Sodium Bicarbonate
10 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
49 products in our catalogue print how much Sodium Bicarbonate a serving holds.
Most common: 50 mg to 100 mg and 250 mg to 500 mg, 20% of 49 products each.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 10 mg or less | 1 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 2 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 7 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 10 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 8 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 10 |
| 500 mg to 1 g | 8 |
| 1 g to 2.5 g | 2 |
| over 2.5 g | 1 |
Dose per serving from research
66 study groups in 50 studies say how much Sodium Bicarbonate participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 250 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, 77% of 66 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 mg/kg to 250 mg/kg | 10 |
| 250 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg | 51 |
| 500 mg/kg to 1,000 mg/kg | 4 |
| over 1,000 mg/kg | 1 |
Commonly used together
19 of 84 study groups took Sodium Bicarbonate with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Sodium Alginate | 3 |
Benefit Evidence
Research sources
Metabolism (73)
- Clinical Effects of Balanced Crystalloids vs Saline in Adults With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Subgroup Analysis of Cluster Randomized Clinical Trials
PubMed ID: 33196806
Balanced (bicarbonate‑precursor) crystalloids hastened bicarbonate normalization in DKA vs saline—supporting the physiologic importance of bicarbonate‑equivalent therapy for systemic pH.
- Effectiveness of a novel 1% glucose isotonic electrolyte solution for intraoperative fluid therapy in children: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34775865
Intraoperative isotonic solution containing bicarbonate maintained acid–base stability in children versus lactated Ringer’s.
- Hemorrhagic, hypovolemic shock resuscitated with Ringer's solution using bicarbonate versus lactate: A CONSORT-randomized controlled study comparing patient outcomes and blood inflammatory factors
PubMed ID: 36401445
Bicarbonate Ringer’s improved acid–base status and reduced lactate/inflammation in hemorrhagic shock — strong clinical evidence for pH support in acute care.
- Sodium bicarbonate for kidney transplant recipients with metabolic acidosis in Switzerland: a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
PubMed ID: 36708734
Oral NaHCO3 corrected metabolic acidosis in kidney transplant recipients (increased serum bicarbonate) though without renal function benefit.
- Sodium citrate versus sodium bicarbonate for metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38457574
Large RCT in CKD showed sodium bicarbonate raised serum bicarbonate ≈+6 mmol·L−1 at 12 months—direct evidence of systemic alkalinizing effect.
- Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ringer's Solution Combined with Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on the Internal Environment of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized 2 × 2 Factorial Design Pilot
PubMed ID: 39722113
Bicarbonate‑containing Ringer’s in bariatric surgery raised early postop pH/HCO3− and lowered lactate/inflammation—direct support.
- Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on urine TGF-𝜷 in normal serum bicarbonate CKD, a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40594210
Oral NaHCO3 raised urine pH in CKD patients (systemic acid–base effect evident), though no change in profibrotic biomarker.
- Oral Sodium Bicarbonate vs. Use of Higher Dialysate Bicarbonate in Hemodialysis Patients With Metabolic Acidosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 40084620
Hemodialysis study: oral NaHCO3 modestly raised predialysis bicarbonate—supports systemic acid‑base modulation though incomplete correction.
- No effect of bicarbonate treatment on insulin sensitivity and glucose control in non-diabetic older adults
PubMed ID: 21046483
Three-month bicarbonate supplementation neutralized dietary acid load in older adults, showing systemic pH modulation though without metabolic-insulin effects.
- A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate
PubMed ID: 23393104
Oral NaHCO3 corrected acidosis (increased plasma CO2/bicarb) in stage 4 CKD over 1 year — direct evidence for systemic pH support.
- A Randomized Trial Comparing the Safety, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics Profiles of Two Doses of Sodium Bicarbonate in CKD: the BASE Pilot Trial
PubMed ID: 31848294
Dose-comparison showed dose-dependent alkalinization (higher serum HCO3-) and reduced urinary ammonium → supports overall pH modulation.
- Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the renin-angiotensin system in patients with chronic kidney disease and acidosis: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33382448
Small RCT: oral bicarbonate increased plasma bicarbonate and lowered urinary ammonium though no change in urinary renin—supports acid–base correction.
- Oral sodium bicarbonate in people on haemodialysis: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34674667
Daily oral NaHCO3 increased pre‑dialysis bicarbonate and reduced inter‑dialytic potassium gain in dialysis patients — systemic pH support shown.
- Comparison potassium sodium hydrogen citrate with sodium bicarbonate in urine alkalization: a prospective crossover-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 36261757
Urinary pH changes confirm systemic/renal acid–base effects of alkalizing agents including NaHCO3.
- Salt sensitivity in humans is associated with abnormal acid-base regulation
PubMed ID: 2210808
Study using sodium citrate (alkalinizing salt) showed increased arterial pH/bicarbonate and prevented blood pressure rise in salt-sensitive subjects — mechanistic evidence relevant to systemic alkalinization similar to bicarbonate.
- Improved peribulbar anaesthesia with alkalinization and hyaluronidase
PubMed ID: 8403178
Alkalinization of local anesthetic (pH 6.7 with bicarbonate) improved block efficacy; demonstrates local pH manipulation effects.
- Amelioration of lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate during liver transplantation in humans
PubMed ID: 7978471
Dichloroacetate given during liver transplant reduced need for NaHCO3 therapy, implying perioperative bicarbonate use and systemic acid-base interplay.
- Alkali therapy versus sodium chloride supplement in low birthweight infants with incipient late metabolic acidosis
PubMed ID: 9116434
Oral sodium bicarbonate corrected acid status in preterm infants (serum/urine pH) with associated nutritional benefits — direct evidence of systemic acid–base correction.
- Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study
PubMed ID: 11574339
Normal saline caused more intraoperative acidosis and needed more bicarbonate therapy—evidence that bicarbonate corrects iatrogenic acidosis (indirect support).
- Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest
PubMed ID: 16490643
Large prehospital trial showed no overall survival benefit but indicated possible benefit in prolonged arrests — indicates clinical effects of systemic bicarbonate in severe acidosis contexts (context-specific).
- Effects of resuscitation with crystalloid fluids on cardiac function in patients with severe sepsis
PubMed ID: 18419825
Bolus 5% bicarbonate in severe sepsis patients produced clear improvement in base excess and earlier hemodynamic changes—evidence of pH restoration.
- Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status
PubMed ID: 19608703
High‑quality randomized trial: oral sodium bicarbonate in CKD patients with low bicarbonate slowed disease progression and corrected metabolic acidosis—strong systemic pH‑balance evidence.
- Single early instillation of mitomycin C and urinary alkalinization in low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a preliminary study
PubMed ID: 23300343
Oral NaHCO3 raised urinary pH in patients — supports enteral alkalinization affecting body pH compartments.
- Sodium bicarbonate infusion to reduce cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a phase II multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23685640
Large RCT showed perioperative NaHCO3 infusion produced clear plasma and urine alkalinization — direct evidence of systemic pH change.
- Prophylactic perioperative sodium bicarbonate to prevent acute kidney injury following open heart surgery: a multicenter double-blinded randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 23610561
Multicenter RCT documented systemic alkalinization with NaHCO3 but also reported increased AKI/mortality signals — shows pH effect though clinical benefit absent.
- [The use of sodium bicarbonate in stages in treating hypoperfusion induced lactic acidemia in septic shock]
PubMed ID: 23611092
Staged NaHCO3 in septic‑shock with lactic acidosis raised pH, lowered lactate, reduced organ dysfunction and mortality — strong evidence of systemic acid–base correction.
- Does oral sodium bicarbonate therapy improve function and quality of life in older patients with chronic kidney disease and low-grade acidosis (the BiCARB trial)? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26231610
Protocoled RCT of oral sodium bicarbonate in older CKD patients targets correction of metabolic acidosis and systemic bicarbonate — directly relevant to systemic pH support (no outcomes yet).
- Sodium Bicarbonate Prevents Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Addition to Theophylline: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 27227933
Peri‑procedural bicarbonate hydration increased serum bicarbonate and reduced contrast‑induced nephropathy vs saline — supports systemic buffering benefit.
- Sodium Bicarbonate Versus Sodium Chloride for Preventing Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28181941
Bicarbonate hydration raised urinary pH and urinary alkalinity in critically ill patients—physiologic pH effect even without outcome benefit.
- The Effect of Buffering High Acid Load Meal with Sodium Bicarbonate on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Humans-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 28800090
NaHCO3 prevented the small post‑meal pH fall, demonstrating acute systemic alkalizing effect.
- Usefulness of Sodium Bicarbonate for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
PubMed ID: 28844518
Peri‑procedural hydration with NaHCO3 reduced CIN and affected acid–base balance, supporting systemic pH effects.
- Acid Inhibitory Effect of a Combination of Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate (CDFR0209) Compared With Delayed-Release Omeprazole 40 mg Alone in Healthy Adult Male Subjects
PubMed ID: 28111929
NaHCO3 used pharmaceutically to enable immediate‑release omeprazole (affects gastric pH dynamics).
- Randomized trial of one-hour sodium bicarbonate vs standard periprocedural saline hydration in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing cardiovascular contrast procedures
PubMed ID: 29420536
Infused NaHCO3 altered urinary pH and maintained non‑inferior renal outcomes, showing systemic/renal pH modulation.
- Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate delays progression of chronic kidney disease: the UBI Study
PubMed ID: 31598912
Large multicenter RCT in CKD with metabolic acidosis: oral NaHCO3 raised bicarbonate, slowed kidney decline and reduced dialysis/mortality—strong evidence NaHCO3 corrects systemic acid‑base imbalance.
- Fruit and Vegetable Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Metabolic Acidosis Reduces Cardiovascular Risk Better than Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed ID: 30995657
NaHCO3 raised plasma total CO2 and preserved eGFR vs usual care over 5 years—supports long‑term systemic acid correction.
- Urine citrate excretion identifies changes in acid retention as eGFR declines in patients with chronic kidney disease
PubMed ID: 31215805
Long‑term randomized physiologic study showed NaHCO3 reduced H+ retention and preserved eGFR—direct evidence of ongoing systemic acid‑base correction.
- Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation and Urinary TGF-β1 in Nonacidotic Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31974286
Oral NaHCO3 produced modest increases in serum total CO2 in diabetic CKD patients—evidence of systemic alkalinization though smaller effect.
- Correction of metabolic acidosis improves muscle mass and renal function in chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30053298
Clinical RCT in CKD stages 3–4: bicarbonate corrected metabolic acidosis (raised plasma bicarbonate), preserved muscle mass and improved eGFR—direct support for systemic pH correction benefits in that population.
- Clinical study of sodium bicarbonated Ringer's solution on fluid resuscitation of patients with hemorrhagic shock
PubMed ID: 35302197
Sodium‑bicarbonate Ringer’s preserved arterial pH, bicarbonate and base excess and reduced lactate versus normal saline in hemorrhagic shock—strong physiologic support.
- Sodium Bicarbonate for Metabolic Acidosis in the ICU: Results of a Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 37294139
IV sodium bicarbonate rapidly corrected base excess and plasma bicarbonate and raised pH in critically ill patients—clear systemic pH‑balancing effect.
- Kidney and Cardiovascular Protection Using Dietary Acid Reduction in Primary Hypertension: A Five-Year, Interventional, Randomized, Control Trial
PubMed ID: 39107215
Five‑year randomized trial: oral NaHCO3 slowed CKD eGFR decline by correcting metabolic acidosis—strong evidence for systemic pH support.
- Sex-dependent responses to acute sodium bicarbonate different dose treatment: A randomized double-blind crossover study
PubMed ID: 39306577
Dose‑ and sex‑dependent HCO3− kinetics shown with acute NaHCO3; highest doses produced larger alkalosis.
- Effects of different types of Ringer's solution on patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock: a prospective cohort study
PubMed ID: 38566152
Sodium bicarbonate Ringer’s in trauma improved arterial/venous pH and bicarbonate and enhanced lactate clearance—direct systemic pH benefit.
- Sodium Bicarbonate for Severe Metabolic Acidemia and Acute Kidney Injury: The BICARICU-2 Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 41159812
Large RCT in severe metabolic acidosis: IV NaHCO3 reduced need for kidney replacement therapy (and treated acidosis)—strong systemic pH intervention.
- Effect of isotonic sodium bicarbonate infusion on perioperative acid-base status among patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for perforation peritonitis (ISABEL trial): a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 39800791
Isotonic NaHCO3 intraop fluid improved base excess and reduced AKI/vasopressor need—clinically meaningful systemic pH effect.
- Application of Sodium Bicarbonate Prereduction in Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration
PubMed ID: 40875712
Altering bicarbonate in CVVH replacement fluid changed HCO3- swings and clinician interventions, demonstrating measurable effects on acid–base control.
- Half Saline-Bicarbonate Solution as Intraoperative Fluid Replacement Therapy Leads to Less Acidosis and Better Early Renal Function During Deceased-Donor Transplant
PubMed ID: 30995895
Use of bicarbonate‑containing intraoperative fluid produced less acidosis and better early graft function—supports physiologic acid‑base benefits of bicarbonate in the perioperative setting.
- Impact of Serum Bicarbonate Levels on Muscle Mass and Kidney Function in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
PubMed ID: 31752000
Oral NaHCO3 targeted to raise serum bicarbonate to ~24 mEq/L preserved muscle mass in pre‑dialysis CKD—evidence of systemic alkalinizing benefit.
- Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate in CKD Stages 3 and 4: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 31699517
Long-term oral NaHCO3 increased serum bicarbonate modestly though without kidney/muscle benefits → demonstrates systemic pH impact.
- Randomized, Controlled Trial of TRC101 to Increase Serum Bicarbonate in Patients with CKD
PubMed ID: 29102959
TRC101 (non-NaHCO3 drug) raised serum bicarbonate in CKD patients; indirect evidence that raising bicarbonate corrects acidosis (context for NaHCO3).
- Correction of metabolic acidosis improves insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease
PubMed ID: 27770799
Correction of metabolic acidosis with oral NaHCO3 in CKD improved insulin sensitivity when bicarbonate normalized — shows beneficial systemic pH correction.
- A randomized trial of Plasma-Lyte A and 0.9 % sodium chloride in acute pediatric gastroenteritis
PubMed ID: 27480410
Balanced crystalloid increased serum bicarbonate in dehydrated children versus saline—demonstrates clinically meaningful alkalinizing effect.
- Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rate
PubMed ID: 24694986
Randomized trial in CKD: oral bicarbonate raised plasma TCO2, lowered markers and slowed eGFR decline — strong evidence of systemic acid–base support.
- Estimated net endogenous acid production and serum bicarbonate in African Americans with chronic kidney disease
PubMed ID: 21700817
Observational study: higher dietary acid load associated with lower serum bicarbonate—supports role of bicarbonate in systemic pH balance.
- Resuscitation with balanced electrolyte solution prevents hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
PubMed ID: 20825879
Bicarbonate‑containing resuscitation fluid raised serum bicarbonate and prevented hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis — strong evidence of systemic pH support.
- Comparison between normal saline and a polyelectrolyte solution for fluid resuscitation in severely dehydrated infants with acute diarrhoea
PubMed ID: 16297299
Polyelectrolyte rehydration corrected bicarbonate in severely dehydrated infants while normal saline decreased it — highlights clinical relevance of bicarbonate-containing fluids to acid-base balance.
- Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15150204
Randomized trial showing IV sodium bicarbonate produced clinically meaningful systemic alkalinization and reduced contrast nephropathy — strong evidence of systemic pH effect.
- Oral sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized placebo-control trial
PubMed ID: 12874466
Randomized trial in PD patients: oral NaHCO3 sustainably raised plasma bicarbonate and improved nutritional markers and hospitalization—strong evidence for systemic pH support.
- Acetate-free biofiltration versus bicarbonate haemodialysis in the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy: a cross-over multicentric study
PubMed ID: 9568857
Bicarbonate dialysis improved acid–base control and reduced dialysis-related symptoms vs acetate techniques — strong clinical evidence that bicarbonate corrects systemic acid–base disturbances in patients.
- Safety and efficacy of intravenous Carbicarb in patients undergoing surgery: comparison with sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of mild metabolic acidosis. SPI Research Group. Study of Perioperative Ischemia
PubMed ID: 7924363
Direct randomized comparison: NaHCO3 raised arterial pH (+0.06) during surgery, showing clear systemic alkalinizing effect.
- Decreased growth rate of low-birth-weight infants with prolonged maximum renal acid stimulation
PubMed ID: 8393359
Oral bicarbonate prevented acid-associated growth slowdown in low-birth-weight infants, indicating systemic buffering benefit.
- Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Vascular Function in CKD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37228030
Oral NaHCO3 raised plasma bicarbonate in CKD patients—evidence of sustained systemic alkali effect.
- The role of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation in maintaining acid-base balance and its influence on the cardiovascular system in chronic hemodialysis patients - results of a prospective study
PubMed ID: 27928454
Oral NaHCO3 maintained target predialysis bicarbonate and was linked to favorable vascular markers — demonstrates systemic acid‑base support in patients.
- Treatment with potassium bicarbonate lowers calcium excretion and bone resorption in older men and women
PubMed ID: 18940881
3‑month bicarbonate supplementation reduced bone‑resorption markers and urinary calcium loss in older adults—consistent systemic alkalinizing effect.
- Effects of correction of metabolic acidosis on blood urea and bone metabolism in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: a prospective randomized single blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16526312
RCT in CKD patients showed oral NaHCO3 maintained venous pH/HCO3- targets and improved biochemical outcomes — strong direct evidence for systemic pH support.
- Role of an improvement in acid-base status and nutrition in CAPD patients
PubMed ID: 9328950
Alkali (including sodium bicarbonate) in CAPD patients corrected serum HCO3- and pH and produced clinical improvements — strong clinical evidence for systemic pH support.
- Safety of low-dose intraoperative bicarbonate therapy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia (SPI) Research Group
PubMed ID: 8386997
Low-dose IV NaHCO3 safely corrected intraoperative metabolic acidosis (increased pH and bicarbonate).
- Bicarbonate ringer's solution could improve the intraoperative acid-base equilibrium and reduce hepatocellular enzyme levels after deceased donor liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 38114893
Intraoperative bicarbonate‑Ringer infusion better preserved pH/BE and reduced need for additional bicarbonate—supports intraop pH balance.
- Urinary excretion of aldosterone, arginine vasopressin and cortisol in premature infants with maximum renal acid stimulation
PubMed ID: 7633141
Direct sodium bicarbonate administration corrected renal acid stress markers in preterm infants—supports systemic acid–base balance.
- Bicarbonate-buffered solution versus Plasma-LyteTM in orthotopic adult liver transplantation: a pilot open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial
PubMed ID: 39962926
Bicarbonate‑buffered IV solution provided non‑inferior acid–base control during liver transplantation — strong evidence for systemic pH buffering capability in clinical infusion.
- Assessment of in vivo CYP2D6 activity: differential sensitivity of commonly used probes to urine pH
PubMed ID: 15545311
Oral NaHCO3 altered urine pH and urinary drug/metabolite ratios — clear evidence NaHCO3 changes body fluid pH.
- Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches
PubMed ID: 9487416
IV sodium bicarbonate lowered serum potassium via alkalinization in hyperkalemia management — demonstrates systemic acid–base effects.
- Comparison of bicarbonate Ringer's solution with lactated Ringer's solution among postoperative outcomes in patients with laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy: a single-centre randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38649834
RCT during liver surgery: bicarbonate‑buffered Ringer’s preserved pH/HCO3− and shortened hospital stay—strong systemic acid–base evidence.
Oral health (45)
- A randomised, controlled, trial investigating the effect of tooth brushing with a sodium bicarbonate toothpaste for 12 weeks compared to a conventional fluoride toothpaste on gingivitis
PubMed ID: 40482904
Well‑powered randomized trial: twice‑daily NaHCO3 toothpaste significantly reduced plaque and gingival inflammation versus control.
- An evaluation of a commercial chewing gum in combination with normal toothbrushing for reducing dental plaque and gingivitis
PubMed ID: 11913304
Randomized trial: baking-soda gum adjunct reduced plaque (~17%) and gingivitis vs control over 4 weeks.
- Six-month evaluation of Parodontax dentifrice compared to a placebo dentifrice
PubMed ID: 8395177
A toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate modestly reduced plaque area and bleeding-on-probing over 3–6 months vs placebo.
- The effect of two toothpastes on plaque and gingival inflamation
PubMed ID: 8624228
Toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate reduced gingival inflammation and bleeding (~40% reductions), indicating improved oral health markers.
- Maintenance of tooth color after prophylaxis: comparison of three dentifrices
PubMed ID: 11476015
Baking-soda–containing whitening dentifrice prevented post-prophylaxis stain accumulation versus regular dentifrice (gentle stain control).
- Extrinsic tooth stain removal efficacy of a sodium bicarbonate dual-phase dentifrice containing calcium and phosphate in a six-week clinical trial
PubMed ID: 15688962
Large double-blind trial: sodium-bicarbonate toothpaste removed more extrinsic tooth stain than control over 6 weeks — strong clinical evidence for gentle whitening.
- Clinical efficacy evaluation of calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate on surface-enamel smoothness and gloss
PubMed ID: 15645905
Fluoride toothpaste containing calcium, phosphate and sodium bicarbonate produced substantial enamel gloss (+23%) and smoother surfaces after 3 months — direct evidence for gentle esthetic whitening.
- Comparison of a dual-phase fluoride toothpaste containing calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate with a regular fluoride toothpaste on calculus formation
PubMed ID: 15645907
Dual-phase baking-soda toothpaste significantly reduced lingual calculus (~16%) vs regular paste in a clinical model — direct evidence of improved oral cleanliness (localized).
- Effectiveness of a baking soda toothpaste delivering calcium and phosphate in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity
PubMed ID: 20128316
Baking‑soda toothpaste delivering calcium/phosphate improved dentinal outcomes and oral condition, supporting improved cleanliness/oral health.
- Clinical Study to Assess the Stain Removal Effectiveness of a Tooth Whitening Regimen with Added Whitening Booster
PubMed ID: 26665290
Bicarbonate‑containing toothpaste removed more extrinsic stain over 14 days vs control; booster enhanced effect.
- Clinical Effectiveness Evaluation of a New Whitening Dentifrice
PubMed ID: 26665288
High‑bicarbonate toothpaste produced large, clinically meaningful reductions in extrinsic stain (≈45% at 6 weeks) and improved shade in a randomized trial.
- Extrinsic Stain Removal Effectiveness of a New Whitening Dentifrice
PubMed ID: 26665289
Short randomized trial showed ≈23% stain reduction in 5 days with bicarbonate toothpaste — rapid whitening effect.
- A microbiological and clinical study of the safety and efficacy of baking-soda dentifrices
PubMed ID: 11524866
Baking‑soda dentifrices significantly reduced dental plaque and gingival inflammation over 3–6 months.
- Clinical evaluation of the effect of a hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse, sodium bicarbonate dentifrice, and mouth moisturizer on oral health
PubMed ID: 9487836
Baking-soda dentifrice was safe and associated with ~27–30% lower gingival inflammation (MGI), indicating improved gingival health/cleanliness.
- Evaluation of the effects of brushing on the removal of dental plaque
PubMed ID: 10518862
Single standardized brushing with a high-bicarbonate toothpaste removed significantly more plaque than tested non-bicarbonate toothpastes — direct evidence for improved oral cleanliness.
- A longitudinal comparison of tooth whitening resulting from dentifrice use
PubMed ID: 10518865
Twice-daily high-bicarbonate dentifrice produced consistent, significant extrinsic stain reduction and increased tooth whiteness over 12 weeks (clinical trial).
- A six-week clinical efficacy study of four commercially available dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stain
PubMed ID: 10825858
A baking-soda (NaHCO3) containing toothpaste reduced extrinsic tooth stain area/intensity vs a regular fluoride toothpaste over 6 weeks — direct product-level evidence for gentle whitening.
- The stain prevention efficacy of two tooth whitening dentifrices
PubMed ID: 12244740
Controlled clinical trial showed a baking-soda dentifrice significantly prevented extrinsic staining over 8 weeks—strong direct evidence for gentle whitening/stain control.
- A four-week clinical study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice and an antimicrobial dentifrice in reducing plaque
PubMed ID: 19278080
Well‑powered randomized trial showed baking‑soda dentifrice removed significantly more plaque after single brush and over 4 weeks vs a non‑baking‑soda antimicrobial toothpaste.
- Enhancement of plaque removal efficacy by tooth brushing with baking soda dentifrices: results of five clinical studies
PubMed ID: 19278079
Pooled short clinical studies (≈270 subjects) consistently show improved plaque removal with sodium bicarbonate‑containing dentifrices.
- Effectiveness of a new dentifrice with baking soda and peroxide in removing extrinsic stain and whitening teeth
PubMed ID: 23210419
Randomized trial: baking‑soda/peroxide toothpaste produced large, significant whitening and stain removal versus control.
- Comparing three toothpastes in controlling plaque and gingivitis: A 6-month clinical study
PubMed ID: 26087570
Large RCT: herbal/sodium‑bicarbonate toothpaste performed similarly to standard fluoride toothpaste for reducing plaque and gingivitis.
- Will mouth wash solutions of water, salt, sodiumbicarbonate or citric acid improve upper gastrointestinal symptoms in chronic kidney disease
PubMed ID: 26891101
NaHCO3 mouth rinse improved mouthfeel and subjective oral symptoms in CKD patients, consistent with reduction in mouth odours.
- Efficacy and Tolerability of Sodium Bicarbonate Toothpaste in Subjects with Gingivitis: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 30460353
24‑week RCT: 67% NaHCO3 toothpaste significantly reduced plaque and gingival bleeding versus non‑bicarbonate toothpaste.
- Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate and zinc chloride mouthwashes in the treatment of oral mucositis and quality of life in patients with cancer under chemotherapy
PubMed ID: 35170247
NaHCO3 mouthwash reduced mucositis and improved oral QoL; direct mouthwash application supports odor relief.
- Efficacy of an experimental toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate, sodium hyaluronate and sodium fluoride on gingivitis
PubMed ID: 38336635
Toothpaste containing 67% sodium bicarbonate substantially reduced plaque, gingival bleeding and inflammation in a randomized trial—strong direct evidence for improved oral cleanliness.
- Comparison of biofilm removal using glycine air polishing versus sodium bicarbonate air polishing or hand instrumentation on full-arch fixed implant rehabilitations: a split-mouth study
PubMed ID: 31286118
Split‑mouth trial: sodium‑bicarbonate air polishing removed plaque effectively (PI reduced to 0.0), direct evidence for improved oral cleanliness.
- In vitro evaluation of different techniques of enamel preparation for pit and fissure sealing
PubMed ID: 15008338
Bicarbonate air-polishing improved tooth surface cleaning in vitro — supports improved plaque/stain removal potential.
- Lactobacillus brevis CD2 for Prevention of Oral Mucositis in Patients With Head and Neck Tumors: A Multicentric Randomized Study
PubMed ID: 30952736
Sodium‑bicarbonate mouthwash used as standard oral care in radiotherapy patients—supports breath‑freshening/odor control in mouthwash role.
- A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a 67 % sodium bicarbonate-containing dentifrice on 0.2 % chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash tooth staining
PubMed ID: 27557865
High‑baking‑soda dentifrice modestly reduced certain staining outcomes and had oral safety data; supports oral cleaning benefits.
- Two Randomized Clinical Studies to Confirm Differential Plaque Removal by Sodium Bicarbonate Dentifrices in a Single Timed Brushing Model
PubMed ID: 29211950
Two randomized crossover trials: high‑concentration NaHCO3 dentifrices produced significantly greater acute plaque removal versus non‑bicarbonate dentifrices.
- A Randomised Clinical Study to Evaluate Efficacy on Gingival Health of 62% and 67% Sodium Bicarbonate Toothpastes
PubMed ID: 34874138
Large RCT: twice‑daily NaHCO3 toothpastes reduced plaque and gingival bleeding—direct, high‑quality evidence for improved oral cleanliness.
- Efficacy of baking soda-containing chewing gum in removing natural tooth stain
PubMed ID: 11913307
Large randomized trial: baking-soda gum produced large stain reduction and shade improvement—strong evidence for whitening effect.
- Effects of a Baking Soda Gum on extrinsic dental stain: results of a longitudinal 4-week assessment
PubMed ID: 11913306
Controlled trial showed baking-soda gum reduced visible tooth staining over 4 weeks—robust evidence supporting whitening/stain prevention.
- A clinical investigation to evaluate reduction in dental stain provided by the once-daily use of a breath mint or chewing gum
PubMed ID: 11913308
Once-daily baking-soda gum gave significant stain reduction versus control—strong support for whitening/appearance improvement.
- A clinical evaluation and comparison of bioactive glass and sodium bicarbonate air-polishing powders
PubMed ID: 20223272
Dental study showed 1–2 shade improvement with sodium-bicarbonate air-polishing versus bioactive glass, supporting mild whitening effect, though increased sensitivity was reported.
- A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste on gingivitis
PubMed ID: 27212001
Well‑powered RCT: 67% NaHCO3 toothpaste significantly reduced gingival bleeding and improved gingival indices—strong evidence for oral hygiene benefit.
- Six-Month Evaluation of a Sodium Bicarbonate-Containing Toothpaste for Reduction of Established Gingivitis: A Randomized USA-Based Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 29758155
Large 24‑week RCT: twice‑daily 67% NaHCO3 toothpaste markedly reduced bleeding sites and plaque vs control.
- Efficacy of a novel post-foaming dental gel on gingival inflammation: A randomized controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 32372407
Randomized trial: a foaming dental gel containing sodium bicarbonate (plus CPC, H2O2) reduced gingival index and bleeding on probing vs brushing alone — improved oral health outcomes though multi‑ingredient.
- The effects of two baking-soda toothpastes in enhancing mechanical plaque removal and improving gingival health: A 6-month randomized clinical study
PubMed ID: 33017530
Large randomized double‑blind trial: high‑level baking‑soda toothpastes markedly reduced plaque, bleeding and gingival inflammation vs control.
- Enhanced plaque removal to improve gingival health: 3-month randomized clinical study of the effects of baking soda toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis
PubMed ID: 33017529
Randomized trial showed 20% baking‑soda toothpaste significantly reduced plaque index and gingival bleeding — strong direct evidence for improved oral cleanliness.
- Effects of an amino acid buffered hypochlorite solution as an adjunctive to air-powder abrasion in open-flap surface decontamination of implants failed for peri-implantitis: an ex vivo randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 35802191
Direct randomized ex‑vivo clinical data: NaHCO3 air‑powder abrasion (especially with adjunct) dramatically reduced implant bacterial CFU.
- Efficacy of nasal irrigation and oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution on virus clearance for COVID-19 patients
PubMed ID: 37006571
Nose/mouth rinse with 5% NaHCO3 shortened viral carriage and hospital stay in mild/moderate COVID‑19—supports antiseptic/cleansing mouth effects.
- Effects of sodium bicarbonate solution on tongue coating and oral hygiene in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41063101
Randomized trial in heart‑failure inpatients: 5% NaHCO3 gargling markedly decreased tongue coating, bacterial colony counts and plaque—strong evidence for improved oral cleanliness.
- Clinical efficacy and safety of bipolar water as a therapeutic approach for oral candidiasis: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40855128
Use of a sodium‑bicarbonate mouthwash in oral infection treatment supports deodorizing/odour‑reducing action in the oral cavity.
Urinary comfort (36)
- Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation and Urinary TGF-β1 in Nonacidotic Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 31974286
Oral NaHCO3 significantly increased urinary pH and serum total CO2 in diabetic CKD patients—direct evidence of urinary alkalinization.
- Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies
PubMed ID: 17309916
Sodium‑bicarbonate hydration was used clinically and produced renal/acid–base effects in patients undergoing contrast procedures—relevant to urinary/renal pH strategies.
- Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. A comparison of 3 regimens for protecting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary procedures. A single-center prospective controlled trial
PubMed ID: 17719303
Hydration with NaHCO3 before contrast reduced kidney injury—demonstrates clinical use of bicarbonate-based alkalinizing regimens.
- The reno-protective effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: the RENO Study
PubMed ID: 17394959
Rapid IV NaHCO3 plus NAC strongly reduced post‑procedure creatinine rises—clinical evidence of beneficial alkalinizing hydration effects on kidneys.
- A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate
PubMed ID: 23393104
Oral NaHCO3 corrected metabolic acidosis in stage 4 CKD and altered urinary markers — supports systemic/renal acid–base effects that affect urine.
- A Randomized Trial Comparing the Safety, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics Profiles of Two Doses of Sodium Bicarbonate in CKD: the BASE Pilot Trial
PubMed ID: 31848294
Dose-dependent NaHCO3 increased serum bicarbonate and reduced urinary ammonium excretion → indicates altered acid handling / urinary acid load.
- Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the renin-angiotensin system in patients with chronic kidney disease and acidosis: a randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 33382448
In CKD patients with acidosis, oral bicarbonate increased plasma bicarbonate and lowered urinary ammonium — demonstrates meaningful acid–base/urinary changes.
- Oral sodium bicarbonate in people on haemodialysis: a randomised controlled trial
PubMed ID: 34674667
Daily oral NaHCO3 in hemodialysis patients increased pre‑dialysis bicarbonate (systemic alkalinization) — supports systemic pH modulation that can affect urinary pH.
- Comparison potassium sodium hydrogen citrate with sodium bicarbonate in urine alkalization: a prospective crossover-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 36261757
Crossover trial showed sodium bicarbonate produced urinary alkalinization over 24 h, though potassium‑sodium‑citrate produced greater alkalinization at tested doses.
- Alkali therapy versus sodium chloride supplement in low birthweight infants with incipient late metabolic acidosis
PubMed ID: 9116434
Oral sodium bicarbonate in preterm infants reliably corrected urinary acidification (urine pH increases) and associated metabolic benefits versus NaCl — direct evidence for urinary pH modulation.
- Comparison of usefulness of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing an emergent coronary procedure
PubMed ID: 17719320
IV sodium bicarbonate infusion before coronary procedures markedly reduced contrast-related kidney injury—supports therapeutic urinary/renal alkalinization strategies.
- Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status
PubMed ID: 19608703
Oral bicarbonate in CKD patients with low bicarbonate raised systemic bicarbonate and slowed CKD progression—strong evidence of systemic/urinary acid–base modulation.
- Sodium bicarbonate to prevent increases in serum creatinine after cardiac surgery: a pilot double-blind, randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 19112278
Perioperative bicarbonate infusion reduced postoperative renal dysfunction markers—supports beneficial renal/acid‑base effects.
- Efficacy of single-bolus administration of sodium bicarbonate to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with mild renal insufficiency undergoing an elective coronary procedure
PubMed ID: 19766757
Single‑bolus IV sodium bicarbonate reduced contrast‑induced kidney injury in a trial of patients with mild renal impairment, consistent with renal acid–base modulation (clinical endpoint).
- A new protocol using sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography
PubMed ID: 21420053
Peri‑procedural bicarbonate hydration markedly reduced contrast‑induced nephropathy and preserved GFR — indicates systemic/renal acid–base effects including urinary buffering.
- Effects of hydration in contrast-induced acute kidney injury after primary angioplasty: a randomized, controlled trial
PubMed ID: 21972403
Early sodium bicarbonate hydration before/after angioplasty reduced CI‑AKI incidence — supports renal/systemic acid‑base modulation with urinary/renal benefits.
- Single early instillation of mitomycin C and urinary alkalinization in low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a preliminary study
PubMed ID: 23300343
Oral NaHCO3 before intravesical chemotherapy significantly raised urinary pH in a human trial — direct evidence for urinary pH alteration.
- Sodium Bicarbonate Versus Sodium Chloride for Preventing Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 28181941
Bicarbonate hydration raised urinary pH in critically ill patients (physiologic effect was clear despite no kidney-outcome benefit).
- Usefulness of Sodium Bicarbonate for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
PubMed ID: 28844518
Peri‑procedural hydration including NaHCO3 reduced contrast‑induced nephropathy incidence—consistent with urinary/renal protective alkalinization.
- Randomized trial of one-hour sodium bicarbonate vs standard periprocedural saline hydration in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing cardiovascular contrast procedures
PubMed ID: 29420536
1‑hour NaHCO3 infusion produced higher urinary pH (6.9 vs 6.4) and was non‑inferior to saline for preventing CI‑AKI, demonstrating urinary alkalinization effect.
- Urine citrate excretion identifies changes in acid retention as eGFR declines in patients with chronic kidney disease
PubMed ID: 31215805
Long‑term NaHCO3 reduced acid retention and altered urine citrate excretion with eGFR tracking—supports effects on renal acid handling and urinary chemistry.
- The efficacy and safety of citrate mixture vs sodium bicarbonate on urine alkalization in Chinese primary gout patients with benzbromarone: a prospective, randomized controlled study
PubMed ID: 33211886
Large RCT in gout patients: sodium bicarbonate raised urine pH similarly to citrate — direct evidence for urine alkalinization.
- Efficacy and safety of tart cherry supplementary citrate mixture on gout patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study
PubMed ID: 37679816
Oral sodium bicarbonate in gout patients raised urine pH over 12 weeks—direct evidence for urinary alkalinization.
- Kidney and Cardiovascular Protection Using Dietary Acid Reduction in Primary Hypertension: A Five-Year, Interventional, Randomized, Control Trial
PubMed ID: 39107215
Long‑term oral NaHCO3 reduced dietary acid load and slowed CKD progression—consistent with systemic alkali therapy affecting urine/acid–base balance.
- Evaluation of clinical efficacy of pelvic ultrasound monitoring combined with scale scoring in the treatment of interstitial cystitis by intravesical instillation regimen combined with hydrodistention and transurethral fulguration
PubMed ID: 40336023
Intravesical alkalized lidocaine (lidocaine + NaHCO3) as part of instillation produced meaningful bladder symptomatic and capacity improvements — indicates local alkalinizing/therapeutic effect in the urinary tract.
- Comparative effects of potassium chloride and bicarbonate on thiazide-induced reduction in urinary calcium excretion
PubMed ID: 10916098
Potassium bicarbonate (alkali bicarbonate) lowered net acid and urinary calcium and neutralized mild dietary acid — strong evidence that bicarbonate alkali affects systemic/urinary acid–base (KHCO3 used, not NaHCO3, but mechanism comparable).
- Urinary excretion of aldosterone, arginine vasopressin and cortisol in premature infants with maximum renal acid stimulation
PubMed ID: 7633141
Sodium bicarbonate therapy in preterm infants lowered markers of renal acid stress and altered urinary excretions over 7 days.
- Assessment of in vivo CYP2D6 activity: differential sensitivity of commonly used probes to urine pH
PubMed ID: 15545311
Oral NaHCO3 alkalinized urine and substantially altered urinary metabolite ratios — direct evidence of urinary pH modulation.
- Effects of correction of metabolic acidosis on blood urea and bone metabolism in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: a prospective randomized single blind controlled trial
PubMed ID: 16526312
Oral NaHCO3 in CKD corrected/maintained serum bicarbonate and mitigated metabolic acidosis — systemic alkalinisation can influence urinary pH (moderate indirect evidence).
- Treatment with potassium bicarbonate lowers calcium excretion and bone resorption in older men and women
PubMed ID: 18940881
Bicarbonate supplementation reduced urinary calcium loss and bone‑resorption markers—consistent with systemic alkalinization and urinary pH effects.
- An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults
PubMed ID: 27367723
Drinking 1 L/day bicarbonate‑rich mineral water significantly raised urine pH in a randomized crossover trial — direct evidence.
- Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15150204
IV NaHCO3 hydration produced systemic/renal alkalinizing effects in patients and markedly reduced contrast nephropathy — strong clinical evidence of urinary/renal pH modification capability.
- Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rate
PubMed ID: 24694986
Oral NaHCO3 raised plasma TCO2 and improved kidney outcomes in CKD; systemic alkali therapy will affect acid–base and urinary bicarbonate/pH.
- Urine alkalinisation to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury: the prospective, randomised, controlled, open-label TEATE trial
PubMed ID: 35620986
Oral or IV bicarbonate reliably raised urine pH in the trial (many patients achieved urine pH>6), showing direct urinary alkalinization.
- Sodium citrate versus sodium bicarbonate for metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 38457574
Sodium bicarbonate raised serum bicarbonate over 12 months in CKD (direct alkali therapy) supporting overall acid‑base correction and hence urinary pH effects.
- Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on urine TGF-𝜷 in normal serum bicarbonate CKD, a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 40594210
High‑dose oral NaHCO3 in non‑diabetic CKD patients significantly raised urine pH over 12 weeks—direct evidence for urinary pH modulation.
Stomach comfort (27)
- Comparison of a dimethicone/antacid (Asilone gel) with an alginate/antacid (Gaviscon liquid) in the management of reflux oesophagitis
PubMed ID: 2213800
Two antacid mixtures produced symptomatic improvement in reflux/heartburn; likely antacid (buffering) effect but formulations contained multiple ingredients so effect cannot be fully ascribed to bicarbonate alone.
- Effects of pancreatic digestive enzymes, sodium bicarbonate, and a proton pump inhibitor on steatorrhoea caused by pancreatic diseases
PubMed ID: 7774757
Improvement in steatorrhoea (reduced faecal fat) could translate to improved post-meal comfort in pancreatic insufficiency.
- Application of mineral waters in the complex treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 32218417
Mineral waters containing sodium bicarbonate reduced stomach pain/dyspepsia symptoms in randomized comparisons — direct symptomatic benefit.
- Safety and efficacy of intravenous Carbicarb in patients undergoing surgery: comparison with sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of mild metabolic acidosis. SPI Research Group. Study of Perioperative Ischemia
PubMed ID: 7924363
Intraoperative NaHCO3 increased arterial pH (systemic alkalinization); evidence addresses systemic acid-base rather than gastric acidity specifically.
- A comparison of the efficacy of the alginate preparation, Gaviscon Advance, with placebo in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 10621921
Alginate preparation (product class that can include bicarbonate) relieved reflux symptoms vs placebo — clinically relevant symptom improvement (product-level/indirect evidence for NaHCO3-containing antacids).
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux
PubMed ID: 10621922
Pediatric alginate formulation reduced vomiting/regurgitation vs placebo — supports symptomatic relief of reflux-related discomfort (indirect relation to bicarbonate-containing formulations).
- Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 15150204
IV NaHCO3 hydration alkalinized patient milieu and lowered contrast nephropathy — demonstrates systemic alkalinizing power that would reduce acidity (clinical IV setting).
- The value of a liquid alginate suspension (Gaviscon Advance) in the management of laryngopharyngeal reflux
PubMed ID: 18506466
Alginate (with bicarbonate) improved reflux symptoms vs no treatment, indicating symptomatic stomach/upper‑GI comfort benefit (bicarbonate is an adjunct).
- [On-demand treatment of nonerosive reflux disease: omeprazole plus bicarbonate powder versus omeprazole capsules]
PubMed ID: 21053477
Omeprazole + bicarbonate powder relieved heartburn faster and rated highly by patients — good evidence for easing gastric/heartburn discomfort.
- Gaviscon® vs. omeprazole in symptomatic treatment of moderate gastroesophageal reflux. a direct comparative randomised trial
PubMed ID: 22361121
Sodium‑bicarbonate‑containing alginate produced rapid heartburn relief and increased heartburn‑free days early on — direct clinical evidence for easing heartburn/discomfort.
- Post-prandial reflux suppression by a raft-forming alginate (Gaviscon Advance) compared to a simple antacid documented by magnetic resonance imaging and pH-impedance monitoring: mechanistic assessment in healthy volunteers and randomised, controlled, double-blind study in reflux patients
PubMed ID: 23600790
Raft‑forming antacid containing bicarbonate reduced post‑prandial common‑cavity reflux events — supports an acid‑mediated mechanism and symptom reduction.
- Randomised clinical trial: relief of upper gastrointestinal symptoms by an acid pocket-targeting alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 24471505
Gaviscon Double Action (contains bicarbonate) reduced reflux/dyspepsia symptoms vs placebo—antacid action linked to acid neutralization.
- Alginate antacid (Gaviscon DA) chewable tablets reduce esophageal acid exposure in Chinese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn symptoms
PubMed ID: 27622897
Alginate/antacid chewable significantly decreased % time pH<4 in the esophagus; antacid action consistent with reducing acidity.
- Will mouth wash solutions of water, salt, sodiumbicarbonate or citric acid improve upper gastrointestinal symptoms in chronic kidney disease
PubMed ID: 26891101
NaHCO3 mouth rinse relieved some upper GI complaints and improved subjective oral symptoms in CKD patients.
- Randomized clinical trial: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) chewable tablets in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 30272584
Alginate–antacid reduced GERD symptoms vs placebo → supports post-meal/acid discomfort relief.
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lansoprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate Immediate-release Capsules in Healthy Chinese Subjects: An Open, Randomized, Controlled, Crossover, Single-, and Multiple-dose Trial
PubMed ID: 37165834
Lansoprazole formulated with sodium bicarbonate achieved earlier intragastric pH control—mechanistic evidence of acid suppression acceleration.
- Is gastric acid responsible for the pain in patients with essential dyspepsia?
PubMed ID: 2266236
Randomized double-blind infusion study: bicarbonate promptly relieved experimentally induced acid dyspepsia in nearly all affected patients — strong direct evidence.
- Take of rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed infants
PubMed ID: 8388275
NaHCO3-buffered soy milk was used to neutralize gastric acidity for rotavirus vaccine administration (practical acid-buffering effect).
- Ranitidine suspension or famotidine resoriblette and gastric fluid volume and pH
PubMed ID: 7497560
Ranitidine suspension containing sodium citrate/bicarbonate raised gastric juice pH ~60 min after dosing.
- Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lansoprazole oral capsules and suspension in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 11515348
Lansoprazole suspension in NaHCO3 produced effective 24‑h gastric pH control, supporting symptomatic acid relief.
- The Effect of Buffering High Acid Load Meal with Sodium Bicarbonate on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Humans-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 28800090
Pre‑meal NaHCO3 prevented a small post‑meal blood pH fall (physiologic acid neutralization effect).
- Acid Inhibitory Effect of a Combination of Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate (CDFR0209) Compared With Delayed-Release Omeprazole 40 mg Alone in Healthy Adult Male Subjects
PubMed ID: 28111929
Immediate‑release omeprazole formulated with NaHCO3 produced equivalent 24‑h acid suppression to delayed‑release omeprazole (direct acid‑reducing role as excipient).
- The safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of immediate-release formulation containing esomeprazole 20 mg/sodium bicarbonate 800 mg in healthy adult male
PubMed ID: 31564831
NaHCO3 co-formulation produced faster esomeprazole absorption and earlier intragastric pH rise → supports acid reduction role.
- Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate delays progression of chronic kidney disease: the UBI Study
PubMed ID: 31598912
Large CKD RCT showed oral NaHCO3 raised systemic bicarbonate and improved outcomes—indirect evidence NaHCO3 reduces systemic/acidemic burden (not specifically gastric acidity).
- Potential role of paraffin oil gastric lavage in acute aluminum phosphide poisoning: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 35031985
Gastric lavage using 8.4% NaHCO3 (with paraffin oil) reduced early severity measures in poisoning, indicating an ability to modify gastric environment and acute discomfort.
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Control, Noninferiority, Multicenter, Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Esomeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate 20/800 mg in Patients with Nonerosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
PubMed ID: 35730245
Esomeprazole immediate‑release formulation with NaHCO3 gave faster symptom relief and acid control vs standard PPI—direct clinical evidence for faster acid reduction.
- Development of a Fast Onset Proton Pump Inhibitor: Comparison of Fixed-Dose Combination of Rabeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate (YPI-011) to the Conventional Enteric-Coated Rabeprazole
PubMed ID: 36814893
NaHCO3 in a fixed‑dose rabeprazole preparation markedly accelerated time to gastric pH >4—strong PK/PD support for acid reduction.
Digestive support (22)
- Gaviscon and Carobel compared with cisapride in gastro-oesophageal reflux
PubMed ID: 1599300
Alginate/alkaline product (contains bicarbonate) produced numerically greater parental-reported improvement and more pH variables improved vs cisapride in infants, supporting post-meal comfort.
- [On-demand treatment of nonerosive reflux disease: omeprazole plus bicarbonate powder versus omeprazole capsules]
PubMed ID: 21053477
OBA (omeprazole + bicarbonate) provided faster and highly rated relief of heartburn symptoms — strong support for post‑meal comfort where reflux/heartburn present.
- [Using gaviscon preparation for relief of esophageal, extraesophageal syndromes and functional dyspepsia in elderly patients with GERD]
PubMed ID: 21434379
Alginate preparation containing NaHCO3 relieved GERD symptoms faster and more completely — supports symptomatic digestive aid (combined formulation).
- The value of a liquid alginate suspension (Gaviscon Advance) in the management of laryngopharyngeal reflux
PubMed ID: 18506466
Alginate preparation (contains bicarbonate) improved reflux symptoms and laryngeal findings vs no treatment—supports digestive symptom relief (but bicarbonate not sole active).
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux
PubMed ID: 10621922
Infant alginate formulation reduced vomiting/regurgitation vs placebo over 14 days — suggests improved post-prandial comfort in reflux-prone infants (indirect relation to bicarbonate-containing products).
- A comparison of the efficacy of the alginate preparation, Gaviscon Advance, with placebo in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 10621921
Alginate preparation (product class that may include bicarbonate) relieved reflux symptoms and improved symptom-free days vs placebo — supports post-meal reflux symptom relief (indirectly relevant to NaHCO3-containing antacids).
- Development of a Fast Onset Proton Pump Inhibitor: Comparison of Fixed-Dose Combination of Rabeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate (YPI-011) to the Conventional Enteric-Coated Rabeprazole
PubMed ID: 36814893
NaHCO3 accelerated rabeprazole onset and time to gastric pH>4—helps rapid post‑meal acid control.
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Control, Noninferiority, Multicenter, Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Esomeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate 20/800 mg in Patients with Nonerosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
PubMed ID: 35730245
Esomeprazole+NaHCO3 provided faster relief of heartburn symptoms and earlier heartburn‑free days—translates to post‑meal comfort.
- The safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of immediate-release formulation containing esomeprazole 20 mg/sodium bicarbonate 800 mg in healthy adult male
PubMed ID: 31564831
Co-formulated esomeprazole with 800 mg NaHCO3 produced faster gastric pH rise → rapid antacid/meal comfort effect.
- Effects of pancreatic digestive enzymes, sodium bicarbonate, and a proton pump inhibitor on steatorrhoea caused by pancreatic diseases
PubMed ID: 7774757
Oral bicarbonate modestly reduced faecal fat in pancreatic steatorrhoea, indicating a digestive/duodenal pH-related benefit in that condition.
- The Effect of Buffering High Acid Load Meal with Sodium Bicarbonate on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Humans-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 28800090
NaHCO3 prevented the small immediate post‑meal pH fall, which could translate to modest post‑meal comfort benefits.
- Onset of analgesia of a paracetamol tablet containing sodium bicarbonate: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adult patients with acute sore throat
PubMed ID: 17062300
Paracetamol containing NaHCO3 produced faster pain relief and better early control — formulation effect indicates NaHCO3 can speed onset of oral medications, potentially improving early post-meal symptom control.
- Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lansoprazole oral capsules and suspension in healthy subjects
PubMed ID: 11515348
NaHCO3-based lansoprazole suspension produced effective gastric acid control, supporting post-meal comfort after reflux/acid exposure.
- Ranitidine suspension or famotidine resoriblette and gastric fluid volume and pH
PubMed ID: 7497560
Ranitidine suspension with sodium citrate/bicarbonate increased gastric pH within ~1 hour which can improve post‑meal comfort.
- Is gastric acid responsible for the pain in patients with essential dyspepsia?
PubMed ID: 2266236
Bicarbonate rapidly relieved experimentally induced gastric acid pain — consistent with improving post-meal comfort driven by acid.
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lansoprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate Immediate-release Capsules in Healthy Chinese Subjects: An Open, Randomized, Controlled, Crossover, Single-, and Multiple-dose Trial
PubMed ID: 37165834
Lansoprazole+NaHCO3 increased early intragastric pH and absorption speed—beneficial for early post‑meal symptom relief.
- Randomized clinical trial: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) chewable tablets in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 30272584
Alginate–antacid reduced heartburn/regurgitation symptoms vs placebo → supports improved post-meal comfort (antacid class relevance).
- Alginate antacid (Gaviscon DA) chewable tablets reduce esophageal acid exposure in Chinese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn symptoms
PubMed ID: 27622897
An alginate/antacid chewable (contains antacid components) substantially reduced esophageal acid exposure; antacid effect aligns with digestive symptom relief.
- Randomised clinical trial: relief of upper gastrointestinal symptoms by an acid pocket-targeting alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 24471505
Gaviscon DA (contains bicarbonate) improved reflux/dyspepsia symptom scores and patient evaluation vs placebo over 7 days.
- Post-prandial reflux suppression by a raft-forming alginate (Gaviscon Advance) compared to a simple antacid documented by magnetic resonance imaging and pH-impedance monitoring: mechanistic assessment in healthy volunteers and randomised, controlled, double-blind study in reflux patients
PubMed ID: 23600790
Raft antacid with bicarbonate reduced post‑prandial reflux events — strong support for improved post‑meal comfort.
- Gaviscon® vs. omeprazole in symptomatic treatment of moderate gastroesophageal reflux. a direct comparative randomised trial
PubMed ID: 22361121
NaHCO3‑containing alginate delivered rapid heartburn relief and increased early heartburn‑free days — directly relevant to post‑meal comfort.
- Application of mineral waters in the complex treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
PubMed ID: 32218417
Randomized trials of sodium‑bicarbonate mineral water reduced dyspeptic/abdominal pain and improved dyspepsia symptoms versus control.
Skin soothing (6)
- 5% NaHCO(3) Is Appropriate for Skin Cleaning With Central Venous Catheters
PubMed ID: 28104097
Warm 5% NaHCO3 skin cleaning markedly reduced pain and increased satisfaction vs alcohol before iodine disinfection, indicating soothing of skin discomfort from cleansing.
- A randomized controlled trial of minor hand surgeries comparing wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet and local anesthesia with tourniquet
PubMed ID: 32631713
Buffered local anesthetic (WALANT) using bicarbonate reduced injection pain and improved comfort—shows topical/locally buffered solutions with bicarbonate can reduce local irritation/pain.
- Buffered lidocaine 1%/epinephrine 1:100,000 with sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) in a 3:1 ratio is less painful than a 9:1 ratio: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
PubMed ID: 31958526
Mixing NaHCO3 with lidocaine reduced injection burning pain and maintained anesthesia—evidence of local soothing when used as a buffer adjunct.
- Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate-Buffered Lidocaine on Patient Pain During Image-Guided Breast Biopsy
PubMed ID: 28527821
Buffering lidocaine with sodium bicarbonate reduced intraparenchymal injection pain during breast biopsy (local analgesic/irritation reduction).
- Effects of sodium bicarbonate bath on the quality of sleep: An assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36528983
Nightly NaHCO3 baths produced beneficial objective/subjective changes and imply gentle skin/mucosal effects useful for minor irritation.
- Double-blind, bilateral pain comparison with simultaneous injection of 2% lidocaine versus buffered 2% lidocaine for periocular anesthesia
PubMed ID: 22771049
Alkalinizing lidocaine reduced periocular injection pain (local analgesic effect) — reasonably supports topical local soothing in some contexts.
Skin health (5)
- Ceruminolytic efficacy in adults versus children
PubMed ID: 11771044
10% NaHCO3 solution showed cerumen (earwax) removal efficacy comparable to acetic acid — evidence of cleansing capability in the ear canal.
- 5% NaHCO(3) Is Appropriate for Skin Cleaning With Central Venous Catheters
PubMed ID: 28104097
Warm 5% NaHCO3 skin cleaning before iodine reduced pain and maintained antiseptic effectiveness — direct evidence for NaHCO3 as a cleansing/prep solution.
- Cerumenolytic Efficacy of 2.5% Sodium Bicarbonate Versus Docusate Sodium: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32658399
Topical 2.5% NaHCO3 solution was effective as a cerumenolytic (ear canal cleansing), demonstrating a cleansing/softening effect on keratinous debris.
- Effects of sodium bicarbonate bath on the quality of sleep: An assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36528983
Nightly NaHCO3 baths had objective/subjective benefits and imply cleansing/toilette effects on the skin surface.
- Superiority of 5% NaHCO3 for preoperative hair removal in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with a limb vein: a randomized controlled trial†
PubMed ID: 24948414
Preoperative 5% NaHCO3 solution used for hair/skin prep shortened prep time and reduced shaving bleeding—practical cleansing/softening benefit shown.
Exercise recovery (3)
- Correction of metabolic acidosis improves muscle mass and renal function in chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4: a randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 30053298
In CKD patients correcting metabolic acidosis with bicarbonate preserved lean muscle mass—direct support for muscle preservation/recovery in that clinical setting.
- Role of an improvement in acid-base status and nutrition in CAPD patients
PubMed ID: 9328950
Alkali therapy (including oral sodium bicarbonate) in CAPD patients corrected acidosis and was linked to better weight and midarm circumference — suggests support for muscle mass/rehabilitation in acidotic patients (clinical relevance but population-specific).
- Efficacy of a Modified Cocktail for Periarticular Local Infiltration Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 36856693
Adding sodium bicarbonate to a periarticular analgesic cocktail after knee replacement markedly reduced pain and opioid use and improved early recovery metrics.
Skin hydration (3)
- Superiority of 5% NaHCO3 for preoperative hair removal in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with a limb vein: a randomized controlled trial†
PubMed ID: 24948414
Randomized trial showed 5% NaHCO3 hair-softening made skin prep faster, less bloody and produced higher satisfaction vs talcum—strong topical softening evidence.
- Cerumenolytic Efficacy of 2.5% Sodium Bicarbonate Versus Docusate Sodium: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 32658399
2.5% NaHCO3 ear drop softened and facilitated removal of impacted cerumen—evidence of softening effect on keratinous material in the ear canal.
- Effects of sodium bicarbonate bath on the quality of sleep: An assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial
PubMed ID: 36528983
Regular NaHCO3 baths produced perceptible improvements consistent with softened skin in a small randomized pilot.
Endurance (3)
- Sex-dependent responses to acute sodium bicarbonate different dose treatment: A randomized double-blind crossover study
PubMed ID: 39306577
Dose‑ and sex‑dependent improvements in sprint power observed with acute NaHCO3 doses; supports ergogenic potential albeit variable.
- The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance
PubMed ID: 29848993
Progressive low‑dose loading reduced time‑to‑peak power in elite wrestlers with trends to better sprint power.
- Additive effects of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate on upper-body intermittent performance
PubMed ID: 23595205
Well‑controlled trial showed clear acute ergogenic effects of NaHCO3 on intermittent high‑intensity performance (↑ total work 8%).
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Products with Sodium Bicarbonate
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Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.