and Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin During Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation: An Ancillary Study of a Weaning Trial
PubMed ID: 26158245
Delirium in ICU correlated with disrupted aMT6s circadian rhythms — supports the importance of melatonin rhythms for a regular body clock (associative evidence).
- Melatonin Versus Chloral Hydrate for Sleep Electroencephalography Recording in Children: A Comparative Study Using Bispectral Index Monitoring Scores and Electroencephalographic Sleep Stages
PubMed ID: 33606431
Melatonin produced effective sleep EEG sedation with fewer adverse effects versus chloral hydrate, supporting sleep quality in that context.
- Effects of Melatonin on Sleep Quality and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39279257
Well‑powered RCT: 5 mg nightly improved PSQI and early postoperative sleep objectively and subjectively.
- Daily walnut consumption increases 6-sulfatoxymelatonin urinary levels and can improve sleep quality: a randomized crossover trial
PubMed ID: 40791136
Walnuts increased melatonin metabolite and improved global sleep quality and latency in young adults.
- [Effect of melatonin on the daytime sleepiness side-effect of gabapentin in adults patients with neuropathic pain]
PubMed ID: 30454846
RCT adjunct to gabapentin showed clinically meaningful reductions in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores early in treatment.
- Adjuvant use of melatonin for relieving symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: results of a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34121140
Adding melatonin to pregabalin reduced pain and pain‑related sleep interference and yielded larger pain‑related sleep improvements vs placebo.
- Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
PubMed ID: 36647974
Hemodialysis RCT: marked PSQI/ISI improvements indicating more restful, higher‑quality sleep.
- The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37162192
Large RCT: 5 mg melatonin produced clinically meaningful reductions in sleep disturbance measures.
- Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11292231
Chronic sleep-onset insomnia trial showed increased total sleep time and earlier sleep, implying improved restfulness.
- Melatonin improves health status and sleep in children with idiopathic chronic sleep-onset insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 14566165
Children RCT: advanced sleep timing and reduced latency — consistent earlier bedtimes across nights.
- Prediction of melatonin efficacy by pretreatment dim light melatonin onset in children with idiopathic chronic sleep onset insomnia
PubMed ID: 15910516
Evening melatonin in children advanced DLMO by ~1h12m and sleep onset by ~42 minutes, directly regularizing circadian timing.
- Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia
PubMed ID: 17242627
Melatonin advanced DLMO and sleep onset in ADHD children, improving phase stability.
- Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 18544724
Large RCT in elderly residents: melatonin slightly improved sleep duration/latency but had mixed mood effects.
- Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 19888921
4-week RCT reported decreases in number and duration of night wakings in people with intellectual disability.
- Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT
PubMed ID: 20668840
Weight‑adjusted melatonin in children advanced DLMO and sleep onset and reduced latency, indicating more restorative sleep.
- A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleep
PubMed ID: 24144243
DSPD adolescents required ongoing combined bright light + melatonin to maintain phase advances, showing melatonin's role in sustaining a shifted/regularized clock.
- Combination of light and melatonin time cues for phase advancing the human circadian clock
PubMed ID: 24179293
Evening melatonin produced reliable phase advances and had additive effects with morning light — a direct mechanism for faster adjustment to new time zones.
- Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 28364493
Melatonin in children improved actigraphic sleep latency, efficiency, and total sleep time versus controls, supporting more restful sleep.
- Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 29912983
Low‑dose melatonin advanced circadian timing (DLMO) in DSWPD, supporting a more regular/earlier body clock.
- A PERIOD3 variable number tandem repeat polymorphism modulates melatonin treatment response in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
PubMed ID: 32682347
Low‑dose melatonin in DSWPD altered sleep timing and SOL with genotype-modulated effects — directly changes circadian/sleep timing.
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effects of Chronotherapy on Sleep
PubMed ID: 36181304
Low-dose melatonin shifted internal clock (DLMO) substantially in adults with delayed sleep phase (though sleep timing didn't change).
- Report from a randomized control trial: improved alignment between circadian biology and sleep-wake behavior as a mechanism of depression symptom improvement in evening-type adolescents with depressive symptoms
PubMed ID: 37589403
TranS‑C therapy lengthened PAD (DLMO–waketime) and improved long-term outcomes linked to circadian alignment.
- Managing Circadian Disruption due to Hospitalization: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the CircadianCare Inpatient Management System
PubMed ID: 38153134
Hospital circadian-care trended toward earlier bedtimes and advanced melatonin timing in subgroup — environmental modulation of melatonin timing.
- Low-dose exogenous melatonin plus evening dim light and time in bed scheduling advances circadian phase irrespective of measured or estimated dim light melatonin onset time: preliminary findings
PubMed ID: 38445651
Timed low-dose melatonin with dim-evening light and scheduling reliably advanced DLMO and improved sleep timing across participants.
- Assessing the Feasibility and Efficacy of Pre-Sleep Dim Light Therapy for Adults with Insomnia: A Pilot Study
PubMed ID: 38674278
Pre-sleep dim/warm light improved insomnia and PSQI scores and advanced melatonin timing — supports more restful sleep (behavioral, not supplement-only).
- Use of nutritional supplements based on melatonin, tryptophan and vitamin B6 (Melamil Tripto®) in children with primary chronic headache, with or without sleep disorders: a pilot study
PubMed ID: 31621274
Pediatric chronic headache trial: combination (melatonin+Trp+B6) significantly reduced night awakenings (~55% reduction at 60 days).
- Melatonin supplementation and the effects on clinical and metabolic status in Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32417629
Parkinson's RCT (10 mg nightly) produced statistically significant PSQI improvement—direct evidence of more restful sleep.
- Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcome, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and quality of life in generalized epilepsy with generalized onset motor seizures in adults: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33641195
Add-on 3 mg melatonin improved PSQI modestly in adults with seizures—supports improved sleep quality.
- Effects of dietary fermented blueberry leaf tea on sleep: a randomized double-blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40195645
Fermented blueberry leaf tea reduced WASO objectively—plausibly via melatonin/serotonin pathways (indirect but relevant).
- Randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a blue-enriched light intervention to improve alertness and performance in night shift workers
PubMed ID: 28630378
Blue‑enriched light timed to individuals' melatonin metabolite peak reduced subjective sleepiness during night shift—useful for shift adaptation (timing dependent).
- Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39437460
Demonstrated statistically significant reduction in ESS (daytime sleepiness) vs placebo in PD RCT.
- The effect of melatonin, magnesium, and zinc on primary insomnia in long-term care facility residents in Italy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 21226679
Large improvement in PSQI and sleep time in elderly care residents using a melatonin‑containing supplement.
- Safety and efficacy of melatonin supplementation as an add-on treatment for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 37909654
Improved sleep measures and caregiver reports in infants suggest more restful sleep.
- The effects of melatonin and magnesium in a novel supplement delivery system on sleep scores, body composition and metabolism in otherwise healthy individuals with sleep disturbances
PubMed ID: 38745424
Melatonin+magnesium improved PSQI (global sleep quality) versus placebo.
- Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol
PubMed ID: 1457626
8 mg melatonin after eastward travel reduced self-rated jet-lag, morning fatigue and evening sleepiness—robust subjective benefit.
- A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew
PubMed ID: 8513037
Double-blind trial in cabin crew showed that appropriately timed melatonin reduced jet-lag and sped recovery of energy/alertness.
- Melatonin for sleep EEG
PubMed ID: 9472426
Melatonin produced EEG sleep without barbiturate‑like disturbances, suggesting qualitatively more natural/restful sleep.
- Effect of melatonin on tinnitus
PubMed ID: 9504599
In tinnitus patients with sleep‑related complaints, 3 mg melatonin produced symptomatic sleep improvement in a subgroup.
- Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 9844753
Large RCT in eastward travelers showed fast‑release melatonin (5 mg and 0.5 mg) improved sleep quality, shortened sleep latency and reduced daytime sleepiness — strong jet‑lag benefit.
- Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach
PubMed ID: 10665894
CR melatonin maintained or improved subjective sleep quality and allowed benzodiazepine cessation while preserving sleep.
- Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep-wake cycle disorders
PubMed ID: 10949538
Controlled‑release melatonin improved sleep maintenance in children, reducing awakenings/maintenance problems.
- Different circulatory response to melatonin in postmenopausal women without and with hormone replacement therapy
PubMed ID: 11034112
Single 1 mg dose altered BP and norepinephrine in HRT‑treated postmenopausal women—physiological effects in older females (limited N).
- [Time-dependent effects of antihypertensive agents and chronocorrecting action of melatonin in patients with arterial hypertension]
PubMed ID: 11022421
Nightly melatonin associated with normalization of circadian hemodynamic rhythms—strong evidence of circadian regularization.
- [Effect of moxonidine monotherapy and in combination with melatonin on hemodynamic parameters in patients with arterial hypertension]
PubMed ID: 10833890
Melatonin added to antihypertensive therapy restored normal circadian BP/HR rhythms over 14 days.
- Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia
PubMed ID: 11600532
Physiologic low-dose (0.3 mg) melatonin restored nocturnal melatonin and sleep efficiency in older insomniacs (strong direct evidence).
- Melatonin in medically ill patients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 11235927
Medically ill patients reported improved sleep quality/depth and increased duration with melatonin vs placebo.
- A double blind-placebo controlled study on melatonin efficacy to reduce anxiolytic benzodiazepine use in the elderly
PubMed ID: 11880863
3 mg melatonin slightly advanced and decreased variability of sleep onset in elderly benzodiazepine users (improved consistency).
- Add-on melatonin improves quality of life in epileptic children on valproate monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15145300
Melatonin add‑on improved parent‑reported quality of life in children with epilepsy (includes reported sleep benefits).
- Daytime sleep and performance following a zolpidem and melatonin cocktail
PubMed ID: 15700725
5 mg melatonin enhanced daytime nap sleep (increased sleep) without impairing memory or vigilance, directly supporting faster/better nap recovery.
- Add-on melatonin improves sleep behavior in children with epilepsy: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15794175
Melatonin added to antiepileptic therapy improved parent‑reported overall sleep scores in children, indicating more restful sleep.
- An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia
PubMed ID: 16309958
Ramelteon reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep time without next‑day impairment—strong evidence of more restorative sleep.
- Sleep-facilitating effect of exogenous melatonin in healthy young men and women is circadian-phase dependent
PubMed ID: 16774150
Melatonin improved sleep consolidation/sleep efficiency under conditions of low endogenous melatonin.
- Effects of melatonin and rilmazafone on nocturia in the elderly
PubMed ID: 17900408
Elderly with nocturia: melatonin reduced nocturnal voids, which plausibly reduces awakenings.
- Melatonin in schizophrenic outpatients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 17335321
Randomized trial in schizophrenic outpatients showed improved sleep depth and sleep quality with melatonin.
- Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects
PubMed ID: 18036082
Prolonged-release melatonin in ≥55 y/o improved sleep quality (LSEQ/QON) and morning alertness versus placebo.
- Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
PubMed ID: 17875243
Large RCT in 55–80 y/o showed PR-melatonin improved sleep onset, quality, morning alertness and QoL — directly addresses age‑related sleep issues.
- Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease
PubMed ID: 18070004
In institutionalized Alzheimer patients, melatonin (with morning light) improved circadian rhythm robustness and reduced daytime sleep, addressing age‑related circadian disturbance.
- Self-reported efficacy and tolerability of ramelteon 8 mg in older adults experiencing severe sleep-onset difficulty
PubMed ID: 17996657
Ramelteon produced clinically meaningful and sustained reductions in sleep latency in older adults with sleep‑onset difficulty.
- A 2-night, 3-period, crossover study of ramelteon's efficacy and safety in older adults with chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 17519067
Ramelteon shortened sleep latency and modestly increased total sleep time/efficiency in older insomniacs — supports age‑related sleep improvement.
- The clinical impact of preoperative melatonin on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy
PubMed ID: 17959953
Improved rest–activity rhythm after melatonin in perioperative setting indicates more regular circadian pattern.
- Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 17916225
Improved PSQI sleep quality in subset indicates better-rested sleep for some patients.
- Therapeutic effect of melatonin in patients with functional dyspepsia
PubMed ID: 17426465
Functional dyspepsia trial reduced nocturnal pain and produced symptom remission — likely to improve nighttime rest.
- Melatonin treatment in individuals with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 18261024
Marked increases in total sleep time (+48 min) and decreased latency and wakings — clear improvement in restfulness.
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities
PubMed ID: 18078449
Controlled‑release melatonin increased night sleep by ~30 minutes and improved efficiency in children.
- Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (VEC-162) for transient insomnia after sleep-time shift: two randomised controlled multicentre trials
PubMed ID: 19054552
Tasimelteon produced dose‑dependent circadian phase shifts in trials — supports regularizing circadian timing.
- [Melatonin in combined therapy of patients with stable angina and arterial hypertension]
PubMed ID: 19048842
Melatonin added to antihypertensive therapy improved nighttime BP dipping (restoring 'dipper' profile), consistent with improved circadian organization.
- The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia
PubMed ID: 19584739
PRM 2 mg shortened sleep latency and improved perceived sleep quality in older insomniacs without daytime impairment (RCT, elderly population).
- Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety
PubMed ID: 20712869
Large 6-month RCT of prolonged-release melatonin in 65–80-year-olds showing sustained improvements in latency, TST, and PSQI—direct, high-quality evidence for age-related sleep support.
- Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20845391
Low-dose melatonin halved delirium in older inpatients—important clinical support for melatonin utility in older hospitalized populations' sleep/cognition.
- Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response
PubMed ID: 21091391
PR melatonin (2 mg) trial targeted older adults (55–80) and produced clinically meaningful latency and quality improvements sustained to 6 months — strong age‑specific evidence.
- Effects of ramelteon on insomnia symptoms induced by rapid, eastward travel
PubMed ID: 20483660
Ramelteon given after eastward travel reduced sleep latency across nights — direct evidence for improved re-entrainment (agent is melatonin agonist).
- Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?
PubMed ID: 21859051
Melatonin reduced tinnitus intensity and improved PSQI in some patients — plausible more restful sleep in responders.
- Effectiveness of evening phototherapy for insomnia is reduced by bright daytime light exposure
PubMed ID: 21855408
Study showed daytime light exposure strongly modulates circadian phase responses to timed light, relevant to strategies (including melatonin use) to shift the clock for jet lag.
- Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22616853
Combination therapy yielded higher responder rates and more normative sleep efficiency and latency in ASD children.
- The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS)
PubMed ID: 23098680
Immediate‑release melatonin modestly increased total night-time sleep (~22 min) in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
- Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23129488
Immediate‑release melatonin produced consistent reductions in sleep latency and modest TST increase across participants.
- [Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease without dementia: a comparative randomized controlled study of melatonin and clonazepam]
PubMed ID: 23388588
Parkinson's patients had marked subjective and PSG improvements in total sleep time and sleep scores with 3 mg nightly.
- Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23602498
10 mg nightly in endometriosis reduced pain and improved sleep quality (clinically meaningful).
- Phase-shifting response to light in older adults
PubMed ID: 24144880
Study documents earlier/lower-amplitude melatonin rhythms in older adults and preserved light responses—relevant physiologic context.
- Individual variations in serum melatonin levels through time: implications for epidemiologic studies
PubMed ID: 24376664
Epidemiologic data show melatonin declines modestly over years within individuals—directly relevant to age‑related sleep physiology.
- A Jerte valley cherry product provides beneficial effects on sleep quality. Influence on aging
PubMed ID: 23732552
Cherry product with melatonin content increased objective sleep time and reduced nocturnal activity, consistent with more restful sleep.
- [The use of melatonin in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders in Parkinson's disease]
PubMed ID: 23994935
Parkinson's study reported reduced fatigue with melatonin, indicating less daytime sleepiness/fatigue in this population.
- Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 24971004
PR melatonin improved sleep maintenance/sleep efficiency in mild–moderate Alzheimer's (direct evidence for fewer awakenings).
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes
PubMed ID: 24718775
Breast cancer RCT (3 mg) produced clinically meaningful PSQI improvement — robust evidence for more restful sleep.
- Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24554232
Ramelteon RCT in elderly acute-care patients strongly reduced delirium incidence — supports therapeutic targeting of melatonin receptors in older adults.
- Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the treatment of unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus
PubMed ID: 25066140
Tinnitus RCT reported improved overall sleep quality (PSQI) with melatonin treatment.
- A light/dark cycle in the NICU accelerates body weight gain and shortens time to discharge in preterm infants
PubMed ID: 24831970
Light/dark cycle produced a clear daily melatonin rhythm in preterm infants—strong evidence for regularizing circadian timing.
- [Treatment of sleep disorders in patients with mild cranial-brain injury in the early rehabilitation period]
PubMed ID: 24988965
mTBI RCT reported reduced number of night wakings with melatonin.
- Melatonin reduces the need for sedation in ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25969139
ICU RCT found melatonin reduced sedative need and improved observed sleep quality.
- Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation?
PubMed ID: 25887528
Objective increases in total sleep time and reduced latency in simulated ICU indicate more restful sleep.
- Tasimelteon for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in totally blind people (SET and RESET): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials
PubMed ID: 26466871
Tasimelteon produced reliable circadian entrainment in many blind non‑24 patients (strong evidence for clock regularization).
- Melatonin Supplementation for Children With Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 26569624
Shorter sleep onset and improved AD severity suggest more restorative sleep in children.
- Effect of Melatonin on Sleep in the Perioperative Period after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 26414973
Actigraphy in perioperative breast‑cancer patients showed reduced wake after sleep onset (WASO) with 6 mg melatonin.
- Circadian rest-activity rhythms during benzodiazepine tapering covered by melatonin versus placebo add-on: data derived from a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 27737649
Prolonged‑release melatonin increased interdaily stability of rest‑activity rhythms — direct circadian regularity evidence.
- Objective and subjective sleep quality: Melatonin versus placebo add-on treatment in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder withdrawing from long-term benzodiazepine use
PubMed ID: 27107670
Prolonged‑release melatonin improved self‑reported sleep quality during benzodiazepine taper (subjective benefit).
- Daily Melatonin Administration Attenuates Age-Dependent Disturbances of Cardiovascular Rhythms
PubMed ID: 26632428
Elderly volunteers receiving low‑dose melatonin showed BP lowering and stabilization of circadian rhythms—relevant to age‑related changes.
- Melatonin premedication improves quality of recovery following bariatric surgery - a double blind placebo controlled prospective study
PubMed ID: 27979371
Perioperative melatonin premedication improved first‑day sleep quality and overall recovery in bariatric surgery patients.
- Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 29096777
Pediatric PR melatonin produced large increases in total sleep time and improved insomnia outcomes (robust RCT evidence).
- The effect of melatonin on early postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28494914
Elderly hip‑surgery RCT showed melatonin prevented short‑term cognitive decline and improved sleep/fatigue in older adults.
- Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: A randomized, cross-over study
PubMed ID: 28455106
Crossover study showed eating during high endogenous melatonin impaired glucose tolerance and implicated MTNR1B genotype–timing interactions; directly links melatonin timing to physiology.
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Prolonged‑release melatonin produced durable, sustained improvements in sleep timing, TST and continuity over months.
- The effects of melatonin supplementation in adjunct with non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status, serum melatonin and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic periodontitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30328031
Insomnia severity decreased with adjunctive melatonin, indicating more restful sleep.
- Is dietary melatonin supplementation a viable adjunctive therapy for chronic periodontitis?-A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30298556
Melatonin improved insomnia severity and periodontal patients reported better sleep.
Sleep onset (133)
- Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 19010741
Preoperative decreases in anxiety and pain with melatonin support its use as a calming pre‑sleep intervention in anxious individuals.
- Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia
PubMed ID: 11600532
Restoration of nocturnal melatonin levels and improved sleep efficiency supports resynchronization of sleep timing in older adults.
- Melatonin in medically ill patients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 11235927
Melatonin hastened sleep onset in medically ill patients with initial insomnia (randomized placebo-controlled trial).
- Melatonin as a sleep inductor for electroencephalogram recordings in children
PubMed ID: 11275541
Large pediatric trial: melatonin reliably shortened sleep latency for EEG recordings.
- A double blind-placebo controlled study on melatonin efficacy to reduce anxiolytic benzodiazepine use in the elderly
PubMed ID: 11880863
3 mg melatonin advanced sleep onset by ~28 min in elderly benzodiazepine users (some stabilization of timing).
- Perioperative effects of melatonin and midazolam premedication on sedation, orientation, anxiety scores and psychomotor performance
PubMed ID: 15318468
Preoperative melatonin provided anxiolysis and sedation comparable to midazolam — supports using melatonin as part of a calming pre‑bed routine.
- The efficacy and safety of the melatonin agonist beta-methyl-6-chloromelatonin in primary insomnia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15766306
Melatonin‑receptor agonist produced large, dose‑dependent reductions in objectively measured sleep latency.
- Melatonin vs. midazolam premedication in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 15852991
Melatonin provided effective preoperative anxiolysis with fewer adverse behavioral effects and fewer later sleep problems—consistent with incorporation into calming routines.
- An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia
PubMed ID: 16309958
Ramelteon significantly reduced latency to persistent sleep in chronic insomnia patients.
- Ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2-receptor agonist, reduces latency to persistent sleep in a model of transient insomnia related to a novel sleep environment
PubMed ID: 16173650
Ramelteon (MT1/MT2 agonist) reduced time to fall asleep in a large healthy‑volunteer trial, supporting a melatonergic effect.
- Sleep-facilitating effect of exogenous melatonin in healthy young men and women is circadian-phase dependent
PubMed ID: 16774150
Timing‑dependent melatonin improved sleep consolidation, indicating the importance of correctly timed dosing to reset timing.
- Melatonin in schizophrenic outpatients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 17335321
Schizophrenia trial: melatonin reduced sleep-onset latency (randomized DB evidence).
- Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects
PubMed ID: 18036082
Prolonged-release melatonin improved sleep quality and onset measures in ≥55 y/o, supporting easier sleep initiation.
- Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
PubMed ID: 17875243
PR-melatonin in older primary-care patients shortened sleep-onset latency (~11.4 min difference vs placebo).
- Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease
PubMed ID: 18070004
Combined morning bright light with evening melatonin strengthened circadian timing in Alzheimer patients — practical evidence of resetting rhythms.
- Self-reported efficacy and tolerability of ramelteon 8 mg in older adults experiencing severe sleep-onset difficulty
PubMed ID: 17996657
Ramelteon (melatonin‑receptor agonist) produced large, sustained reductions in sleep latency in older adults.
- A 2-night, 3-period, crossover study of ramelteon's efficacy and safety in older adults with chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 17519067
Ramelteon shortened latency to persistent sleep and modestly increased sleep time/efficiency in older insomniacs.
- The clinical impact of preoperative melatonin on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy
PubMed ID: 17959953
Perioperative anxiolytic benefits and improved rest–activity rhythm support including melatonin in pre‑bedtime routines for calming effect.
- Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 17916225
In methadone patients melatonin improved sleep quality (PSQI) for those continuing benzodiazepines, implying easier sleep onset for some.
- Efficacy of agomelatine, a MT1/MT2 receptor agonist with 5-HT2C antagonistic properties, in major depressive disorder
PubMed ID: 17477888
Agomelatine improved sleep‑related HAMD items (melatonergic agonist) — indirect evidence for sleep initiation benefit.
- Melatonin treatment in individuals with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 18261024
Melatonin substantially decreased sleep latency (~29 min) in people with intellectual disabilities and chronic insomnia.
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities
PubMed ID: 18078449
Controlled‑release melatonin shortened sleep latency by ~30 minutes in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
- Melatonin improves tourniquet tolerance and enhances postoperative analgesia in patients receiving intravenous regional anesthesia
PubMed ID: 18806063
Strong anxiolytic/pain‑sparing effects when given preoperatively indicate melatonin can be a helpful calmative in bedtime routines.
- Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (VEC-162) for transient insomnia after sleep-time shift: two randomised controlled multicentre trials
PubMed ID: 19054552
Tasimelteon produced dose‑dependent circadian phase shifts in shifted‑sleep insomnia trials — strong evidence for resetting timing.
- The effects of ramelteon in a first-night model of transient insomnia
PubMed ID: 18691937
Ramelteon significantly decreased latency to persistent sleep (~−7.5 min) in an insomnia model.
- The effect of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19299778
5 mg melatonin shortened time to fall asleep on first postoperative night (~14 min), though effect was limited.
- Safety and subjective sleep effects of ramelteon administration in adults and older adults with chronic primary insomnia: a 1-year, open-label study
PubMed ID: 19284927
Long-term open‑label ramelteon associated with subjective improvements in sleep onset (pharmacologic analogue).
- Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia
PubMed ID: 19299777
Acute premedication trial: melatonin reduced anxiety and analgesic need, making it a useful calming element before bedtime or procedures.
- The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia
PubMed ID: 19584739
Prolonged‑release melatonin (2 mg) shortened sleep latency significantly in elderly insomniacs (−9 minutes vs placebo).
- Efficacy and safety of 6-month nightly ramelteon administration in adults with chronic primary insomnia
PubMed ID: 19294955
Ramelteon (melatonin-receptor agonist) consistently reduced sleep onset latency over 6 months (supports receptor-mediated effect).
- Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety
PubMed ID: 20712869
Large prolonged-release melatonin RCT in older adults: clear, sustained reduction in sleep latency.
- Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20845391
Reducing hospital delirium with night-time melatonin supports use as part of an evening regimen to reduce nocturnal confusion/agitation.
- Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response
PubMed ID: 21091391
Large RCT: prolonged‑release melatonin (2 mg) reduced sleep latency ≈10 min vs placebo in older adults (sustained effect).
- Effects of ramelteon on insomnia symptoms induced by rapid, eastward travel
PubMed ID: 20483660
Ramelteon taken after eastward travel shortened latency to sleep across nights — direct evidence for facilitating sleep-timing re-entrainment (agonist data).
- Oral melatonin, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam for prevention of postoperative agitation in children
PubMed ID: 21327805
Melatonin reduced emergence agitation and functioned similarly to sedative premeds—supports its utility to promote calm before sleep or procedures.
- Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia
PubMed ID: 21340475
Long-term pediatric melatonin users report persistent benefit for sleep-onset insomnia.
- Comparison of agomelatine and escitalopram on nighttime sleep and daytime condition and efficacy in major depressive disorder patients
PubMed ID: 21829106
Agomelatine reduced sleep latency vs escitalopram — relevant though it’s a melatonin receptor agonist, not melatonin itself.
- Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22616853
Controlled‑release melatonin in children with ASD substantially reduced sleep onset latency.
- The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS)
PubMed ID: 23098680
Immediate‑release melatonin in neurodevelopmental disorders markedly shortened time to fall asleep (~37–45 min).
- Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23129488
Same large pediatric trial as 23098680 showing large reductions in sleep onset latency.
- A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Dose-Response Trial of the Melatonin Effect on the Pain Threshold of Healthy Subjects
PubMed ID: 25947930
Sublingual melatonin produced sedation and increased pain thresholds—useful as a calming pre‑sleep aid.
- The effects of melatonin on anxiety and pain scores of patients, intraocular pressure, and operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia
PubMed ID: 23552356
Acute anxiolytic/sedative effect of 3 mg sublingual melatonin supports use as part of a calming pre‑sleep routine.
- A Jerte valley cherry product provides beneficial effects on sleep quality. Influence on aging
PubMed ID: 23732552
Melatonin-containing cherry product improved objective sleep overnight and increased melatonin metabolite — suitable adjunct to calming routine.
- Steal induction in preschool children: is melatonin as good as clonidine? A prospective, randomized study
PubMed ID: 23281706
Melatonin used as premedication in children created sedation and a calmer state before anesthesia; relevant to bedtime routines.
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes
PubMed ID: 24718775
3 mg nightly improved global sleep quality (PSQI) in breast cancer survivors, likely including sleep initiation.
- Melatonin and intravenous midazolam administered orally in drug induced sleep electroencephalography of children: randomized clinical trial of efficacy
PubMed ID: 25365612
Strong RCT in children where melatonin markedly increased adequate sleep for EEG (direct evidence for faster sleep onset).
- Premedication with oral alprazolam and melatonin combination: a comparison with either alone--a randomized controlled factorial trial
PubMed ID: 24527443
Melatonin enhanced anxiolysis when combined with alprazolam preoperatively — supports calming pre‑sleep rituals.
- Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the treatment of unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus
PubMed ID: 25066140
Acute tinnitus trial reported improved sleep quality with melatonin treatment.
- [Treatment of sleep disorders in patients with mild cranial-brain injury in the early rehabilitation period]
PubMed ID: 24988965
Melatonin improved sleep onset in mild traumatic brain injury patients (clinical trial).
- Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation?
PubMed ID: 25887528
Large objective reduction in sleep‑onset latency (~38 min) in simulated ICU after 1 mg oral melatonin.
- Effects of fluoxetine and melatonin on mood, sleep quality and body mass index in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 26579572
Adjunct nightly melatonin improved insomnia severity vs control.
- Melatonin versus midazolam premedication in children undergoing surgery: A pilot study
PubMed ID: 26515269
Premedication produced sedation similar to midazolam—melatonin suitable for pre‑sleep calming routine.
- Tasimelteon for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in totally blind people (SET and RESET): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials
PubMed ID: 26466871
Tasimelteon reliably entrained circadian rhythms and reversed non‑24 disorder—strong evidence for phase resetting.
- Melatonin Supplementation for Children With Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 26569624
Duplicate entry (same study) — strong effect on sleep onset in AD children.
- Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 29096777
Pediatric prolonged‑release melatonin markedly reduced sleep latency (~39.6 min) in children/adolescents with ASD (large RCT).
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Pediatric prolonged‑release melatonin produced large, durable reductions in sleep latency (strong direct evidence).
- The effects of melatonin supplementation in adjunct with non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status, serum melatonin and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic periodontitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30328031
Adjunctive melatonin reduced insomnia severity (AIS) in periodontal/insomnia patients.
- Is dietary melatonin supplementation a viable adjunctive therapy for chronic periodontitis?-A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30298556
10 mg melatonin in insomniac patients reduced insomnia severity (AIS) and improved sleep measures versus placebo.
- Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29347988
Prolonged-release melatonin improved subjective sleep quality and reduced anxiety (supports a calming pre-sleep state).
- Efficacy of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
PubMed ID: 30636826
Perioperative melatonin (6 mg) decreased sleep-onset latency and increased sleep time (direct evidence of easier sleep onset).
- Effect of add-on ramelteon therapy on sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31831203
Ramelteon (melatonin-receptor agonist) improved subjective sleep quality—consistent with facilitating sleep onset.
- Melatonin for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 31674060
Prolonged-release melatonin in PD reduced sleep-onset latency (actigraphy).
- Should Melatonin Be Used as an Alternative Sedative and Anxiolytic Agent in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery?
PubMed ID: 30959006
Melatonin reduced procedure-related anxiety and produced a sedative-like calming effect without impairing cognition—useful as part of a calming routine.
- Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life
PubMed ID: 31079275
Prolonged-release melatonin in children with ASD markedly shortened sleep latency.
- Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32988292
Post-concussion RCT increased sleep duration and improved sleep efficiency — consistent with easier sleep onset/maintenance.
- Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32302347
20 mg peri-chemotherapy improved PSQI, indicating easier sleep initiation.
- Prolonged-release melatonin in Parkinson's disease patients with a poor sleep quality: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 32480307
Prolonged-release melatonin improved subjective sleep quality in PD; sustained-release formulations are often used as part of bedtime routines.
- Role of melatonin in attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation and anesthetic requirements: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 34560112
Premedication melatonin produced sedative/anxiolytic effects and lowered anesthetic needs — supports melatonin use to promote a calming pre‑sleep routine.
- Melatonin Treatment and Adequate Sleep Hygiene Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34181143
Large RCT in children with ASD showed clear, dose‑related shortening of sleep onset latency.
- Melatonin Supplementation for Six Weeks Had No Effect on Arterial Stiffness and Mitochondrial DNA in Women Aged 55 Years and Older with Insomnia: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 33806529
Prolonged‑release melatonin improved subjective sleep quality, supporting use as part of a calming bedtime routine.
- Efficacy and tolerability of Melatonin vs Triclofos to achieve sleep for pediatric electroencephalography: A single blinded randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34293628
Pediatric RCT: melatonin was effective for inducing sleep for EEGs (similar to triclofos)—direct evidence melatonin aids sleep initiation in children.
- [Therapeutic approaches for sleep and rhythms disorders in children with ASD]
PubMed ID: 35120753
Prolonged-release pediatric melatonin shortened time to fall asleep substantially in RCT.
- Melatonin and Triclofos Sodium to Execute Sleep Electroencephalography in Pediatric Patients: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Alongside a Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 35838942
Melatonin was an effective, low‑cost sedation agent for pediatric EEGs—practical evidence for bedtime‑routine use to induce sleep.
- The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep
PubMed ID: 36583881
Nightly 3 mg melatonin in schoolchildren significantly improved sleep initiation/onset vs placebo.
- Comparative efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin versus clonazepam for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
PubMed ID: 35141811
2 mg prolonged‑release melatonin improved insomnia symptoms in REM‑RBD patients (clinical improvement in sleep complaints).
- Efficacy of Liposomal Melatonin in sleep EEG in Childhood: A Double Blind Case Control Study
PubMed ID: 36612875
Liposomal melatonin markedly shortened sleep latency in children before EEG (clear, direct effect on sleep onset).
- Critically-timed sleep+light interventions differentially improve mood in pregnancy vs. postpartum depression by shifting melatonin rhythms
PubMed ID: 36586616
Timed wake + bright light altered 6‑SMT timing and mood, showing phase‑shifting of melatonin rhythm.
- Biodynamic lighting conditions preserve nocturnal melatonin production in pregnant women during hospitalization: A randomized prospective pilot study
PubMed ID: 36568081
Biodynamic lighting increased daytime circadian stimulus and preserved nocturnal melatonin, supporting clock resetting via light exposure.
- The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study
PubMed ID: 37098505
IBS trial reported added sleep benefits in participants with sleep problems, consistent with easier sleep onset in that subgroup.
- Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcomes and quality of sleep in epilepsy with idiopathic generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone in adult patients: Cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36588283
Add‑on 3 mg melatonin improved sleep quality in adults with epilepsy, implying easier sleep onset.
- Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD
PubMed ID: 37950776
Children with autism taking melatonin had large, consistent improvements in sleep onset latency.
- Influence of Melatonin Treatment on Emotion, Sleep, and Life Quality in Perimenopausal Women: A Clinical Study
PubMed ID: 37854169
3 mg nightly melatonin in perimenopausal women significantly improved PSQI (sleep quality), indicating improved sleep initiation among other domains.
- Exogenous melatonin's effect on salivary cortisol and amylase: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38764237
Single 2 mg PR advanced bedtime in healthy volunteers, demonstrating a direct phase‑shifting effect relevant to resetting sleep timing.
- Impact of an over-the-counter "sleep lotion" on human salivary melatonin levels and sleep quality: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39146562
Topical melatonin lotion produced large salivary melatonin increases and improved sleep in poor sleepers (subgroup)—supports easing sleep onset.
- The Effect of Earplugs and Eye Masks on the Melatonin and Cortisol Levels of Patients Hospitalized in Cardiac Critical Care Units
PubMed ID: 39638337
Hospital study: earplugs/eye masks raised nocturnal melatonin and significantly decreased sleep latency—strong evidence that higher nighttime melatonin aids sleep onset (environmental rather than supplement).
- Melatonin and sleep parameters in infertile women with endometriosis: first results from the triple-blind randomized controlled trial of administration of melatonin in chronic pelvic pain and sleep disturbance
PubMed ID: 40238733
2‑month nightly melatonin in women with endometriosis reduced sleep latency and improved PSQI domains—direct evidence for faster sleep onset.
- Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (HETLIOZ®) improves sleep in patients with primary insomnia: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40971945
Large RCT of the MT1/MT2 agonist (tasimelteon) produced ~16–18 min faster sleep onset vs placebo; strong receptor‑mediated evidence though drug is not oral melatonin itself.
- Comparison of melatonin and music therapy as a preoperative anxiolytic for patients undergoing impacted mandibular third molar extraction: a double-blind randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40263045
6 mg melatonin reduced cortisol and physiological anxiety markers preoperatively—supports use as part of a calming pre‑sleep routine.
- Randomised placebo-controlled trial of triclofos versus melatonin for sedating children undergoing sleep EEG
PubMed ID: 39580155
Oral melatonin substantially increased successful pediatric sleep EEGs (induces sleep reliably) — strong practical evidence for sleep induction.
- The bright and dark side of blue-enriched light on sleep and activity in older adults
PubMed ID: 39821044
Light‑timing interventions shifted activity rhythms and reduced fragmentation, demonstrating tools that reset timing via melatonin phase relationships (indirect evidence).
- A prospective randomized crossover trial investigating melatonin versus sleep deprivation for sleep induction in nap electroencephalography
PubMed ID: 41208640
Single 5 mg dose induced nap comparably to sleep deprivation (randomized crossover pediatric EEG study).
- Comparing Intranasal Midazolam, Oral Melatonin, and Distraction Cards for Pain and Stress Management in Pediatric Intravenous Line Insertion: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 41696535
Oral melatonin before IV insertion reduced pain/stress and improved success and parental satisfaction—practical calming pre‑sleep/procedure use.
- Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour
PubMed ID: 12729938
Sustained‑release melatonin modestly improved sleep quality in subsyndromal SAD (supports sleep onset/quality).
- Effects of preoperative oral melatonin medication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality, and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 20186437
6 mg preoperative melatonin improved postoperative sleep quality, consistent with easier sleep initiation in that setting.
- [An open-label non-comparative study of the efficacy and safety of melaxen in treatment of sleep disorders in alcohol dependent patients during the period of abstinence]
PubMed ID: 23887468
Open‑label treatment reported reduced anxiety and better sleep — supports use in calming bedtime routines.
- Melatonin Versus Chloral Hydrate for Sleep Electroencephalography Recording in Children: A Comparative Study Using Bispectral Index Monitoring Scores and Electroencephalographic Sleep Stages
PubMed ID: 33606431
Randomized pediatric trial: oral melatonin as effective as chloral hydrate for sleep EEG induction with fewer side effects (strong evidence for sleep initiation).
- Daily walnut consumption increases 6-sulfatoxymelatonin urinary levels and can improve sleep quality: a randomized crossover trial
PubMed ID: 40791136
Walnut intervention raised melatonin metabolite and significantly shortened sleep latency in young adults.
- Effect of melatonin and gabapentin on anxiety and pain associated with retrobulbar eye block for cataract surgery: a randomized double-blind study
PubMed ID: 24347765
Premedication melatonin (6 mg) reduced anxiety—useful as a calming element in a bedtime routine.
- Comparison of the effect of melatonin, dexmedetomidine, and gabapentin on reduction of postoperative pain and anxiety following laminectomy: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36243712
Melatonin reduced perioperative anxiety and PONV—supports a calming pre-sleep ritual role.
- Randomized, double-blind clinical trial, controlled with placebo, of the toxicology of chronic melatonin treatment
PubMed ID: 11068941
10 mg nightly for 28 days reduced stage 1 sleep (deeper sleep) — consistent with easier sleep onset or lighter-sleep reduction.
- Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
PubMed ID: 36647974
Hemodialysis RCT: nightly 3 mg melatonin significantly improved PSQI/ISI (sleep quality and insomnia symptoms).
- The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37162192
Large adult RCT (5 mg melatonin arm) showed clinically meaningful sleep improvement (PROMIS sleep disturbance).
- Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 11292231
RCT in children with sleep-onset insomnia: ~63–75 min earlier sleep onset and increased total sleep.
- Melatonin improves health status and sleep in children with idiopathic chronic sleep-onset insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 14566165
Children RCT: evening 5 mg melatonin significantly reduced sleep latency and advanced sleep onset.
- Prediction of melatonin efficacy by pretreatment dim light melatonin onset in children with idiopathic chronic sleep onset insomnia
PubMed ID: 15910516
5 mg evening melatonin in children with sleep‑onset insomnia markedly reduced sleep latency and advanced sleep onset.
- Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia
PubMed ID: 17242627
RCT in ADHD children advanced sleep onset ~27 min and reduced latency versus placebo.
- Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 19888921
4-week RCT in intellectual disability showed reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep time.
- Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT
PubMed ID: 20668840
Dose-finding RCT in children showed large reductions in sleep onset latency and ~1 h advance in sleep time.
- Human responses to bright light of different durations
PubMed ID: 22526883
Clear quantification of light pulse effects on phase provides complementary mechanistic evidence for timing interventions combined with melatonin.
- A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleep
PubMed ID: 24144243
In DSPD adolescents, interventions including melatonin advanced DLMO and sleep timing; long‑term maintenance required melatonin + bright light.
- Combination of light and melatonin time cues for phase advancing the human circadian clock
PubMed ID: 24179293
Combined evening melatonin + morning bright light produced larger DLMO advances than either cue, showing melatonin's ability to reset timing especially when paired with light.
- Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 28364493
In children with sleep‑onset insomnia melatonin reduced sleep latency and advanced sleep onset more than bright light/placebo.
- Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 29912983
Low‑dose (0.5 mg) melatonin 1 h before desired bedtime in DSWPD produced large, clinically meaningful reductions in time to fall asleep.
- Effects of chronotherapy on circadian rhythm and ADHD symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and delayed sleep phase syndrome: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33121289
0.5 mg melatonin advanced DLMO by ~1h28m in adults with ADHD and delayed phase, a direct reset of timing.
- A PERIOD3 variable number tandem repeat polymorphism modulates melatonin treatment response in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
PubMed ID: 32682347
Low-dose melatonin in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder reduced sleep onset latency and advanced sleep onset (strong direct evidence).
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effects of Chronotherapy on Sleep
PubMed ID: 36181304
Low-dose melatonin produced substantial DLMO phase advances in adults with delayed sleep phase, demonstrating timing-reset effects.
- Low-dose exogenous melatonin plus evening dim light and time in bed scheduling advances circadian phase irrespective of measured or estimated dim light melatonin onset time: preliminary findings
PubMed ID: 38445651
Timed low-dose melatonin plus scheduling reliably shifted circadian phase and improved sleep metrics in RCT context.
- Assessing the Feasibility and Efficacy of Pre-Sleep Dim Light Therapy for Adults with Insomnia: A Pilot Study
PubMed ID: 38674278
Pre-sleep dim/warm light advanced DLMO and improved insomnia scores, indirectly supporting easier sleep onset.
- Effectiveness and tolerability of melatonin and zolpidem for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 11471907
Melatonin reduced jet‑lag severity (clinical evidence of circadian phase‑adjusting benefit in travel settings).
- The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 17122221
Melatonin produced clear sedative/anxiolytic effects pre‑anesthesia — evidence it can promote calmness pre‑sleep as part of a routine.
- Melatonin supplementation and the effects on clinical and metabolic status in Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32417629
Parkinson's RCT improved PSQI (subjective sleep improvements including initiation aspects).
- Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39437460
RCT in PD shortened sleep latency by ~8 min and improved subjective sleep.
- The effect of melatonin, magnesium, and zinc on primary insomnia in long-term care facility residents in Italy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 21226679
8‑week nightly melatonin‑containing supplement produced marked sleep and QoL improvements in elderly care residents—consistent with use as part of a calming routine.
- Safety and efficacy of melatonin supplementation as an add-on treatment for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
PubMed ID: 37909654
In infants, melatonin adjunct shortened caregiver‑reported sleep‑onset latency (statistically significant).
- The effects of melatonin and magnesium in a novel supplement delivery system on sleep scores, body composition and metabolism in otherwise healthy individuals with sleep disturbances
PubMed ID: 38745424
Low‑dose melatonin with magnesium improved subjective sleep quality (PSQI), supporting use as part of a calming routine.
- The hypothermic effect of melatonin on core body temperature: is more better?
PubMed ID: 8836952
Oral melatonin produced dose-dependent core temperature drops—a physiological mechanism promoting sleep onset.
- Melatonin for sleep EEG
PubMed ID: 9472426
Melatonin reliably induced sleep for EEG with minimal motor/EEG disruption, making it a practical tool to support a calming bedtime routine.
- Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 9844753
Bedtime fast‑release melatonin after eastward travel shortened latency and improved sleep quality — clear evidence of phase‑shifting utility.
- Premedication with melatonin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with midazolam
PubMed ID: 10562782
Melatonin reduced preoperative anxiety and increased sedation with minimal psychomotor impairment — useful for a calming pre‑sleep routine.
- The comparative dose-response effects of melatonin and midazolam for premedication of adult patients: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 10910871
Sublingual melatonin provided preoperative anxiolysis/sedation without cognitive slowing—useful for a calming bedtime routine.
- Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep-wake cycle disorders
PubMed ID: 10949538
Fast‑release melatonin specifically improved delayed sleep onset in children (formulation-specific evidence).
- [Time-dependent effects of antihypertensive agents and chronocorrecting action of melatonin in patients with arterial hypertension]
PubMed ID: 11022421
Reported normalization of circadian hemodynamic rhythms with melatonin, consistent with phase/clock resetting effects.
- [Effect of moxonidine monotherapy and in combination with melatonin on hemodynamic parameters in patients with arterial hypertension]
PubMed ID: 10833890
Melatonin added to therapy normalized circadian BP/HR rhythms—evidence of timing/phase influence.
Stress & Anxiety (40)
- Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 19010741
Preoperative 5 mg melatonin decreased anxiety and analgesic needs in anxious patients — supports anxiety reduction.
- The clinical impact of preoperative melatonin on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy
PubMed ID: 17959953
Perioperative melatonin reduced early postoperative anxiety (NNTs reported) — strong evidence for anxiolytic effects around bedtime.
- Melatonin premedication and the induction dose of propofol
PubMed ID: 17094871
Oral melatonin premedication lowered anxiety scores before anesthesia — evidence of anxiolytic effect in preoperative context.
- Melatonin vs. midazolam premedication in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 15852991
Melatonin before anesthesia in children reduced separation/mask anxiety similar to midazolam and lowered postoperative excitement and later sleep problems.
- Perioperative effects of melatonin and midazolam premedication on sedation, orientation, anxiety scores and psychomotor performance
PubMed ID: 15318468
Perioperative melatonin reliably reduced preoperative anxiety (anxiolytic effect comparable to midazolam but without amnesia).
- The comparative dose-response effects of melatonin and midazolam for premedication of adult patients: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 10910871
Sublingual melatonin premedication decreased anxiety preoperatively with minimal psychomotor effects.
- Premedication with melatonin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with midazolam
PubMed ID: 10562782
Sublingual melatonin significantly reduced preoperative anxiety vs control with less psychomotor impairment than midazolam.
- Effects of magnesium and potassium supplementation on insomnia and sleep hormones in patients with diabetes mellitus
PubMed ID: 39534260
Combined Mg+K increased melatonin and decreased cortisol in insomniac diabetics—physiologic support for lowered bedtime stress.
- The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 17122221
Reduced anesthetic ED50 after melatonin premedication indicates anxiolytic/sedative properties that plausibly reduce pre‑sleep anxiety.
- Assessing the Feasibility and Efficacy of Pre-Sleep Dim Light Therapy for Adults with Insomnia: A Pilot Study
PubMed ID: 38674278
Pre-sleep dim/warm light therapy significantly improved ISI/PSQI and reduced DLMO, consistent with calmer pre‑sleep mental state (behavioral intervention).
- Should Melatonin Be Used as an Alternative Sedative and Anxiolytic Agent in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery?
PubMed ID: 30959006
Oral melatonin produced clinically meaningful anxiolysis for dental surgery comparable to a mild sedative, supporting reduced bedtime anxiety.
- Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32302347
Improved PSQI and depressive symptoms with peri-chemo melatonin likely reflect calmer nocturnal state.
- Role of melatonin in attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation and anesthetic requirements: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 34560112
Oral melatonin 2 h preop blunted hemodynamic stress responses to intubation and reduced anesthetic/opioid need — strong perioperative anxiolytic/stress‑lowering signal.
- Effect of Melatonin on Delirium After on-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 33753956
Perioperative melatonin reduced early postoperative delirium severity/incidence after CABG—suggests calmer/less confused nights postop.
- Effects of Melatonin on Postoperative Delirium After PCI in Elderly Patients: A Randomized, Single-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 34730495
Nightly 3 mg melatonin in elderly PCI patients reduced postoperative delirium incidence—consistent with a calmer nighttime neurocognitive state.
- [Therapeutic approaches for sleep and rhythms disorders in children with ASD]
PubMed ID: 35120753
Shorter latency and more consolidated sleep in children implies calmer, less aroused nights.
- Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD
PubMed ID: 37950776
Improved sleep onset and efficiency in ASD children implies less nighttime arousal and calmer pre‑sleep state.
- Influence of Melatonin Treatment on Emotion, Sleep, and Life Quality in Perimenopausal Women: A Clinical Study
PubMed ID: 37854169
Perimenopausal RCT reported significant reductions in anxiety (HAMA) with nightly melatonin.
- Efficacy of Melatonin in Alleviating Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40888191
20 mg nightly melatonin significantly lowered anxiety scores in cancer patients—supports reduced pre‑sleep anxiety.
- Comparison of melatonin and music therapy as a preoperative anxiolytic for patients undergoing impacted mandibular third molar extraction: a double-blind randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40263045
6 mg oral melatonin before surgery reduced salivary cortisol and improved physiologic anxiety markers—direct evidence for anxiolytic effects relevant to bedtime.
- Comparing Intranasal Midazolam, Oral Melatonin, and Distraction Cards for Pain and Stress Management in Pediatric Intravenous Line Insertion: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 41696535
Oral melatonin before IV insertion reduced pain and stress in children (randomized), directly lowering procedural bedtime stress analogues.
- [An open-label non-comparative study of the efficacy and safety of melaxen in treatment of sleep disorders in alcohol dependent patients during the period of abstinence]
PubMed ID: 23887468
Open‑label melatonin treatment in abstinent alcoholics reported decreased anxiety (strongest direct anxiety signal in dataset).
- Effect of melatonin and gabapentin on anxiety and pain associated with retrobulbar eye block for cataract surgery: a randomized double-blind study
PubMed ID: 24347765
6 mg melatonin reliably lowered perioperative anxiety—direct evidence for anxiolytic effect at bedtime-like settings.
- Comparison of the effect of melatonin, dexmedetomidine, and gabapentin on reduction of postoperative pain and anxiety following laminectomy: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36243712
Melatonin reduced HADS anxiety early after laminectomy versus comparators—strong anxiolytic signal in perioperative context.
- Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
PubMed ID: 36647974
Hemodialysis RCT: significant reductions in anxiety scores (HARS) with nightly melatonin.
- Prediction of melatonin efficacy by pretreatment dim light melatonin onset in children with idiopathic chronic sleep onset insomnia
PubMed ID: 15910516
Reducing sleep latency and advancing bedtime in children likely reduces bedtime-related stress associated with prolonged sleep onset.
- Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 19888921
Melatonin reduced sleep latency and night wakings and reduced challenging daytime behaviours, consistent with calmer nights.
- Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 29347988
Prolonged-release melatonin lowered anxiety scores (HADS) in TBI patients (direct anxiety reduction at night).
- Comparison of the Effects of Melatonin and Oxazepam on Anxiety Levels and Sleep Quality in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29749262
Melatonin reduced anxiety more than oxazepam post-PCI (direct clinical anxiety benefit).
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Pediatric PRM improved sleep and caregiver wellbeing—consistent with calmer pre‑sleep state in many recipients.
- Tasimelteon for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in totally blind people (SET and RESET): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials
PubMed ID: 26466871
Circadian entrainment in blind non‑24 patients produced clinical improvements including daytime function and sleep stability—calming nights plausible.
- POTENTIAL USE OF MELATONIN IN PROCEDURAL ANXIETY AND PAIN IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING BLOOD WITHDRAWAL
PubMed ID: 26122244
Randomized pediatric trial showed significant reductions in preprocedural anxiety with oral melatonin.
- Melatonin versus midazolam premedication in children undergoing surgery: A pilot study
PubMed ID: 26515269
Melatonin premedication reduced required induction anesthetic and provided sedation comparable to midazolam—strong anxiolytic/sedative effect.
- Premedication with oral alprazolam and melatonin combination: a comparison with either alone--a randomized controlled factorial trial
PubMed ID: 24527443
Adding melatonin to alprazolam reduced preoperative anxiety more than alprazolam alone — consistent anxiolytic effect.
- [The use of melatonin in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders in Parkinson's disease]
PubMed ID: 23994935
Parkinson's open study reported lowered state anxiety with melatonin.
- The effects of melatonin on anxiety and pain scores of patients, intraocular pressure, and operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia
PubMed ID: 23552356
3 mg sublingual melatonin significantly reduced preoperative anxiety in an RCT — strong anxiolytic signal for bedtime anxiety analogues.
- Oral melatonin, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam for prevention of postoperative agitation in children
PubMed ID: 21327805
Melatonin premedication lowered emergence agitation (behavioral calm) comparable to sedatives—supports calming properties pre/post procedure.
- Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety
PubMed ID: 20712869
Prolonged-release melatonin reduced sleep latency and improved subjective quality—likely to reduce bedtime anxiety in older adults.
- Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia
PubMed ID: 19299777
Randomized cataract‑surgery trial: premedication with melatonin significantly lowered perioperative anxiety and analgesic needs (strong anxiolytic effect before sleep/procedure).
- Melatonin improves tourniquet tolerance and enhances postoperative analgesia in patients receiving intravenous regional anesthesia
PubMed ID: 18806063
10 mg oral melatonin before IV regional anesthesia lowered anxiety and reduced opioid requirements — robust perioperative anxiolytic effect.
Alertness (31)
- Should Melatonin Be Used as an Alternative Sedative and Anxiolytic Agent in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery?
PubMed ID: 30959006
Melatonin reduced pre-dental anxiety without impairing cognition or motor skills—indicates preserved daytime alertness relative to benzodiazepine.
- Efficacy of Melatonin in Alleviating Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40888191
20 mg nightly melatonin during radiotherapy produced substantial reductions in fatigue (MFI), implying improved daytime energy/alertness.
- A prospective randomized crossover trial investigating melatonin versus sleep deprivation for sleep induction in nap electroencephalography
PubMed ID: 41208640
Melatonin produced naps with less lingering drowsiness than sleep deprivation in children—supports preserved next‑day alertness.
- Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour
PubMed ID: 12729938
Improved morning vitality reported with sustained‑release melatonin in s‑SAD subgroup (supports daytime alertness).
- [Effect of melatonin on the daytime sleepiness side-effect of gabapentin in adults patients with neuropathic pain]
PubMed ID: 30454846
Adjunct nightly melatonin reduced ESS scores (less daytime sleepiness), consistent with improved daytime alertness.
- The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37162192
By reducing sleep disturbance (PROMIS), 5 mg melatonin can indirectly improve daytime alertness in many participants.
- Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 19888921
Improved nocturnal sleep and reduced daytime challenging behaviour suggest better daytime functioning in that population.
- Differential benefits of 12-week morning vs. evening aerobic exercise on sleep and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40419564
Morning exercise trial reported reductions in body fat and modest timing advances; increased daytime energy/alertness is plausible from exercise effects.
- Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39437460
Large RCT reported reduced daytime sleepiness (ESS) and improved subjective sleep — direct evidence for improved alertness.
- Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol
PubMed ID: 1457626
8 mg regimen reduced morning tiredness after travel, implying improved next-day alertness.
- A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew
PubMed ID: 8513037
Late-timed melatonin reduced jet-lag and led to faster recovery of energy/alertness in cabin crew.
- Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 9844753
Jet‑lag trial reported reduced fatigue/daytime sleepiness with bedtime fast‑release melatonin, indicating improved daytime alertness.
- Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach
PubMed ID: 10665894
By facilitating benzodiazepine discontinuation and maintaining sleep quality, CR melatonin is likely to improve daytime alertness long term.
- Daytime sleep and performance following a zolpidem and melatonin cocktail
PubMed ID: 15700725
5 mg melatonin enhanced daytime nap sleep without impairing memory or vigilance, indicating preserved or improved alertness after naps.
- An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia
PubMed ID: 16309958
Ramelteon improved sleep measures without next‑day residual effects, supporting daytime alertness.
- Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects
PubMed ID: 18036082
PR-melatonin improved morning alertness significantly in older adults (randomized trial).
- Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
PubMed ID: 17875243
Large trial showed improvements in morning alertness and responder rates vs placebo.
- Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease
PubMed ID: 18070004
Bright light + evening melatonin in Alzheimer patients increased daytime activity and reduced napping, improving daytime wakefulness.
- Melatonin treatment in individuals with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 18261024
Marked nocturnal improvements in people with intellectual disabilities plausibly translate to better daytime function/alertness.
- The effects of ramelteon in a first-night model of transient insomnia
PubMed ID: 18691937
Ramelteon shortened sleep latency without morning residuals, indicating daytime alertness was not impaired.
- The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia
PubMed ID: 19584739
Critical‑flicker‑fusion improvements indicate preserved/enhanced psychomotor alertness after PR melatonin in older adults.
- Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20845391
Marked reduction in delirium incidence in elderly inpatients implies improved daytime cognitive/attentive state.
- [The use of melatonin in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders in Parkinson's disease]
PubMed ID: 23994935
Parkinson's study reported improved fatigue (alertness/energy) after melatonin, though open-label and small.
- Tasimelteon for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in totally blind people (SET and RESET): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials
PubMed ID: 26466871
Entraining circadian rhythms with tasimelteon improved daytime functioning in blind non‑24.
- The effect of melatonin on early postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28494914
In elderly hip‑surgery patients melatonin prevented cognitive drops and improved sleep/fatigue, implying better daytime function.
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Improved child sleep and caregiver sleep/quality measures plausibly translate to better daytime alertness/functioning.
- Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life
PubMed ID: 31079275
Children with ASD showed improved daytime behavior after PR melatonin, suggesting better daytime alertness/behavioral regulation.
- Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32302347
Peri-chemotherapy melatonin improved sleep quality and cognitive outcomes, which likely translate into improved daytime alertness.
- Prolonged-release melatonin in Parkinson's disease patients with a poor sleep quality: A randomized trial
PubMed ID: 32480307
Improved nocturnal sleep in PD with prolonged-release melatonin was associated with better non-motor outcomes and QoL — plausibly better daytime alertness.
- Effectiveness of melatonin for the treatment of nocturia: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35596803
Improved sleep continuity and first uninterrupted sleep likely translated to less daytime sleepiness and better alertness in older women.
- Comparative efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin versus clonazepam for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
PubMed ID: 35141811
Prolonged‑release melatonin in REM‑RBD reduced daytime sleepiness scores (direct improvement in daytime alertness).
Energy & Fatigue (28)
- Effectiveness of melatonin for the treatment of nocturia: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35596803
Melatonin improved nocturia‑related QoL including a sleep/energy subscale in older women—direct evidence for increased energy.
- Differential benefits of 12-week morning vs. evening aerobic exercise on sleep and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40419564
Twelve weeks of morning exercise advanced timing modestly and reduced body fat and lipids; exercise effects plausibly increase overall energy.
- Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39437460
Reduced daytime sleepiness and better sleep quality in PD likely translate to improved overall energy.
- Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol
PubMed ID: 1457626
8 mg melatonin reduced morning fatigue after eastward travel, reflecting improved overall energy in that context.
- A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew
PubMed ID: 8513037
Appropriately timed melatonin led to faster recovery of energy/alertness after transmeridian travel.
- Treatment of cancer chemotherapy-induced toxicity with the pineal hormone melatonin
PubMed ID: 9069612
Adding melatonin to chemotherapy reduced malaise/asthenia in metastatic cancer patients, indicating improved subjective energy in that setting.
- Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 9844753
Reduced fatigue/daytime sleepiness in jet‑lagged travelers implies improved overall daytime energy.
- Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach
PubMed ID: 10665894
By enabling benzodiazepine cessation and maintaining sleep quality, CR melatonin likely improves daytime energy and functioning.
- Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects
PubMed ID: 18036082
PR-melatonin improved morning alertness and subjective functioning in older adults, consistent with improved overall energy.
- Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
PubMed ID: 17875243
Large trial reported improved morning alertness and QoL in older patients — supports better overall energy.
- Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease
PubMed ID: 18070004
Reduced daytime napping and increased daytime activity in Alzheimer patients indicates improved daytime energy/activity.
- [The use of melatonin in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders in Parkinson's disease]
PubMed ID: 23994935
Parkinson's patients reported improved fatigue and QoL with melatonin in an open study, indicating improved energy/fatigue reduction.
- Effect of melatonin on depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24756186
Lower incidence of new depressive symptoms after melatonin could translate to better overall energy.
- Tasimelteon for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in totally blind people (SET and RESET): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials
PubMed ID: 26466871
Entraining circadian rhythms often yields better daytime functioning and energy in non‑24 patients.
- The effect of melatonin on early postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28494914
Melatonin improved subjective sleep and reduced fatigue in elderly post‑op patients, implying improved overall energy.
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Substantial sleep improvements in children and caregiver wellbeing imply better daily energy.
- The effects of melatonin supplementation on mental health, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment
PubMed ID: 29949232
Improved sleep and depression in methadone-maintained patients (supports better overall energy and functioning).
- The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Parameters of Mental Health, Glycemic Control, Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31597622
12-week melatonin improved PSQI, glycemic control and inflammation in hemodialysis patients—overall health/energy likely improved (direct trial evidence).
- Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life
PubMed ID: 31079275
Children with ASD had improved total sleep and daytime behavior after prolonged-release melatonin, consistent with improved overall energy/function.
- Dietary Melatonin Therapy Alleviates the Lamina Cribrosa Damages in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32376818
Cognitive and biomarker improvements in MCI after melatonin may reflect improved overall daytime energy/cognition.
- A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated with Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments
PubMed ID: 33543655
Randomized trial in breast cancer patients: high-dose nightly melatonin produced a large, significant reduction in fatigue—strong evidence for improved energy.
- Efficacy of a Low Dose of Melatonin as an Adjunctive Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 34229896
Adjunctive melatonin in mild–moderate COVID shortened hospital stay and reduced fatigue—supports improved overall energy/recovery.
- Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
PubMed ID: 36647974
Improved sleep quality and mood in hemodialysis patients likely translated to better overall energy/QoL.
- A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Long-term Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated With Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments
PubMed ID: 37139718
Large RCT: nightly 18 mg melatonin reduced cancer‑related fatigue vs placebo with durable benefits to 2 years (direct evidence for improved energy).
- Melatonin supplementation enhances pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 37944829
COPD patients in pulmonary rehab had substantial functional/QoL gains with 3 mg melatonin, indicating improved energy/endurance.
- The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study
PubMed ID: 37098505
IBS trial symptom/QoL improvements and sleep benefits in sleep‑impaired subgroup suggest better daytime energy.
- Efficacy of Melatonin in Alleviating Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40888191
20 mg nightly melatonin produced large decreases in fatigue (MFI) during radiotherapy—strong evidence for improved overall energy.
- Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour
PubMed ID: 12729938
Sustained‑release melatonin improved morning vitality in a subgroup (direct evidence for increased energy/vitality).
Mood balance (25)
- Report from a randomized control trial: improved alignment between circadian biology and sleep-wake behavior as a mechanism of depression symptom improvement in evening-type adolescents with depressive symptoms
PubMed ID: 37589403
TranS‑C circadian therapy lengthened PAD and this circadian alignment mediated large reductions in depressive symptoms over months.
- Melatonin supplementation and the effects on clinical and metabolic status in Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32417629
Parkinson’s RCT reported improvements in mood (UPDRS part I/psychological indices) alongside sleep improvements.
- Determination of the dose of agomelatine, a melatoninergic agonist and selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist, in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled dose range study
PubMed ID: 12177586
Agomelatine (melatonin receptor agonist) improved depression and anxiety—relevant to mood benefits of melatonergic action.
- Efficacy of agomelatine, a MT1/MT2 receptor agonist with 5-HT2C antagonistic properties, in major depressive disorder
PubMed ID: 17477888
Agomelatine produced antidepressant effects and improved sleep‑related HAMD items — indirect evidence that sleep improvements relate to mood benefits.
- Superior antidepressant efficacy results of agomelatine versus fluoxetine in severe MDD patients: a randomized, double-blind study
PubMed ID: 20856123
Agomelatine (melatoninergic agent) produced greater depression improvement and better sleep subscore vs fluoxetine—evidence mood and sleep are linked via melatonergic mechanisms.
- [The use of melatonin in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders in Parkinson's disease]
PubMed ID: 23994935
Parkinson's open study reported improvements in anxiety and QoL, consistent with mood benefits post‑sleep.
- Effect of melatonin on depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24756186
3-month 6 mg melatonin after breast cancer surgery markedly reduced new depressive symptoms (strong evidence for mood benefits).
- [Treatment of sleep disorders in patients with mild cranial-brain injury in the early rehabilitation period]
PubMed ID: 24988965
mTBI rehabilitation trial reported decreased depression scores alongside sleep improvements with melatonin.
- The effect of melatonin on early postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28494914
Melatonin improved subjective sleep and fatigue/well‑being after surgery, consistent with better mood after sleep.
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Caregiver WHO‑5 and PSQI improved in the PEDPRM long‑term study, indicating mood benefits associated with better sleep.
- The effects of melatonin supplementation on mental health, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment
PubMed ID: 29949232
12-week 10 mg melatonin significantly reduced BDI depression scores in methadone-maintained patients (direct mood improvement).
- The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Parameters of Mental Health, Glycemic Control, Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31597622
12-week melatonin improved mood and sleep in diabetic hemodialysis patients (supporting better mood after improved sleep).
- Effects of melatonin administration on mental health parameters, metabolic and genetic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30831541
PCOS RCT showed reduced depression/anxiety scores alongside improved sleep with melatonin supplementation.
- Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life
PubMed ID: 31079275
Children with ASD had improved externalizing behavior with prolonged-release melatonin, indicating mood/behavior benefits after better sleep.
- Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32302347
Peri-chemotherapy melatonin significantly reduced depressive symptoms (BDI-II) alongside sleep improvements — strong support for mood improvement after sleep.
- Dietary Melatonin Therapy Alleviates the Lamina Cribrosa Damages in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32376818
MCI trial improved MMSE and biomarkers and could support mood/cognitive benefits linked to better sleep.
- Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and agomelatine on sleep quality and biomarkers of adult patients with mild to moderate depressive disorder
PubMed ID: 36435397
Agomelatine (melatonergic) plus rTMS improved sleep measures and biomarkers in depressed adults (sleep improvement tied to mood benefits).
- Critically-timed sleep+light interventions differentially improve mood in pregnancy vs. postpartum depression by shifting melatonin rhythms
PubMed ID: 36586616
Timed wake + bright light shifted melatonin timing and improved mood in peripartum depressed women (mood gains correlated with melatonin offset).
- A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Long-term Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated With Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments
PubMed ID: 37139718
Long nightly melatonin reduced cancer‑related fatigue and could secondarily improve mood after sleep.
- Influence of Melatonin Treatment on Emotion, Sleep, and Life Quality in Perimenopausal Women: A Clinical Study
PubMed ID: 37854169
Perimenopausal women randomized to 3 mg nightly melatonin had significant improvements in HAMD/HAMA and menopausal symptom scores.
- Efficacy of Melatonin in Alleviating Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40888191
20 mg nightly melatonin during radiotherapy produced large, clinically meaningful reductions in anxiety and depression scores—strong evidence for improved mood.
- Psychological Interventions and Sleep Improvement for Patients with Gastric Cancer: Effects on Immune Function, Inflammation, and Tumor Progression-A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40603815
Multimodal intervention including melatonin improved HADS and QoL and had survival benefits; mood gains likely partly sleep‑related but not solely attributable to melatonin.
- Circadian and gut-brain axis modulation is associated with neuroimmune and symptom recovery after rectal cancer surgery: An exploratory randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41418645
Integrative program including CR melatonin improved BDI‑II at 6 months (multi‑component but clinically relevant mood improvement).
- Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
PubMed ID: 36647974
Significant improvements in depression/anxiety (HDRS/HARS) and QOL after nightly melatonin indicate better mood outcomes.
- Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour
PubMed ID: 12729938
Sustained‑release melatonin improved morning vitality and had mood‑related subgroup effects (supports better mood after sleep).
Focus & concentration (23)
- Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 32302347
Peri-chemotherapy 20 mg improved cognitive tests (TMT) and sleep quality, plausibly aiding concentration.
- Sleep, Growth, and Puberty After 2 Years of Prolonged-Release Melatonin in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 31982581
Long-term pediatric PR melatonin improved sleep and caregiver wellbeing, which can translate to improved concentration.
- Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life
PubMed ID: 31079275
Prolonged-release melatonin in ASD improved night sleep and daytime behavior, plausibly supporting better concentration next day.
- Melatonin improves memory acquisition under stress independent of stress hormone release
PubMed ID: 18853147
RCT: single 3 mg melatonin improved memory encoding under acute stress, supporting improved concentration/cognitive encoding.
- Is dietary melatonin supplementation a viable adjunctive therapy for chronic periodontitis?-A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 30298556
Insomnia improvements in patients receiving melatonin may result in better next‑day cognitive function.
- Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed ID: 30132686
Robust improvements in child sleep and caregiver wellbeing plausibly translate to better next‑day focus for children/caregivers.
- The effect of melatonin on early postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 28494914
Prevented early postoperative cognitive decline (MMSE) in elderly hip‑surgery RCT, supporting preserved concentration.
- Tasimelteon for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder in totally blind people (SET and RESET): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials
PubMed ID: 26466871
Tasimelteon entrained circadian rhythms in blind patients—strong potential to improve daytime cognitive function via circadian regularity.
- Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
PubMed ID: 24971004
Alzheimer's trial found modest cognitive benefits (MMSE/ADAS-Cog) with PR melatonin, implying better next-day focus.
- Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 20845391
Delirium reduction in elderly inpatients strongly implies better preserved next-day cognition/attention.
- The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia
PubMed ID: 19584739
Improved psychomotor (critical‑flicker‑fusion) performance after PR‑melatonin implies better next‑day cognitive processing.
- The effects of ramelteon in a first-night model of transient insomnia
PubMed ID: 18691937
Ramelteon (MT1/MT2 agonist) reduced sleep latency without morning residuals, implying preserved/possible improved next-day concentration.
- Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
PubMed ID: 17875243
Large trial showed improved morning alertness and QoL in older adults, indirectly supporting concentration.
- Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects
PubMed ID: 18036082
PR-melatonin improved morning alertness in older adults, which supports better concentration the next day.
- Daytime sleep and performance following a zolpidem and melatonin cocktail
PubMed ID: 15700725
5 mg melatonin enhanced daytime nap sleep without impairing memory or vigilance, supporting preserved or improved concentration after naps.
- Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach
PubMed ID: 10665894
Stopping benzodiazepines with CR melatonin likely improves daytime cognition/attention by removing sedative medication effects.
- Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag
PubMed ID: 9844753
Reduced daytime sleepiness/fatigue after bedtime melatonin in travelers suggests better next‑day focus.
- A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew
PubMed ID: 8513037
Late-timed melatonin improved recovery of energy/alertness in cabin crew, implying better next-day focus after travel.
- Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol
PubMed ID: 1457626
Reduced morning tiredness after eastward travel suggests improved next-day cognitive readiness and focus.
- Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39437460
Reduction in daytime sleepiness (ESS) and better sleep quality in PD plausibly improves next‑day focus.
- Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia
PubMed ID: 19888921
Improved nocturnal sleep and reduced daytime challenging behaviours indicate better daytime functioning in that population.
- Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
PubMed ID: 36647974
Hemodialysis RCT improved sleep and mood which can translate to better next‑day focus.
- Dietary Melatonin Therapy Alleviates the Lamina Cribrosa Damages in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 32376818
MCI trial showed improved MMSE and cognitive biomarkers after melatonin — supports better concentration next day.
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Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.