Lutein
8 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
3,482 products in our catalogue print how much Lutein a serving holds.
Most common: 10 mg to 25 mg, 26% of 3,482 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 100 mcg or less | 171 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 269 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 370 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 200 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 192 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 434 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 720 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 916 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 160 |
| over 50 mg | 50 |
Dose per serving from research
158 study groups in 99 studies say how much Lutein participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 5 mg to 10 mg, 53% of 158 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 1 mg or less | 3 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 7 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 12 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 84 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 50 |
| over 25 mg | 2 |
Commonly used together
100 of 154 study groups took Lutein with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave. The 10 most common of 13.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Zeaxanthin | 81 |
| Meso-Zeaxanthin | 16 |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 15 |
| Vitamin E | 14 |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid | 11 |
| Vitamin C | 9 |
| Zinc | 8 |
| Beta-Carotene | 4 |
| Copper | 4 |
| Fish Oil | 4 |
Benefit Evidence
Research sources
Eye health (75)
- The Impact of Supplemental Antioxidants on Visual Function in Nonadvanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Head-to-Head Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29053808
Nonadvanced AMD trial showed robust contrast sensitivity improvements.
- Contrast Sensitivity and Lateral Inhibition Are Enhanced With Macular Carotenoid Supplementation
PubMed ID: 28431432
RCT showing MPOD increases correlated with improved lateral inhibition and contrast sensitivity.
- Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults
PubMed ID: 29135938
Young adults reported improved visual memory/attention along with MPOD increases, consistent with enhanced overall visual wellbeing.
- Sustained supplementation and monitored response with differing carotenoid formulations in early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 25976647
Three‑year supplementation (MZ‑containing) produced large, sustained MPOD gains.
- Oral Lutein Supplementation Enhances Macular Pigment Density and Contrast Sensitivity but Not in Combination With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
PubMed ID: 26720458
10 mg lutein improved MPOD and contrast sensitivity; omega‑3 co‑supplement reduced benefit.
- Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 25815324
Dose‑related, durable MPOD rises (up to ~35%) provide strong evidence for enhanced macular protection.
- Macular response to supplementation with differing xanthophyll formulations in subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 25311651
Significant MPOD increases within 8 weeks indicate strengthened macular pigment (natural filter/protection).
- Supplementation with three different macular carotenoid formulations in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 24887490
Different macular carotenoid mixes (including meso‑zeaxanthin) produced best contrast sensitivity gains.
- Lutein supplementation increases breast milk and plasma lutein concentrations in lactating women and infant plasma concentrations but does not affect other carotenoids
PubMed ID: 24899160
Maternal supplementation raised breast milk and infant plasma lutein—supports early life ocular nutrient delivery.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on neural processing speed and efficiency
PubMed ID: 25251377
Four‑month supplementation raised MPOD and modestly improved flicker fusion and reaction time (functional vision).
- Effects of a lutein supplement on the plasma lutein concentration and macular pigment in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy
PubMed ID: 25074771
20 mg/day lutein prevented MPOD decline in low‑baseline CSC patients—supports maintaining macular protection.
- A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual processing speed in young healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 25483230
Four‑month L/Z increased MPOD and made visual processing faster in young adults.
- Changes following supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin in retinal function in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25228440
2‑year trial showed sustained MPOD augmentation and improved retinal sensitivity—strong target engagement.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast
PubMed ID: 25468896
One‑year L+Z RCT improved photostress recovery time in healthy adults.
- Lutein supplementation over a one-year period in early AMD might have a mild beneficial effect on visual acuity: the CLEAR study
PubMed ID: 23385792
One‑year RCT with clear MPOD increases and some visual benefit in AMD patients.
- Serum and macular responses to multiple xanthophyll supplements in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 23312760
Large RCT in early AMD demonstrated dose‑dependent serum and MPOD increases with lutein (target tissue engagement).
- Glare disability, photostress recovery, and chromatic contrast: relation to macular pigment and serum lutein and zeaxanthin
PubMed ID: 23211814
Cross‑sectional study showed higher MPOD correlates with better glare resistance (associative evidence).
- Lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 23360692
Large 1‑year RCT in drivers reported significant improvements in glare sensitivity with 20 mg/day lutein.
- Serum response to supplemental macular carotenoids in subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 23211762
Dose‑dependent serum increases indicate bioavailability needed for macular deposition.
- The impact of macular pigment augmentation on visual performance using different carotenoid formulations
PubMed ID: 23132800
Triple-carotenoid supplements significantly raised MPOD and improved visual performance—clear boost to intrinsic macular protection.
- Comparison of dietary supplementation with lutein diacetate and lutein: a pilot study of the effects on serum and macular pigment
PubMed ID: 22428144
Lutein diacetate gave larger serum increases and faster MPOD rise than crystalline lutein—supports better protective loading.
- Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 22858124
Dose-response increases in MPOD with lutein in AMD patients demonstrate enhanced natural macular pigment protection.
- Effects of formulation on the bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over, comparative, single-dose study in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 23052623
Formulation markedly affected absorption; better bioavailability supports greater macular loading and protection.
- Improvement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22835510
20 mg lutein (and combos) raised MPOD and improved retinal electrophysiology—strong evidence for enhanced retinal protection.
- Effects of lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual acuity in patients with age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 21873668
MPOD increases and modest visual trends suggest improved contrast perception potential.
- Supplementation with all three macular carotenoids: response, stability, and safety
PubMed ID: 21979997
Supplementation with meso‑zeaxanthin/lutein/zeaxanthin raised central MPOD and serum carotenoids—direct evidence of boosting macular protection.
- Serum lutein response is greater from free lutein than from esterified lutein during 4 weeks of supplementation in healthy adults
PubMed ID: 21677121
Free lutein had superior serum AUC vs esters—better systemic delivery supports increased retinal protection potential.
- Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A
PubMed ID: 20385935
Long trial in RP showed increased retinal lutein/MPOD and slowed vision loss—strong evidence of protective effect.
- Augmentation of macular pigment following implantation of blue light-filtering intraocular lenses at the time of cataract surgery
PubMed ID: 19628740
Blue-filtering IOLs increased MPOD without serum rise—evidence that macular pigment augmentation confers photoprotection.
- A 12-week lutein supplementation improves visual function in Chinese people with long-term computer display light exposure
PubMed ID: 19586568
Randomized study found significant contrast-sensitivity improvements (especially with 12 mg lutein) in heavy computer users.
- LAST II: Differential temporal responses of macular pigment optical density in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration to dietary supplementation with xanthophylls
PubMed ID: 17478338
LAST trial data: lutein supplementation raised MPOD over 12 months, especially in those with low baseline pigment.
- Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial)
PubMed ID: 15117055
Randomized trial in atrophic AMD showed clear MPOD increases with lutein and associated visual benefits, strong support for retinal protection.
- Effects of Lutein Supplementation in Japanese Patients with Unilateral Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Sakai Lutein Study
PubMed ID: 32249850
High‑dose lutein (20 mg/day) tripled plasma lutein in AMD fellow eyes—strong systemic exposure though MPOD change was small at 6 months.
- Long term effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and omega-3-LCPUFAs supplementation on optical density of macular pigment in AMD patients: the LUTEGA study
PubMed ID: 23695657
172‑subject RCT documented marked MPOD increases with lutein/zeaxanthin+omega‑3, supporting natural retinal protection.
- TOZAL Study: an open case control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD
PubMed ID: 17324285
Open trial with multi‑nutrient including lutein reported modest BCVA gain versus control.
- Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Elderberries on Dry Eye Disease (DED) and Immunity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39770987
20‑day RCT reported reduced dry‑eye symptoms and improved self‑reported ocular health with lutein/zeaxanthin‑containing product.
- Feasibility Study of a Docosahexaenoic Acid-Optimized Nutraceutical Formulation on the Macular Levels of Lutein in a Healthy Mediterranean Population
PubMed ID: 32544914
DHA added to lutein raised MPOD more than lutein alone in healthy adults—strong biomarker evidence.
- Macular xanthophylls and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in age-related macular degeneration: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 23519529
12‑month RCT in nonexudative AMD: sustained MPOD increases with lutein/zeaxanthin+ω‑3.
- Effects of lutein and docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation on macular pigment optical density in a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23434908
1‑year trial in early AMD produced significant MPOD increases with lutein+DHA.
- The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation
PubMed ID: 18469279
Randomized trial showed clear increases in serum lutein and MPOD—direct evidence of boosting macular protection.
- Dietary Supplementation with a Combination of Lactoferrin, Fish Oil, and Enterococcus faecium WB2000 for Treating Dry Eye: A Rat Model and Human Clinical Study
PubMed ID: 26795265
Randomized trial: multi‑ingredient supplement including lutein improved tear production and dry‑eye symptoms — clear eye comfort benefit (multi-ingredient caveat).
- Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 23218821
Large RCT in early AMD: lutein/zeaxanthin + co-antioxidants produced ~+4.8 letters BCVA at 36 months vs placebo.
- Oral Antioxidant and Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplements Slow Geographic Atrophy Progression to the Fovea in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
PubMed ID: 39025435
Analyses showed L/Z supplementation slowed GA progression toward the fovea — structural protection of central retina.
- Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28
PubMed ID: 35653117
AREDS2 long-term data: lutein/zeaxanthin replacement reduced risk of progression to late AMD — strong evidence for macular protection.
- Impact of biofortified maize consumption on serum carotenoid concentrations in Zambian children
PubMed ID: 29321687
Biofortified maize increased children's serum zeaxanthin/lutein—population‑level strategy to boost ocular xanthophylls.
- Provitamin A-biofortified maize consumption increases serum xanthophylls and (13)C-natural abundance of retinol in Zambian children
PubMed ID: 28836851
Orange‑maize feeding raised lutein/zeaxanthin in children (and contributed to vitamin A pool) — practical dietary boosting of eye carotenoids.
- Effect of increasing fruit and vegetable intake by dietary intervention on nutritional biomarkers and attitudes to dietary change: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 28560503
Supplying extra fruits/vegetables markedly raised plasma lutein/zeaxanthin—effective route to increase ocular protective pigments.
- Antioxidative capacity of a dietary supplement on retinal hemodynamic function in a human lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model
PubMed ID: 25525163
Restored retinal vascular responses in an inflammatory model is consistent with improved retinal physiology and comfort.
- Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3
PubMed ID: 24310343
AREDS2 secondary analyses linked lutein/zeaxanthin to modestly lower progression to late AMD—may preserve central vision clarity.
- Egg intake improves carotenoid status by increasing plasma HDL cholesterol in adults with metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 23128450
Daily whole eggs for 12 weeks raised plasma lutein/zeaxanthin and HDL carotenoid carriage—clear route to increase ocular protective substrate.
- Effect of carotenoid supplementation on plasma carotenoids, inflammation and visual development in preterm infants
PubMed ID: 21760585
Preterm infants receiving carotenoid supplementation had greater rod photoreceptor sensitivity on ERG, directly indicating improved scotopic (low-light) retinal function.
- Serum lutein concentrations in healthy term infants fed human milk or infant formula with lutein
PubMed ID: 19672550
Lutein-fortified infant formula raised infant serum lutein dose-dependently (directly relevant to supplying macular pigment substrates early in life).
- Serum lutein and its dynamic changes during supplementation with lutein in Chinese subjects
PubMed ID: 19786379
Dose-dependent, sustained increases in serum lutein after supplementation provide a strong basis for increased macular pigment and natural retinal protection.
- The effect of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on metabolites of these carotenoids in the serum of persons aged 60 or older
PubMed ID: 17122108
Elderly subjects showed large serum lutein/zeaxanthin rises with supplementation, supporting greater availability for macular deposition.
- A European multicentre, placebo-controlled supplementation study with alpha-tocopherol, carotene-rich palm oil, lutein or lycopene: analysis of serum responses
PubMed ID: 11914107
Robust increase in serum lutein with supplementation — prerequisite for macular pigment augmentation and natural photoprotection.
- Red palm oil in the maternal diet increases provitamin A carotenoids in breastmilk and serum of the mother-infant dyad
PubMed ID: 11315503
Dietary red palm oil produced small increases in breastmilk lutein—shows maternal dietary modulation can boost lutein available to infants' eyes.
- No significant effects of lutein, lycopene or beta-carotene supplementation on biological markers of oxidative stress and LDL oxidizability in healthy adult subjects
PubMed ID: 11444419
Placebo-controlled 15 mg/day lutein for 3 months produced clear serum lutein increases—supports boosting ocular substrate even if oxidative biomarkers unchanged.
- Increasing vegetable and fruit intake: randomized intervention and monitoring in an at-risk population
PubMed ID: 10750670
Dietary program increasing fruit/vegetable intake elevated lutein/zeaxanthin at population scale—supports broad boosting of ocular carotenoids.
- Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans
PubMed ID: 10799382
Demonstrated that lutein ester absorption is greatly enhanced by a high-fat meal (+207%)—practical guidance to maximize lutein-based eye protection.
- Avocado Consumption Increases Macular Pigment Density in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28832514
Daily avocado raised serum lutein and macular pigment density substantially—direct evidence of boosting macular protection.
- Effects of Astaxanthin, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin on Eye-Hand Coordination and Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movement after Visual Display Terminal Operation in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Intergroup Trial
PubMed ID: 36986186
Improved eye–hand coordination and MPOD after screen work suggest greater comfort during VDT use.
- Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study
PubMed ID: 22009916
Two-year randomized supplementation improved visual function—consistent with enhanced macular protection.
- Effects of Macuprev(®) Supplementation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Double-Blind Randomized Morpho-Functional Study Along 6 Months of Follow-Up
PubMed ID: 31243641
Supplement (incl. lutein) improved central retinal electrophysiology—supports macular protective function.
- Dietary Nutrient Intake and Progression to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2
PubMed ID: 32858063
Strong observational link between higher dietary lutein/zeaxanthin and reduced progression to late AMD (macular protection).
- Effect of lutein supplementation on visual function in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
PubMed ID: 28429904
NPDR trial showed low‑frequency contrast sensitivity gains.
- Compared to an Oatmeal Breakfast, Two Eggs/Day Increased Plasma Carotenoids and Choline without Increasing Trimethyl Amine N-Oxide Concentrations
PubMed ID: 29313753
Dietary eggs increased plasma lutein/zeaxanthin—raising systemic xanthophyll availability for macular deposition.
- Macular peeling-induced retinal damage: clinical and histopathological evaluation after using different dyes
PubMed ID: 29948176
Use of lutein‑containing staining solution during macular surgery improved early visual recovery.
- Clinical Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lutein with High Bio-Accessibility on Macular Pigment Optical Density and Contrast Sensitivity: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Group Comparison Trial
PubMed ID: 32998324
Direct RCT evidence of improved contrast sensitivity after 12 mg lutein supplementation.
- Visual Function and Macular Carotenoid Changes in Eyes with Retinal Drusen-An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare a Micronized Lipid-Based Carotenoid Liquid Supplementation and AREDS-2 Formula
PubMed ID: 33114566
Head‑to‑head study found larger CSF gains with a micronized lutein formulation versus AREDS‑2.
- Night Vision and Carotenoids (NVC): A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial on Effects of Carotenoid Supplementation on Night Vision in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34579067
Placebo‑controlled RCT showed ~2× faster glare recovery and MPOD increases after 6 months of carotenoids.
- Efficacy of lutein supplements on macular pigment optical density in highly myopic individuals: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 36961139
In highly myopic adults lutein increased MPOD in a subgroup, indicating some augmentation of macular pigment.
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation Improves Dynamic Visual and Cognitive Performance in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 38363462
Children’s RCT increased MPOD substantially, increasing inherent ocular protection.
- Beneficial Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation in Restoring the Altered Microbiota and Gut-Retina Axis in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration-A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39599758
Adding lutein/zeaxanthin‑containing micronutrient to anti‑VEGF improved BCVA in wet AMD patients.
- Pistachio Consumption Increases Macular Pigment Optical Density in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 39426460
Daily pistachio intake produced marked increases in serum lutein and MPOD, directly boosting ocular pigment.
- Effect of Lutein Ester Supplement on Choroidal Thickness in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 41342624
Lutein‑ester in children prevented choroidal thinning (structural ocular protection), with MP benefits.
Healthy aging (25)
- Dietary Nutrient Intake and Progression to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2
PubMed ID: 32858063
Large cohort: higher dietary lutein/zeaxanthin linked to lower progression to late AMD (age-related outcome).
- Avocado Consumption Increases Macular Pigment Density in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28832514
Avocado RCT raised MPD and serum lutein in older adults; cognitive improvements suggest aging-related functional benefit.
- Plasma carotenoids are biomarkers of long-term high vegetable intake in women with breast cancer
PubMed ID: 10573560
3-year high-vegetable dietary intervention produced sustained plasma lutein increases—dietary support for long-term healthy aging.
- Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 16400064
Reduced lymphocyte DNA damage in older women suggests a molecular mechanism relevant to healthy aging.
- Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults
PubMed ID: 17284750
Reduced DNA damage after raising plasma lutein (watercress) is relevant to cellular aging processes.
- Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 23644932
AREDS2 large RCT: lutein/zeaxanthin addition did not meet primary endpoint but secondary/main‑effect analyses suggested modest AMD progression reduction.
- Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3
PubMed ID: 24310343
AREDS2 secondary analyses showed modest lower risk of late AMD, stronger in those with low dietary intake.
- Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28
PubMed ID: 35653117
AREDS2 long-term follow-up: lutein/zeaxanthin reduced progression to late AMD — clinically relevant to healthy ocular aging.
- Oral Antioxidant and Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplements Slow Geographic Atrophy Progression to the Fovea in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
PubMed ID: 39025435
AREDS/AREDS2 analyses: L/Z slowed geographic atrophy progression toward the fovea — structural preservation with aging relevance.
- Apolipoprotein E ε4-dependent associations between carotenoids and cognitive decline: Findings from the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative delay) randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40876538
Prospective cohort analysis: higher plasma lutein/zeaxanthin linked to slower 3‑yr cognitive decline (notably in APOE ε4 carriers).
- Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 23218821
Large RCT in early AMD: lutein/zeaxanthin plus co-antioxidants improved visual acuity and slowed progression — supports aging eye health.
- Omega-3 fatty acid, carotenoid and vitamin E supplementation improves working memory in older adults: A randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 34999335
24‑month RCT in older adults with lutein in combo improved working memory—relevant to aging cognition.
- Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables improves microvascular function in hypertensive subjects in a dose-dependent manner
PubMed ID: 19364976
Dose-dependent serum lutein rise with improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation—relevant to healthy aging vasculature.
- Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A
PubMed ID: 20385935
Long RP trial showed slowed field loss over years with lutein—supports retinal health preservation over time.
- Effects of lutein and lycopene on carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24047757
12‑month RCT reduced carotid intima‑media thickness, a vascular aging marker, with raised serum lutein.
- Serum and macular responses to multiple xanthophyll supplements in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 23312760
Long RCT in early AMD showing dose‑dependent MPOD/serum rises; relevant to retinal aging.
- Changes following supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin in retinal function in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 25228440
Up to 2‑year RCT increased MPOD and improved retinal sensitivity in early AMD—supports healthier retinal aging.
- Increases in plasma lutein through supplementation are correlated with increases in physical activity and reductions in sedentary time in older adults
PubMed ID: 24594505
In older adults, lutein rises associated with more daily activity and less sedentary time—supports functional aging.
- Lutein supplementation leads to decreased soluble complement membrane attack complex sC5b-9 plasma levels
PubMed ID: 25160533
Lowered complement activation (sC5b‑9), a systemic marker potentially relevant to AMD/aging processes.
- Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 25815324
Two‑year durable MPOD and functional gains in early AMD—relevant to age‑related retinal health.
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin Influence Brain Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28695791
Cognitive buffering and increased brain activation in older adults suggests aging‑related benefit.
- Supplemental Retinal Carotenoids Enhance Memory in Healthy Individuals with Low Levels of Macular Pigment in A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29332050
12‑month L+Z+MZ RCT improved memory and increased MP/serum lutein in healthy adults—relevant to healthy cognitive aging.
- Relation of Retinal and Serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin to White Matter Integrity in Older Adults: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
PubMed ID: 29161349
Cross‑sectional links between retinal/blood L&Z and better white‑matter integrity in older adults.
- The effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on resting state functional connectivity in older Caucasian adults: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30680611
Year‑long L+Z RCT increased brain network inter‑connectivity in older adults—consistent with neuroprotective aging effects.
- Effect of Lutein Ester Supplement on Choroidal Thickness in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 41342624
Large pediatric RCT showed structural ocular protection (reduced choroidal thinning), relevant to long‑term ocular health.
Antioxidant (31)
- Increasing vegetable and fruit intake: randomized intervention and monitoring in an at-risk population
PubMed ID: 10750670
Large dietary program raised lutein/zeaxanthin and modestly lowered LDL—supports antioxidant/cardiometabolic benefit.
- Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study
PubMed ID: 27662341
Oral lutein (and other carotenoids) attenuated UV‑induced stress‑gene activation in skin biopsies (molecular oxidative stress markers).
- Effect of increasing fruit and vegetable intake by dietary intervention on nutritional biomarkers and attitudes to dietary change: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 28560503
Provision of fruits/vegetables produced large increases in plasma lutein and other antioxidants.
- Antioxidative capacity of a dietary supplement on retinal hemodynamic function in a human lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model
PubMed ID: 25525163
Short antioxidant supplement restored impaired retinal hemodynamic responses in an endotoxin model (proof‑of‑concept antioxidant effect).
- A randomised controlled trial of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with type 2 diabetes
PubMed ID: 24423117
Higher fruit/veg intake raised serum lutein and boosted HDL antioxidant enzymes (PON‑1, LCAT).
- Egg intake improves carotenoid status by increasing plasma HDL cholesterol in adults with metabolic syndrome
PubMed ID: 23128450
Dietary eggs raised plasma lutein/zeaxanthin substantially—supports systemic antioxidant availability.
- Serum lutein and its dynamic changes during supplementation with lutein in Chinese subjects
PubMed ID: 19786379
Direct lutein supplementation produced large, dose-dependent increases in serum lutein (supports antioxidant availability).
- Dietary modification in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance: a randomized, multicentre feasibility study
PubMed ID: 18218061
Dietary counseling increased plasma lutein and total carotenoids, supporting antioxidant potential.
- Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults
PubMed ID: 17284750
Doubling of plasma lutein after watercress intake associated with marked reductions in multiple DNA-damage measures.
- Plasma and dietary carotenoids are associated with reduced oxidative stress in women previously treated for breast cancer
PubMed ID: 17932348
Observational associations between higher blood carotenoids (incl. lutein) and lower urinary markers of oxidative DNA damage.
- Increases in plasma carotenoid concentrations in response to a major dietary change in the women's healthy eating and living study
PubMed ID: 17035395
Large dietary program raised circulating carotenoids including lutein, consistent with improved systemic antioxidant status.
- Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate
PubMed ID: 16988134
Multi-nutrient juice increased plasma carotenoids and ORAC (+50%), showing increased antioxidant capacity.
- Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women
PubMed ID: 16400064
Supplementation (including lutein) significantly reduced endogenous lymphocyte DNA damage by day 57.
- Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress
PubMed ID: 12947433
Clear reductions in LDL oxidation susceptibility and urinary 8‑OHdG after carotenoid mixture including lutein.
- Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema
PubMed ID: 12514275
Mixed‑carotenoid supplement including lutein increased serum/skin carotenoids and reduced UV‑induced erythema (functional antioxidant effect in skin).
- A European multicentre, placebo-controlled supplementation study with alpha-tocopherol, carotene-rich palm oil, lutein or lycopene: analysis of serum responses
PubMed ID: 11914107
Large RCT: daily lutein supplementation produced large increases in serum lutein (biomarker prerequisite for antioxidant action).
- Effects of an Antioxidant-enriched Multivitamin in Cystic Fibrosis. A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29688760
Antioxidant multivitamin increased serum lutein and reduced inflammation markers in CF patients.
- A Moderate-Fat Diet with One Avocado per Day Increases Plasma Antioxidants and Decreases the Oxidation of Small, Dense LDL in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31616932
Avocado (↑lutein) trial showed decreased oxidized LDL—direct antioxidant/cardiometabolic effect.
- Effect of Long-Term Xanthophyll and Anthocyanin Supplementation on Lutein and Zeaxanthin Serum Concentrations and Macular Pigment Optical Density in Postmenopausal Women
PubMed ID: 30044439
Lutein+zeaxanthin supplementation produced large, sustained serum increases.
- Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39964702
10 mg/day lutein reduced plasma AGEs and oxidative‑stress markers in a double‑blind RCT.
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation Improves Dynamic Visual and Cognitive Performance in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 38363462
Children’s RCT increased serum carotenoids and BDNF with cognitive gains; antioxidant contribution plausible.
- Impacts of regular consumption of grapes on macular pigment accumulation in Singapore older adults: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 37605542
Grape powder (contains lutein among bioactives) raised plasma antioxidant capacity versus placebo.
- Systemic Effects of Prenatal Carotenoid Supplementation in the Mother and her Child: The Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) Randomized Trial -Report Number 1
PubMed ID: 37247819
Prenatal L+Z raised maternal/infant carotenoids (increases systemic antioxidant exposure).
- Effects of macular xanthophyll supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cognitive performance
PubMed ID: 31425700
Supplementation increased antioxidant capacity and lowered pro‑inflammatory IL‑1β in young adults.
- Lutein supplementation reduces plasma lipid peroxidation and C-reactive protein in healthy nonsmokers
PubMed ID: 23398944
RCT showed dose-dependent increases in total antioxidant capacity and reductions in lipid peroxidation and CRP.
- Protective effects of oral antioxidants on skin and eye function
PubMed ID: 15538079
Carotenoid supplementation in smokers reduced serum oxidative stress by ~40%, a strong trial signal (formulation included lutein).
- Spread supplemented with moderate doses of vitamin E and carotenoids reduces lipid peroxidation in healthy, nonsmoking adults
PubMed ID: 14594786
Spread with vitamin E + carotenoids increased LDL antioxidant capacity and reduced lipid peroxidation, consistent with systemic antioxidant effects.
- Consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces severity and duration of selected upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and increases plasma vitamin C concentration in healthy older adults
PubMed ID: 22172428
Kiwifruit trial increased plasma lutein and reduced lipid peroxidation (food source).
- Lipid and protein oxidation in newborn infants after lutein administration
PubMed ID: 24876916
Neonatal RCT showed reduced lipid/protein oxidation markers and higher BAP after lutein.
- Macular xanthophylls and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in age-related macular degeneration: a randomized trial
PubMed ID: 23519529
12-month RCT showed increased plasma antioxidant capacity with lutein/zeaxanthin+ω‑3.
- [Metabolic estimation of efficiency of vitamin and mineral complexes in qualified athletes]
PubMed ID: 33740332
Multivitamin (including lutein) lowered 8‑isoprostane in athletes — direct RCT evidence of reduced oxidative stress markers.
Focus & concentration (17)
- Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women
PubMed ID: 18510807
4‑month RCT showed better verbal fluency and improved memory in combined lutein+DHA group.
- Apolipoprotein E ε4-dependent associations between carotenoids and cognitive decline: Findings from the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative delay) randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40876538
Prospective analysis showed higher plasma lutein/zeaxanthin linked to better 3‑yr global cognition (including memory/attention metrics), especially in APOE ε4 carriers.
- Effects of 12-week avocado consumption on cognitive function among adults with overweight and obesity
PubMed ID: 31846631
Avocado intake improved attention accuracy (Flanker task) in overweight adults; serum lutein increased.
- Avocado Consumption Increases Macular Pigment Density in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28832514
Randomized trial: daily avocado raised serum lutein and MPD and associated with better spatial working memory and planning.
- Effects of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Combination with Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Episodic Memory in Healthy Older Adults
PubMed ID: 37447152
Combined supplements including lutein produced clinically meaningful memory improvements in older adults with baseline decline (subgroup).
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin Influence Brain Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28695791
Older adults showed improved verbal learning and increased prefrontal/ACC activation with lutein+zeaxanthin.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on neural processing speed and efficiency
PubMed ID: 25251377
Improved CFF and reaction time indicate faster neural processing that can aid focus.
- A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual processing speed in young healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 25483230
Faster visual processing after L/Z supplementation could support improved attentional processing.
- Enhanced physical and cognitive performance in active duty Airmen: evidence from a randomized multimodal physical fitness and nutritional intervention
PubMed ID: 33077817
Multi‑nutrient beverage including lutein enhanced working memory in active‑duty Airmen versus exercise alone (RCT), supporting improved focus (combined formula).
- Supplementation With Carotenoids, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E Has a Positive Effect on the Symptoms and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
PubMed ID: 36093704
Combined carotenoid+omega‑3+vitamin E intervention raised carotenoids and produced memory improvements in mild–moderate Alzheimer patients over 12 months.
- Omega-3 fatty acid, carotenoid and vitamin E supplementation improves working memory in older adults: A randomised clinical trial
PubMed ID: 34999335
Double‑blind RCT in older adults showed fewer working memory errors after 24 months with a lutein‑containing formula.
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation Improves Dynamic Visual and Cognitive Performance in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 38363462
Pediatric RCT showed improved cognitive measures and BDNF with lutein/zeaxanthin gummies.
- Higher circulating α-carotene was associated with better cognitive function: an evaluation among the MIND trial participants
PubMed ID: 34527222
Cross‑sectional cohort: higher lutein/zeaxanthin linked to better global cognition and semantic memory.
- The effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on resting state functional connectivity in older Caucasian adults: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30680611
Year‑long supplementation altered brain functional connectivity in older adults—consistent with cognitive benefit.
- Effects of macular xanthophyll supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cognitive performance
PubMed ID: 31425700
Double‑blind RCT reported improvements in memory, attention and multiple cognitive domains with xanthophylls.
- Supplemental Retinal Carotenoids Enhance Memory in Healthy Individuals with Low Levels of Macular Pigment in A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29332050
Well‑powered 12‑month RCT showed statistically significant memory improvement correlated with MP/serum lutein increases.
- Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults
PubMed ID: 29135938
Yearlong RCT showed improved visual memory and attention measures correlated with MPOD increases.
Endurance (11)
- Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 25815324
Sustained MPOD increases and contrast improvements over 2 years imply better sustained visual performance.
- Sustained supplementation and monitored response with differing carotenoid formulations in early age-related macular degeneration
PubMed ID: 25976647
Three‑year augmentation of MPOD (esp. with MZ) associated with durable functional gains.
- Contrast Sensitivity and Lateral Inhibition Are Enhanced With Macular Carotenoid Supplementation
PubMed ID: 28431432
Improvements in lateral inhibition and contrast are consistent with prolonged visual performance capacity.
- The Impact of Supplemental Antioxidants on Visual Function in Nonadvanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Head-to-Head Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29053808
Broad improvements in visual performance in nonadvanced AMD suggest better endurance of vision tasks.
- Night Vision and Carotenoids (NVC): A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial on Effects of Carotenoid Supplementation on Night Vision in Older Adults
PubMed ID: 34579067
Carotenoid supplementation improved UFOV reaction times and composite crash‑risk measures—indicative of sustained visual performance.
- A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual processing speed in young healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 25483230
Faster temporal processing and increased MPOD likely support sustained visual performance.
- Lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 23360692
Improved mesopic contrast and glare performance in drivers implies better sustained visual function.
- The impact of macular pigment augmentation on visual performance using different carotenoid formulations
PubMed ID: 23132800
Combined carotenoid supplementation produced MPOD and visual-performance gains likely supporting sustained vision.
- Improvement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 22835510
Objective retinal-response improvements and MPOD increases in early AMD suggest better sustained retinal function.
- Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A
PubMed ID: 20385935
In RP patients 12 mg/day lutein slowed mid-peripheral visual-field loss over years—preservation of visual function/stamina.
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on neural processing speed and efficiency
PubMed ID: 25251377
Improvements in flicker fusion frequency and reaction time suggest enhanced visual endurance over tasks.
Blood circulation (10)
- Consumption of Nutritionally Enriched Hen Eggs Enhances Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation via Cyclooxygenase Metabolites in Healthy Young People-A Randomized Study
PubMed ID: 37049437
Randomized trial: enriched eggs (including lutein) improved small‑vessel endothelium‑dependent dilation.
- Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39964702
Lutein lowered LDL/ApoB and improved metabolic markers in centrally obese adults—favorable for circulation.
- A Moderate-Fat Diet with One Avocado per Day Increases Plasma Antioxidants and Decreases the Oxidation of Small, Dense LDL in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31616932
Avocado (↑lutein) lowered oxidized LDL—direct indicator of improved vascular oxidative status.
- Increasing vegetable and fruit intake: randomized intervention and monitoring in an at-risk population
PubMed ID: 10750670
Large dietary program raised lutein/zeaxanthin and slightly lowered LDL, relevant to circulation.
- A randomised controlled trial of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with type 2 diabetes
PubMed ID: 24423117
Increased HDL carotenoids and PON‑1/LCAT activities imply improved HDL function relevant to circulation.
- Consumption of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol lowering foods improves blood lipids without affecting concentrations of fat soluble compounds
PubMed ID: 25326876
Portfolio diet markedly lowered LDL cholesterol (cardio/circulatory benefit) while preserving fat‑soluble vitamins—indirect support for vascular health with carotenoid preservation.
- Antioxidative capacity of a dietary supplement on retinal hemodynamic function in a human lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model
PubMed ID: 25525163
Antioxidant supplement reversed endotoxin‑induced retinal blood‑flow impairments—direct retinal circulation finding.
- Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables improves microvascular function in hypertensive subjects in a dose-dependent manner
PubMed ID: 19364976
Randomized dietary trial showed dose-dependent lutein rises and significant improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
- Effects of lutein supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, ApoE and lipid profiles in early atherosclerosis population
PubMed ID: 23154578
20 mg/day lutein lowered LDL and inflammatory cytokines in early atherosclerosis patients.
- Effects of lutein and lycopene on carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 24047757
Large RCT showed significant CAIMT reductions over 12 months with lutein (and lutein+lycopene).
Skin appearance (4)
- Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema
PubMed ID: 12514275
Supplement containing lutein raised skin carotenoids and reduced UV‑induced erythema (direct functional improvement in skin appearance/resilience).
- Consuming High-Carotenoid Fruit and Vegetables Influences Skin Yellowness and Plasma Carotenoids in Young Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Crossover Trial
PubMed ID: 27160341
High‑carotenoid diet raised plasma lutein and measurably increased skin yellowness (perceptible healthier coloration) over 4 weeks.
- Effect of increasing fruit and vegetable intake by dietary intervention on nutritional biomarkers and attitudes to dietary change: a randomised trial
PubMed ID: 28560503
Provision of fruits/vegetables increased plasma lutein and other antioxidants—skin color and antioxidant status improved.
- Reflection Spectroscopy-Assessed Skin Carotenoids Are Sensitive to Change in Carotenoid Intake in a 6-Week Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial in a Racially/Ethnically Diverse Sample
PubMed ID: 36804322
Randomized feeding trial: carrot–orange juice substantially increased skin carotenoid score (noninvasive biomarker related to skin appearance/health).
Skin health (2)
- Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema
PubMed ID: 12514275
Mixed‑carotenoid intervention including lutein reduced UV erythema — direct evidence of improved skin resilience.
- Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study
PubMed ID: 27662341
Oral lutein reduced UV‑induced upregulation of stress genes (HO1, ICAM1, MMP1) in skin biopsies—molecular evidence for photoprotective resilience.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Lutein
Search all4857 products whose verified label declares Lutein — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.