Folic Acid, Vitamin D, Selenium, Niacin and Copper: study protocols
10 study groups took Folic Acid together with Vitamin D, Selenium, Niacin and Copper. These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Dose per serving from research: Folic Acid
10 study groups in 7 studies say how much Folic Acid participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 250 mcg to 500 mcg, 90% of 10 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 mcg or less | 1 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 0 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 9 |
Dose per serving from research: Vitamin D
8 study groups in 5 studies say how much Vitamin D participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 100 IU to 250 IU, 50% of 8 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 IU or less | 1 |
| 100 IU to 250 IU | 4 |
| 250 IU to 500 IU | 3 |
Dose per serving from research: Selenium
10 study groups in 7 studies say how much Selenium participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 50 mcg to 100 mcg, 70% of 10 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 25 mcg or less | 1 |
| 25 mcg to 50 mcg | 0 |
| 50 mcg to 100 mcg | 7 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 2 |
Dose per serving from research: Niacin
10 study groups in 7 studies say how much Niacin participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 10 mg to 25 mg, 70% of 10 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 5 mg or less | 1 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 0 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 7 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 2 |
Dose per serving from research: Copper
10 study groups in 7 studies say how much Copper participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 1 mg to 2.5 mg, 60% of 10 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 500 mcg or less | 1 |
| 500 mcg to 1 mg | 1 |
| 1 mg to 2.5 mg | 6 |
| 2.5 mg to 5 mg | 2 |
Commonly used together
10 of 10 study groups took Folic Acid, Vitamin D, Selenium, Niacin and Copper with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Iodine | 10 |
| Vitamin A | 10 |
| Vitamin C | 10 |
| Vitamin E | 10 |
| Zinc | 10 |
| Iron | 9 |
| Vitamin B12 | 7 |
| Vitamin B6 | 7 |
| Riboflavin | 6 |
10 study groups
| Study | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight, duration of gestation, and perinatal mortality in rural western China: double blind cluster randomised controlled trial 2008 · Multiple micronutrients · Pregnant women resident in disadvantaged rural counties in Shaanxi Province, China; eligible women enrolled before 28 weeks’ gestation | 400 mcg | 5 mcg | 65 mcg | 18 mg | 2 mg | — | 1,899 |
| Equity in adherence to and effect of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on child mortality: results from the MINIMat randomized trial, Bangladesh 2014 · EMMS (early food invitation; multiple micronutrients) · Pregnant women in rural Bangladesh, enrolled before 14 weeks’ gestation | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 65 mcg | 18 mg | 2 mg | — | — |
| Equity in adherence to and effect of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on child mortality: results from the MINIMat randomized trial, Bangladesh 2014 · UMMS (usual food invitation; multiple micronutrients) · Pregnant women in rural Bangladesh, enrolled before 14 weeks’ gestation | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 65 mcg | 18 mg | 2 mg | — | — |
| Predictors of adherence to micronutrient supplementation before and during pregnancy in Vietnam 2017 · MM (multiple micronutrients) preconception group · Women of reproductive age in Vietnam intending to become pregnant | 400 mcg | 85.7 IU | 9.29 mcg | 2.57 mg | 286 mcg | 54 weeks | 1,469 |
| Assessing the adherence and acceptability to iron and folic acid compared with multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy: a cluster-randomized noninferiority trial in Cambodia 2025 · MMS-180 · Healthy pregnant individuals aged 18–45 years, in the first 14 weeks of a low-risk singleton pregnancy | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 65 mcg | 18 mg | 2 mg | 180 days | 516 |
| Assessing the adherence and acceptability to iron and folic acid compared with multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy: a cluster-randomized noninferiority trial in Cambodia 2025 · MMS-90 · Healthy pregnant individuals aged 18–45 years, in the first 14 weeks of a low-risk singleton pregnancy | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 65 mcg | 18 mg | 2 mg | 180 days | 515 |
| Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves vitamin B₁₂ and folate concentrations of HIV infected children in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial 2011 · Multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) · HIV-infected children aged 1–5 years | 40 mcg | 400 IU | 60 mcg | 16 mg | 800 mcg | 26 weeks | 104 |
| mRNA Levels of Placental Iron and Zinc Transporter Genes Are Upregulated in Gambian Women with Low Iron and Zinc Status 2017 · MMN group · Pregnant women aged 18–45 years with singleton pregnancies under 20 weeks in rural Gambia | 400 mcg | 400 IU | 130 mcg | 36 mg | 4 mg | 184 days | 75 |
| mRNA Levels of Placental Iron and Zinc Transporter Genes Are Upregulated in Gambian Women with Low Iron and Zinc Status 2017 · PE+MMN group · Pregnant women aged 18–45 years with singleton pregnancies under 20 weeks in rural Gambia | 400 mcg | 400 IU | 130 mcg | 36 mg | 4 mg | 184 days | 75 |
| A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia 2019 · UNIMMAP tablet · Nonpregnant, non-lactating healthy women aged 18–45 years in West Kiang, The Gambia; women of reproductive age with common micronutrient deficiencies in the population | 400 mcg | — | 65 mcg | 18 mg | 2 mg | 12 weeks | 105 |