Glutamine

PubMed ID: 22055478

Enteral glutamine improved lymphocyte counts and reduced oxidative stress markers in ICU patients (supports recovery in acute illness).

PubMed ID: 16949180

Strong clinical effect: peri-chemotherapy oral glutamine reduced mucositis and intestinal permeability — improves overall treatment resilience.

PubMed ID: 17038253

Glutamine-supplemented TPN in MODS reduced biomarkers of mucosal injury — indicates improved recovery capacity in severe illness.

PubMed ID: 26266659

Glutamine+elemental diet markedly reduced oral mucositis and preserved weight during chemo — clear overall recovery benefit in that setting.

PubMed ID: 24561970

In malnourished septic patients, combined glutamine routes improved biochemical nutrition/muscle indices and organ-failure scores—supports resilience in severe illness.

PubMed ID: 9720743

Parenteral glutamine preserved hepatic synthetic markers in BMT patients—evidence of benefit to recovery capability under extreme stress.

PubMed ID: 14581795

Earlier attainment of full enteral feeds in preterm infants implies faster functional recovery of the gut and improved clinical outcomes.

PubMed ID: 26004031

Enhanced rehabilitation combined with essential AAs (including glutamine) significantly improved 6‑minute walk distance and psychological outcomes after critical illness — strong real‑world recovery signal (combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 26269566

Combined alanyl‑glutamine and fish oil modestly increased lean mass and QoL in heart‑failure patients → modest resilience/recovery benefit albeit confounded.

PubMed ID: 15906909

Immunonutrition including glutamine reduced infections and hospital stay after gastric cancer surgery → supports enhanced recovery (confounded by other nutrients).

PubMed ID: 25070447

Perioperative microbial‑immune enteral nutrition (with glutamine) significantly improved immune indices and clinical outcomes after GI perforation — notable overall recovery signal (multi‑component).

PubMed ID: 29081098

Alanyl‑glutamine improved GI recovery, reduced ICU stay and antidote use in severe poisoning → improved resilience and recovery.

PubMed ID: 35334570

Reduced chemotherapy‑associated diarrhea with alanyl‑glutamine contributes to better treatment tolerance and recovery though sample small.

PubMed ID: 1567096

Strong randomized evidence after BMT: better nitrogen balance, fewer infections, shorter hospitalization → robust overall recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 7963169

Randomized PN trial in BMT patients found multiple meaningful clinical benefits (fewer infections, improved nitrogen balance, shorter hospitalization) indicating improved recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 9263282

Parenteral glutamine in critically ill patients substantially improved 6‑month survival — strong evidence for improved resilience/recovery.

PubMed ID: 9403648

Enteral glutamine in VLBW infants reduced sepsis and improved feeding tolerance — improved clinical recovery outcomes.

PubMed ID: 9178278

Duplicate report of the same ICU PN trial confirming survival/resilience benefit.

PubMed ID: 9829607

VLBW infant trial showed reduced morbidity and hospital costs with enteral glutamine — supports recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 9722068

BMT trial: improved mucositis and opioid use in autologous recipients and mixed/allogeneic effects — overall mixed but notable benefits.

PubMed ID: 9990574

Enteral glutamine in ICU lowered postintervention hospital costs (no mortality difference) suggesting improved clinical course/resource use.

PubMed ID: 12297203

Reduced nosocomial infections in SIRS patients — meaningful clinical resilience benefit.

PubMed ID: 12093428

ICU parenteral glutamine reduced key infections and associated with improved medium-term survival in those fed ≥5 days.

PubMed ID: 14530749

Burn RCT: large reductions in bloodstream infections and mortality with enteral glutamine — strong overall recovery signal.

PubMed ID: 12903886

Burn trial: biochemical and clinical improvements including shorter stay and improved gut barrier.

PubMed ID: 12604409

Consistent transplant trials showed faster immune reconstitution and less mucositis with glutamine‑enriched nutrition.

PubMed ID: 15447818

Large RCT in severe burns/trauma with improved gut barrier, protein metabolism and immune indices — meaningful clinical recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Multicenter RCT showing raised plasma glutamine, better nitrogen balance, faster wound healing and shorter hospital stay.

PubMed ID: 16086046

Pediatric stem‑cell transplant trial: fewer days on IV narcotics and TPN with oral glutamine — clinically meaningful recovery endpoints.

PubMed ID: 15774291

Severe burn trial with biochemical and clinical benefits (reduced proteolysis, faster healing, shorter hospitalization).

PubMed ID: 16725264

Strong RCT evidence in severe burns for improved immune function, faster wound healing and shorter hospitalization with glutamine.

PubMed ID: 16437375

Reduced chemotherapy‑related intestinal permeability and maintained serum glutamine support mucosal integrity and recovery.

PubMed ID: 17154160

Large RCT showing reduced chemotherapy‑induced oral mucositis incidence and severity, indicating improved resilience to mucosal injury.

PubMed ID: 18317456

Randomized trial showing markedly better short‑term survival (D+180) after allo‑SCT with glutamine‑enriched PN — strong evidence for improved overall recovery/resilience in that setting.

PubMed ID: 18822919

Clinically meaningful symptom and response‑rate improvements in UC when glutamine was added to therapy point to improved disease‑specific recovery.

PubMed ID: 19681775

Biochemical improvements (↑plasma glutamine, preserved GSH) after cardiac surgery indicate enhanced physiological resilience, though clinical outcomes were not clearly improved.

PubMed ID: 19951555

Preservation of lean tissue, improved glucose control and ~8‑day shorter hospital stay in severe head injury support meaningful overall recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 21463215

Fewer NEC and septicemia and improved gut barrier in preterm infants demonstrates major resilience/clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 21396307

Multiple positive postoperative outcomes (reduced IL‑6/CRP, improved nutrition, fewer infections) indicate improved overall recovery.

PubMed ID: 22512878

Shorter hospital stay and fewer deaths in severe acute pancreatitis with IV glutamine indicates improved overall clinical recovery (small study).

PubMed ID: 23071202

Neonatal glutamine associated with larger brain volumes at school age mediated by fewer infections—long‑term resilience signal.

PubMed ID: 22788925

Postoperative EN+Gln improved immune/nutritional markers and shortened hospitalization after gastrectomy.

PubMed ID: 23378398

VLBW infant trial reduced feeding intolerance and trended toward fewer complications—improved recovery in neonates.

PubMed ID: 24351534

Burn trial (glutamine+ulinastatin) showed substantial improvements in healing, sepsis rates and hospital stay—strong recovery signal.

PubMed ID: 25351453

Head‑and‑neck CRT patients had less mucositis, lower pain and shorter opioid/tube feeding needs with oral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 26862634

Burn RCT showing large reductions in bloodstream and wound infections implies substantial clinical resilience benefit.

PubMed ID: 24992652

Postoperative enteral glutamine improved albumin, lean mass and quality-of-life after head/neck surgery.

PubMed ID: 27660289

Post-hoc subgroup of immunocompromised children showed fewer infections with a regimen including glutamine (exploratory).

PubMed ID: 27401338

Children with ALL maintained nutrition and immune markers and had less edema on glutamine-enriched nutrition.

PubMed ID: 27775778

Severe acute pancreatitis trial reported fewer complications, lower mortality and shorter stays with glutamine‑TPN.

PubMed ID: 28272402

Glutamine reduced IL‑6 and cortisol during radiochemotherapy, suggesting improved physiologic resilience.

PubMed ID: 30108163

Large RCT in post-infectious IBS‑D: glutamine normalized gut permeability and improved symptoms dramatically—translates to marked improvement in patient resilience/quality of life.

PubMed ID: 30021096

Phase 3 trial in sickle cell disease: l‑glutamine reduced number of pain crises and hospitalizations over 48 weeks—strong clinical evidence for improving disease-related resilience/recovery.

PubMed ID: 31612309

Enteral glutamine improved gut permeability and reduced IL‑6 in severe pancreatitis; mechanistic recovery signals though hard clinical endpoints were unchanged.

PubMed ID: 30813149

Oral glutamine during chemoradiation substantially reduced esophagitis, delayed onset, and prevented weight loss—meaningful improvement in treatment tolerance and recovery.

PubMed ID: 32711440

Pediatric ALL trial showed large reductions in mucositis incidence/severity and shorter admissions, indicating major improvement in treatment resilience and recovery.

PubMed ID: 33809996

Glutamine improved antioxidant status and muscle strength in older women, supporting functional recovery and resilience.

PubMed ID: 34285108

Glutamine mouthwash markedly reduced chemo‑related oral mucositis and pain, enhancing tolerance of cancer therapy and recovery.

PubMed ID: 36730070

IV glutamine reduced early kidney‑injury biomarkers after cardiac surgery — supports organ resilience in the perioperative period.

PubMed ID: 36880009

Perioperative IV glutamine improved cardiac biomarkers and indices after CABG in low‑EF patients, indicating enhanced recovery potential.

PubMed ID: 37994411

Glutamine‑enriched diet reduced treatment‑related GI toxicity in rectal cancer patients, contributing to overall treatment resilience.

PubMed ID: 39028356

Oral L‑glutamine in children with sickle cell disease significantly reduced VOC frequency and hospitalizations and improved QoL — strong overall resilience/recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 38493953

Oral glutamine improved radiation‑induced mucositis severity and symptoms — clinically relevant for recovery in cancer patients.

PubMed ID: 38384124

Large RCT after neurosurgery found topical glutamine reduced mucositis and pneumonia — meaningful improvement in post‑operative recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 39271904

Probiotic‑driven intestinal glutamine increases were associated with reduced inflammation and feeding intolerance in preemies — supports resilience via gut immunity and nutrition.

PubMed ID: 40295318

Topical glutamine + HA reduced severe mucositis and improved symptom scores in radiochemotherapy — contributes to overall patient recovery.

PubMed ID: 32826717

Oral Ala‑Gln improved gut barrier and transient weight measures in undernourished children—supporting short‑term recovery of mucosal/nutritional status.

PubMed ID: 30782281

Ala‑Gln reduced steroid use and weight loss in pediatric illness—meaningful clinical recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 30360960

Ala‑Gln in PD patients improved membrane health and immune biomarkers—supports clinical resilience in chronic therapy setting.

PubMed ID: 24931756

Parenteral Ala‑Gln reduced hyperglycemia and insulin needs in polytrauma ICU patients (clinical recovery metric).

PubMed ID: 24374803

Perioperative IV Ala‑Gln improved metabolic/inflammatory markers and sped recovery after colon surgery.

PubMed ID: 22513659

Infant trial showed reduced sepsis risk during TPN period — supports improved resilience to infection in a specific context.

PubMed ID: 20005375

Liver transplant patients had improved nutrition markers, less liver injury and shorter hospital stays with Ala‑Gln.

PubMed ID: 19608826

In trauma ICU patients Ala‑Gln increased plasma glutathione (antioxidant) suggesting improved physiological resilience.

PubMed ID: 18227044

In severe pancreatitis Ala‑Gln raised glutamine, lowered inflammatory cytokines and associated with shorter stay and lower mortality.

PubMed ID: 18712409

Perioperative Ala‑Gln reduced inflammation and immune suppression after GI surgery (supports resilience).

PubMed ID: 18596310

In critically ill surgical PN patients, Ala-Gln reduced infections (subgroup) and improved organ indices — supports improved recovery.

PubMed ID: 18596311

Reduced infections, improved nitrogen balance and immune markers in severe acute pancreatitis — overall recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 18200673

Early IV Ala-Gln in severe acute pancreatitis produced large reductions in organ-failure durations, LOS and mortality — strong evidence of improved overall recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 17708846

Early PN glutamine raised HSP70 and was associated with fewer organ dysfunctions — supports resilience in critical illness.

PubMed ID: 17325559

Enteral Ala-Gln produced improved gut barrier and weight gain in undernourished children — meaningful recovery/resilience in that population.

PubMed ID: 16965691

Parenteral Ala-Gln in GI cancer chemo patients reduced side effects and preserved nutrition markers — aids overall recovery during treatment.

PubMed ID: 12641984

Burn patients had faster wound healing and shorter hospital stays with oral Ala-Gln — clear recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 12352037

Parenteral Ala-Gln increased plasma glutamine and was associated with substantially better 6-month survival in patients treated ≥9 days (clinically meaningful resilience effect).

PubMed ID: 10483898

Large RCT: Ala‑Gln in PN improved nitrogen balance, gut permeability and shortened hospital stay (strong overall recovery evidence).

PubMed ID: 35964137

Preop HMB+Arg+Gln shortened ICU/hospital stay after cardiac surgery, indicating improved perioperative recovery though glutamine attribution is confounded.

PubMed ID: 32114728

Burn patients receiving glutamine (with ulinastatin) had improved hemodynamics and lung water.

PubMed ID: 28980034

Modest increases in plasma glutamine in trauma patients support biochemical recovery capacity.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Perioperative trial showed cardioprotective/hemodynamic benefits after cardiac surgery.

PubMed ID: 21336131

ICU RCT: fewer infections and improved glycemic control indicate better clinical resilience.

PubMed ID: 19382426

Preserved glutathione and albumin with trends to fewer infections suggest better postoperative resilience/recovery.

PubMed ID: 17573745

Perioperative glutamine reduced wound complications and hospital stay after colorectal cancer surgery, indicating enhanced recovery.

PubMed ID: 16505644

Large multicenter RCT showing reduced complicated outcomes and infections with alanyl-glutamine in critically ill patients—strong evidence for improved recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 15941893

Reduced infectious morbidity in VLBW infants shows meaningful resilience benefits in a vulnerable population.

PubMed ID: 14757388

Lower infectious morbidity and better protein/immune markers after severe abdominal infection support improved clinical recovery.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Alanyl‑glutamine substitution in TPN was associated with less inflammation, faster immune recovery and fewer complications—strong evidence for improved overall postoperative resilience.

PubMed ID: 9434700

Parenteral amino‑acid support blunted postoperative proteolysis and improved nitrogen balance in infants—supports overall recovery.

PubMed ID: 34645147

Combined Ala‑Gln and intensive insulin in burns improved glycemic/hemodynamic measures—supports better overall physiologic recovery (confounded).

PubMed ID: 37023559

Marked reduction in postoperative adhesions with intraperitoneal Ala‑Gln translates to substantial improvement in surgical recovery and outcomes.

PubMed ID: 40996178

Parenteral Ala‑Gln after liver transplant improved nutrition markers, shortened ICU/hospital stay and reduced infections—strong overall recovery signal.

PubMed ID: 15019120

Burn RCT: improved gut barrier and shortened hospital stay with glutamine — strong evidence for improved overall recovery in severe injury.

PubMed ID: 22249475

Undernourished child trial: gut and growth improvements with glutamine linked to later cognitive gains in a subgroup — supports long-term resilience benefits in malnutrition contexts.

PubMed ID: 23599623

Acute pancreatitis trial: glutamine-containing fluids reduced infections and improved gut barrier and inflammation — strong support for resilience in critical illness.

PubMed ID: 34973853

Severe burn RCT: glutamine attenuated hypermetabolism, reduced organ‑injury and intestinal permeability markers — broad clinical recovery benefits.

PubMed ID: 9482764

OKG improved nitrogen balance and wound healing in burns—broad benefits to recovery.

PubMed ID: 35411147

Perioperative IV glutamine reduced cardiac injury/lactate and increased cardiac index—supports improved recovery after major surgery.

PubMed ID: 8857857

Immune-enhancing enteral diet containing glutamine reduced major infections and resource use after severe trauma — strong clinical recovery signal (multi-nutrient).

PubMed ID: 9737282

Trauma RCT with glutamine‑enriched enteral nutrition produced large reductions in infectious complications — major contribution to overall recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 11819790

Perioperative immunonutrition with glutamine improved immune function and lowered inflammation — supports postoperative resilience (multi‑nutrient formula).

PubMed ID: 18007263

Septic ICU patients had faster organ-dysfunction score improvement with enteral glutamine dipeptides plus antioxidants — indicates resilience under stress.

PubMed ID: 28336107

Enriched enteral feeding reduced early mortality after stomach cancer surgery — supports improved overall postoperative resilience.

PubMed ID: 28162818

Preoperative immunonutrition shortened LOS and reduced complications after pancreatic surgery — broad recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 29672184

Multi-month improvements in lean mass and function in older adults reflect enhanced recovery/resilience.

PubMed ID: 30710211

Marked reductions in fistula recurrence and infections with preop arginine+glutamine show powerful clinical resilience benefits.

PubMed ID: 32593895

Post‑transplant improvements in strength, muscle mass, and shorter LOS indicate enhanced overall recovery with HMB/Arg/Gln-containing formula.

PubMed ID: 34371175

Perioperative immunonutrition reduced fistula rates and LOS after head & neck surgery — strong overall recovery signal.

PubMed ID: 35148750

Preoperative HMB/Arg/Gln blunted postoperative inflammation — supports broader recovery and resilience (combination product).

PubMed ID: 37739730

HMB/Arg/Gln substantially reduced severe mucositis and mitigated weight loss during chemoradiation — clinically meaningful resilience benefit (combination).

PubMed ID: 39765161

Preop HMB/Arg/Gln improved exercise capacity, function and shortened hospital stay — strong multi-domain recovery/resilience signal (multi-ingredient).

PubMed ID: 40603739

Oral glutamine directly reduced mucositis severity/pain and preserved body weight during RT — strong evidence of improved overall recovery in that setting (direct glutamine RCT).

PubMed ID: 26080850

Cancer patients taking a glutamine+EPA+BCAA supplement maintained muscle and had fewer infections and better therapy completion (clinical resilience benefits, product combined).

PubMed ID: 31504110

Amino‑acid supplement including glutamine improved small‑bowel villus morphology and barrier leak modestly in environmental enteropathy (supports mucosal resilience).

PubMed ID: 25980810

Dietary glutamine in heat‑stressed broilers improved growth and reduced stress biomarkers — preclinical evidence of resilience benefits.

PubMed ID: 14757388

TPN with L-alanyl-L-glutamine reduced infectious morbidity and improved immune/nitrogen markers after secondary peritonitis.

PubMed ID: 15941893

Enteral glutamine in VLBW infants significantly reduced infectious morbidity vs control (robust RCT result).

PubMed ID: 16505644

Large ICU RCT: alanyl-glutamine reduced infections (including pneumonia) and mean infections per patient significantly.

PubMed ID: 21336131

Alanine‑glutamine in TPN reduced ventilator‑associated pneumonia and UTIs in ICU RCT.

PubMed ID: 10483898

Ala‑Gln‑supplemented PN maintained gut barrier and attenuated postoperative immune depression (large RCT).

PubMed ID: 27401338

Children with ALL: glutamine-enriched nutrition preserved T-cell subsets and reduced edema.

PubMed ID: 27660289

Post-hoc subgroup: multimodal product including glutamine associated with fewer infections in immunocompromised children.

PubMed ID: 25701159

Critically ill children: glutamine maintained HSP-70 and reduced IL-6 (biomarkers of immune/stress response).

PubMed ID: 26862634

Double-blind RCT in severe burns: marked reduction in bloodstream and wound infections.

PubMed ID: 25016261

Enteral immune nutrition containing glutamine improved immune indices postoperatively.

PubMed ID: 24351534

Burn patients receiving glutamine+ulinastatin had improved inflammatory markers and reduced sepsis.

PubMed ID: 22788925

Post‑gastrectomy EN+glutamine increased CD4+, NK cells and IgM/IgG vs control.

PubMed ID: 23071202

Neonatal glutamine linked to larger brain volumes mediated by fewer early infections—indirect evidence of immune protection.

PubMed ID: 21396307

Postoperative glutamine‑enriched TPN lowered IL‑6/CRP and reduced infectious complications.

PubMed ID: 21463215

Preterm neonates given oral glutamine had improved gut barrier and fewer NEC and bloodstream infections—clear immune‑related clinical benefit.

PubMed ID: 20122815

Glutamine‑supplemented TPN produced large increases in neopterin and lymphocytes, indicating strong immune activation.

PubMed ID: 19647623

Preoperative IV glutamine transiently increased WBC, granulocyte and lymphocyte counts, consistent with short‑term immune stimulation.

PubMed ID: 18317456

Glutamine‑enriched PN improved survival after allo‑SCT, plausibly via immune‑related mechanisms (clinical immune‑relevant outcome).

PubMed ID: 16697041

Piglet study showed gut‑associated immune modulation (Th1 responses), supporting an immune role (animal model).

PubMed ID: 16796925

Perioperative immunonutrition including glutamine improved immune lab markers in elderly surgical patients (multi‑nutrient confounder).

PubMed ID: 16725264

Severely burned patients showed increased cellular immune indices and fewer hospital days with oral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 16194311

Oral glutamine in trauma/burn patients raised plasma glutamine and reported improved immune markers (randomized).

PubMed ID: 15158303

Enteral glutamine after severe trauma restored Type‑1 T‑cell IFN‑γ responses by day 14—clear immunomodulation.

PubMed ID: 15447818

Oral glutamine in severe burn/trauma raised plasma Gln and improved gut‑barrier and immune indices (large RCT).

PubMed ID: 14990264

Glycyl‑glutamine shortened neutropenia and sped neutrophil recovery in a chemo subgroup—direct immunologic/hematologic benefit.

PubMed ID: 12604409

Glutamine-enriched TPN after autologous SCT sped lymphocyte recovery and reduced mucositis (immune reconstitution).

PubMed ID: 12903886

Burn trial: increased plasma glutamine and improved gut barrier — associated immune benefits and fewer complications.

PubMed ID: 14530749

Burn patients: fewer bloodstream infections and lower mortality with enteral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 12093428

ICU parenteral glutamine reduced catheter/Candida infections and improved 6‑month survival in adequately fed patients.

PubMed ID: 12297203

Multicenter RCT in SIRS showed fewer acquired infections (esp. pneumonia) with enteral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 12221212

Trauma RCT: enteral glutamine restored plasma glutamine and increased monocyte HLA‑DR (immune marker).

PubMed ID: 9829607

Enteral glutamine in VLBW infants lowered morbidity and costs — consistent immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 9178278

Duplicate report of the ICU PN trial showing improved survival with glutamine.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Alanyl‑glutamine added to TPN accelerated recovery of immune markers and reduced postoperative complications.

PubMed ID: 9403648

Enteral glutamine in VLBW infants reduced hospital-acquired sepsis — strong immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 9263282

Parenteral glutamine in critically ill increased 6‑month survival, consistent with improved resilience/immune outcomes.

PubMed ID: 7963169

Randomized PN trial in BMT patients: glutamine improved nitrogen balance, shortened hospital stay and reduced infection rates — strong clinical immune-related benefit.

PubMed ID: 1567096

Randomized parenteral glutamine after BMT improved nitrogen balance, markedly reduced clinical infections and shortened hospital stay → strong immune-support signal.

PubMed ID: 25070447

Enteral formula containing glutamine + probiotics/fish oil halved infectious morbidity and improved T-cell/NK counts post-op (multi‑component intervention).

PubMed ID: 22648843

Enteral nutrition with glutamine/probiotics/fish oil improved immune cell counts and shortened stay in GI cancer patients (confounded).

PubMed ID: 15906909

Perioperative immunonutrition including glutamine reduced postoperative infectious complications and sped marker recovery (attribution shared among components).

PubMed ID: 24089227

Formula with L‑glutamide (glutamine derivative) plus probiotics and fish oil improved immune cell counts vs standard formula (multi-component).

PubMed ID: 12600870

Large randomized parenteral glutamine raised plasma glutamine (~30%); higher glutamine availability plausibly supports immune cells though clinical immune endpoints not shown here.

PubMed ID: 24561970

In malnourished septic patients combined glutamine routes improved nutrition/muscle indices and organ-failure scores (clinical context of immune stress).

PubMed ID: 16949180

Oral glutamine around chemotherapy markedly reduced mucositis and intestinal permeability, which can lower infection risk.

PubMed ID: 22055478

Enteral glutamine in moderately ill ICU patients increased lymphocyte counts and reduced lipid peroxidation (direct immune/oxidative benefits).

PubMed ID: 26080850

Cancer patients receiving a glutamine+EPA+BCAA supplement had fewer infection‑related complications (clinical benefit but combined product).

PubMed ID: 40914430

Secondary analysis: preop multi-ingredient supplement lowered TNF-α vs control, supporting immune-modulation (combined ingredients).

PubMed ID: 35148750

Preop HMB/Arg/Gln markedly attenuated postoperative inflammatory markers (IL‑6, CRP, IL‑1) — strong anti-inflammatory/immune-modulating signal (combination product).

PubMed ID: 34371175

Perioperative immunonutrition including glutamine reduced fistula rates and improved early protein markers — immune-related surgical benefit.

PubMed ID: 30885012

Post‑gastrectomy immunonutrition (arginine, glutamine, omega‑3, nucleotides) increased immune cell counts and decreased inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 31146957

Combined supplement with glutamine reduced severe hematologic toxicity during chemoradiotherapy, consistent with immune/hematologic support.

PubMed ID: 30710211

Preoperative arginine+glutamine markedly reduced infectious complications and inflammatory markers in fistula patients.

PubMed ID: 28162818

Preoperative immunonutrition including glutamine reduced postoperative complications and markers of risk — supports immune-modulating effects.

PubMed ID: 24274379

Immunonutrition with glutamine blunted CRP and TNF rises during chemoradiation — clinically relevant immune effect (multi-nutrient).

PubMed ID: 15851366

Post-gastric cancer surgery immunonutrition (including glutamine) improved immune markers (CD4, Ig), though multi-component.

PubMed ID: 11819790

Randomized perioperative enteral formula with glutamine (plus arginine/omega‑3) improved immune cell function and lowered inflammatory markers (multi‑nutrient but relevant).

PubMed ID: 9737282

Randomized trauma trial: glutamine‑enriched enteral nutrition markedly reduced pneumonia, bacteraemia and sepsis — strong clinical immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 8857857

Enteral immune-enhancing formula containing glutamine markedly reduced major infections after severe trauma, but formula had multiple active nutrients.

PubMed ID: 34973853

Severe burn RCT: IV glutamine reduced organ‑injury biomarkers and gut permeability — likely reduces infection risk and supports immune resilience.

PubMed ID: 24366547

Enteral formula containing glutamine improved some T‑cell measures in radiation enteritis but multi‑ingredient product limits attribution.

PubMed ID: 23599623

In severe acute pancreatitis adding glutamine dipeptide to fluids was associated with fewer infections and lower inflammatory markers.

PubMed ID: 19874691

Oral glutamine reduced endotoxin and gut‑damage markers in chronic hepatitis B—indirectly supports immune state by lowering endotoxemia.

PubMed ID: 40996178

Post‑transplant parenteral Ala‑Gln lowered infections and improved immune/nutrition markers—strong clinical immune benefit.

PubMed ID: 30782281

Ala‑Gln in children with Henoch‑Schönlein reduced steroid use and symptom recurrence, indicating reduced inflammatory burden.

PubMed ID: 30360960

Ala‑Gln in PD fluid increased ex‑vivo stimulated IL‑6/TNFα and reduced systemic IL‑8—direct immune‑competence improvements.

PubMed ID: 23657308

Improved intestinal absorption/permeability in HIV can support mucosal immunity (clinical RCT).

PubMed ID: 26866103

TPN with glutamine increased neutrophil phagocytosis in malnourished cancer patients.

PubMed ID: 22513659

Large infant trial: glutamine in PN greatly reduced sepsis risk during the TPN-only period — direct immune/infection benefit in that context.

PubMed ID: 28272402

Enteral glutamine during radiochemotherapy lowered IL-6 (inflammation) vs placebo.

PubMed ID: 31612309

Enteral glutamine in severe acute pancreatitis reduced IL-6 and improved gut permeability, indicating reduced systemic inflammation and gut-mediated immune activation.

PubMed ID: 38384124

Topical/oral glutamine rinse reduced oral bacterial colonization and pneumonia incidence after neurosurgery — clinically meaningful immune/anti‑infective benefit.

PubMed ID: 39271904

Probiotic raised intestinal glutamine and decreased systemic inflammatory markers and feeding intolerance in preemies — supports gut‑immune interactions mediated by glutamine.

PubMed ID: 19549287

Prophylactic IV Ala‑Gln during chemotherapy raised glutamine and reduced endotoxin and GI symptoms.

PubMed ID: 18227044

In severe pancreatitis IV Ala‑Gln lowered proinflammatory cytokines (IL‑8, TNF‑α) and improved outcomes.

PubMed ID: 18712409

Perioperative Ala‑Gln reduced markers of inflammation and attenuated postoperative immune suppression.

PubMed ID: 18596310

PN with alanyl-glutamine reduced nosocomial infections (notably in nonpancreatic subgroup) and raised plasma glutamine (strong clinical immune effect).

PubMed ID: 18596311

Parenteral glutamine in severe pancreatitis improved lymphocyte counts and reduced infectious morbidity (direct immune benefit).

PubMed ID: 10327575

TPN glutamine sped recovery of monocyte HLA-DR and associated fewer postoperative complications (direct immune marker improvement).

PubMed ID: 12127929

Ala-Gln increased T lymphocytes/CD4 counts in sicker surgical subgroup (cellular immune benefit).

PubMed ID: 12352037

Alanyl-glutamine restored plasma glutamine and associated with better long-term survival in those treated longer — supports immune resilience in ICU subgroup.

PubMed ID: 11161542

Glycyl-glutamine infusion partially prevented surgery-induced drop in monocyte HLA-DR (direct immunomodulatory effect).

PubMed ID: 12903420

Raised plasma glutamine, improved permeability and reduced infections in elderly GI surgery patients (immune-related outcomes).

PubMed ID: 12496537

Perioperative glycyl-glutamine accelerated recovery of LPS-stimulated TNF-α production (restored immune responsiveness).

PubMed ID: 15019120

Burn RCT: shorter hospital stay and improved gut markers with glutamine — clinically meaningful acceleration of recovery.

PubMed ID: 23599623

In acute pancreatitis, glutamine group had fewer infections and better organ dysfunction endpoints — supports faster/better healing outcomes in severe illness.

PubMed ID: 34973853

IV glutamine in severe burns attenuated hypermetabolism and reduced organ‑injury and gut‑permeability biomarkers — strong evidence of accelerated physiologic recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 9482764

OKG bolus reduced time to last graft and improved wound‑healing markers in burn patients—good evidence for faster healing.

PubMed ID: 35411147

IV glutamine reduced myocardial injury markers and lactate after CABG—supports faster organ‑level recovery.

PubMed ID: 9737282

Glutamine‑enriched enteral nutrition in trauma patients markedly reduced pneumonia/sepsis — clinically meaningful faster recovery and fewer complications.

PubMed ID: 12192323

Elderly volunteers given Arg/HMB/Gln showed increased collagen deposition in implanted devices — direct evidence of augmented wound repair (multi-nutrient).

PubMed ID: 24867069

Large diabetic foot RCT: overall null, but pre-specified malnourished/poor-perfusion subgroups had substantially improved wound healing with Arg/Gln/HMB supplement.

PubMed ID: 24688085

Supplement reduced incidence/duration of lower-grade radiation dermatitis — faster resolution of mucocutaneous injury.

PubMed ID: 30710211

Preoperative arginine+glutamine markedly reduced fistula recurrence and infections — strong surgical wound-healing benefit.

PubMed ID: 34371175

Perioperative immunonutrition including glutamine reduced fistula rate and LOS in head & neck surgery — clinically meaningful healing outcome.

PubMed ID: 37739730

HMB/Arg/Gln reduced severe mucositis incidence and weight loss during chemoradiation — strong clinical healing/protection effect (combination).

PubMed ID: 40603739

Oral glutamine reduced severity and pain of radiotherapy-induced mucositis and helped preserve BMI — direct mucosal healing/protection RCT.

PubMed ID: 25800685

IV glutamine reduced neuropathy severity in symptomatic patients (improvement in treatment‑related nerve injury severity).

PubMed ID: 16949180

Peri-chemotherapy oral glutamine greatly reduced mucositis incidence/severity — clinically meaningful healing support for mucosa.

PubMed ID: 26266659

Glutamine plus elemental diet reduced oral mucositis and preserved weight during chemo — supports faster mucosal recovery.

PubMed ID: 9720743

Parenteral glutamine preserved markers of hepatic synthetic function after BMT—supports improved recovery from severe treatment-related injury.

PubMed ID: 15906909

Immunonutrition (including glutamine) after gastric cancer surgery reduced infections and shortened hospital stay → supports faster postoperative healing (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 25070447

Perioperative microbial‑immune enteral formula with glutamine improved immune indices and halved postoperative infections → faster clinical recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 29081098

Alanyl‑glutamine shortened GI recovery and ICU stay in severe poisoning — evidence of accelerated recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 17405895

Oral glutamine reduced oxaliplatin neuropathy and interference with ADLs — supports recovery from treatment‑related injury.

PubMed ID: 1567096

Post‑BMT improved nitrogen balance and fewer infections → faster recovery after intensive therapy.

PubMed ID: 7963169

Glutamine in PN reduced infections and shortened hospital stay in BMT patients — clinically meaningful faster recovery/healing signal.

PubMed ID: 9722068

BMT trial: glutamine reduced mouth pain and opiate use in autologous transplants (mucositis healing benefit) though mixed in allogeneic.

PubMed ID: 14530749

Severe burn patients had markedly fewer infections and lower mortality with enteral glutamine — suggests accelerated recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 12903886

Burn trial: improved gut barrier and shorter hospital stay with glutamine — clinical healing benefits.

PubMed ID: 12604409

Reduced mucositis and faster lymphocyte recovery after transplant — supports faster healing of mucosa and immunity.

PubMed ID: 15447822

Glutamine + rhGH in severe burns increased albumin and sped wound healing and discharge (randomized trial; combination therapy).

PubMed ID: 15774291

Enteral glutamine was associated with faster wound healing and shorter hospitalization in severe burns.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Large trial reported improved wound healing rates and shorter hospital stay with oral glutamine in trauma/burn patients.

PubMed ID: 16725264

In severely burned patients, oral glutamine increased plasma glutamine, improved immune indices and accelerated wound healing with shorter hospital stay.

PubMed ID: 17154160

Significant reduction in chemo‑induced oral mucositis incidence/severity, demonstrating faster mucosal healing.

PubMed ID: 18317456

Glutamine‑enriched PN after allo‑SCT significantly improved D+180 survival and D+100 survival — suggests faster/better recovery/healing post‑transplant.

PubMed ID: 18822919

Faster disappearance of bloody stool and improved DAI in UC patients with added glutamine indicates accelerated mucosal healing.

PubMed ID: 21396307

Glutamine‑enriched TPN lowered IL‑6/CRP and reduced postoperative infection rates after GI cancer surgery — supports faster recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 22512878

In severe acute pancreatitis, IV glutamine with feeding shortened hospital stay and had fewer deaths (small RCT).

PubMed ID: 22788925

Post‑gastrectomy EN+Gln shortened hospitalization and improved nutritional/immune markers — faster postoperative recovery.

PubMed ID: 24351534

Burn patients with glutamine+ulinastatin had faster wound healing, shorter stay and less sepsis (large clinical effect though combined therapy).

PubMed ID: 23808255

Pediatric burn IV glutamine shortened duration of mechanical ventilation and improved some clinical parameters.

PubMed ID: 25351453

Oral glutamine reduced mucositis severity and opioid/tube feeding duration — clinically meaningful mucosal healing.

PubMed ID: 26862634

Burn patients given enteral glutamine had significantly fewer bloodstream and wound infections—strong healing/recovery signal.

PubMed ID: 24992652

Postoperative enteral glutamine improved albumin, lean mass and QoL after head/neck surgery—supports recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 25869479

Oral glutamine during breast radiotherapy shifted patients toward much milder skin reactions (faster/less severe tissue toxicity).

PubMed ID: 27775778

Severe acute pancreatitis: glutamine‑supplemented TPN associated with fewer complications, lower mortality, and shorter stay.

PubMed ID: 30108163

Normalization of intestinal permeability and symptom resolution in IBS‑D indicate mucosal recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 31612309

Improvements in gut permeability and IL‑6 in pancreatitis indicate enhanced recovery of gut integrity, though hard clinical endpoints (mortality, infected necrosis) were unchanged.

PubMed ID: 30813149

Oral glutamine significantly reduced radiation esophagitis and prevented weight loss during chemoradiation—supports faster mucosal recovery.

PubMed ID: 32711440

Pediatric RCT around high‑dose MTX showed dramatic reductions in oral mucositis incidence and severity, shorter treatment duration—strong evidence of faster mucosal healing.

PubMed ID: 34285108

Oral glutamine mouthwash significantly reduced chemo‑related oral mucositis, pain and dryness — clear healing/repair benefit for oral mucosa.

PubMed ID: 36730070

IV glutamine after cardiac surgery reduced early urinary kidney‑injury biomarkers, suggesting faster organ recovery/repair.

PubMed ID: 36880009

Perioperative IV glutamine in low‑EF CABG patients lowered troponin, improved cardiac index and reduced histologic myocardial injury — strong organ healing signal.

PubMed ID: 37994411

Glutamine‑enriched diet reduced GI toxicity and improved stool outcomes in rectal cancer patients — supports mucosal recovery during treatment.

PubMed ID: 39028356

Oral L‑glutamine in children with sickle cell disease reduced painful crises and hospitalizations — clinically meaningful reduction in acute illness events.

PubMed ID: 38493953

Oral glutamine reduced radiation mucositis severity/pain and opioid need — supports faster symptomatic recovery of mucosa.

PubMed ID: 38384124

Topical glutamine after neurosurgery reduced mucositis and pneumonia — clinically meaningful restorative effect on mucosal health and complications.

PubMed ID: 40295318

Topical L‑glutamine + HA reduced severe oral mucositis and improved symptom scores in radiochemotherapy — evidence of accelerated symptom resolution/healing.

PubMed ID: 9931687

Alanyl‑glutamine in postoperative TPN decreased systemic inflammation, sped immune recovery and reduced complications—supports faster healing.

PubMed ID: 14757388

Reduced infectious morbidity and improved protein/immune markers after peritonitis indicate faster wound/infection-related healing.

PubMed ID: 16505644

Fewer infections and better metabolic control in ICU patients imply accelerated recovery/healing in severe illness.

PubMed ID: 17573745

Perioperative L-alanyl-L-glutamine reduced wound infections and intraabdominal abscesses and shortened hospital stay after colorectal surgery.

PubMed ID: 21336131

Reduced nosocomial infections and better glycemic control indicate faster clinical recovery in ICU.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Perioperative alanine‑glutamine lowered troponin and improved early cardiac hemodynamics post‑CPB.

PubMed ID: 32114728

Burn patients given glutamine (with ulinastatin) showed better cardiac output and lower lung water.

PubMed ID: 10483898

Perioperative Ala‑Gln improved gut barrier and shortened hospital stay suggesting faster recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 12641984

Oral Ala-Gln in severe burns increased plasma glutamine, reduced early endotoxin, sped wound healing and shortened hospital stay (direct wound-healing benefit).

PubMed ID: 17325559

Improved gut barrier and weight gain in undernourished children suggests facilitated recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 18200673

Early IV Ala-Gln in severe acute pancreatitis shortened durations of organ failure and reduced LOS and mortality — supports faster recovery/healing from severe injury.

PubMed ID: 18712409

Perioperative Ala‑Gln attenuated postoperative inflammatory suppression—consistent with faster physiologic recovery.

PubMed ID: 20005375

After liver transplant Ala‑Gln improved liver injury markers and reduced hospital stay (supports healing).

PubMed ID: 30782281

Reduced steroid needs and less in‑hospital recurrence in pediatric Henoch‑Schönlein imply faster clinical recovery.

PubMed ID: 37023559

Intraperitoneal Ala‑Gln dramatically reduced postoperative adhesions in RCT—strong surgical healing benefit.

PubMed ID: 40996178

Parenteral Ala‑Gln after liver transplant shortened ICU/hospital stay and reduced infections—consistent with expedited recovery/healing.

PubMed ID: 24351534

Burn study showed lower D‑lactate/DAO and better gut markers, supporting intestinal barrier benefits (given with ulinastatin).

PubMed ID: 25933498

Oral glutamine altered gut microbiota composition—potentially beneficial for mucosal health.

PubMed ID: 30832230

Reduced circulating LPS after glutamine suggests improved gut barrier integrity.

PubMed ID: 10483898

Ala‑Gln in PN improved intestinal permeability (L/M ratio) in a large RCT (direct clinical evidence of gut barrier support).

PubMed ID: 12903420

Parenteral Ala-Gln improved intestinal permeability (L/M ratio) in elderly GI surgery patients (direct mucosal barrier effect).

PubMed ID: 17325559

Enteral Ala-Gln improved intestinal permeability (lactulose excretion) and produced better weight gains in malnourished children — direct gut-lining benefit.

PubMed ID: 19549287

IV Ala‑Gln reduced endotoxin and GI symptoms during chemotherapy (supports mucosal protection).

PubMed ID: 23657308

Short Ala‑Gln supplements improved mannitol excretion and permeability in people with HIV (RCT).

PubMed ID: 30360960

Ala‑Gln improved peritoneal membrane biomarkers (CA‑125) and reduced protein loss—supports membrane integrity in PD context.

PubMed ID: 32826717

Oral Ala‑Gln in undernourished children improved intestinal barrier (reduced lactulose excretion) in dose‑dependent fashion.

PubMed ID: 15019120

Burn patient RCT: glutamine increased plasma levels and improved intestinal permeability (L/M) and DAO activity — strong direct evidence for gut barrier support.

PubMed ID: 15625423

Enteral glutamine improved intestinal permeability in malnourished children (clear clinical RCT evidence).

PubMed ID: 17465506

Perioperative glutamine+GH improved L/M ratio and gut-permeability markers — supportive though confounded by GH.

PubMed ID: 19874691

Oral glutamine reduced gut barrier damage markers (L/M, DAO) and endotoxin in chronic hepatitis B—supports mucosal integrity.

PubMed ID: 22038507

Glutamine improved permeability and mucosal morphology in Crohn’s remission, although whey produced similar results.

PubMed ID: 22249475

Community trial in undernourished children showed improvements in intestinal permeability correlated with growth and later cognitive outcomes in subset — strong population-level gut support evidence.

PubMed ID: 23599623

Glutamine in resuscitation fluids reduced urinary L/M ratio and serum endotoxin in severe pancreatitis — robust gut-barrier benefit in acute illness.

PubMed ID: 24366547

Glutamine‑containing enteral formula improved bowel symptoms in radiation enteritis and likely aided mucosal recovery (multi‑ingredient caveat).

PubMed ID: 34973853

IV glutamine in severe burns significantly reduced intestinal permeability markers (L/M ratio) — strong clinical support for gut barrier protection.

PubMed ID: 16196295

Faster recovery of endotoxin-inactivation capacity with immunonutrition (including glutamine) suggests improved gut/blood barrier function.

PubMed ID: 19783707

Animal trial: dietary L-glutamine cut mortality and reduced pathogenic gut bacteria in weaned rabbits — supports mucosal/gut ecology benefits (preclinical).

PubMed ID: 24714829

Large randomized trial: oral glutamine improved intestinal permeability (lactulose:mannitol) and weight-for-height in undernourished children — direct gut-lining benefit.

PubMed ID: 37739730

HMB/Arg/Gln substantially reduced severe oral mucositis in head-and-neck chemoradiation — supports mucosal protection (combination product).

PubMed ID: 40603739

Triple-blind RCT: oral glutamine/swallow reduced mucositis severity, pain and weight loss in H&N RT patients — strong, direct mucosal-lining benefit.

PubMed ID: 18996864

Oral formula containing Ala‑Gln markedly increased duodenal protein synthesis and reduced proteolysis — supports intestinal mucosal support (product contained glutamine peptide).

PubMed ID: 31504110

Amino‑acid supplement containing glutamine modestly increased duodenal villus height and surface area in adults with environmental enteropathy (RCT evidence).

PubMed ID: 16949180

Oral glutamine around chemotherapy significantly reduced intestinal permeability and severe mucositis (strong clinical evidence for gut lining protection).

PubMed ID: 16186995

Parenteral glutamine in SCT did not change primary sugar-permeability endpoints but improved gut scores, citrulline and some lab markers.

PubMed ID: 17038253

TPN with glutamine in MODS lowered plasma DAO and D-lactate — biomarkers of mucosal damage improved.

PubMed ID: 26266659

Glutamine+elemental diet markedly reduced oral mucositis and improved DAO and weight — protective gut lining effects during chemo.

PubMed ID: 22224253

Burn patients receiving rhubarb+glutamine had faster return of gut function and lower endotoxin; supportive albeit confounded.

PubMed ID: 14581795

IV glutamine shortened time to full enteral feeds in preterm infants — indicates support for gut maturation/functional recovery.

PubMed ID: 24089227

Enteral formula with L‑glutamide plus probiotics/fish oil improved GI symptoms and immune cells in long-term antibiotic patients (confounded).

PubMed ID: 25070447

Microbial‑immune formula with glutamine improved T‑cell/NK counts and lowered infections after GI perforation — gut/mucosal benefit plausible though multi‑component.

PubMed ID: 35334570

IV alanyl‑glutamine reduced chemotherapy‑induced diarrhea (less mucosal injury) — supports gut mucosal protection.

PubMed ID: 9403648

Enteral glutamine in VLBW infants improved feeding tolerance and reduced nosocomial sepsis—supports gut barrier function.

PubMed ID: 11115819

Colorectal chemo RCT: reduced intestinal permeability and less antidiarrhoeal use — clear gut‑barrier benefit.

PubMed ID: 12903886

Burn RCT: improved gut permeability (lactulose/mannitol) and raised plasma glutamine — strong gut-barrier evidence.

PubMed ID: 12838195

VLBW infant trial: reduced gastrointestinal dysfunction — suggests mucosal/gut benefits.

PubMed ID: 12604409

After autologous SCT, glutamine-enriched TPN reduced mucositis severity — mucosal protection.

PubMed ID: 15447818

Large RCT in severe burns/trauma improved gut‑barrier markers (DAO, endotoxin, L/M) and raised plasma glutamine.

PubMed ID: 15097437

Shortened diarrhea duration in children implies improved mucosal function / gut recovery.

PubMed ID: 16086046

Oral glutamine in pediatric stem‑cell recipients reduced days on TPN and trended to lower mucositis—supports mucosal protection.

PubMed ID: 16547380

In very low birth weight neonates parenteral glutamine reduced necrotizing enterocolitis incidence (clinically important gut‑lining protection).

PubMed ID: 17168431

Oral glutamine reduced chemo‑induced intestinal permeability and raised plasma glutamine.

PubMed ID: 16437375

Clinical RCT showing decreased intestinal permeability (L/M ratio) with oral glutamine during chemotherapy — strong gut barrier support evidence.

PubMed ID: 17154160

Marked reduction in chemotherapy‑induced oral mucositis incidence/severity, indicating mucosal protective/healing effects.

PubMed ID: 18822919

Adding compound glutamine to enema/glucocorticoid therapy improved UC symptoms and DAI — strong clinical evidence for mucosal/gut‑lining benefit.

PubMed ID: 21463215

Preterm infants showed improved gut permeability (L/M ratio) and reduced NEC/septicemia with oral glutamine — strong gut mucosal benefit.

PubMed ID: 21279511

Glutamine preserved plasma glutamine and increased duodenal motor activity after gastrectomy — beneficial to mucosal function.

PubMed ID: 21713704

Enteral glutamine improved DAO, L/M ratio, and lowered LPS/TNF‑α after gastric cancer surgery — direct mucosal barrier improvements.

PubMed ID: 23378398

Reduced feeding intolerance in VLBW infants indicates improved GI tolerance/mucosal function.

PubMed ID: 25351453

Oral glutamine reduced mucositis severity, pain, and opioid/tube feeding needs in head‑and‑neck CRT — strong mucosal protective evidence.

PubMed ID: 27401338

Glutamine-enriched nutrition during chemotherapy preserved protein and immune markers and reduced edema, consistent with mucosal/enteric support.

PubMed ID: 28272402

Enteral glutamine during radiochemotherapy reduced IL‑6 and cortisol, suggesting mucosal/stress‑related benefit.

PubMed ID: 30108163

Strong RCT: oral glutamine normalized intestinal permeability (lactulose/mannitol) and dramatically improved IBS‑D symptoms—direct gut‑barrier support.

PubMed ID: 31612309

Enteral glutamine improved gut permeability and lowered IL‑6 in severe acute pancreatitis—supports gut mucosal protection/repair.

PubMed ID: 30813149

Oral glutamine during thoracic chemoradiation markedly reduced radiation-induced esophagitis incidence/severity—supports mucosal protection.

PubMed ID: 32711440

Peri‑methotrexate glutamine in pediatric ALL greatly reduced incidence and severity of oral mucositis—robust evidence of mucosal lining protection.

PubMed ID: 32804843

Bioadhesive liquid containing glutamine and hyaluronic acid dramatically improved NERD symptom scores, consistent with mucosal/gut‑lining benefit.

PubMed ID: 34285108

Glutamine mouthwash reduced oral mucositis, pain and dryness in chemo patients — direct mucosal lining benefit for the oral cavity.

PubMed ID: 37994411

Glutamine‑enriched enteral diet reduced GI toxicity and improved stool consistency/frequency in rectal cancer patients.

PubMed ID: 38493953

Oral glutamine reduced radiation-induced oral mucositis severity and salivary inflammatory markers — clear clinical benefit for mucosal lining integrity in head‑and‑neck patients.

PubMed ID: 38384124

Topical oral glutamine rinse after brain surgery substantially reduced mucositis incidence and oral flora — strong clinically relevant mucosal protection.

PubMed ID: 39271904

Probiotic increased intestinal glutamine and decreased feeding intolerance/inflammatory markers in preemies — supports gut mucosal health via elevated glutamine.

PubMed ID: 40295318

Topical L‑glutamine + hyaluronic acid reduced severe oral mucositis vs control in radiochemotherapy patients — supports mucosal protection/healing.

PubMed ID: 24714829

Oral glutamine in undernourished children improved weight-for-height and reduced intestinal permeability — direct digestive/gut benefit.

PubMed ID: 34973853

In burn patients IV glutamine reduced intestinal permeability markers (L/M ratio) and improved gut‑related biomarkers.

PubMed ID: 24366547

Glutamine‑containing enteral formula improved bowel symptoms in radiation enteritis (multi‑ingredient formula limits certainty).

PubMed ID: 23599623

Glutamine-containing resuscitation fluids improved urinary L/M ratio (intestinal barrier) in severe pancreatitis.

PubMed ID: 22249475

Undernourished children given glutamine had modest improvements in intestinal permeability and growth — direct gut benefit.

PubMed ID: 15625423

Enteral glutamine improved intestinal permeability in malnourished children though did not increase short‑term weight gain.

PubMed ID: 15019120

Burn patients on oral glutamine showed improved intestinal permeability (L/M) and DAO activity — direct gut/digestion benefit.

PubMed ID: 32826717

Oral Ala‑Gln improved intestinal barrier tests and produced small short‑term weight gains in undernourished children.

PubMed ID: 23657308

Ala‑Gln improved mannitol excretion and permeability/absorption in people with HIV (RCT).

PubMed ID: 19549287

IV Ala‑Gln during chemotherapy reduced nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (randomized crossover data).

PubMed ID: 17325559

Enteral Ala-Gln improved gut barrier tests and led to better weight gain in undernourished children (digestive/gut function improvement).

PubMed ID: 10483898

Ala‑Gln in PN improved intestinal permeability (L/M ratio) postoperatively (large RCT).

PubMed ID: 30832230

Short oral glutamine lowered circulating LPS—suggests improved gut barrier/endotoxin handling.

PubMed ID: 25933498

Oral L‑glutamine changed gut microbiota composition in overweight adults (Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio).

PubMed ID: 37994411

Glutamine‑enriched oligomeric diet in rectal cancer patients improved stool consistency/frequency and reduced GI toxicity.

PubMed ID: 32804843

Bioadhesive oral formulation containing glutamine markedly improved NERD symptoms versus placebo — clear digestive symptom benefit.

PubMed ID: 31612309

Enteral glutamine in severe acute pancreatitis improved gut permeability and reduced IL‑6, supporting improved gut barrier/function.

PubMed ID: 30108163

Large RCT in post-infectious IBS-D: 15 g/day glutamine for 8 weeks normalized intestinal permeability and dramatically improved symptoms and stool frequency—strong digestive benefit.

PubMed ID: 23378398

Very low birth weight infants given enteral glutamine had significantly less feeding intolerance.

PubMed ID: 21713704

Enteral nutrition with glutamine improved intestinal barrier biomarkers (DAO, L/M ratio) after gastric cancer surgery.

PubMed ID: 21279511

Postoperative oral glutamine increased duodenal interdigestive motor activity — direct improvement in gut motility.

PubMed ID: 39271904

Probiotic increased intestinal glutamine and reduced feeding intolerance in preterm infants — supports gut function indirectly via glutamine.

PubMed ID: 18822919

Compound glutamine added to enema therapy improved UC symptoms (bloody stool, DAI) — supports gut symptom improvement and digestion-related benefit.

PubMed ID: 17154160

Oral glutamine significantly reduced incidence/severity of chemotherapy‑induced oral mucositis—mucosal/digestive benefit.

PubMed ID: 16437375

Oral glutamine during chemotherapy raised serum glutamine and significantly reduced intestinal permeability (urine L/M ratio).

PubMed ID: 17168431

Oral glutamine before chemotherapy raised plasma glutamine and reduced chemo‑induced intestinal permeability.

PubMed ID: 15097437

Oral glutamine in young children with acute diarrhea shortened illness duration by ≈1.2 days (double‑blind RCT).

PubMed ID: 15447818

Burn/trauma RCT improved gut‑barrier markers (DAO, endotoxin, L/M), indicating better gut function.

PubMed ID: 12838195

VLBW infants: enteral glutamine reduced gastrointestinal dysfunction (secondary outcome).

PubMed ID: 12903886

Burn patients: improved gut permeability (lactulose/mannitol) with enteral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 11115819

Colorectal chemo RCT: oral glutamine reduced chemo-induced permeability changes and reduced loperamide use.

PubMed ID: 9403648

VLBW infants had better feeding tolerance with enteral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 35334570

IV L‑alanyl‑L‑glutamine cut chemo‑induced diarrhea incidence/severity → direct improvement in gastrointestinal tolerability.

PubMed ID: 29081098

Alanyl‑glutamine added to standard care in severe poisoning shortened GI recovery time → clinically meaningful gut recovery benefit.

PubMed ID: 24089227

Enteral formula with L‑glutamide + probiotics/fish oil reduced abdominal pain/distension/diarrhea vs standard formula (confounded ingredients).

PubMed ID: 14581795

IV glutamine in very low birth‑weight infants shortened time to full enteral feeds by ~8 days → clear digestive/gut functional benefit in neonates.

PubMed ID: 22224253

Burn patients given rhubarb+glutamine had faster return of gut function and higher gut-hormone levels (small, confounded study).

PubMed ID: 26266659

Glutamine plus elemental diet significantly reduced oral mucositis and improved DAO and weight during chemo.

PubMed ID: 17038253

Glutamine-supplemented TPN in MODS patients lowered DAO and D-lactate, biomarkers of mucosal injury.

PubMed ID: 16186995

SCT parenteral glutamine did not change primary sugar-permeability tests but improved daily gut scores and citrulline/albumin signals.

PubMed ID: 16949180

Oral glutamine markedly reduced chemotherapy-induced intestinal permeability and severe mucositis.

PubMed ID: 31504110

Amino‑acid supplement including glutamine modestly increased villus height and surface area in environmental enteropathy (improved mucosal structure).

PubMed ID: 18996864

Oral formula containing Ala‑Gln doubled duodenal protein synthesis and reduced proteolysis — supports improved gut digestive/absorptive tissue protein turnover (product contained glutamine peptide).

PubMed ID: 10850936

HMB/Arg/Gln led to gains in body weight and lean mass in HIV-wasting patients — clear preservation/gain but cannot isolate glutamine.

PubMed ID: 11975938

HMB/Arg/Gln increased fat-free mass in cancer patients — supports preservation, though multi-nutrient product.

PubMed ID: 29672184

Six-month HMB/Arg/Gln trial showed consistent increases in total lean body mass in older adults.

PubMed ID: 32593895

Post-liver transplant HMB (with glutamine) improved skeletal muscle mass index and strength.

PubMed ID: 37739730

HMB/Arg/Gln during chemoradiation mitigated weight loss — suggests preservation of body mass (multi-ingredient).

PubMed ID: 26080850

Glutamine+EPA+BCAA supplement in cancer patients preserved fat‑free mass and muscle weight versus controls (clinical evidence, combined product).

PubMed ID: 26266659

Glutamine plus elemental diet markedly reduced oral mucositis and helped maintain body weight during chemo (objective preservation of mass).

PubMed ID: 24561970

Combined IV+enteral glutamine in malnourished septic patients improved creatinine/height index and nutrition proxies—consistent with lean-mass preservation in catabolic illness.

PubMed ID: 26269566

Alanyl‑glutamine + fish oil produced a small but statistically significant increase in lean body mass in heart‑failure patients (confounded).

PubMed ID: 1567096

Glutamine‑supplemented IV nutrition after BMT improved nitrogen balance and reduced infections/hospital stay — supports preservation of lean body protein under severe stress.

PubMed ID: 7963169

Glutamine in PN improved nitrogen balance (objective marker) and shortened hospitalization with reduced infections — supports lean mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 11883998

GH with glutamine improved nitrogen balance vs glutamine alone after surgery — supports lean-mass preservation in combo therapy.

PubMed ID: 14530749

Burn study with reduced infections and mortality suggests preservation of overall clinical/lean status.

PubMed ID: 12903886

Severe burn trial associated glutamine with biochemical normalization and shorter stay — linked to better muscle/nutritional outcomes.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Oral glutamine raised plasma levels, reduced urine nitrogen excretion and improved wound healing — consistent with lean‑mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 15774291

Enteral glutamine in severe burns reduced markers of whole‑body proteolysis (urine N, 3‑MTH) and shortened hospital stay.

PubMed ID: 33809996

Improvements in knee extensor/flexor peak torque and power in older women suggest preservation/improvement of functional lean mass.

PubMed ID: 9434700

Postoperative parenteral amino acids improved nitrogen balance and decreased urinary 3‑methylhistidine (less muscle proteolysis) in infants.

PubMed ID: 14757388

Better nitrogen balance and higher albumin indicate protein-sparing/preservation of lean mass after severe abdominal infection.

PubMed ID: 19382426

Smaller postoperative drop in albumin and preserved GSH suggest better nutritional/protein status.

PubMed ID: 27271658

Amino‑acid infusions in hemodialysis patients raised albumin, suggesting improved protein status.

PubMed ID: 10483898

Large randomized double‑blind study showed improved nitrogen balance over 6 days with Ala‑Gln‑supplemented PN.

PubMed ID: 16725264

Burn patients had higher plasma glutamine and improved nutritional/immune markers with shorter hospitalization, suggesting preservation of lean tissue.

PubMed ID: 19951555

Randomized study in severe head‑injury patients found preservation of upper arm circumference/muscle circumference with added glutamine — strong direct evidence.

PubMed ID: 21396307

Improved prealbumin and nitrogen balance with glutamine‑enriched TPN after GI surgery.

PubMed ID: 22235107

Glutamine beverage reduced postoperative nitrogen loss (better nitrogen balance), indicating preserved lean mass potential.

PubMed ID: 24351534

Burn patients receiving glutamine+ulinastatin had improved nitrogen balance and better wound outcomes, consistent with lean mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 25016261

Postoperative enteral immune nutrition containing glutamine improved nutrition indices by day 9.

PubMed ID: 24992652

Enteral glutamine after head/neck surgery increased fat‑free mass and serum albumin vs control.

PubMed ID: 27401338

Children with ALL on glutamine-enriched nutrition maintained protein markers and T‑cell counts with less edema.

PubMed ID: 30813149

In NSCLC patients on chemoradiation, 30 g/day glutamine markedly prevented weight loss vs placebo—supports preservation of body mass during catabolic treatment.

PubMed ID: 32711440

In pediatric ALL undergoing high-dose MTX, peri-treatment glutamine markedly reduced mucositis and shortened hospitalization—indirect evidence for preserving nutritional/lean-status by reducing complications and length of stay.

PubMed ID: 11104589

Clear improvement in nitrogen balance and normalization of plasma glutamine after major abdominal surgery — supports lean-mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 12127929

Nitrogen-balance benefit in higher-severity patients suggests preservation of body protein under stress.

PubMed ID: 16965691

Parenteral Ala-Gln helped preserve albumin and nutrition markers in GI cancer patients on chemo (supports lean-mass/nutrition preservation).

PubMed ID: 17325559

Enteral Ala-Gln in undernourished children produced better short-term weight gains (preservation/restoration of lean mass implied).

PubMed ID: 18596311

Improved nitrogen balance in severe acute pancreatitis with glutamine suggests protein/lean-mass sparing.

PubMed ID: 18496372

GH+Ala‑Gln arm showed marked nitrogen‑sparing (GH confound but nitrogen effect present).

PubMed ID: 20005375

Liver transplant patients receiving Ala‑Gln had better nutrition indices (prealbumin/PNI) indicating lean mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 30782281

Ala‑Gln in children with abdominal Henoch‑Schönlein reduced steroid need and prevented in‑hospital weight loss—supports preservation of mass.

PubMed ID: 40996178

Parenteral Ala‑Gln after liver transplant improved nutritional markers (prealbumin/albumin/transferrin)—supports restoration/preservation of lean tissue.

PubMed ID: 22249475

Growth/anthropometric improvements in children receiving glutamine suggest preservation/promotion of lean mass in malnourished settings.

PubMed ID: 7666798

Perioperative glutamine prevented postoperative muscle glutamine loss and preserved protein synthesis—strong evidence for lean‑mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 9482764

OKG improved nitrogen balance and reduced markers of proteolysis in burn patients—consistent with lean mass preservation.

PubMed ID: 26306566

Combined amino-acid supplement improved endothelial function (FMD) in older adults, an aspect of metabolic/cardiovascular health.

PubMed ID: 23348639

Glutamine+dextrinomaltose preop drink improved insulin sensitivity and reduced postoperative hyperglycemia.

PubMed ID: 22235107

Glutamine drink markedly improved postoperative insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) and nitrogen balance.

PubMed ID: 19951555

In head‑injured patients glutamine lowered fasting glucose at day 7 and shortened hospital stay — metabolic and clinical benefits reported.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Large trauma/burn trial showed raised plasma glutamine and reduced nitrogen loss—improved protein/nitrogen metabolism.

PubMed ID: 25070447

Microbial‑immune enteral formula containing glutamine lowered fasting insulin and HOMA‑IR postoperatively (confounded regimen).

PubMed ID: 22648843

Enteral nutrition with probiotics, glutamine and fish oil reduced insulin resistance (lower fasting insulin/HOMA‑IR) in GI cancer patients (multi‑component).

PubMed ID: 20622656

Preop carb drink containing glutamine raised liver glycogen and reduced muscle PDK4 (mRNA/protein) — direct human metabolic effects though intervention had multiple components.

PubMed ID: 22444237

Carbohydrate drink with glutamine attenuated postoperative carnitine changes, suggesting metabolic modulation.

PubMed ID: 26861782

Higher baseline glutamine:glutamate ratio associated with lower incident diabetes risk in a large cohort (observational link implicating glutamine metabolism and metabolic health).

PubMed ID: 39181037

HMB+EPA/DHA increased whole-body glutamine production and promoted fat loss — indicates metabolic effects linked to glutamine kinetics (multi-ingredient).

PubMed ID: 23474648

Observational neonatal PN analysis linked low plasma glutamine/arginine to higher blood glucose and more insulin-treated hyperglycemia — indicates metabolic relevance.

PubMed ID: 35411147

Perioperative IV glutamine lowered lactate, troponin and raised cardiac index after CABG—improves metabolic/organ perfusion parameters.

PubMed ID: 34973853

In severe burns glutamine attenuated the hypermetabolic response — direct evidence of metabolic modulation in a catabolic state.

PubMed ID: 37537132

Preop Ala‑Gln infusion in diabetics markedly lowered intra/post‑op glucose and sharply reduced insulin requirements—strong metabolic effect.

PubMed ID: 34645147

Ala‑Gln added to intensive insulin in severe burns was associated with lower blood glucose and improved hemodynamics—metabolic benefit though confounded by insulin regimen.

PubMed ID: 24931756

Parenteral Ala‑Gln in polytrauma reduced hyperglycemia incidence and lowered insulin requirements (clinical RCT).

PubMed ID: 24374803

Perioperative IV Ala‑Gln improved insulin sensitivity and attenuated peak glucose and FFA/TNFα (RCT).

PubMed ID: 21971662

Preoperative Ala‑Gln in children blunted postoperative glucose rise (improved perioperative glycemic control).

PubMed ID: 20005375

After liver transplant Ala‑Gln improved nutrition markers and reduced liver injury with shorter stay (metabolic/organ support).

PubMed ID: 16424718

Parenteral alanyl-glutamine improved insulin-mediated glucose disposal (insulin sensitivity) in multiple-trauma patients (robust metabolic effect).

PubMed ID: 11104589

Improved nitrogen economy and normalized plasma glutamine indicates favorable metabolic support after major surgery.

PubMed ID: 34382947

Multi‑AA formula including glutamine improved liver fat and HOMA‑IR (multi‑ingredient product).

PubMed ID: 30832230

Short glutamine course reduced waist circumference and lowered insulin in obese subgroup.

PubMed ID: 21336131

Alanine‑glutamine in TPN improved glycemic control and reduced insulin requirements in ICU patients.

PubMed ID: 16505644

In ICU trial, glutamine improved metabolic tolerance (fewer hyperglycemia/insulin-requiring cases) along with fewer infections.

PubMed ID: 34844156

Oral glutamine reduced leptin, total cholesterol and oxidized‑LDL after exhaustive exercise — clear metabolic biomarker improvements.

PubMed ID: 33809996

Glutamine improved fructosamine and plasma GSH in older women while enhancing muscle strength — metabolic/antioxidant improvements.

PubMed ID: 26541888

Encapsulated glutamine raised GLP‑1 and insulin modestly in healthy volunteers, though effects on glucose tolerance were inconsistent.

PubMed ID: 25466655

30 g/day for 6 weeks reduced body fat and waist in T2DM patients — direct metabolic benefit.

PubMed ID: 15447818

Glutamine improved gut barrier, protein metabolism and immune indices in severe burn/trauma patients—improved physiologic recovery after stress.

PubMed ID: 30021096

In sickle cell disease, oral l‑glutamine reduced pain crises and hospitalizations—clinical benefit consistent with improved resilience to disease stressors.

PubMed ID: 28272402

Glutamine reduced cortisol and IL‑6 during radiochemotherapy, indicating reduced physiologic stress.

PubMed ID: 25701159

Higher HSP‑70 preserved and IL‑6 reduced in critically ill children on glutamine, suggesting improved cellular stress response.

PubMed ID: 17038243

Critically ill elderly receiving intensified nutrition including glutamine + rhGH had improved nutritional/immune markers and clinical scores (combined therapy).

PubMed ID: 16725264

Burn patient trial showed better immune function and shorter hospital stay—strong evidence of improved recovery from severe physiologic stress.

PubMed ID: 15774291

In severe burns enteral glutamine reduced proteolysis and hospital stay—supports recovery from physiologic stress.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Raised plasma glutamine, improved nitrogen balance and wound healing after trauma — evidence of enhanced recovery from injury/stress.

PubMed ID: 12093428

ICU parenteral glutamine reduced infections and associated with better 6‑month survival in adequately fed patients.

PubMed ID: 12297203

SIRS trial: fewer nosocomial infections with enteral glutamine — better recovery under critical stress.

PubMed ID: 12221212

Trauma patients restored plasma glutamine and immune marker HLA‑DR with glutamine feeding — aids stress response.

PubMed ID: 1567096

BMT patients had improved nitrogen balance and fewer infections with glutamine‑supplemented PN → better recovery from treatment stress.

PubMed ID: 29081098

Alanyl‑glutamine improved GI recovery, reduced ICU/antidote needs in severe poisoning — supports resilience to toxic stress.

PubMed ID: 25980810

Dietary glutamine and GABA in heat‑stressed broilers reduced physiological stress markers (corticosterone) and improved growth (strong preclinical signal).

PubMed ID: 35148750

Preop HMB/Arg/Gln attenuated inflammatory stress-response markers post-surgery — supports physiological stress recovery (combination).

PubMed ID: 32593895

Improved post-transplant strength and shorter LOS suggest faster recovery from surgical stress with HMB/glutamine-containing formula.

PubMed ID: 29672184

Functional and lean-mass gains in older adults imply improved recovery from physiologic stressors over six months.

PubMed ID: 28336107

Enriched enteral feeding reduced early postoperative deaths after gastrectomy, indicating enhanced resilience to surgical stress.

PubMed ID: 18007263

Septic ICU patients receiving enteral pharmaconutrition (glutamine dipeptides + antioxidants) had faster organ-dysfunction recovery (SOFA slope), implying stress-recovery benefits.

PubMed ID: 35411147

Perioperative IV glutamine reduced myocardial injury/lactate and improved cardiac output—evidence of improved stress recovery after cardiac surgery.

PubMed ID: 34973853

Glutamine reduced the hypermetabolic response to severe burn stress — direct evidence of improved physiologic stress recovery.

PubMed ID: 15019120

Burn patients recovered faster (shorter LOS) with glutamine — supports stress-recovery benefits.

PubMed ID: 37537132

Preop Ala‑Gln in diabetics lowered perioperative glucose and insulin needs—may reduce metabolic stress of surgery.

PubMed ID: 34645147

In severe burns, Ala‑Gln (with intensive insulin) improved glycemic control and hemodynamics—supports physiologic stress recovery (confounded by insulin regimen).

PubMed ID: 22167767

Perioperative Ala‑Gln lowered troponin I and improved hemodynamics after cardiac surgery—evidence of reduced organ stress/injury.

PubMed ID: 18200673

Early Ala-Gln in severe pancreatitis shortened organ-failure durations and reduced mortality — major stress-recovery benefit in acute illness.

PubMed ID: 17708846

Early parenteral glutamine raised HSP70 and glutamine and was associated with fewer organ dysfunctions (stress/resilience effect).

PubMed ID: 12352037

Restored plasma glutamine and improved 6-month survival in patients treated ≥9 days indicates improved resilience in prolonged critical illness.

PubMed ID: 32114728

Burn‑patient combo therapy improved hemodynamic responses to severe physiologic stress.

PubMed ID: 22834281

Perioperative glutamine improved hemodynamics after cardiopulmonary bypass (physiologic stress model).

PubMed ID: 35220340

Reanalysis linked higher urea/creatinine (nitrogen load) to glutamine‑associated mortality in critical illness — strong signal about amino‑acid/nitrogen balance and safety.

PubMed ID: 25933498

Oral L‑glutamine changed gut microbiota and was associated with shifts in amino‑acid composition.

PubMed ID: 27271658

Intradialytic amino‑acid or glucose infusions altered plasma glutamine and overall amino‑acid profiles.

PubMed ID: 28980034

Alanyl‑glutamine produced clear, significant increases in plasma glutamine, alanine and citrulline.

PubMed ID: 40586833

Large perioperative metabolomics study found consistent postoperative glutamine depletion linked to complications (strong observational signal).

PubMed ID: 40690028

Overweight subjects had lower fasting and blunted postprandial glutamine—evidence of altered AA balance in metabolic states.

PubMed ID: 11104589

Ala-Gln improved nitrogen balance and normalized plasma glutamine after major abdominal surgery (direct amino-acid balance effect).

PubMed ID: 12352037

Parenteral Ala-Gln increased plasma glutamine in ICU patients (direct restoration of amino-acid status).

PubMed ID: 7666798

Perioperative glutamine prevented muscle glutamine decline—evidence of maintained amino acid pool in muscle.

PubMed ID: 35411147

IV glutamine raised plasma glutamine substantially after CABG—direct evidence of altering systemic amino‑acid balance.

PubMed ID: 23474648

Observational neonatal data linked low plasma glutamine/arginine to glycemic dysregulation — indicates the clinical importance of amino-acid balance.

PubMed ID: 37302544

Metformin treatment raised circulating glutamine and BCAA (evidence of altered AA handling in humans).

PubMed ID: 24312458

Cord-blood metabolomics showed measurable glutamine differences in IUGR infants — direct evidence of glutamine's role in amino-acid profiles.

PubMed ID: 12600870

Large randomized trial in ELBW infants showed parenteral glutamine raised plasma glutamine ~30% → clear effect on amino‑acid balance.

PubMed ID: 8865110

IV glycyl‑glutamine increased venous glutamine/dipeptide concentrations, demonstrating ability to modify circulating amino‑acid pools.

PubMed ID: 12221212

Enteral glutamine restored plasma glutamine in trauma patients — clear amino‑acid repletion evidence.

PubMed ID: 12903886

Raised plasma glutamine to near-normal in burn patients — clear amino-acid balance restoration.

PubMed ID: 14722645

IV glutamine normalized plasma glutamine in ICU patients (biochemical restoration of amino‑acid pool) though muscle pools were unchanged.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Marked plasma glutamine increases and reduced nitrogen loss indicate improved systemic amino‑acid/nitrogen balance.

PubMed ID: 16318774

Preserved glutathione redox and albumin suggest better handling of amino‑acid–derived antioxidant pathways and protein status.

PubMed ID: 17168431

Oral glutamine significantly raised plasma glutamine concentrations vs placebo in chemo patients.

PubMed ID: 16725264

Glutamine supplementation raised plasma glutamine ~35% in burn patients, indicating improved amino acid status.

PubMed ID: 16437375

Serum glutamine increased with oral glutamine during chemotherapy (prevention of expected decline), demonstrating impact on amino acid balance.

PubMed ID: 18835506

Perioperative glutamine produced a clear rise in plasma glutamine despite no T‑cell cytokine change — direct biochemical evidence of changed amino‑acid balance.

PubMed ID: 19681775

High‑dose IV glutamine increased plasma glutamine and preserved glutathione — direct evidence of altering amino acid/thiol balance.

PubMed ID: 26292802

Observational data linking serum glutamate and glutamine/glutamate ratio to PTSD severity indicate clinical relevance of the ratio.

PubMed ID: 26501700

Parenteral glutamine reliably raised plasma glutamine by ≈33% (biochemical/AA-balance evidence).

PubMed ID: 14757388

Improved nitrogen balance and higher albumin/IgA in glutamine group after peritonitis indicate anabolic/protein-sparing effects.

PubMed ID: 18596311

Improved nitrogen balance in severe acute pancreatitis with glutamine (supports protein sparing/anabolism).

PubMed ID: 22249475

Glutamine associated with anthropometric (growth) improvements in undernourished children (APOE4 subgroup) — suggests support for growth/lean mass in that context.

PubMed ID: 7666798

Glutamine prevented postoperative decline in muscle protein synthesis markers—supports more effective protein use.

PubMed ID: 9482764

OKG improved nitrogen balance and reduced 3‑methylhistidine (proteolysis marker) in burns—enhanced protein retention/use.

PubMed ID: 35411147

IV glutamine increased plasma glutamine and improved metabolic markers post‑CABG—supports substrate availability for protein synthesis.

PubMed ID: 10850936

HMB/Arg/Gln supplement produced clinically meaningful weight and lean-mass gains in HIV-wasting patients; multi-ingredient limits glutamine-attribution.

PubMed ID: 11975938

Advanced cancer patients taking HMB/Arg/Gln gained fat-free mass versus controls — supports anabolic outcomes but not glutamine-alone effect.

PubMed ID: 17215743

HMB (with or without Arg/Gln) groups had smaller declines in nitrogen balance than placebo in critically injured patients — supports better protein use.

PubMed ID: 29672184

Six months HMB/Arg/Gln increased total lean mass in older adults — supports anabolic/muscle growth effects (multi-ingredient).

PubMed ID: 32593895

Post‑liver transplant HMB formula (with glutamine) increased muscle mass index and strength.

PubMed ID: 26080850

Cancer patients given glutamine+EPA+BCAA maintained/increased fat‑free mass versus control (clinical preservation/gain of muscle, but product combined).

PubMed ID: 16186995

Parenteral glutamine in SCT patients improved albumin/CRP and citrulline signals (secondary endpoints) consistent with enhanced protein/visceral recovery.

PubMed ID: 26269566

Combined alanyl‑glutamine and fish oil modestly increased lean body mass (+1.7 kg) in heart‑failure patients (multi‑component intervention).

PubMed ID: 1567096

Improved nitrogen balance in parenteral‑glutamine group after BMT demonstrates enhanced net protein retention/efficiency.

PubMed ID: 7963169

Improved nitrogen balance with glutamine‑supplemented PN suggests better net protein retention/utilization.

PubMed ID: 15144667

Reduced urine nitrogen excretion and better nitrogen balance in large trauma/burn RCT—evidence of improved protein utilization.

PubMed ID: 15774291

Lower whole‑body proteolysis markers (urine N, 3‑MTH) in burn patients — indicates improved protein preservation/utilization.

PubMed ID: 16273650

Ala‑Gln in TPN correlated with better nitrogen balance (in less‑severe patients) and lower IL‑6 — suggests improved protein economy.

PubMed ID: 16725264

Raised plasma glutamine and improved cellular immunity and wound healing—consistent with enhanced protein utilization in catabolic states.

PubMed ID: 19951555

Glutamine added to enteral nutrition in severe head injury preserved measures of lean tissue (upper arm circumference/muscle) indicating support for muscle maintenance/growth.

PubMed ID: 21396307

Glutamine‑enriched TPN improved prealbumin and nitrogen balance after GI cancer surgery — consistent with supporting lean tissue.

PubMed ID: 22235107

Glutamine drink improved nitrogen balance and reduced postoperative catabolism, indicating support for net protein/muscle anabolism.

PubMed ID: 25016261

Enteral immune nutrition with glutamine improved nutrition indices by postoperative day 9.

PubMed ID: 24992652

Postoperative enteral glutamine improved albumin and increased fat-free mass vs control.

PubMed ID: 27401338

Glutamine-enriched nutrition preserved serum protein markers (ALB/PA/RBP) and T-cell counts in children with ALL.

PubMed ID: 33809996

Oral L‑glutamine increased knee extensor/flexor peak torque and power in older women, consistent with support for muscle strength/growth.

PubMed ID: 19382426

Attenuation of postoperative albumin loss and preserved glutathione imply improved protein and antioxidant status.

PubMed ID: 27271658

Amino‑acid infusion raised serum albumin suggesting improved protein status/usage.

PubMed ID: 10483898

Improved nitrogen balance in PN patients indicates more effective protein utilization clinically.

PubMed ID: 11104589

Improved nitrogen balance and cumulative N balance indicate enhanced utilization of protein/nitrogen with Ala-Gln in TPN.

PubMed ID: 12127929

Improved cumulative nitrogen balance in higher-severity subgroup and increased T cells, suggesting anabolic/repair support in sick patients.

PubMed ID: 33105552

Glutamine‑containing supplements raised erythrocyte GSH and lowered oxidized glutathione—key detox pathway.

PubMed ID: 16196295

Study showed faster recovery of endotoxin-inactivation capacity (EIC) with immunonutrition including glutamine — direct detoxification-related endpoint.

PubMed ID: 20416995

IV glutamine in VLBW infants lowered liver enzymes and bilirubin — supports hepatic tolerance/detoxification.

PubMed ID: 24231012

Parenteral glutamine reduced AST and GGT in preterm infants — direct hepatoprotective/detoxification signal.

PubMed ID: 9720743

Parenteral glutamine in bone-marrow transplant patients preserved hepatic synthetic markers (protein C, albumin)—supports hepatic functional resilience in toxic/stress states.

PubMed ID: 29081098

Alanyl‑glutamine added to therapy for severe organophosphate (phorate) poisoning shortened GI recovery, reduced antidote needs and ICU stay → clinical detoxification/mitigation benefit.

PubMed ID: 16318774

Perioperative glutamine‑enriched TPN preserved glutathione redox status (higher GSH/GSSG ratio) — supports antioxidant/detox pathways.

PubMed ID: 19681775

Perioperative glutamine preserved whole‑blood glutathione (GSH), a key antioxidant/detoxification molecule — strong biochemical support.

PubMed ID: 21890323

Preop supplement containing glutamine increased total endogenous antioxidant capacity and vitamin C after pancreatic surgery (multi‑nutrient).

PubMed ID: 22235107

Glutamine beverage raised glutathione and antioxidant status postoperatively — supports detoxification/antioxidant capacity.

PubMed ID: 36730070

IV glutamine post‑cardiac surgery reduced urinary kidney‑injury biomarkers (TIMP‑2*IGFBP7, KIM‑1, NGAL), implying improved organ resilience/clearance function.

PubMed ID: 12641984

Oral glutamine in burn patients lowered early plasma endotoxin levels and sped wound healing (reduced endotoxemia = detox benefit).

PubMed ID: 19382426

Glutamine-supplemented TPN preserved plasma/RBC glutathione and GSH/GSSG ratio postoperatively, indicating improved antioxidant/detox capacity.

PubMed ID: 16054522

Perioperative Ala-Gln improved endotoxin-inactivation capacity and sCD14 (enhanced detoxification/handling of bacterial products).

PubMed ID: 22958974

Study in UCD patients: urinary phenylacetylglutamine (a glutamine-conjugate) reliably reflected drug dosing — direct linkage of glutamine conjugation to detox pathways.

PubMed ID: 19874691

Glutamine reduced endotoxin and gut‑damage markers in chronic hepatitis B, suggesting reduced gut‑derived toxic burden.

PubMed ID: 26518955

Peri‑operative Ala‑Gln reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) during liver transplantation (oxidative damage marker).

PubMed ID: 19608826

IV Ala‑Gln in severely traumatized ICU patients increased total plasma glutathione substantially (biochemical detoxification marker).

PubMed ID: 18065204

Ala‑Gln modestly improved plasma reduced glutathione in a surgical subgroup (antioxidant support).

PubMed ID: 34973853

Burn RCT reduced organ‑injury biomarkers (LDH, HBD, cTnI) with glutamine — suggests reduced organ stress/toxicity.

PubMed ID: 9482764

OKG improved nitrogen balance and accelerated wound healing in burns—supports tissue/muscle recovery indirectly.

PubMed ID: 11104589

Improved nitrogen balance after alanyl-glutamine in TPN suggests enhanced muscle protein recovery post-surgery.

PubMed ID: 12127929

Nitrogen-balance improvements in sicker patients imply enhanced muscle recovery under catabolic stress.

PubMed ID: 18596311

Improved nitrogen balance in severe pancreatitis supports muscle protein preservation/recovery.

PubMed ID: 34973853

Burn RCT: glutamine reduced hypermetabolism and organ‑injury markers — supportive of systemic recovery including muscle in severe injury.

PubMed ID: 7666798

Perioperative glutamine preserved muscle glutamine and protein synthesis—supports faster/better muscle recovery after injury/surgery.

PubMed ID: 35411147

Perioperative IV glutamine improved cardiac output and reduced injury markers after CABG—supports organ/tissue recovery.

PubMed ID: 29672184

Six-month supplement improved lean mass and function, indicating enhanced muscle recovery/adaptation in older adults.

PubMed ID: 32593895

Post‑transplant formula improved grip strength and SMI — consistent with improved muscle recovery post-surgery.

PubMed ID: 39765161

Preop HMB/Arg/Gln improved 6MWD and strength measures post-cardiac surgery — supports functional muscle recovery (multi-ingredient).

PubMed ID: 26080850

Combined glutamine+EPA+BCAA supplement in cancer patients helped maintain muscle and reduce complications, supporting overall recovery (combined product).

PubMed ID: 1567096

Improved nitrogen balance after BMT indicates improved whole‑body protein economy aiding muscle recovery under severe stress.

PubMed ID: 15774291

Burn patients showed reduced proteolysis and faster wound healing — implies improved overall recovery including muscle protein sparing.

PubMed ID: 19951555

Preservation of muscle circumference and shorter hospital stay after head injury indicate improved muscle recovery/maintenance with enteral glutamine.

PubMed ID: 22235107

Improved nitrogen balance and lower postoperative catabolism imply better muscle recovery potential.

PubMed ID: 33809996

L‑glutamine increased muscle strength and power in older women after 30 days, indicating enhanced muscle recovery/adaptation.

PubMed ID: 35411147

Lower lactate and improved cardiac index after periop glutamine infusion could translate to better early postoperative energy/metabolism.

PubMed ID: 26004031

Rehab + essential AA (including glutamine) produced the largest improvement in 6‑minute walk distance after critical illness — functional/energy endurance signal (multi‑component trial).

PubMed ID: 20622656

Preop glutamine-containing drink raised liver glycogen—physiologic basis for supporting short-term fuel stores and sustained energy perioperatively.

PubMed ID: 26004031

Significant improvement in 6‑minute walk distance when enhanced rehab was combined with essential AAs including glutamine — functional endurance improvement observed (combined intervention).

PubMed ID: 29672184

Stair-climb improvement suggests better short-term endurance/functional capacity after supplementation.

PubMed ID: 39765161

Marked improvements in 6-minute walk distance pre/post-surgery with pre-op multi-ingredient supplementation — functional endurance benefit (multi-ingredient).

PubMed ID: 31156217

Glutamine‑derived ampasse randomized study reported improved depression, sleep and cognition in chronic cerebral ischemia patients.

PubMed ID: 22249475

Short-term growth/gut improvements with glutamine correlated with better later cognitive scores in APOE4+ children — suggests potential cognitive/mental development benefit.

PubMed ID: 27401338

Children on glutamine-enriched nutrition had less edema during chemotherapy, suggesting improved fluid balance.