Grape Seed Extract
13 benefits mapped to clinical evidence across supplements.
Dose per serving from products
1,856 products in our catalogue print how much Grape Seed Extract a serving holds.
Most common: 50 mg to 100 mg, 33% of 1,856 products.
| Dose per serving | Products |
|---|---|
| 2.5 mg or less | 37 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 83 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 86 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 300 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 377 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 606 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 238 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 113 |
| over 500 mg | 16 |
Dose per serving from research
31 study groups in 26 studies say how much Grape Seed Extract participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 250 mg to 500 mg, 48% of 31 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 50 mg or less | 1 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 4 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 9 |
| 250 mg to 500 mg | 15 |
| over 500 mg | 2 |
Commonly used together
7 of 31 study groups took Grape Seed Extract with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Arginine | 4 |
Benefit Evidence
Lipids, −20% LDL
Blood pressure, −13.1 mmHg
Oxidative stress, −37.5% CRP
Research sources
Blood circulation (12)
- Vitis Vinifera Seed Extract Versus Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction for Patients with Chronic Venous Disease: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial
PubMed ID: 39009117
Large noninferiority RCT in chronic venous disease demonstrating symptomatic and QoL improvements versus an active flavonoid comparator.
- Comparison of the Effects of Dill Seed, Grape Seed and Date Extracts on Postpartum Hemorrhage Rates in the Fourth Stage of Labor: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39410893
Postpartum trial reported decreased uterine bleeding with grape seed extract (in multi-extract context) indicating an effect on bleeding/hemostasis and local blood-flow/vascular response.
- Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study
PubMed ID: 11508317
Human trial in hypercholesterolemia showed modest lipid changes and reduced oxidized‑LDL antibodies, relevant to vascular health.
- Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on hard exudates in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
PubMed ID: 31124931
One-year RCT with GSPE improved retinal exudates and macular measures, directly implicating microvascular (microcirculatory) benefits in the eye.
- Low Dose Monacolin K Combined with Coenzyme Q10, Grape Seed, and Olive Leaf Extracts Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Patients with Mild Dyslipidemia: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37375586
Combination nutraceutical that included GSE produced meaningful LDL reductions vs diet; GSE contribution uncertain but supports circulation benefit.
- Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 28074795
Postoperative improvement in LVEF and reduced oxidative stress implies improved central hemodynamics and perfusion in an ischemia-reperfusion setting.
- Red grape seed extract improves lipid profiles and decreases oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with mild hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 23437789
Improved lipid profile and reduced ox-LDL in mild hyperlipidemia can support vascular health.
- Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26568249
≈6-week RCT in prehypertensive adults: significant reductions in SBP and DBP (clinically meaningful).
- Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Vascular Endothelial Function in Participants with Prehypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 31757033
12-week RCT in prehypertensive adults: meaningful reductions in SBP/DBP and large improvements in arterial stiffness (PWV) especially in non-smokers.
- Grape Seed Extract Positively Modulates Blood Pressure and Perceived Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Volunteers
PubMed ID: 33671310
16-week RCT showed modest overall BP effects with a significant subgroup effect in men.
- The effects of grape seed extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 38755622
NAFLD RCT produced substantial reductions in SBP and other cardiometabolic parameters, indicating improved vascular/circulatory status.
- Vitis vinifera seed extract reduces venous reflux time in patients with varicose veins: VICTORY randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41242464
Large RCT showed objective improvements in venous hemodynamics (venous reflux time) and symptoms in varicose veins.
Heart health (12)
- Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Vascular Endothelial Function in Participants with Prehypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 31757033
Large BP and arterial-stiffness reductions in prehypertensives, effects relevant to cardiac risk and function.
- Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study
PubMed ID: 11508317
Small RCT in hypercholesterolemics showed modest lipid effects and reduced anti‑OxLDL antibodies; combination with chromium produced larger lipid reductions.
- Low Dose Monacolin K Combined with Coenzyme Q10, Grape Seed, and Olive Leaf Extracts Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Patients with Mild Dyslipidemia: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed ID: 37375586
Multi-ingredient nutraceutical including GSE lowered LDL in RCT — cardiovascular marker improvement though attribution to GSE alone unclear.
- Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity
PubMed ID: 19646193
Type 2 diabetes RCT reduced hsCRP and slightly lowered total cholesterol; anti‑inflammatory/antioxidant changes relevant to cardiac health.
- Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 28074795
Randomized study showed reduced oxidative stress and a clinically relevant +6.4% LVEF improvement after CABG—direct cardiac functional benefit.
- Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL
PubMed ID: 17616006
Lowered MDA-LDL/oxidized LDL markers over 6–12 weeks—supports anti-atherogenic cardiac benefit (indirect).
- Red grape seed extract improves lipid profiles and decreases oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with mild hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 23437789
Improved LDL and total cholesterol plus reduced oxidized LDL in mild hyperlipidemia (cardiovascular risk reduction).
- Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 26568249
SBP/DBP reductions in prehypertensive adults (cardiac risk factor improvement).
- The effect of red grape seed extract on serum paraoxonase activity in patients with mild to moderate hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 27191247
Increased PON activity and apo-AI with reductions in LDL/TC/TG—favorable cardiometabolic biomarker changes.
- The effects of grape seed extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 38755622
NAFLD RCT demonstrated improvements in LDL-C, blood pressure and insulin resistance—markers strongly linked to cardiovascular risk.
- Grape Seed Extract Positively Modulates Blood Pressure and Perceived Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Volunteers
PubMed ID: 33671310
Modest BP benefit in men over 16 weeks indicates some cardiovascular support in a subgroup.
- Grape seed extract supplementation along with a restricted-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese or overweight adult individuals: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
PubMed ID: 33044768
12-week trial showed improved lipid profile (lower LDL, higher HDL) alongside calorie restriction, supporting heart-related benefit though diet confounds attribution.
Wellbeing (9)
- The effects of grape seed extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 38755622
Broad metabolic, BP and liver improvements in NAFLD patients imply substantial overall health/wellness benefit.
- Vitis Vinifera Seed Extract Versus Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction for Patients with Chronic Venous Disease: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial
PubMed ID: 39009117
VV seed extract produced QoL improvements in chronic venous disease comparable to standard treatment.
- The effects of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) supplement on inflammatory markers, neuropeptide Y, anthropometric measures, and appetite in obese or overweight individuals: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 31713941
12-week trial with calorie restriction: greater weight/waist reductions and lower inflammatory markers—meaningful wellness outcomes.
- Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on menopausal symptoms, body composition, and cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
PubMed ID: 24518152
Middle-aged women: reduced hot flashes and insomnia and modest BP reductions—benefits to daily wellness.
- Grape seed extract supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
PubMed ID: 38419408
NAFLD trial showed reduced inflammation/oxidative stress and improved SF-36 quality-of-life scores.
- Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity
PubMed ID: 19646193
Human RCT in T2D improved glycemic (fructosamine), antioxidant (GSH), and inflammatory (hsCRP) markers, implying broad wellness benefits.
- Effectiveness of a novel herbal agent MB-6 as a potential adjunct to 5-fluoracil-based chemotherapy in colorectal cancer
PubMed ID: 25150117
Multi-herb adjunct (includes GSE) in metastatic colorectal cancer lowered progression and severe AEs during treatment — general supportive effect though mixed product.
- Grape seed extract in combination with deferasirox ameliorates iron overload, oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction in beta thalassemia children
PubMed ID: 37832335
Adjunctive GSPE reduced iron burden markers and improved oxidative/inflammatory markers in β-thalassemia children — multi-domain clinical improvements.
- Vitis vinifera seed extract reduces venous reflux time in patients with varicose veins: VICTORY randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41242464
Large RCT showed clinically meaningful symptom and QoL improvements in patients with varicose veins.
Vascular health (8)
- Comparison of the Effects of Dill Seed, Grape Seed and Date Extracts on Postpartum Hemorrhage Rates in the Fourth Stage of Labor: A Randomized Clinical Trial
PubMed ID: 39410893
Reduced postpartum bleeding in women taking grape seed extract suggests improved hemostasis/capillary integrity in that clinical setting (multi-extract trial).
- Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on hard exudates in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
PubMed ID: 31124931
GSPE produced clinically meaningful improvements in retinal hard exudates and macular volume in diabetic retinopathy — indicates improved microvascular integrity.
- Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 28074795
Improved postoperative LVEF and reduced oxidative stress imply improved myocardial and vascular outcomes in ischemia–reperfusion.
- Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL
PubMed ID: 17616006
Reduced oxidized LDL (less vascular oxidative injury) supports vessel health.
- The effect of red grape seed extract on serum paraoxonase activity in patients with mild to moderate hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 27191247
Improved PON activity and lipid profile may reduce vascular damage and support vessel integrity (indirect).
- Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Vascular Endothelial Function in Participants with Prehypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
PubMed ID: 31757033
Substantial reductions in PWV and stiffness β with 12 weeks of GSPE indicate improved vascular (arterial) wall function/strength.
- Vitis Vinifera Seed Extract Versus Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction for Patients with Chronic Venous Disease: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial
PubMed ID: 39009117
Noninferior symptomatic and QoL improvements versus standard flavonoid therapy in chronic venous disease imply improved venous/vascular strength.
- Vitis vinifera seed extract reduces venous reflux time in patients with varicose veins: VICTORY randomized controlled trial
PubMed ID: 41242464
Robust objective improvements in venous reflux time and symptomatic/QoL measures indicate strengthened venous function and vessel competence.
Antioxidant (9)
- Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 28074795
Increased total antioxidant capacity and decreased MDA in CABG patients (direct antioxidant biomarkers).
- Grape seed extract in combination with deferasirox ameliorates iron overload, oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction in beta thalassemia children
PubMed ID: 37832335
Pediatric RCT adjunct to chelation increased GSH and decreased MDA — clear antioxidant marker changes in humans.
- Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity
PubMed ID: 19646193
Crossover RCT in type 2 diabetes increased whole-blood GSH and lowered hsCRP, consistent with antioxidant activity in humans.
- The effect of red grape seed extract on serum paraoxonase activity in patients with mild to moderate hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 27191247
Increased paraoxonase activity and apo-AI with concomitant lipid improvements, consistent with antioxidant/anti-atherogenic effects.
- Red grape seed extract improves lipid profiles and decreases oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with mild hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 23437789
Reduced oxidized LDL and improved lipid profile in an 8-week RCT (direct oxidation markers).
- Effect of the intake of resveratrol, resveratrol phosphate, and catechin-rich grape seed extract on markers of oxidative stress and gene expression in adult obese subjects
PubMed ID: 22776850
Modulated oxidative-stress biomarkers and redox-related gene expression in obese adults (biological antioxidant activity).
- Role of multi-component functional foods in the complex treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer
PubMed ID: 18389773
Multi-component diet including grape seed products reduced oxidative-stress markers (confounded but supportive).
- Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL
PubMed ID: 17616006
Lowered MDA-LDL and oxidized LDL in mildly hyperlipidemic subjects over 6–12 weeks (direct oxidative stress markers).
- Grape seed extract supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
PubMed ID: 38419408
MDA reductions reported in NAFLD RCT (reduced oxidative stress).
Healthy aging (7)
- Effect of the intake of resveratrol, resveratrol phosphate, and catechin-rich grape seed extract on markers of oxidative stress and gene expression in adult obese subjects
PubMed ID: 22776850
Redox-gene modulation and antioxidant biomarker changes that may contribute to healthy aging (biological plausibility).
- Red grape seed extract improves lipid profiles and decreases oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with mild hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 23437789
Reduced oxidized LDL and improved cholesterol profile may reduce age-related vascular risk.
- The effect of red grape seed extract on serum paraoxonase activity in patients with mild to moderate hyperlipidemia
PubMed ID: 27191247
Improved PON activity and lipid profile—mechanisms linked to reduced oxidative damage relevant to aging.
- The effects of grape seed extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 38755622
Improvements in metabolic risk factors, BP and liver health in NAFLD patients support factors associated with healthy aging.
- Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women
PubMed ID: 16670692
6-month multi-ingredient supplement that included grape seed improved facial skin appearance and density in postmenopausal women (clinical outcomes, combo product).
- Comparative effect of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) and ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
PubMed ID: 28074795
Reduced oxidative stress and improved cardiac function post-CABG—supports organ resilience, relevant to aging contexts.
- Grape seed extract supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
PubMed ID: 38419408
Lowered IL‑6 and MDA in NAFLD patients—reduced inflammation/oxidative stress are aging-relevant processes.
Inflammation (7)
- Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity
PubMed ID: 19646193
Type 2 diabetes crossover RCT lowered hsCRP markedly, indicating an anti-inflammatory response.
- Grape seed extract supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
PubMed ID: 38419408
Significant IL‑6 reductions and improved oxidative markers in NAFLD patients indicate anti-inflammatory effects.
- Effect of the intake of resveratrol, resveratrol phosphate, and catechin-rich grape seed extract on markers of oxidative stress and gene expression in adult obese subjects
PubMed ID: 22776850
Redox/gene-expression modulation in obese adults consistent with improved inflammatory/redox balance.
- The effects of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) supplement on inflammatory markers, neuropeptide Y, anthropometric measures, and appetite in obese or overweight individuals: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 31713941
Decreases in TNF‑α and hs‑CRP with 12-week GSE during calorie restriction (clear anti-inflammatory biomarker changes).
- The effects of grape seed extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
PubMed ID: 38755622
NAFLD RCT showed improvements in liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis, indicating reduced hepatic inflammation and metabolic inflammation.
- Grape seed extract in combination with deferasirox ameliorates iron overload, oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction in beta thalassemia children
PubMed ID: 37832335
Pediatric RCT showed reductions in TNF-α and hs-CRP and improved liver enzymes — clear anti-inflammatory changes in humans.
- Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical study evaluating the safety and efficacy of MD2011001 cream in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis of the face and neck in children, adolescents and adults
PubMed ID: 26652026
Topical cream with grape-seed procyanidins accelerated improvement in atopic dermatitis severity (clinical anti-inflammatory skin effect; combo product).
Skin appearance (6)
- The topical effect of grape seed extract 2% cream on surgery wound healing
PubMed ID: 25948437
Topical 2% GSE cream halved average wound-healing time vs placebo (large, clinically meaningful improvement in skin healing/appearance).
- Effective photoprotection of human skin against infrared A radiation by topically applied antioxidants: results from a vehicle controlled, double-blind, randomized study
PubMed ID: 25349107
Sunscreen supplemented with antioxidant cocktail (includes GSE) reduced IRA-induced MMP-1 upregulation — molecular protection relevant to photoaging.
- Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical study evaluating the safety and efficacy of MD2011001 cream in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis of the face and neck in children, adolescents and adults
PubMed ID: 26652026
Topical cream containing grape-seed procyanidins improved mild‑to‑moderate facial atopic dermatitis severity faster vs placebo (clinical skin benefit; combo product).
- Effect of grape seed extract ointment on cesarean section wound healing: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 31003677
5% GSE ointment improved cesarean wound REEDA scores at days 6 and 14 vs petrolatum (well-powered RCT showing better healing/appearance).
- A new product of multi-plant extracts improved skin photoaging: An oral intake in vivo study
PubMed ID: 34791771
Multi-plant oral supplement including GSE produced objective improvements in skin barrier, hydration, elasticity and pigmentation in middle-aged adults (combo product).
- Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women
PubMed ID: 16670692
6-month multi-ingredient supplement (includes GSE) improved facial skin appearance and ultrasound-measured skin density in postmenopausal women.
Skin repair (3)
- Clinical efficacy of grape seed extract as an adjuvant to scaling and root planing in treatment of periodontal pockets
PubMed ID: 34281305
Intra-pocket application of GSE as adjunct to periodontal therapy improved probing depth and attachment at 3 months, indicating enhanced local wound/healing support.
- The topical effect of grape seed extract 2% cream on surgery wound healing
PubMed ID: 25948437
Topical 2% GSE cream halved healing time vs placebo with large, statistically significant improvements (direct wound-recovery evidence).
- Effect of grape seed extract ointment on cesarean section wound healing: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 31003677
5% GSE ointment significantly improved cesarean wound healing REEDA scores (robust clinical evidence for wound support).
Immune support (3)
- Grape seed extract supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
PubMed ID: 38419408
Reduced IL-6 (inflammatory cytokine) in NAFLD patients, indicating immune/inflammatory modulation.
- The effects of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) supplement on inflammatory markers, neuropeptide Y, anthropometric measures, and appetite in obese or overweight individuals: A randomized clinical trial
PubMed ID: 31713941
Decreases in TNF-α and hs-CRP with 12-week GSE during calorie restriction (anti-inflammatory/immune modulation).
- Antibacterial Efficacy of Mouthwash Prepared from Pomegranate, Grape Seed and Guava Extracts against Oral Streptococci: An in Vivo Study
PubMed ID: 29087796
Topical mouthwash reduced salivary Streptococci in children (antimicrobial effect relevant to oral immune defense).
Joints & tendons (2)
- The topical effect of grape seed extract 2% cream on surgery wound healing
PubMed ID: 25948437
Marked acceleration of wound re-epithelialization suggests enhanced extracellular matrix/collagen-mediated repair (plausible mechanism).
- Effect of grape seed extract ointment on cesarean section wound healing: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
PubMed ID: 31003677
Improved cesarean wound healing scores with topical GSE consistent with enhanced tissue repair/collagen deposition.
Exercise recovery (2)
- Effects of arginine-based supplements on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold
PubMed ID: 20386475
Four-week arginine-based supplement containing 300 mg GSE increased electromyographic fatigue threshold in men — multi-ingredient but human evidence of improved submaximal performance.
- The effects of 4 weeks of an arginine-based supplement on the gas exchange threshold and peak oxygen uptake
PubMed ID: 20555372
Arginine-based supplement with 300 mg GSE increased gas-exchange threshold and power at threshold in humans (no peak VO2 change); grape seed was a component.
Eye health (1)
- Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on hard exudates in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
PubMed ID: 31124931
One-year multicenter RCT showed GSPE increased the proportion of diabetic retinopathy patients with improved retinal hard exudates and reduced macular volume — strong eye/microvascular benefit.
Similar by evidence
Supplements the same benefits carry qualifying findings for — a fact about the evidence graph, not a recommendation to swap.
Products with Grape Seed Extract
Search all4124 products whose verified label declares Grape Seed Extract — not every bottle that mentions it in a title.
Being studied right now
Recruiting clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial in progress has no result yet — this is what the field is asking, not what it found.