Swelling relief

Venous swelling ↓

Flight edema 12%→8%

Reduced limb edema

Venous function improved

Swelling−34.4% / seroma−73.8%

Edema/swelling↓

Pain/swelling↓

↓ edema/swelling

↓ edema, pO2

Swelling ↓; synovitis −50%

Swelling improvement; +14.8%

Inflammation ↓; swelling relief

Pain/function ↓; swelling relief

Pain/inflammation ↓

Swelling markers ↓

Swelling -12.9%

Size reduction sustained

Leg swelling -16.5ml

Mild swelling reduction; +1.8%

Early edema reduced; p<0.0001

Bruising/swelling less; p<0.005

Edema -44 mL

Circumference/pressure improvement

Swelling ↓; pain

Swelling ↓; +4.8mm

Swelling ↓; −4.7mm

Flares/pain -35%

Inflammation/renal markers

Hs-CRP, MMP-1 ↓

IMT/plaque ↓ within-group

Erythema reduced; AD severity

Comparable to hydrocortisone