Folic Acid, Vitamin D, Niacin, Vitamin C and Vitamin E: study protocols
12 study groups took Folic Acid together with Vitamin D, Niacin, Vitamin C and Vitamin E. These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Dose per serving from research: Folic Acid
12 study groups in 9 studies say how much Folic Acid participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 250 mcg to 500 mcg, 92% of 12 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 mcg or less | 1 |
| 100 mcg to 250 mcg | 0 |
| 250 mcg to 500 mcg | 11 |
Dose per serving from research: Vitamin D
8 study groups in 5 studies say how much Vitamin D participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 100 IU to 250 IU, 50% of 8 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 100 IU or less | 1 |
| 100 IU to 250 IU | 4 |
| 250 IU to 500 IU | 3 |
Dose per serving from research: Niacin
12 study groups in 9 studies say how much Niacin participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 10 mg to 25 mg, 75% of 12 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 5 mg or less | 1 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 0 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 9 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 2 |
Dose per serving from research: Vitamin C
11 study groups in 8 studies say how much Vitamin C participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 50 mg to 100 mg, 64% of 11 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 25 mg or less | 1 |
| 25 mg to 50 mg | 1 |
| 50 mg to 100 mg | 7 |
| 100 mg to 250 mg | 2 |
Dose per serving from research: Vitamin E
12 study groups in 9 studies say how much Vitamin E participants took a day.
These are the doses the studies gave. They are not a recommendation.
Most common: 5 mg to 10 mg, 67% of 12 study groups.
| Daily dose | Study groups |
|---|---|
| 5 mg or less | 1 |
| 5 mg to 10 mg | 8 |
| 10 mg to 25 mg | 3 |
Commonly used together
12 of 12 study groups took Folic Acid, Vitamin D, Niacin, Vitamin C and Vitamin E with something else. Shown: what 3 or more different studies gave.
What was given together, not what works together.
| Taken with | Study groups |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A | 12 |
| Copper | 11 |
| Iron | 11 |
| Zinc | 11 |
| Iodine | 10 |
| Selenium | 10 |
| Vitamin B12 | 9 |
| Vitamin B6 | 9 |
| Riboflavin | 8 |
| Thiamine | 4 |
12 study groups
| Study | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight, duration of gestation, and perinatal mortality in rural western China: double blind cluster randomised controlled trial 2008 · Multiple micronutrients · Pregnant women resident in disadvantaged rural counties in Shaanxi Province, China; eligible women enrolled before 28 weeks’ gestation | 400 mcg | 5 mcg | 18 mg | 70 mg | 10 mg | — | 1,899 |
| Equity in adherence to and effect of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on child mortality: results from the MINIMat randomized trial, Bangladesh 2014 · EMMS (early food invitation; multiple micronutrients) · Pregnant women in rural Bangladesh, enrolled before 14 weeks’ gestation | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 18 mg | 70 mg | 10 mg | — | — |
| Equity in adherence to and effect of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on child mortality: results from the MINIMat randomized trial, Bangladesh 2014 · UMMS (usual food invitation; multiple micronutrients) · Pregnant women in rural Bangladesh, enrolled before 14 weeks’ gestation | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 18 mg | 70 mg | 10 mg | — | — |
| Modifying effects of maternal Hb concentration on infant birth weight in women receiving prenatal iron-containing supplements: a randomised controlled trial 2016 · MMN group · Pregnant women aged at least 20 years, nulliparous, with Hb concentration ≥100 g/L and enrolled before 20 weeks of gestation | 400 mcg | 5 mcg | 18 mg | 70 mg | 10 mg | — | — |
| Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant mortality: a cluster-randomized trial in Nepal 2003 · Multiple micronutrients · Pregnant women in rural Nepal | 400 mcg | 10 mcg | 20 mg | 100 mg | 10 mg | — | — |
| Predictors of adherence to micronutrient supplementation before and during pregnancy in Vietnam 2017 · MM (multiple micronutrients) preconception group · Women of reproductive age in Vietnam intending to become pregnant | 400 mcg | 85.7 IU | 2.57 mg | 10 mg | 1.43 mg | 54 weeks | 1,469 |
| Assessing the adherence and acceptability to iron and folic acid compared with multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy: a cluster-randomized noninferiority trial in Cambodia 2025 · MMS-180 · Healthy pregnant individuals aged 18–45 years, in the first 14 weeks of a low-risk singleton pregnancy | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 18 mg | 70 mg | 10 mg | 180 days | 516 |
| Assessing the adherence and acceptability to iron and folic acid compared with multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy: a cluster-randomized noninferiority trial in Cambodia 2025 · MMS-90 · Healthy pregnant individuals aged 18–45 years, in the first 14 weeks of a low-risk singleton pregnancy | 400 mcg | 200 IU | 18 mg | 70 mg | 10 mg | 180 days | 515 |
| Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves vitamin B₁₂ and folate concentrations of HIV infected children in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial 2011 · Multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) · HIV-infected children aged 1–5 years | 40 mcg | 400 IU | 16 mg | 50 mg | 14 mg | 26 weeks | 104 |
| mRNA Levels of Placental Iron and Zinc Transporter Genes Are Upregulated in Gambian Women with Low Iron and Zinc Status 2017 · MMN group · Pregnant women aged 18–45 years with singleton pregnancies under 20 weeks in rural Gambia | 400 mcg | 400 IU | 36 mg | 140 mg | 20 mg | 184 days | 75 |